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Blaine Hanson Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis
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Page 1: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Blaine HansonDepartment of Land, Air and Water Resources

University of California, Davis

Page 2: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Irrigation Water Management -

Science, Art, or Guess?

Page 3: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

When should irrigations occur?How much water should be applied?How long should the irrigation last?

Irrigation water management: questions to answer

Page 4: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Avoid Deficit Irrigation

Page 5: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Avoid Overirrigation

Page 6: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Methods

ET based (sometimes called the water balance approach)Plant basedSoil moisture measurementsExperienceGuess

Page 7: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

ET based method

Calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ET) between irrigations and apply that amount plus any needed for irrigation efficiencyAssumes that the ET between irrigations equals the soil moisture depletion (does not apply under shallow ground water conditionsET = Kc x ETo x IN

ET = crop evapotranspirationKc = crop coefficientETo = reference crop ET (California Irrigation Management Information System)IN = days between irrigations

Page 8: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx
Page 9: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Plant‐based

Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation

Pressure chamberTime consuming

Use ET = Kc x ETo to determine how much water to apply

Page 10: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Soil moisture measurements

Approach 1 ‐measure changes in soil moisture content between irrigations –assumes that the ET between irrigations equals the soil moisture change between irrigations

When to irrigateHow much to apply

Approach 2 ‐measure soil moisture tension to determine when to irrigate

Soil moisture tension ‐ tenacity with which water is retained in soil (the drier the soil, the higher the soil moisture tensionUse reference crop ET and crop coefficients to estimate the amount of water to apply

Not recommended for drip and microsprinkler irrigation

Page 11: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Recommended method for drip and microsprinkler irrigation

Select an appropriate irrigation frequency

Use the ET‐based approach to determine how much water to apply

Do not use soil moisture measurements to determine how much water to apply

Monitor soil moisture to ensure adequate irrigation over time

Periodic measurements Limited dataMay be difficult to identify trends in soil moisture

Continuous measurement – trends are readily evident in data 

Page 12: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Methods for monitoring soil moisture

Soil probe

Tensiometers – soil moisture tension

Electrical resistance blocks – soil moisture tension• Watermark sensor• Gypsum block

Neutron moisture meter – soil moisture• Radioactive source – licensing, storage• Not appropriate for grower use

Dielectric moisture sensors – soil moisture

Page 13: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Soil probe

Page 14: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

0

10050

Vacuum Gauge

Porous Ceramic Cup

Reservoir

Cap

Water

Tensiometer

Page 15: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Electrical Resistance Blocks

Watermark Block

Gypsum Block

Page 16: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Neutron moisture meter

Page 17: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensors

Sensors measure an electrical property of soil called the dielectric constant ‐ varies with soil moisture content

Calibration equation relates dielectric constant to soil moisture content 

Page 18: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

GroPoint Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensor

Page 19: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Echo Dielectric Soil Moisture Sensor

Page 20: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Enviroscan Dielectric Sensor

Page 21: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Conclusions of USDA‐ARS Research on dielectric soil moisture sensors

All dielectric sensors studied required site specific calibrationNone of the sensors performed within the accuracy specifications published by the manufacturersSensors were sensitive to soil bulk electrical conductivityCalibrations of sensors were more difficult to establish than for the neutron probeSensor readings were sensitive to small scale variations of soil properties due to their very small zone of influence. These small scale variations were smaller than the scale at which plants respond to soil moisture

Page 22: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Drip/microsprinkler irrigation: where should the sensors be installed?

Soil moisture under drip/microsprinkler irrigation varies with distance and depth from the emitter

Root density also can vary with distance and depth from the emitters

Installation too close – very wet soil 

Installation too far – little or no response to irrigation

Page 23: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

0 2 4 6Distance (feet)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Dis

tanc

e (fe

et)

-100102030405060708090100110

Site 2 (Young Navel)

Microsprinkler

High

Low

0 2 4 6 8Distance (feet)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16D

ista

nce

(feet

)

-100102030405060708090100110

Site 1 (Valencia)

Microsprinkler

High

Low

FanjetSpinner

Microsprinkler water application patterns

Page 24: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Distance from micorsprinker (feet)

-3

-2

-1

Dep

th (f

eet)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Distance from microsprinkler (feet)

-3

-2

-1

Dep

th (f

eet)

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.41.51.61.7

July 24 (just after irrigation)

July 29 (just before next irrigation)

High

Low

Soil water content

Soil moisture – microsprinkler (citrus)

Page 25: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Distance From Tree (inches)

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10D

epth

(inc

hes)

Soil moisture – drip irrigation

Page 26: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Tree Trunk

Tree Skirt

Wetted Area

High Root Density

Low Root Density

Root pattern – flood irrigation of trees 

Page 27: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Tree Trunk

Tree Skirt

Wetted Area

High Root Density

Low Root Density

Root pattern – microsprinkler‐irrigated tree

Page 28: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Tree Trunk

Tree Skirt

Wetted Area

High Root Density

Low Root Density

Root pattern – drip‐irrigated tree

Page 29: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

01-Mar-03 01-May-03 01-Jul-03 01-Sep-03 01-Nov-03 01-Jan-04

Soil

moi

stur

e te

nsio

n (c

entib

ars)

0

20

40

60

80

100

246

Distance From Drip Line (feet)

Grapes

Soil moisture tension – drip‐irrigated grapes

Courtesy – Blake Sanden,UCCE, Kern County

Page 30: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

How frequently should soil moisture be measured ‐ periodic vs. continuous measurements

Periodic • Measurement intervals – once or twice per week• Appropriate for sprinkle, furrow, and flood irrigation• Not recommended for drip or microsprinkler irrigationContinuous • Measurement interval – few minutes to once per day• Recommended for microirrigation

Page 31: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

What Do The Readings Mean?

Page 32: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

18-Ju

n

25-Ju

n

28-Ju

n2-J

ul

10-Ju

l

12-Ju

l

16-Ju

l

19-Ju

l

23-Ju

l

30-Ju

l

6-Aug9-A

ug

13-A

ug

16-A

ug

20-A

ug

23-A

ug

27-A

ug1-S

ep3-S

ep6-S

ep

10-S

ep

13-S

ep

17-S

ep

20-S

ep2-O

ct0

50

100

150

200W

ater

mar

k B

loc k

Re a

din g

(ce n

tibar

s)

Depth (feet)6 12 18 24

Walnut (flood irrigated)

Soil moisture tension – flood irrigated walnut

Page 33: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Plot 4 - 6"

0

20

40

60

80

100

12"

Tens

iom

eter

Rea

ding

s (c

entib

ars)

0

20

40

60

80

100

24"

1-Au

g2-

Aug

5-Au

g6-

Aug

8-Au

g11

-Aug

12-A

ug13

-Aug

15-A

ug16

-Aug

19-A

ug20

-Aug

22-A

ug23

-Aug

26-A

ug27

-Aug

29-A

ug30

-Aug

2-Se

p3-

Sep

5-Se

p6-

Sep

9-Se

p10

-Sep

12-S

ep13

-Sep

16-S

ep17

-Sep

19-S

ep20

-Sep

23-S

ep24

-Sep

26-S

ep27

-Sep

30-S

ep1-

Oct

3-O

ct4-

Oct

6-O

ct10

-Oct

11-O

ct13

-Oct

14-O

ct15

-Oct

17-O

ct18

-Oct

21-O

ct22

-Oct

24-O

ct25

-Oct

28-O

ct29

-Oct

31-O

ct1-

Nov

4-N

ov5-

Nov

7-N

ov8-

Nov

4-D

ec13

-Dec

0

20

40

60

80

100

Soil moisture tension – microsprinkler‐irrigated citrus

Date

Soil moisture tens

ion (cen

tiba

rs)

Page 34: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Continuous monitoring of soil moisture

Sensor typeCompatible for continuous measurement – multiple measurements per day to once per dayPlacement of sensors (distance, depth) relative to drip emitters/microsprinklers

Data loggerComputer/software for evaluating dataWireless system or computer downloadConsultant or grower

Page 35: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Sensors for continuous monitoring of soil moisture 

Watermark electrical resistance blocks – soil moisture tension

Dielectric moisture sensors – soil moisture

Page 36: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

AMD 400 Data Logger

Page 37: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Irrometer Monitor Data Logger

Page 38: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

A - Almond - 47.9 inches

01-Jan-04 01-Mar-04 01-May-04 01-Jul-04 01-Sep-04 01-Nov-04So

il M

oist

ure

Tens

ion

(cen

tibar

s)0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

183660

B - Almonds - 59.7 inches

01-Jan-04 01-Mar-04 01-May-04 01-Jul-04 01-Sep-04 01-Nov-040

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

183660

Depth (inches)

Depth (inches)

Courtesy – Blake Sanden,UCCE, Kern County

Soil moisture tension –drip‐irrigated almond

Page 39: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Peach Orchard - Flood Irrigation

Day of Year

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Soil

Moi

stur

e Te

nsio

n (c

entib

ars)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

123

Depth (feet)

1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep

Soil moisture tension – flood irrigated peach

Page 40: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Wireless Systems

Advantage – frequent access to data from office

Sensors

Data logger

Transmitter device at logger – radio, cell phone

Receiver device – office, network

Computer

Page 41: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx
Page 42: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

Automating the microirrigation system

Automation – controller turns the irrigation system on and off 

Devices: soil moisture sensor, data logger, wireless system, controller

What triggers the irrigation?• Soil moisture level• Predetermined amount of 

evapotranspiration• Days between irrigation

Page 43: and Water Resources California, Davis orchard...Plant‐based Use leaf‐water potential measurements to determine when to irrigation àPressure chamber àTime consuming Use ET = Kcx

anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu


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