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PAGE 1
Evolving Wireless Markets & The Software Challenge, orSoftware Is The Answer, But What Is The Question?
Willie Anderson and Rowland ReedQualcomm CDMA TechnologiesDSP Development Group, Austin
APRIL ‘07
PAGE 2
Overview
• Motivation: The Evolving and Huge Wireless Market Opportunities• Hexagon DSP Introduction• Hexagon DSP V2 Verification • The Software Challenge & Its Effect On Overall Market• Practical Approaches
Structured SpecificationFunctional Coverage for Software / System TestOpen-Source RTOS?Software System Simulation
• Conclusion and Questions
PAGE 3
Growth DriversGrowth Drivers
600+ Million Mobile Multimedia Users (2006)
Converging Multimedia & Mobility
Combining location & mobility with audio, camera, video & gaming
1+ Billion Data Users (2007)
Migrating Voice to Data3G Network Deployments around the globe: DO,
WCDMA, TD-SCDMA
~1.8 Billion Voice Users (2008)
Increasing Tele-densityExtending Voice Services into emerging markets
Sources (top to bottom): Yankee Group; ARC Group; Yankee Group
Wireless: Key Growth Drivers for Semiconductor Industry
PAGE 4
Growth DriversGrowth Drivers
600+ Million Mobile Multimedia Users (2006)
Converging Multimedia & Mobility
Combining location & mobility with audio, camera, video & gaming
1+ Billion Data Users (2007)
Migrating Voice to Data3G Network Deployments around the globe: DO,
WCDMA, TD-SCDMA
~1.8 Billion Voice Users (2008)
Increasing Tele-densityExtending Voice Services into emerging markets
Sources (top to bottom): Yankee Group; ARC Group; Yankee Group
Wireless: Key Growth Drivers for Semiconductor Industry
The Wireless Internet Will Soon Have Greater Impact Than The Wired Internet
• 1B+ Mobile Data User By End Of 2007 With Anytime, Anywhere Connectivity
• Vast Portions Of The World Will Have Access To Only Wireless Internet
• Laptops Now Embedded With Mobile Wide Area Broadband Modules
• Over 600M Phones Already Have Multimedia Capability
PAGE 5
Live TV ChannelsLive TV broadcasts
Health and FitnessMonitor your heart rate
TaggingShare your favorite restaurant with friends
Personal IdentificationGain access to data
Digital WalletMobile commerce
Media CenterGet connected with other in-home devices through Wi-Fi
Source: Fortune / Samuel Velasco / 5W Infographics
“Tomorrow’s Cell Phone Will Entertain, Amaze…and Even Make Calls” (Fortune Magazine, October 2006)
PAGE 6
Sources• Mobile phone sales – Strategy Analytics, Oct’06• Laptop and Desktop data – IDC PC tracker – Q1’07
Mobile Phone Shipments Outstrip All Other Devices
Global Device Sales (M's)
437530
676
833
9861086
11561205
1252 1286
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mill
ions
PAGE 7
Moving Beyond VoiceWireless WAN Evolution From 1G to 4G
Ave
rage
Thr
ough
put
(Kbp
s)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
DOrBHSPA+
1
10
100
1000
10,000
AMPSGSM CDMA
GPRS
CDMA 1xEDGE
EVDOWCDMA
HSDPA3.6
DO-rev A
HSDPA7.2
DO-rev B
UMBLTE
PAGE 8Source: Strategy Analytics, Dec’06
• Wireless data accounted for 17% of service revenues in 2006
• Messaging (SMS, MMS, IM, Email) is still the key driver for data but share of premium data revenues was at 19% (Gaming, Audio, Video, Other personlization) in 2006
3G Data Services Generating Increasing Revenue for Carriers
2008 2009 2010 2011
Rev
enue
s ($
B)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Dat
a as
% o
f rev
enue
s
Premium RevenuesMessaging revenuesData as % of revenues
0
50
100
150
200
250
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PAGE 9
Wireless WAN EvolutionAll The Power Of A Laptop…In Your Pocket
MSM2Intel 8018610 MIPS
(~2.5 MHz)
Paging, Messaging, Voice MailPersonal Information Manager
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
3000
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
MIP
S
MSM2300ARM MCU< 20 MIPS
MSM3000ARM7TDMI
23 MIPS* (27 MHz)
MSM6500Multimedia Platform ARM9
Up to 160 MIPS*(146 MHz)
MSM6550Enhanced Platform ARM9
Up to 250 MIPS*(225 MHz)
MSM7200Convergence Dual-Core
ARM9 + ARM11Up to 740 MIPS*
(400 MHz)
1 GHz Scorpion + ARM 9 CPUs600 MHz DSP3000+ MIPS*
PAGE 10
Wireless WAN EvolutionAll The Power Of A Laptop…In Your Pocket
MSM2Intel 8018610 MIPS
(~2.5 MHz)
Paging, Messaging, Voice MailPersonal Information Manager
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
3000
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
MIP
S
MSM2300ARM MCU< 20 MIPS
MSM3000ARM7TDMI
23 MIPS* (27 MHz)
MSM6500Multimedia Platform ARM9
Up to 160 MIPS*(146 MHz)
MSM6550Enhanced Platform ARM9
Up to 250 MIPS*(225 MHz)
MSM7200Convergence Dual-Core
ARM9 + ARM11Up to 740 MIPS*
(400 MHz)
1 GHz Scorpion + ARM 9 CPUs600 MHz DSP3000+ MIPS*
Exponential Complexity Growth InWireless Embedded Systems…
• Driven By Moore’s Law & Economies Of Scale In Wireless Consumer Electronics Segment
• Nearly 10X Growth In Capability In Devices In Less Than 4 Years
• Mobile Device Storage Lags PC Industry By < 8 Years
• Mobile Device Performance Lags PC Industry By < 5 Years
• This Growth Portends The Current And Future Growth Of Complexity Of Mobile Embedded Software
PAGE 11
The Mobile Experience Requires Many Capabilities…
• Productivity (MS Office)• Social Networking (Email, IM, VOIP, VT)• Multimedia:
Streaming Audio/Video- MPEG4, MP3, AAC+, WMP…GamingImage and Video Capture
• Content Transfer:Local Networking (LAN/PAN)Peripherals, Removable Storage
• Other Wireless CapabilitiesLocation-Based ServicesBroadcast / Multicast
• Fundamental CharacteristicsStylish, Ergonomic and Easy-To-UseLow PowerLow Cost
PAGE 12
• Multimode, Multi-band WWAN and WiFi (data bandwidth)• Multimedia Processor:
Audio/Video CODECS- MPEG4, MP3, AAC+, WMP…High Resolution Graphics DisplayImage Sensor and Processor
• WPAN (BT, UWB, etc.) for data and audio support• Peripherals (USB, Removable Storage)• Large Internal Memory• GPS• Broadcast (DVB-H, MediaFLO)• Low Power, Size, Cost
Which Require A “Laundry List” Of Technologies…
PAGE 13
Wireless Handset ASPs
$-
$100
$200
$300
$400
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
SmartphoneEnhanced PhoneLow-EndUltra-Low-EndIndustry Average
Handsets Increase in Capability while Prices Continue to Decline
Source: ABI Research, August 2006
PAGE 14
Hexagon V2 Verification Methodology
PAGE 15
Hexagon V2 Verification Methodology Pillars
• Code And Functional CoverageThe Metric For Verification Completion
• Constrained-Random StimulusTo Find The Dark Corners Missed By Functional Coverage
• Unit- And Core-Based Environments
• Checking And Coverage Independent Of StimulusAllows Portability From Unit To Core
PAGE 16
Random Stimulus Without Functional Coverage
Random stimulus without the visiblity provided by functional coverage is like shotgun blasts in the dark:
Design Space
Design space hit byrandom stimulus
PAGE 17
Functional Coverage without Random Stimulus
Using directed tests as the primary mechanism to hit functional coverage points leaves you exposed to bugs in areas you don’t have coverage for:
Design Space
Functional Coverage Points
PAGE 18
The Magic Combination
Functional Coverage in combination with constrained random stimulus yields high-quality, repeatable verification results:
Design Space
Functional Coverage Points
Design space hit byrandom stimulus
PAGE 19
Hexagon V2 Unit Verification
• TestbenchSynopsys NTB, Ported From VERA
• StimulusVera-based Constrained RandomLimited Directed Testing
• Correctness CheckingCustom Models And CheckersAssertions– Blackbox: Developed By Verification Engineer– Whitebox: Developed By Design Engineer
• Functional CoverageBlackbox: Developed By Verification EngineerWhitebox: Developed By Design Engineer
PAGE 20
Hexagon V2 Core Verification
• TestbenchNTB, Verilog
• StimulusRandom– Leveraging Both Internal And Vendor
GeneratorsDirected– Targets Specific Verification Plan Line
Items– Targets Hard-to-hit Coverage Points
• Correctness CheckingGolden Model: Instruction Set Simulator (ISS)Checking Ported Up From UnitsAdditional Core-specific Checking –Generally Assertions
• Functional CoverageArchitectural Functional Coverage – Automatically Generated From XML
Architecture Description
Unit-level Coverage Ports Up
• EmulationFPGA-based EmulationUsed To Run Applications Like H.264 Video Decode
PAGE 21
Hexagon V2 Coverage Development
• Code/Functional Coverage Is Our Fundamental Metric For Verification Completeness
• Verification Plan Used To Define Functional CoverageSubject To Extensive Review By Design And Verification Engineers
• ~20k Core-level Architectural Coverage Points
• ~240k Total Core-level Coverage PointsIncluding Coverage Points Ported From Units
• How Much Functional Coverage To Create?Seems Like More Would Be BetterBut, You Can Bury Yourself In Data If You’re Not Careful
PAGE 22
Hexagon V2 Coverage Analysis
• Initial Focus More On Code CoverageCan Identify Missing Functional Coverage Points
• Transition Focus To More Functional Coverage• Review Process Is Meeting/Time Intensive
Iteration Cycle-time Determines How Quickly You Can Converge On Coverage Goals– Review Data– Identify Changes Required To Improve Coverage– Run Cycles Against Updated Design -- Collect Data– Repeat
• Synopsys .html Format Is One Interesting Slice Of Coverage Data, But Has Its Limits
A Real Database To Slice And Dice Is Much More Useful• Coverage Convergence
Newly Implemented Coverage Requires DebuggingCoverage Definition Will See Refinement And Clean UpStimulus Will Need To Be Modified/Enhanced To Hit Uncovered Areas
PAGE 23
QDSP6 V2 Coverage – Core Architecture Coverage Only
PAGE 24
Hexagon V2 Coverage – Core Stimulus Only
PAGE 25
QDSP6 V2 Coverage – Merged Core and Unit Stimulus
PAGE 26
The Software Challenge…
PAGE 27
So, Wireless Looks Great - What Is The Problem?
• Software Is Now Well Over Half Of Cost Of Delivered Embedded Wireless Products, Even At The Chip Level
• There Is No Moore’s Law For Software Development, Yet Moore’s Law Allows Exponentially More Complex Systems To Be Deployed
• Fred Brooks Famously Wrote No Silver Bullet1 Over 20 Years AgoThe Essential Difficulty of Software Is Its Specification, Design and Testing, While Coding Is Relatively SimpleThe Three Biggest Breakthoughs For Productivity: High-Level Languages, Time-Sharing and Unified Operating SystemsSome Non-Solutions: Ada, OOP, AI, Expert Systems, Automatic and Graphical Programming, Program Verification, Workstations and ToolsSome Promising Techniques: Off-The-Shelf Software, Rapid Prototyping and Positive Reinforcement For Great Software Designers
• Today’s Handheld Devices Can Be Far More Complex Than Computer CentersOf 20 Years Ago, Yet Our Software Techniques Are Only Incrementally Better
• What Are Some Practical Things That Could Improve The Ability To Produce High-Quality Embedded Software Systems?
1. No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering, Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., Univerisity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Information Processing ’86, ISBN No. 0-444-700777-3, H.J. Kugler, Ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland) © IFIP 1986.
The Challenge Is Producing Complex Embedded Software
PAGE 28
Better RTOS And Specification Capture Are Needed• Ideally, There Would Be An Open Source RTOS Which Is The “Moral
Equivalent” To Linux, But This Has Yet To Happen“Real-Time” Variants Of Linux ExistMany Open Source RTOSes ExistNone Have Become As Ubiquitous As Linux
• “Real Time” Requirements Are Vastly Different For Different SystemsAutomotive, Wireless Modems and Multimedia All Have Significantly Different Real-Time Requirements
• RTOSes Are Like Standards: There Are So Many To Choose FromBut Lack Of A Popular Open-Source RTOS Has Had Significant Impact
• Structured Specification Capture For Embedded Software Modules Could Have Dramatic Impact On Quality Of Delivered Product
Parseable Specification Can Enable Functional Coverage In SW TestingFunctional Coverage May Be Able To Improve Software Development As Much As It Has Hardware Development
PAGE 29
Functional Coverage May Be Key Technology for Software• Functional Coverage Is Already Widely Used In ASIC Verification• Functional Coverage Finds Defects In Hardware Which Would Likely
Never Be Seen In Field Testing Or Even Normal System Operation• Functional Coverage Is A “Results” Approach To Verification1
Describes System Design From User’s ViewpointMonitors (Using “Coverage Checkers”) Stimulus Scenarios, Errors, Corner Cases, State Transitions, Protocols, etc.Tracks Combinations (“Crosses”) of Stimulus Points and Groups
• Why Does Functional Coverage Work?It Focuses Engineer’s Attention On Areas Of Lowest CoverageIt Can Tell You When Your Design Is “Good Enough”It Decouples Stimulus From Measurement, And Allows High Quality Stimulus
• Tools: Focus, Meteor (IBM), PurifyPlus (Rational), xSuds (Telcordia)• IBM Has Website On Functional Coverage Methods for Software:
http://www.haifa.il.ibm.com/projects/verification/coverage_advisor/index.html1- Some definitions come from Design Verification with e by Samir Palnitkar
PAGE 30
What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?
PAGE 31
What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?
PAGE 32
What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?
System Under Test
Drivers
Functional Coverage Analysis
Transactors
ScenarioGenerator
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
TestsTestsTests
PAGE 33
What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?
System Under Test
Drivers
Functional Coverage Analysis
Transactors
ScenarioGenerator
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
TestsTestsTests
TESTB
ENCH
TESTB
ENCH
TESTB
ENCH
PAGE 34
What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?
System Under Test
Drivers
Functional Coverage Analysis
Transactors
ScenarioGenerator
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
TestsTestsTests
CHECKERS
CHECKERS
PAGE 35
What Does Functional Coverage Ideally Look Like?
System Under Test
Drivers
Functional Coverage Analysis
Transactors
ScenarioGenerator
Monitor
Monitor
Monitor
TestsTestsTests
ANALY
ZER
ANALY
ZER
PAGE 36
If Software Takes Too Long To Develop, Start Earlier
HardwareSoftware
Customer Integration
Engi
neer
ing
Res
ourc
es
Time
$ € ¥ £ …
Typical Embedded System Development
PAGE 37
If Software Takes Too Long To Develop, Start Earlier
HardwareSoftware
Customer Integration
Engi
neer
ing
Res
ourc
es
Time
$ € ¥ £ …
Better Embedded System Development
PAGE 38
• This Better Approach RequiresMotivation To Improve The Overall EmbeddedSystem Development ProcessA Software Simulation System Capability
• A Software Simulation System Provides Simulators For All Programmable Cores (CPU, DSP) And Hardware In The System
• Simulation Of The Full System On A Software Simulator Offers Several Significant Advantages In Addition To Better “Time To Money”
Allows Improved Hardware and Software Architecture Tradeoff AnalysisAffords Embedded Software Developers Better Visibility Into BehaviorAffords Customers A Very Early Start Into Integration
• What Is Missing?An Open Source Standard (Like GCC, Linux, etc.) Software Simulation Platform To Encourage Reuse And Create A Simulator “Ecosystem”
• “Cycle Approximate” Is Good Enough – The “80/20” Rule Applies
If Software Takes Too Long To Develop, Start Earlier
PAGE 39
Summary
• Opportunities In Wireless Embedded Products Are Excellent!A Plethora Of Wireless Communications Protocols For Personal, Local and Wide Area Networks Is Creating Huge New Product DemandNew Capabilities Are Migrating To Complex Handheld Systems, Driven By Consumer Desire For Wireless Internet Everywhere And Digital MultimediaThe Challenge: Engineering Must Deliver Complex Products That Consume Very Low Power And Provide Gigabytes Of Software and Billions OfTransistors For Very Low Cost And Very Low Defect Densities
• Embedded Software Development Will Continue To Present ChallengesA Ubiquitous Open-Source Simulation Platform and RTOS Is DesirableBetter, More Structured Methods For Specification Capture Can Facilitate Better Quality In Embedded Software, Particularly When These Specs Can Drive A Functional Coverage-Based Test SystemSoftware System Simulation Can Facilitate Better Overall Lifecycle Costs
1. H. Sackman, W.J. Ericson, and E.E. Grant, “Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance,” CACM,Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 3-11.
PAGE 40
Summary
• Opportunities In Wireless Embedded Products Are Excellent!A Plethora Of Wireless Communications Protocols For Personal, Local and Wide Area Networks Is Creating Huge New Product DemandNew Capabilities Are Migrating To Complex Handheld Systems, Driven By Consumer Desire For Wireless Internet Everywhere And Digital MultimediaThe Challenge: Engineering Must Deliver Complex Products That Consume Very Low Power And Provide Gigabytes Of Software and Billions OfTransistors For Very Low Cost And Very Low Defect Densities
• Embedded Software Development Will Continue To Present ChallengesA Ubiquitous Open-Source Simulation Platform and RTOS Is DesirableBetter, More Structured Methods For Specification Capture Can Facilitate Better Quality In Embedded Software, Particularly When These Specs Can Drive A Functional Coverage-Based Test SystemSoftware System Simulation Can Facilitate Better Overall Lifecycle Costs
Great designs come from great designers. Software construction is a creative process. Sound methodology can empower and liberate the creative mind; it cannot inflame or inspire the drudge.
The differences are not minor – they are rather like the differences between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler, cleaner, and produced with less effort1. The differences between the great and the average programmer approach an order of magnitude.
- Fred Brooks, “No Silver Bullet”
1. H. Sackman, W.J. Ericson, and E.E. Grant, “Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and Offline Programming Performance,” CACM,Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 3-11.
PAGE 41
Thank you!