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  • 8/10/2019 Andrew the Apostle

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    Andrew the Apostle(Greek:,Andreas; from the early 1st centurymid to late 1st

    century AD; known by some as Saint Andrew), called in

    theOrthodoxtradition Prtokltos(), or theFirst-called, was aChristianApostleand the

    brother ofSaint Peter.[2]

    The name "Andrew" (Greek:manly, brave, from ,Andreia, "manhood, valour"), like other

    Greek names, appears to have been common among theJews,Christians,and other Hellenized

    people of theregion.NoHebreworAramaicname is recorded for him. According to Orthodox

    tradition, the apostolic successor to Saint Andrew isPatriarch Bartholomew I.[3]

    Contents

    [hide]

    1 Life 2 TheActs of Andrew

    3 Relics 4 Traditions and legends

    o 4.1 Georgiao 4.2 Cypruso 4.3 Maltao 4.4 Romaniao 4.5 Ukraineo 4.6 Scotland

    5 Legacy 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

    Life[edit]

    TheNew Testamentstates that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,[4]by which it is inferred that

    he was likewise a son of John, or Jonah. He was born in the village ofBethsaidaon theSea of

    Galilee.Both he and his brother Peter werefishermenbytrade,hence the tradition that Jesus called

    them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them "fishers of men"(Greek:

    ,halies anthrpn).[5]At the beginning of Jesus' public life, they were said to have

    occupied the same house atCapernaum.

    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Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-oxford-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-oxford-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-oxford-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-oxford-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_(Christian)#Their_apostolate_as_.22Fishers_of_Men.22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishermenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galileehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethsaidahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-butler-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Traditions_and_legendshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Relicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#The_Acts_of_Andrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#Lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Apostleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language
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    The Calling of Saints Peter and AndrewbyCaravaggio

    TheGospel of Johnstates that Andrew was adiscipleofJohn the Baptist,whose testimony first led

    him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, to follow Jesus. Andrew at once recognized

    Jesus as theMessiah,and hastened to introduce him to his brother.[6]Thenceforth, the two brothers

    were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the Apostolate, they

    were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus.

    In the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the

    disciples more closely attached to Jesus.[7]Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and

    fishes (John 6:8), with Philip told Jesus about the Greeks seeking Him, and was present at theLast

    Supper.[8]

    Crucifixionof St. Andrew.

    Eusebiusin his church history 3,1 quotesOrigenas saying Andrew preached in Scythia.

    TheChronicle of Nestoradds that he preached along theBlack Seaand theDnieperriver as far

    asKiev,and from there he traveled toNovgorod.Hence, he became apatron

    saintofUkraine,RomaniaandRussia.According to tradition, he founded

    theSeeofByzantium(Constantinople) in AD 38, installingStachysas bishop. According

    toHippolytus of Rome,he preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is also mentioned in

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-shrine-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-shrine-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-shrine-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-MacRory-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-MacRory-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-MacRory-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesareahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesareahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrdom_of_andrew.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_Caravaggio_(1571-1610).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrdom_of_andrew.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew_-_Caravaggio_(1571-1610).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliky_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesareahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-MacRory-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-shrine-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Johnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calling_of_Saints_Peter_and_Andrew
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    the apocryphalActs of Andrew,written in the 2nd century;Basil of Seleuciaalso knew of Apostle

    Andrew's mission in Thrace, as well as Scythia and Achaia.[9]This diocese would later develop into

    thePatriarchate of Constantinople.Andrew is recognized as its patron saint.

    Andrew is said to have beenmartyredbycrucifixionat the city ofPatras(Patr) inAchaea,on the

    northern coast of thePeloponnese.Early texts, such as theActs of Andrewknown toGregory ofTours,[10]describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to

    have been crucified; yet a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the form

    calledCrux decussata(X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known as a "Saint Andrew's

    Cross"supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the

    same type of cross asJesushad been.[11]"The familiariconographyof his martyrdom, showing the

    apostle bound to an X-shaped cross, does not seem to have been standardized before the

    laterMiddle Ages," Judith Calvert concluded after re-examining the materials studied by Louis

    Rau.[12]

    TheActs of Andrew[edit]

    TheapocryphalActs of Andrew,mentioned byEusebius,Epiphaniusand others, is among a

    disparate group ofActsof the Apostles that were traditionally attributed toLeucius Charinus."These

    Acts (...) belong to the third century: ca.A.D. 260," was the opinion ofM. R. James,who edited them

    in 1924. TheActs, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, appear among rejected books in theDecretum

    Gelasianumconnected with the name ofPope Gelasius I.TheActs of Andrewwas edited and

    published byConstantin von Tischendorfin theActa Apostolorum apocrypha(Leipzig,1821), putting

    it for the first time into the hands of a critical professional readership. Another version of the Andrew

    legend is found in the Passio Andreae, published by Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis

    apocryphi,Paris,1895).

    Relics[edit]

    Saint Andrew of Patras basilica,where St. Andrew's relics are kept

    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shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucius_Charinushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesareahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Andrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_decussatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Seleuciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew
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    Statue of Andrew in theArchbasilica of St. John LateranbyCamillo Rusconi.

    Relicsof the Apostle Andrew are kept at theBasilica of St AndrewinPatras,Greece;theDuomodi

    Sant'Andrea,Amalfi,Italy;St Mary's Roman Catholic Cathedral,Edinburgh,Scotland;[6]and the

    Church of St Andrew and St Albert,Warsaw,Poland.There are also numerous

    smallerreliquariesthroughout the world.

    Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, St. Regulus (Rule) was a

    monk at Patras, who was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of

    the relics were translated fromPatrastoConstantinopleby order of theRoman emperorConstantius

    IIaround 357 and deposited in theChurch of the Holy Apostles.[8]

    Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden

    relics to the ends of the earth for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a

    shrine for them. St Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers and a

    tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of

    Fife, Scotland. However, the relics were probably brought to Britain in 597 as part of the Augustine

    Mission, and then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well known collector of religious

    relics.[6]

    The skull of St. Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople was returned to Patras by

    EmperorBasil I,who ruled from 867 to 886.[13]

    In 1208, following thesack of Constantinople,those relics of St. Andrew and St. Peter which

    remained in the imperial city were taken toAmalfi,Italy,[14]by CardinalPeter of Capua,a native of

    Amalfi. A cathedral (Duomo), was built, dedicated to St. Andrew (as is the town itself), to house a

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he_Apostle#cite_note-shrine-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Roman_Catholic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duomohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew_of_Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Rusconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran
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    tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital

    bone, remain.

    Thomas Palaeologuswas the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.

    Thomas ruled the province ofMorea,the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the

    Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with himwhat was purported to be the skull of St. Andrew. He gave the head toPope Pius II,who had it

    enshrined in one of the four central piers ofSt. Peter's Basilicain theVatican.

    In September 1964,Pope Paul VI,as a gesture of goodwill toward the Greek Orthodox Church,

    ordered that all of the relics of St. Andrew that were inVatican Citybe sent back to Patras.

    CardinalAugustin Beaalong with many other cardinals presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of

    Patras on 24 September 1964.[15][16]The cross of St. Andrew was taken from Greece during the

    Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy.[17][18]It was kept in thechurch of St. Victorin Marseilles[19][20]until it

    returned to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apostle was presented to the Bishop of

    Patras Nicodemus by a Catholic delegation led by CardinalRoger Etchegaray.All the relics, which

    consist of the small finger, the skull (part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cross on

    which he wasmartyred,have been kept in theChurch of St. Andrewat Patras in a special shrine

    and are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, hisfeast day.

    In 2006, the Catholic Church, again through Cardinal Roger Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox

    Church another relic of St. Andrew.[21]

    Traditions and legends[edit]

    Georgia[edit]Thechurch tradition of Georgiaregards St. Andrew as the first preacher of Christianity in the territory

    of Georgia and as the founder of the Georgian church. This tradition was apparently derived from the

    Byzantine sources, particularlyNicetas of Paphlagonia(died c. 890) who asserts that "Andrew

    preached to theIberians,Sauromatians,Taurians,andScythiansand to every region and city, on

    theBlack Sea,both north and south."[22]The version was adopted by the 10th-11th-century Georgian

    ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more details, was inserted in theGeorgian Chronicles.The story

    of St. Andrews mission in the Georgian lands endowed the Georgian church with apostolic origin

    and served as a defense argument toGeorge the Hagioriteagainst the encroachments from

    theAntiochian churchauthorities onautocephalyof the Georgian church. Another Georgianmonk,Ephraim the Minor,produced a thesis, reconciling St. Andrews story with an earlier evidence

    of the 4th-century conversion of Georgians bySt. Ninoand explaining the necessity of the "second

    Christening" by Nino. The thesis was made canonical by the Georgian church council in 1103.[23][24]

    Cyprus[edit]

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    Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Saint Andrew went off course and ran

    aground. Upon coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which point a spring of

    healing waters gushed forth. Using it, the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye,

    was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery stood

    there in the 12th century, from whichIsaac Comnenusnegotiated his surrender toRichard theLionheart.In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The main monastery of

    the current church dates to the 18th century.

    Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was

    kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Saint Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for

    her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a

    very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young

    Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks,

    he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks and mother and son were thus reunited.[25]

    Apostolos Andreas Monastery(Greek: ) is amonasterydedicated to Saint

    Andrew situated just south ofCape Apostolos Andreas,which is the north-easternmost point of the

    island ofCyprus,in Rizokarpason in theKarpass Peninsula.The monastery is an important site to

    theCypriot Orthodox Church.It was once known as 'the Lourdes of Cyprus', served not by an

    organized community of monks but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen.

    BothGreek CypriotandTurkish Cypriotcommunities consider the monastery a holy place. As such,

    it is visited by many people for votive prayers.

    Malta[edit]

    Fifth-century mosaic of St. Andrew at St. Paul Outside the Walls, Rome

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    The first reference regarding the first small chapel atLuqadedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This

    chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. The painting showing "Mary with

    Saints Andrew and Paul" was painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, many

    fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason behind choosing Andrew as

    patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statueunderwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese artist Abraham

    Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrewon the main altar of the church was painted byMattia Pretiin

    1687.

    Romania[edit]

    Main article:Saint Andrew in Romania

    The official stance of theRomanian Orthodox Churchis that Andrew preached the Gospel in the

    province ofDobruja(Scythia Minor)to the Daco-Romans, whom he is said to have converted to

    Christianity. This theory is based in part on some ancient Christian symbols found carved in

    acavenearMurfatlarand in historical springs. According to New World Encyclopedia[26]which

    quotes Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250 C.E.) in his On Apostles, Origen in the third book of his

    Commentaries on the Genesis (254 C.E.), Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History (340 C.E.),

    and other different sources, like the Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845-865, Jacobus de

    Voragine in Golden Legend (c. 1260), Saint Andrew preached in Scythia Minor. There are toponyms

    and numerous very old traditions (like carols) related to Saint Andrew, many of them having probably

    a pre-Christian substratum. There exists a cave where he supposedly preached, supposedly

    identified and called "Saint Andrew's Cave".[27][28]

    According to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation is unsustainable.They take the idea to be a part of an ideology ofprotochronismwhich purports that the Orthodox

    Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for its entire history, which

    was then used for propaganda purposes during the communist era.[29]Several works show, in

    contrast, that communists did not use this idea for propaganda but rather acted strongly against

    religion, persecuting Christians and promoting atheism as the belief system.[30][31][32]

    Another Romanian researcher, George Alexandrou,[20]although he denies this theory, maintains that

    St. Andrew spent 20 years in the territories of the Daco-Romans, preaching and teaching.

    Alexandrou also supposes that St. Andrews felt very close to the Dacians because they were

    monotheists. During that period St. Andrew traveled around the Lower Danube territories and alongthe coast of the Black Sea, but mostly he stayed in and around his cave in Dobruja (located in the

    vicinity of theIon Corvinvillage). St. Andrews cave is still kept as a holy place. Later,John

    Cassian(360-435),Dionysius Exiguus(470-574) andJoannes Maxentius(leader of the so-

    calledScythian Monks)lived in the same area, known as Scythia Minor or Dobruja, in South East

    Romania.[33]

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    The consecration of the monument inDonetskafter St. Andrew

    There are a few pre-Christian traditions connected toSt. Andrew's Day,some of them having their

    origin in the Roman celebrations of Saturn.[34][35][36]The Dacian New Year took place from 14

    November until 7 December; this was considered the interval when time began its course.[37]One of

    the elements that came from the Roman and Thracian celebrations concerned wolves. During this

    night, wolves are allowed to eat all the animals they want. It is said that they can speak, too, but

    anyone that hears them will soon die. Early on St. Andrews day, the mothers go into the garden and

    gather tree branches, especially from apple, pear and cherry trees, and also rosebush branches.

    They make a bunch of branches for each family member. The one whose bunch blooms by New

    Year's Day will be lucky and healthy the next year.

    The best known tradition connected to this night concerns matrimony and premonitory dreams.

    Single girls must put under their pillow a branch of sweet basil. If someone takes the plants in their

    dreams, that means the girl will marry soon. They can also plant wheat in a dish and water it until

    New Years Day. The nicer the wheat looks that day, the better the year to come. Saint Andrew's

    name is known in Romania under diverse forms: Sfntul Andrei, Snt Andrei, Snedru [34]

    Ukraine[edit]

    St Andrew's prophecy of Kiev depicted inRadzivill Chronicle.

    Early Christian History in Ukraineholds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders

    of modern-dayUkraine,along theBlack Sea.Legend has it that he travelled up theDnieper

    Riverand reached the future location ofKiev,where he erected a cross on the site where theSt.

    Andrew's Church of Kievcurrently stands, and prophesied the foundation of a great Christian city.[38]

    It was in the obvious interest ofKievan Rus'and its later Russian and Ukraninian successors,

    striving in numerous ways to link themselves with the political and religious heritage ofByzantium,toclaim such a direct visit from the famous. Claiming direct lineage from St. Andrew also had the effect

    of disregarding any theological leanings ofGreek Orthodoxyover which disagreement arose, since

    the actual "indirect" proselytising via Byzantium was bypassed altogether. Still, as the same source

    quotes, Andrew only preached to the southern shore of theBlack Sea(current Turkey).[citation needed]

    Scotland[edit]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzivill_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzivill_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzivill_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Predskazanie_Kiev_sv_Andrey.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Church_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzivill_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-ReferenceA-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk
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    TheSaltire(or "St. Andrew's Cross") is the nationalflag of Scotland

    About the middle of the 10th century,[citation needed]Andrew became thepatron saintofScotland.Several

    legends state that the relics of Andrew were brought by divine guidance fromConstantinopleto the

    place where the modern town ofSt Andrewsstands today (Gaelic,Cill Rmhinn).

    The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected byJean-Baptiste

    Colbertand willed toLouis XIV of France,now in theBibliothque Nationale,Paris, the other is

    theHarleian Mssin theBritish Library,London. They state that the relics of Andrew were brought by

    oneRegulusto thePictishkingengus mac Fergusa(729761). The only historical Regulus

    (Riagailor Rule) whose name is preserved in thetower of St Rulewas an Irish monk expelled

    fromIrelandwith SaintColumba;his dates, however, are c 573600. There are good reasons for

    supposing that the relics were originally in the collection ofAcca, bishop of Hexham,who took them

    into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according to

    tradition, inGalloway,but on the site of St Andrews.

    St. Andrew, carving c.1500 in the National Museum of Scotland

    According to legend, in 832 AD,engus IIled an army ofPictsandScotsinto battle against

    theAngles,led by thelstan, near modern-dayAthelstaneford,East Lothian.The legend states that

    he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on the eve of battle, engus

    vowed that if granted victory he would appoint Saint Andrew as the Patron Saint of Scotland. On the

    morning of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the sky were said to have appeared. engus

    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.org/wiki/St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire
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    and his combined force, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and

    despite being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the cloud phenomenon as

    representing the crux decussataupon which Saint Andrew was crucified, engus honoured his pre-

    battle pledge and duly appointed Saint Andrew as the Patron Saint of Scotland. The white saltire set

    against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of theflag ofScotlandon the basis of this legend.[39]However, there is evidence that Andrew was venerated in

    Scotland before this.

    Traditional stone fireplace in northern England. The carved St. Andrew's cross in the left hand wooden post was to

    prevent witches from flying down the chimney,Ryedale Folk Museum,Hutton-le-Hole.

    Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following theSynod of Whitby,when

    theCeltic Churchfelt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would

    make a higher ranking patron. The 1320Declaration of Arbroathcites Scotland's conversion to

    Christianity by Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle". Numerous parish churches in the Church of

    Scotlandand congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The

    national church of the Scottish people inRome,Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesiis dedicated to St

    Andrew.

    A localsuperstitionuses the cross of Saint Andrew as ahex signon the fireplaces in

    northernEnglandandScotlandto preventwitchesfrom flying down thechimneyand entering the

    house to do mischief. By placing the St Andrew's cross on one of thefireplaceposts orlintels,

    witches are prevented from entering through this opening. In this case, it is similar to the use of

    awitch ball,although the cross will actively prevent witches from entering, and the witch ball will

    passively delay or entice the witch, and perhaps entrap it.

    Legacy[edit]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryedale_Folk_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryedale_Folk_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryedale_Folk_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton-le-Holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton-le-Holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton-le-Holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_degli_Scozzesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_degli_Scozzesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_degli_Scozzesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cottage_interior,_Ryedale_Folk_Museum.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_degli_Scozzesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Whitbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutton-le-Holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryedale_Folk_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland
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    Saint Andrew the Apostleby Yoan from Gabrovo, 19th century

    Andrew is thepatron saintof several countries and cities

    including:Barbados,Romania,Russia,Scotland,Ukraine,AmalfiinItaly,EsgueirainPortugal,Luqa

    inMalta,Paraaquein thePhilippinesandPatrasinGreece.He was also the patron saint

    ofPrussiaand of theOrder of the Golden Fleece.He is considered the founder and the first bishop

    of the Church ofByzantiumand is consequently thepatron saintof theEcumenical Patriarchate of

    Constantinople.

    Theflag of Scotland(and consequently theUnion Flagand that of itscommonwealth countries)feature St Andrew'ssaltirecross. The saltire is also theflag of Tenerife,the formerflag of

    Galiciaand thenaval jack of Russia.TheConfederate flagalso features a saltire commonly referred

    to as a St Andrew's cross, although its designer,William Porcher Miles,said he changed it from an

    upright cross to a saltire so that it would not be a religious symbol but merely a heraldic device.

    TheFloridaandAlabamaflags also show that device.

    Thefeast of Andrewis observed on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is

    thenational dayof Scotland. In the traditional liturgical books of the Catholic Church, the feast of St.

    Andrew is the first feast day in the Proper of Saints.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgueirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgueirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgueirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%B1aquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%B1aquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%B1aquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tenerifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tenerifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tenerifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Galiciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Galiciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Galiciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Galiciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Porcher_Mileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Porcher_Mileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Porcher_Mileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrew_the_Apostle_-_Bulgarian_icon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Alabamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Floridahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Porcher_Mileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Galiciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Galiciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tenerifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%B1aquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgueirahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalfihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint

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