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An Ethnobotanical Approach to Finding An2microbial Compounds in Wooly Blue Curls (Trichostema lanatum) Using a KirbyBauer Disc Diffusion Assay By: MaDhew C. Fleming and P. MaDhew Joyner
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Page 1: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

An  Ethnobotanical  Approach  to  Finding  An2microbial  Compounds  in  

Wooly  Blue  Curls  (Trichostema  lanatum)  Using  a  Kirby-­‐Bauer  Disc  

Diffusion  Assay      By:  MaDhew  C.  Fleming  and  P.  

MaDhew  Joyner  

Page 2: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

Ethnobotany  is  the  scien2fic  study  of  characterizing  why  cultures  use  plants  the  way  they  do.  

hDp://www.naturebridge.org/santa-­‐monica-­‐mountains  

hDp://ykalaska.wordpress.com/2006/05/03/disinfectants-­‐for-­‐camp-­‐field-­‐and-­‐household/  

hDp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumash_(tribe)  

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Goals  of  my  project  

1.  Determine  whether  a  wooly  blue  curls  extract  exhibits  an2microbial  characteris2cs.  

 2.  Determine  what  compound  in  the  wooly  blue  curls  extract  works  as  an  an2microbial.    

 3.  Determine  how  these  an2microbials  effect  different  bacteria.  

 

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Prepara2on  of  WBC  extract  Soak  in  MeOH  for  12-­‐14  hrs.  

Evaporate  solvent  with  a  Rotevap.  

Re-­‐dissolve  in  DMSO  

Strain  out  solids  

hDp://cen.acs.org/ar2cles/91/web/2013/06/Nontoxic-­‐Solvents-­‐Extract-­‐Compounds-­‐Plants.html  

Page 5: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

The  technique  used  to  determine  an2microbial  ac2vity  was  the  Kirbey-­‐Bauer  disc  diffusion  assay.  

•  Pic  of  sterile  tube  with  bacteria.ànanodrop  à  diluted  to  3  tubes  à  coDon  swab  used  to  inoculate  agar  plateà  disc  dispenserà  Pipet  àincubateà  measure  with  a  ruler.  

hDp://openwetware.org/wiki/Luckau_Protocols:NanoDrop  

hDp://www.bio-­‐world.com/produc2nfo/3_43_287_683/2490/M-­‐Medium-­‐x-­‐sterile-­‐liquid.html  

hDp://www.grainger.com/Grainger/incubators/lab-­‐ovens-­‐hea2ng-­‐and-­‐refrigera2on/lab-­‐supplies/ecatalog/N-­‐ktb  

Check  Density  

Swab  onto  agar  

Introduce  discs  

Inoculate  discs  with  10uL  of  extract  

Incubate  at  37°C  for  18hrs.  

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Ager  incuba2on,  I  quan2fied  my  results  by  measuring  the  diameters  of  inhibi2on.  

ampicillin  (0.01  mg)  

wooly  blue  curl  extract  

nega2ve  control  

Page 7: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

NI  NI   NI   NT   NT   NI  

NI  

NI=  No  Inhibi2on  NT=  Not  Tested  

0  

0.5  

1  

1.5  

2  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Staphylococcus  epidermidis  

NI  NI  0  

0.5  1  

1.5  2  

2.5  3  

3.5  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Staphylococcus  aureus  

NI   NI   NI  

0  0.5  1  

1.5  2  

2.5  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Corynebacterium  xerosis  

NI  

All  Gram  +  bacteria  had  a  response  to  the  wooly  blue  curls  extract,  but  there  was  some  varia2on  among  responses.  

Page 8: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

Though  some  Gram  +  bacteria  varied  in  response,  others  reacted  very  similarly.  

NI=  No  Inhibi2on  

0  0.5  1  

1.5  2  

2.5  3  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Bacillus  megaterium  

NI  

0  0.5  1  

1.5  2  

2.5  3  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

 Bacillus  sub8lis  

NI  

0  0.5  1  

1.5  2  

2.5  3  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Enterococcus  faecalis  

NI   NI  

Page 9: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

The  E.coli  ΔtolC  strain,  which  does  not  produce  the  tolC    drug  efflux  pump,  was  suscep2ble  to  the  wooly  blue  curls  extract!    

NI=  No  Inhibi2on  

0  

0.5  

1  

1.5  

2  

1.25mg   0.50mg   0.20mg   0.01mg  ampicillin  

DMSO  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Escherichia  coli  WT  

NI   NI   NI   NI  

0  

0.5  

1  

1.5  

2  

1.25mg   0.50mg   0.20mg   0.01mg  ampicillin  

DMSO  

Diam

eter  of    

inhibi.o

n  (cm)  

Escherichia  coli  ΔtolC  

NI   NI  

Page 10: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

0  

0.5  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

Diam

eter  of  inh

ibi.on

 (cm)  

Figure  3.  Summary  of  the  response  of  each  bacterium  treated  with  1.25  mg  of  wooly  blue  curl  extract.    

No  inhibi2on  

Gram-­‐posi2ve  bacteria  (blue)  show  greater  sensi2vity  to  growth  inhibi2on  than  gram-­‐nega2ve  bacteria  (orange).  

No  inhibi2on  

Page 11: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

Bacte   Niche   Gram(+/-­‐)   125mg/ml  WBC  inhibi.on  (cm)  

Staphylococcus  epidermidis   Skin   +   1.11  +  .07  

Staphylococcus  aureus   Skin   +   .92  +  .04  

Corynebacterium  xerosis   Skin   +   1.96  +  .19  

Enterococcus  faecalis   Gut   +   1.16  +  .02  

Bacillus  sub<lis   Gut   +   1.14  +  .07  

Bacillus  megaterium   Env.   +   1.09  +  .07  

Salmonella  typhimurium   Gut   -­‐   0  +  0  

Escherichia  coli  WT   Gut   -­‐   0  +  0  

Escherichia  coli  ΔtolC   Gut   -­‐   1.33  +  .03  Gram  nega2ve    E.  coli  ΔtolC  with  inhibited  efflux  pumps  becomes  suscep2ble  to  WBC    extracts.  

Gram  posi2ve  bacteria  are  suscep2ble  to  the  WBC  extract  

WBC  extracts  did  not  inhibit  wild  type  Gram  nega2ve  bacteria.  

Table  1:  Summary  of  DDA  data.  

Table  1.  Summary  of  bacterial  growth  inhibi2on  by  treatment  with  1.25  mg  of  wooly  blue  curl  extract.  

Bacterium   Niche  Gram        (+/-­‐)  

Diameter  of  inhibi.on  (cm)    

Staphylococcus  epidermidis   Skin   +   1.11  +  0.07  

Staphylococcus  aureus   Skin   +   0.92  +  0.04  

Corynebacterium  xerosis   Skin   +   1.96  +  0.19  

Enterococcus  faecalis   Gut   +   1.16  +  0.02  

Bacillus  sub<lis   Gut   +   1.14  +  0.07  

Bacillus  megaterium   Env.   +   1.09  +  0.07  

Salmonella  typhimurium   Gut   -­‐   0.00  +  0.00  

Escherichia  coli  WT   Gut   -­‐   0.00  +  0.00  Escherichia  coli  ΔtolC   Gut   -­‐   1.33  +  0.03  

The  wild  type  E.  coli  was  not  suscep2ble  to  inhibi2on  by  wooly  blue  curl  treatment  but  the    E.  coli  ΔtolC  strain  which  has  inhibited  drug  efflux  was  suscep2ble.  

All  of  the  skin-­‐associated  bacteria  tested  were  suscep2ble  to  inhibi2on  by  wooly  blue  curl  extract.  

All  the  Gram  +  bacteria  showed  posi2ve  results,  whereas  the  Gram  –  had  no  response  regardless  of  the  niche  they  most  commonly  occupy.    

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Conclusions  of  goals    1.  The  Chumash  medicinal  plant  wooly  blue  curls  (Trichostema  lanatum)  does  exhibit  an2bacterial  proper2es.  

2.  Gram  -­‐  and  Gram  +  bacteria  show  different  suscep2bility  to  growth  inhibi2on  by  wooly  blue  curls  extract.  

3.  Resistance  seen  of  Gram  -­‐  bacteria  may  be  due  to  drug  efflux  pumps  and  an  extra  outer  membrane.  

*We  were  unable  to  determine  the  compound  working  as  an  an2microbial.  

Page 13: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

Further  Study  

•  We  would  like  to  frac2onate  the  extract  to  determine  the  ac2ve  compound  and  test  how  effec2ve  it  actually  is.  

•  Test  for  synergis2c  proper2es  of  compounds  within  the  wooly  blue  curls  extract6.  

•  Screen  other  Chumash  plants  for  efflux  pump  inhibitors.  

 

hDps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Anagallis_arvensis_2.jpg  

Anagalis  Arvensis  “Scarlet  Pimpernel”  

Page 14: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

Acknowledgments  

•  This  research  was  funded  by  the  Na2onal  Science  Founda2on,  Research  Experience  for  Undergraduates,  REU-­‐Site  Grant,  #DBI-­‐1062721  and  the  Natural  Science  Division  of  Pepperdine.  We  would  also  like  to  thank  Victoria  Hester  for  her    

       help  with  plant  collec2on          and  extract  prepara2on.  

Page 15: An#Ethnobotanical#Approach#to# … · 2020. 2. 10. · Extracts of Trichostema lanatum inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria and an Escherichia coli Î tolC mutant strain Author:

References  1.  Tegos,  G.,  Stermitz,  F.  R.,  Lomovskaya,  O.,  and  Lewis,  K.  

An<microb.  Agents  Chemother.  2002,  46  (10),  3133–3141.  2.  Timbrook,  J.  Chumash  Ethnobotany:  Plant  Knowledge  

Among  the  Chumash  People  of  Southern  California.  2007,    Heyday  Books.  

3.  The  Human  Microbiome  Project  Consor2um.    Nature  2012,  486,  207–214.  

4.  Cox,  P.  A.  Science  1994,  287,  44-­‐45.    5.  Davis,  W.  W.  and  Stout,  T.  R.  Applied  Microbiology  1971,  22  

(4),  666–670.  6.  Stavri,  M.,  Piddock,  L.  J.  V.  &  Gibbons.  J.  An<microb.  

Chemother.  2007,  59,  1247–1260.    


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