Anglong Veng Book 2015-12-30 KH - d.dccam.org · matika GarmÖkfa >>>>>1 esckþIEføgGMNrKuN>>>>>3

Rbvtþisa®sþshKmn_Gnøg;EvgtMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayrbs;clnaExμrRkhm

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DI xaMbUlI

RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa shkarCamYy

RksYgeTscrN_

qñaM2014

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rkSasiTi§RKb;Ebby:ag qñaM2014 edayviTüasßansøwkrwt / mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

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KMnitrcnaesovePA KMnitsil,³ qñaM2014 eday qaMg yu

kareRCIserIsrUbft nigcMNgeCIgrUbft qñaM2014

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ECm v:lsWsÁI Rkúmh‘unDIhSaj Ludlow6

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shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_.

ii

matika

GarmÖkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3

esckþIepþIm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9

CMBUk1 Rbvtþisa®sþdMbUgéntMbn;Gnøg;Evg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13

CMBUk2 karkekIténclnakumμúynIsþ nigkarmkdl;CaelIkdMbUgrbs;Exμr

RkhmenAGnøg;Evg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>27

CMBUk3 Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>41

CMBUk4 braC½y nigkarrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51

CMBUk5 Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63

CMBUk6 karerobcMkgT½BeLIgvijrbs;ExμrRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69

CMBUk7 s®gÁamQøb nigs®gÁamRbCaCn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77

CMBUk8 CIvitenAelIPñMdgErk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89

CMBUk9 Gnøg;Evg ³ tMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayrbs;ExμrRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>108

CMBUk10 ekrdMENlrbs; tam:uk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>128

CMBUk11 cMNuccab;epþIménTIbBa©b; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>148

CMBUk12 CemøaHrvag b:ul Bt nig tam:uk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>152

CMBUk13 karcab;xøÜn nigkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>161

CMBUk14 smahrNkmμcUleTAkñúgraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAqñaM1998 >>>>>>168

CMBUk15 BinitüemIltMbn;Gnøg;EvgeLIgvij >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>189

CMBUk16 erOgr:avenAGnøg;Evg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>208

Gvsankfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>218

iii

rUbPaBRkbmux ³ BiFIerobkarenAGnøg;EvgkalBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990>>>>220

CIvRbvtþiGñkniBn§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>222

cMNgeCIgrUbft >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>224

kMNt;smÁal; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>231

iv

GarmÖkfa

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1

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manBitR)akd RbsinebIeyIgsuxcitþTTYlsÁal;KñaCamnusSeTAvijeTAmk.

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edIm,IEsVgrkTIbBa©b;mYyRbsinebIman. eTaHbICatMbn;Gnøg;EvgmansniþPaBCag

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elIkarTTYlsÁal; nigkar[témøeTAelIkarBitenH kñúgnamCabuKÁl CashKmn_

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edIm,IRKb;RKg nigGPivDÆn_tMbn;eTscrN_Rbvtþisa®sþGnøg;Evg

2

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

karRsavRCav karsresr nigkare)aHBum<esovePAenHnwgminGacseRmc)an

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nigshRbtibtþikarsVIs Edl)anpþl;CMnYyEpñkhirBaØvtßú elIkarRsavRCav nig

kare)aHBum<esovePAenH. eyIgGaceFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav)ansIuCeRmAeTAelI

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km<úCa k¾dUcCaenAkñúgRbeTséf edaysarEtCMnYyrbs;Pñak;garsRmab;karGPivDÆ

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[mankarsikSaRsavRCav nigerobcMesovePAenHeLIg nigEfmTaMg)anpþl;nUv

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3

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nigGtIttMbn;kan;kab;rbs;ExμrRkhmdéTeTot. RbCaCnRbmaN600nak; Edl

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nigRtBaMgR)asaT EdlrYmmanKN³GPi)alRsuk RkúmRbwkSaRsuk nigRkúmRbwkSa

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nigRbCaCn.eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaBiessdl;elak ywm pan;Na GPi)al

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b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMg)ancUlrYmpþl;bTsmÖasRBmTaMg)anpþl;dMbUnμanCaeRcIndl;

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4

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5

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6

8

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Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM karrs;enArbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaRtÚvBwgEp¥keTAelICMnYy

9

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plvi)akd¾GaRkk;énclnaExμrRkhmEdlxøÜn)ancUlrYm nigRTRTg;enAkñúgkal³

eTs³CaeRcIn \riyabfrbs;RbCaCnTaMgenaHcMeBaHrbbExμrRkhm KWminsmamaRt

eTAnwgTMhMénGMeBIeXareXA EdlxøÜn)andwgfa )anekItmaneLIgenaHeT. eTaHbICa

mnusSRKb;rUbyl;Rsbfa ]Rkidækmμd¾GaRkk;)anekIteLIgenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm nig

bnþekItmaneRkaymkeTotkþI k¾buKÁlmYycMnYnenAEtmanmenaseBa©tnaRslaj;

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EtGacGnuvtþ)an RbsinebImanemdwknaMl¥CagenH. dUcKñaenH enAeBlEdl

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sahaveXareXA k¾mnusSmYycMnYnenAEtmankareKarBcMeBaH tam:uk EdlGñkTaMg

Gs;enaH minGacbMePøc)an.

eKalbMNgénkarniBn§esovePAenH KWminEmnedIm,IpþnÞaeTas b¤elIksresIr

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TsSn³mYyGMBIshKmn_mYy EdlminTan;RtÚv)ansikSa[suICeRmA nigpþl;Ca

sMeLgmYyeTA[RbCaCnmYyRkúm EdlsMeLgrbs;Kat;minRtÚv)andwgB¤RKb;RKan;

BImunmk. vaKWCac,ab;CasaklEdlfa snþiPaBRtÚv)anksageLIg nigEfrkSa

tamry³karBiPakSaedayebIkTUlay GMBIerOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIgBIGtItkal.

eyIgsgÇwmfa esovePAenHnwgcUlrYmcMENkkúñgkarseRmc[)aneKaledAenH

EdlmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCakMBugEteFVIkñúgkareq<aHeTAbegáItmCÄmNÐlsnþiPaB

Gnøg;Evg.

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ExμrRkhmcUlmkdl;. CMBUk1 BiPakSaGMBIRbvtþisa®sþtMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigRbeTs

km<úCa enAGMLúgBak;kNþalTImYyénstvtSr_TI20. CMBUk2 bgðajGMBIkarkekIt

eLIgénclnakumμúynIsþenA\NÐÚcin EdlRKb;RKgedayGaNaniKm)araMg nigkar

mkdl;tMbn;Gnøg;EvgdMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhm. CMBUk3 BiPakSaGMBICIvitrbs;RbCaCn

10

enAeRkamrbbExμrRkhm EdldMbUgeLIyCashKmn_rYmmYyehIyeRkaymkkøay

eTACashkrN_. CMBUk4 niyayGMBIB½t’manlm¥itGMBIbraC½yrbs;ExμrRkhm

edaysarkgT½BevotNam. CMBUkenHBiPakSaGMBIkarrt;Ebkx©at;x©ayrbs;RbCaCn

km<úCa nigbTBiesaFrbs;kgT½B CnsIuvil nigsmaCikRkúmRKÜsarrbs;RbCaCn

TaMgGs;enaH. CMBUk5 nigCMBUk6 qøúHbBa©aMgGMBItMbn;Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg

rbs;evotNam nigkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvijrbs;ExμrRkhmenAelIPñMdgErk.

eTaHbICarbbExμrRkhmRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMecjBIGMNac nigTTYlbraC½yenAsmrPUmi

k¾eday k¾rbbenHGacerobcMkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvij[eTACakmøaMgT½BéRBtamry³

CMnYybreTs. CMBUk7nigCMBUk8sikSaGMBICIvitCakgT½BQøb. CMBUk7 epþatsMxan;

eTAelIyuT§viFI nigyuT§sa®sþkgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm. CMBUk8 RbemIlemIlGMBIkar

ts‘Urbs;RbCaCnsamBaØEdlFMdwgkþIenAkñúgCMrMkgT½B nigCMrMCnePosxøÜn. CMBUk9

bgðajTidæPaBepSg²CMuvij kmøaMgneya)ayGnþrCati Edl)anCYy[ExμrRkhm

rkSa)annUvclnats‘UEbbkgT½BéRBrbs;xøÜn. CMBUkenHEsþg[eXIjGMBIrcnasm<½n§

RKb;RKgrdæ)alénclnaExμrRkhmenAfñak;x<s; nigbgðajGMBITMB½rfμIénkardwknaMrbs;

tam:uk. CMBUk10 erobrab;GMBIbuKÁliklkçN³rbs; tam:uk CamYynwgKeRmag

sagsg;CaeRcIn nigTMnak;TMngrvag tam:uk nigRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg. CMBUk

11 dl;CMBUk13 BiPakSaGMBIéf¶cugeRkayénfñak;dwknaMrbs;clnaExμrRkhm.

CMBUkTaMgenHRKbdNþb;TMnas;épÞkñúgrvag b:ul Bt nig tam:uk RBmTaMgkarcab;xøÜn nig

karkat;eTas b:ul Bt. CMBUk14 BiBN’naGMBIRBwtþikarN_epSg² EdlnaMeTAdl;kar

RbyuT§KñacugeRkayenAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigkardYlrlMcugeRkay. CMBUk15

nigCMBUk16 segçbRbvtþisa®sþshKmn_tMbn;Gnøg;EvgeLIgvij edaydMbUgeLIy

BiPakSaGMBIRbvtþisa®sþenHBITsSn³rbs;GñkxageRkA nigbnÞab;mkTsSn³rbs;

RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;EvgenH.

11

12

CMBUk1

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tMbn;Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgtaMgBIyUrGEgVgNas;mkehIy muneBl

EdltMbn; enHkøayeTACatMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayd¾l,Il,ajrbs;clnakumúμynIsþ

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CnCati)araMg enAeBlEdlGñkKUrEpnTITaMgenHkMBugbegáItExSbnÞat;RBMEdnkm<úCa

CamYynwgRbeTsCitxagPaKxageCIg. dUcshKmn_epSg²eTot EdlRtÚv)an

begáIteLIgenAtambeNþayRBMEdnxagTwkdIéfEdr tMbn; Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)antaMgTIlMenA

edayCnCatiExμr Edl)aneFIVcMNakRsukmkBIPaKxagt,ÚgénTwkdIesom Edl

bc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúg extþsIusaektRbeTséf.1

13

rrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al

tMbn;Gnøg;EvgmanRbvtþipøas;bþÚreRcIndgrvagkarRKb;RKgedaykm<úCa nigkar

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nigqñaM1907 Gnøg;Evgsßit enAkñúgGtItextþéfmYy EdlmaneQμaH esomNaxn.

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dak;sm<aFBI)araMg esom)anRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrabmk[km<úCavijenA

qñaM1907.

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eTot bnÞab;BI manCemøaHmYyry³eBlxøIrvagéf nig)araMg. enAcenøaHqñaM1941

nigqñaM1946 Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgextþrbs;éf EdlmaneQμaHfa

EbøkPIbu‘nsg;Rkam EdlCaeQμaHrbs;GtItnaykrdæm®nþIéfnaeBlenaH. enAkñúg

dMNak;kalenH éf)anRKb;RKgextþesomrab nigextþ )at;dMbgrbs;ExμrrhUt

dl;qñaM1946 enAeBlEdl)araMg nigéfcuHkic©RBmeRBógelIsn§isBaØaRBMEdn Edl

)anRbKl;extþTaMgBIrmk[km<úCavij. enAkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym extþ]tþr

manC½yRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edaykat;ecjBIextþesomrab. eTaHCay:agenHkþI

eRkayqñaM1970 tMbn;Gnøg;EvgkøayeTACa{EdndImYy Edlminmanrdæ)alRKb;

RKgEdlenAqøas;KñaeRkamextþ b¤CaRsukeTAtamrbbdwknaMeRkay²mkeTot.}2

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EdlFøab;CaPUmimYy )ankøayeTACaRsukmYyEdlsßitenAkñúgextþ]tþrmanC½y

rhUtdl;sBVéf¶.

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sßitenAcm¶ayRbmaN125KILÚEm:Rt BITIrYmextþesomrab nigcm¶ay

RbEhl12KILÚEm:RtBICYrPñMdgErk Gnøg;EvgmanRbvtþiCatMbn;dac;Rsyalén

RbeTskm<úCa. enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT semþcRBH neratþm ¬1860-1904¦

nigenAkñúgesÞIrmYyry³kalénrbbGaNaniKmniym)araMg ¬1863-1953¦

14

rdæ)alrbs;RbeTskm<úCaminsUvmankarykcitþTukdak; eTAelItMbn;CnbT ehIy

rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)alenH esÞIrEtKμanvtþmanenAtamtMbn;dac;RsyalTaMg

LayénRBHraCaNacRk.

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enH.4 b:uEnþ edaysarmUlehtumYycMnYn EdlenAEtCaRbFanbTénkarCECk

edjedalKñarhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH GaNacRkGgÁr )anFøak;cuHy:agelOnenA

stvtSr_TI14enAeBlEdlRbeTsCitxagkm<úCa )anbegáInGMNacrbs;xøÜneLIg

CalMdab;. rhUtmkdl;stvtSr_TI18 eday sarEts®gÁam PaBclaclenA

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nwgTTYlrgkarqk;bøn; nigkar)at;bg;TwkdI eTAGñkCitxagd¾manGMNacrbs;xøÜn

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bc©úb,nñ¦. eday)at;bg;GFibetyüPaBeTARbeTsCitxagRBH)aT semþcRBH

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nig)araMg.

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nigsasna. cMENkÉ RBH)aT neratþm enAbnþdwknaMkic©karneya)ay nigrdæ)al

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eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GaCJaFr)araMg.

sßab½nsgÁm nigkarGPivDÆEpñkesdækic©rbs;km<úCa hak;mankarpøas;bþÚr

15

tictYcNas; enAcenøaHqñaM1863dl;cugstvtSr_TI19. edaypÞúyKñaeTAnwg

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kmμsiTi§tictYcNas; eRkABIsemøókbMBak; smÖar³pÞH)ay nigsmÖar³eFIVERscmáar.6

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xagKña k¾dUcCashKmn_TaMgmUl. karedaHdUrEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmRtÚv)ankMNt;

edaylkçxNÐPUmisa®sþminGMeNaypl ehIyenAtMbn;dac;RsyaldUcCatMbn;

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enAqñaM1905 RbEhlCa)anRbTHeXIjsßanPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñaenH. dUcEdl

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sIusaekt RbeTséf¦ esÞIrEtmYyryPaKryniyayPasaéf.}13

16

eerOgr:avrbs;ecarbøn;mñak;

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RbeTsesomvij.

17

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18

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19

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bc©úb,nñ.22 bnÞab;BIRkúmecarbøn;)ancakecj GaCJaFr)araMg)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;

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edIm,IsegátemIl.24

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skmμPaBqk;bøn;enaHTTYl)ankarCMrujelIkTwkcitþBIGaCJaFresom. P½sþútagén

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skmμPaBqk;bøn;TaMgenaH.27

20

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21

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22

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CIvit.}32

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kñúgPUmixñúr kalBImunqñaM1975fa °

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23

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24

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rksIuEtenAkñúgPUmierog²xøÜn.}39 can; éb )anelIkeLIgfa { xJMúminEdl)ancak

ecj BIPUmirbs;xJMúenaHeLIy kñúgmYyyuvv½yrbs;xJMú.}40

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kñúgBiFI edIm,ICakareKarBeTAdl;RBlwgdUntaEtb:ueNÑaH.}42

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25

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26

CMBUk2

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eesckþIepþIm

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km<úCa)anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm munC½yCmñH Exemsa qñaM1975

eTAeTot. edaysartMbn;Gnøg;Evg CatMbn;dac;Rsyal tMbn;enHsßitenAkñúg

cMeNamtMbn;dMbUgbg¥s; Edl)anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm.

tMbn;Gnøg;EvgsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm enAedImqñaM1970

bnÞab;BIkarkan;kab;ry³eBlxøIrbs;kgT½B ln; nl;. enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;

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27

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RbNaMgRbECgdeNþImkarKaMRTBIRbCaCn. kgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhmEdlenAess

sl; )anrt;ePosxøÜneTArs;enAelIPñMdgErk enAeBlEdlkgT½BevotNam nig

kgT½Brbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa kan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. RbCaCnEdl

minFøab;manTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkgT½BExμrRkhm RtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkarseRmccitþ

rvagkarbnþrs;enAkñúgPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜneRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;kgT½BevotNam

nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa b¤ePosxøÜneTAtamExμrRkhmeTAPñMdgErk

nigRbeTs éf.

kkarkekIteLIgénclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCa

eTaHbICaGnøg;EvgKWCaCMBUkcugeRkayénemeronsþIGMBIRbvtþiclnakumμúynIsþ

enAkm<úCakþI k¾clnaenHmin)ancab;epþImenATIenaHeT. edIm,Iyl;[)anc,as;nUv

Rbvtþisa®sþcugeRkayrbs;clnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCa nigfaetIclnaenHman

TMnak;TMngy:agdUcemþcCamYytMbn;Gnøg;Evg eyIgRtÚvRkeLkeTAemIlRbvtþidMbUg

énclnakumμúynIsþenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ ¬b¤erOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúg

shB½n§\NÐÚcin enATsvtSr_qñaM1940¦.

RbvtþidMbUgénclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCa manTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§eTAnwgclnats‘U

RbqaMgnwgGaCJaFrGaNaniKm)araMg EdlenAeBlenaHclnaenH minTan;RtÚv)an

begáIt[eTACakmøaMgrwgmaMmYyenAeLIyeT rhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM1940. enAqñaM

28

1939 )araMgRtÚv)ankgT½Brbs;rbbNahSIúGaløWm:g;pþÜlrMlM. rbbNahSúI)an

begáItrbbGay:gmYy edIm,IRKb;RKgEpñkxøHénRbeTs)araMg nigplRbeyaCn_

TaMgLayrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg. GaløWm:g;)anbBa¢ardæaPi)alvICIrbs;)araMg

[eFVIkarENnaMdl;rdæ)alGaNaniKmenA\NÐÚcinTaMgGs; [shkarCamYyRbeTs

Cb:un EdlCasm<½n§miRtrbs;GaløWm:g;.

esÞIrEteBjmYyry³eBléns®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr Cb:unepþatkarykcitþ

Tukdak;eTAelItMbn;):asIuhVik nigdak;vtþmanrbs;xøÜnkRmittUcmYyenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin.

Cak;Esþg enARbeTskm<úCa Cb:un)anbegáItTItaMgkgT½Brbs;xøÜnmYyenATIRkúgPñMeBj

nig)anGnuBaØat[GaCJaFrGaNaniKm)araMgbnþkarRKb;RKg rdæ)alrbs;xøÜnenA

km<úCa dUcEdl)araMgFøab;)aneFVItaMgBIqñaM1863mk.

edayemIleXIj)araMgRtÚv)anGaløWm:g;pþÜlrMlMenAqñaM1939 RbeTsCit

xagrbs;km<úCa eBalKW RbeTséf )aneqøót»kasdeNþImykextþ)at;dMbg nig

esomrab RBmTaMgtMbn;mYycMnYneTotrbs;RbeTsLav. enAqñaM1940 eday)an

dwgGMBIkarcuHexSayrbs;)araMg éf)anvayRbharmkelIPaK|sanénRbeTs

km<úCa.

s®gÁam)araMg-éf ¬1940-1941¦ KWCakarvayRbyuT§KñakñúgRTg;RTay

tUcb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ s®gÁamenH)anbBa©b;eTAedaykarbnSl;nUvlkçxNÐGaRkk;

sRmab;)araMg nigRbeTseRkamGaNaniKmrbs;xøÜn. enAeRkamkic©RBmeRBóg

snþiPaB EdlsRmúHsRmÜledayCb:un )araMg)anRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrab

rbs;km<úCaeTA[éf.49 Cb:un)anGnuBaØat[)araMgbnþRKb;RKgEpñkesssl;rbs;

km<úCarhUtdl;éf¶TI9 ExmIna qñaM1945 EdlbnÞab;BIeBlenaHmk Cb:un)an

GnuvtþkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn mkelIRbeTskm<úCaedaypÞal;rhUtdl;éf¶EdlCb:un

caj;s®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr. xN³eBlEdlCb:unnigGaløWm:g;)ancaj;s®gÁam

elakelIkTIBIr)araMg )ancab;epþImGaNaniKmrbs;xøÜneLIgvijenA\NÐÚcin. b:uEnþ

rdæ)alGaNaniKm)araMgenAelITwkdIenH)anpøas;bþÚrTMB½rfμImYy)at;eTAehIy.

braC½yrbs;)araMgenAkñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr nigGsmtßPaBrbs;)araMg

29

kñúgkarkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜnenAelITwkdI\NÐÚcin )anqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIPaBGn;

exSayrbs;)araMg. RbeTskñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_Føab;manRbvtþiCamYynwgkar

bHe)ar karts‘URbqaMg clnaT½BéRB menaKmn_viC¢abdivtþn_ TsSnCatiniym

nigCMnYyBIbreTs. ktþaTaMgGs;enH)anCMruj[mankaregIbeLIg ts‘UBIsMNak;Gñk

RbyuT§edIm,IesrIPaBCMnan;eRkay EdlmindUcCa RkúmepSg²eTotenaHeT.

Exμr\sSr³ KWCaclnaCatiniym EdlRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg. clnaenH

RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1945 edaymanCMnYyBIRbeTséf. clnaenHmanedIm

kMeNItenATIRkúg)agkk EdlenATIenaHR)aBisiT§ panit ¬b:uk Xun¦ edaymanCMnYy

BIRbeTséf )anbegáItKNbkSExμr\sSr³. éfmankarGak;Gn;citþcMeBaHkarRbKl;

extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrab mk[km<úCavij. edaymanbMNgcg;bgá[mankar

bHe)ar éf)anKaMRTdl;karbegáItclnaExμr\sSr³ ¬EdlmaneRcInRkúmepSg²Kña

EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayÉkraCü enAtamtMbn;CaeRcInenATUTaMgRbeTs

km<úCa¦.50 clnaTaMgenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgCacm,gedIm,IpþÜlrMlMGaCJaFrGaNa

niKm)araMg. eTaHCaEbbenHkþI clnaTaMgenHeRkaymk)ankøayeTACakarCMruj

elIkTwkcitþRkúmemdwknaMkm<úCaCMnan;fμI[RbqaMgeTAnwgrdækm<úCaÉkraCüeTAvij.

enAeBlEdlclnaExμr\sSr³enAPaKbs©imEsVgrkkarKaMRTBIRbeTséf Rkúm

clnaExμr\sSr³enAPaKbUBa’ )anshkarCamYyRkúmkumμúynIsþevotmij.

evotmij KWCaRkúménbkSsm<½n§kumúμynIsþevotNam EdlRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;

RKgelIRbeTs evotNameLIgvijBIsMNak;)araMg. enAqñaM1949 Rkúmevotmij

TTYl)ankarKaMRTBIcinkumμúynIsþ Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkúmenH BRgIkkarts‘URbqaMg

nwg)araMg BIs®gÁamQøbeTACas®gÁamrvagkgT½BénRbeTsTaMgBIr. enAqñaM1950

RbeTskñúgtMbn;\NÐÚcin)ancab;epþImegIbbHe)ar.

s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYyKWCakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm. sμartICati

niym)anpuseLIgeTACakmøaMgd¾xøa MgkøamYyenAkñ úgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamelak

elIkTIBIr ehIykarts‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)anpÞúHeLIgenATUTaMgGasIuGaeKñy_.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI karRbyuT§Kñay:agxøaMgkøaenAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy ekIt

30

eLIgenARbeTsevotNam. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdrGñkCatiniymExμrk¾)an

cab;epþImeFVIkarts‘URbhak;RbEhlKñaedIm,IÉkraCürbs;xøÜnEdr.

enAeBlEdlevotmijkMBugts‘URbqaMgnwg)araMgenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam Rkúm

Exμr\sSr³)ancab;epþIms®gÁamkñúgRTg;RTaytUc b:uEnþsMxan;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

Rkúm\sSr³mYycMnYn KWCaRkúmecaréRBxN³mYycMnYneTot KWCaGñkRbyuT§edIm,I

esrIPaB. RkúmTaMgBIrenHKWCakarKMramkMEhgCaRbcaMdl;GaCJaFr)araMg nig

kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ EdlmanTItaMgenAtamTICnbT. eTaHbICaRkúm\sSr³

hak;maneKaledAneya)ayrYm kñúgkarTamTarÉkraCüCUnRbeTskm<úCa RkúmenH

minEdlrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy nigesμIPaBKña dUcRkúmevotmijeT. Rkúm\sSr³CaeRcIn

)anRbRBwtþGMeBIqk;bøn; nigminmanTisedAneya)ayc,as;las;eT. enAeBlEdl

RkúmmYycMnYnEsVgrkCMnYyBIRbeTséf RkúmmYycMnYneTotEsVgrkCMnYyBIevotmij

enAeRkamsøakkumμúynIsþniym.51

enAExemsa qñaM1950smaCikeqVgniymCag200nak;énclnaExμr\sSr³

)anCYbRbCMuKñaenAextþkMBt nig)anbegáIt {rNsirSrYbrYmExμr\sSr³} edayQr

elIeKalkarN_kumμúynIsþ. clnaenHtMNag[sm<½n§PaBrvagRbCaCnEdl

rs;enAtamTIRkúg bBaØvnþ RbCaksikr nigBuT§sasnikGñkCatiniym. rNsirSenH

dwknaMeday sWg g:ukmij ¬Gacarüemon EdlCaGacarüBuT§sasna¦ nig)anshkar

CamYyevotNamkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg)araMg. rNsirSenHk¾tMNag[kar

cab;epþImsRmab;smaCiknaeBlGnaKtCaeRcInrbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa EdlCa

bkSmYy EdlenATIbBa©b;)andeNþImkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCa nigbegáItrbb{km<úCa

RbCaFibetyü}.52

]TahrN_ tam:uk/ Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin KWCaCnbdivtþn_enAkñúgclnaExμr

\sSr³.53 eTaHCay:agenHkþI emdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCadéTeTot

dUcCa saLút s ¬b:ul Bt¦/ sun esn/ exov sMpn nig eGogsarI )ankøayeTACaCn

kumμúynIsþenAeBlEdlxøÜnkMBugsikSaeronsURtenAeRkARbeTs.

enAqñaM1951 kumúμynIsþevotNam)anCYyENnaM[mankarbegáItbkSRbCa

31

Cnbdivtþn_ExμrEdlCaRbPBedIménbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. smaCikKN³kmμaFikar

énbkSenHrYmman sWg g:ukmij ¬tMENgkMBUl¦/ suIv ehg ¬kic©karkgT½B¦/ TU samut

¬Gb;rMmenaKmn_viC¢a¦ nig can; sm½y ¬kic©karesdækic©¦. dUcrNsirSrYbrYm\sSr³

Edr bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExμrEsVgrkkarENnaMBIkumμúuynIsþevotNam.54

GnuelamtamsnñisITsnþiPaBTIRkúghSWENvqñaM1954 ¬EdlenAeBlenaH

s®gÁam\NÐÚcin elIkTImYyRtÚv)anbBa©b;CapøÚvkar¦ rdæ)alGaNaniKm )araMgRtÚv

)andkecjBIRbeTsevotNam. enAeBlenaH evotNamRtÚv)anEbgEckCaBIrKW

evotNamxageCIgEdlmanTMenareTArklT§ikumúμynIsþ nigevotNamxagt,ÚgEdl

manTMenareTArkbs©imRbeTs. CaEpñkmYyénsnñisIT snþiPaBTIRkúghSWENv

kgkmøaMgevotmijTaMgGs; RtÚv)antRmÚv[dkecjBIkm<úCa.

eTaHCay:agenHkþI kgT½B nigTIRbwkSaevotNammYycMnYn bnþsñak;enAkm<úCa

bnþeTot. edaymankarRBÜy)armÖGMBIsuvtißPaBbdivtþn_ enAeBlEdlRbB½n§neya

)aymankarpøas;bþÚr suIv ehg/ can; sm½y nigkmμaPi)al bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_

ExμrCagmYyBan;nak;epSgeTot )anrt;ePosxøÜn eTARbeTsevotNamEdlenATIenaH

RkúmenH)ancUlrYmCamYy sWg g:ukmij nigsmaCikbkSepSgeTot Edl)an

ePosxøÜneTAevotNammunenHbnþic.

ry³eBlb:unμanqñaMbnÞab;BIsnñisITsnþiPaBTIRkúghSWENv ¬1955-1959¦

KWCaeBlevlaEdlclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCamandMeNIrvivtþyWt. enAmunsnñisIT

snþiPaBTIRkúghSWENv semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæaPi)al)araMg

fa meFüa)ayEtmYyKt;EdlGacTb;sáat;bdivtþn_kumμúynIsþ)an KWkarRbKl;

ÉkraCümk[km<úCa. edaybnþsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBclaclenAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcin

elIkTImYy )araMg)anbnÞn;\riyabfehIy km<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüenAqñaM1953.

eTaHbICakm<úCaRbEhlCamanplRbeyaCn_eRcInsRmab;GaNaniKm)araMgk¾eday

k¾)araMgepþatkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;xøÜnCacm,geTAelIkarRKb;RKgenAevotNam.

eRkayBIkm<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMg nigbnÞab;BIsnñisITsnþiPaB TIRkúg

hSWENvmk RkúmExμr\sSr³CaeRcIn)ane)aHbg;ecalkarts‘Urbs;xøÜn ehIykumμúy

32

nIsþevotNam)andkxøÜnecjBIRbeTskm<úCaesÞIrEtTaMgRsug. RBwtiþkarN_TaMg

Gs;enH)aneFVI[clnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCacuHexSay ehIyedaymankareFVITukç

bukemñjBIsMNak;kgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu emdwknaMkumμúynIsþkm<úCa

CaeRcIn)anrt;cUléRB.

enAeRkayqñaM1954 RkúmkumμúynIsþesssl;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa )anRbwg

ERbgts‘U edIm,I)anrs;ranmanCIvit. enAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;elak ln; nl; Edl

CaGKÁembBa¢akarkgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu rdæaPi)al)antamcab;xøÜn

emdwknaMkumμúynIsþCaeRcIn Edl)anbgçM[RkúmenHrt;cUléRB.

BIéf¶TI28dl;éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1960 smaCsm¶at;mYyrbs;bkSRbCa

Cnbdivtþn_ExμrRtÚv)anerobcMeLIgenAsßanIyrfePøIgmYyenATIRkúgPñMeBj eday

mankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;smaCik7nak;mkBIsaxaenATIRkúg nig14nak;epSgeTot

mkBIsaxaenAtamCnbT. smaCenH)anerobcMbkSsaCafμIeLIgvij kMNt;eKal

neya)ayfμI nigpøas;bþÚreQμaHbkS eTACabkSBlkrkm<úCa Edlman TU samut

CaelxabkS nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. b:ul Bt mantMENglMdab;TIbIenAkñúgbkS

ehIy)ankøayCaGnuelxabkSTIBIr enAqñaM1961.55

enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1963 bkSBlkrkm<úCa)anebIksmaCbnÞan;mYy bnÞab;BI TU

samut )an)at;xøÜnenAqñaM1962.smaCenH)aneRCIserIs b:ul Bt CaelxabkS

nig nYn Ca CaGnu elxadEdl. Pøam²bnÞab;BIRtÚv)aneRCIstaMgCaelxabkS b:ul

Bt )anePosxøÜneTACMrMkgT½BevotNam {mnÞIr100} enACab;RBMEdnRsukemmt;

PaK|sanénRbeTskm<úCa. enAqñaM1965 b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIredayefμIreCIg

tampøÚvlMhUCImij eq<aHeTAkan;TIRkúghaNUy edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxag

eCIg. b:ul Bt k¾manKeRmageTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIgEdr.

enAqñaM1966 bnÞab;BImkdl;km<úCavij b:ul Bt )anbþÚreQμaHbkSeTACabkS

kumμúynIsþkm<úCa. KN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSenAeBlenaHrYmman b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/

eGog sarI/ vn ev:t nig sun esn. enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM1960 bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa

TTYl)ansmaCikfμICaeRcIn EdlPaKeRcInrs;enAtMbn;dac;RsyaltambeNþay

33

RBMEdnevotNam EdlenAq¶ayBIkgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu.

edayenAq¶ayBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæaPi)al kgkmøaMgkumμúynIsþkm<úCa )an

RbmUlpþú MGMNacrbs;xøÜn nigerobcMkmøaMgeLIgvij edIm,IeRtómsRmab;sßanPaB

GMeNayplNamYy EdlGacGnuBaØat[xøÜndeNþImGMNac)an. enATIbMput sßan

PaBGMeNayplenaH)anmkdl;enAqñaM1970 enAeBlEdl semþcRBH neratþm

sIhnu RtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMecjBIGMNac nigenAeBlEdlrbb ln; nl; RtÚv)an

begáIteLIg.

karTmøak;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu nigkarbegáItrbb ln; nl; KWCalT§pl

énsm<aFCa eRcInEdlecHEtekIneLIgCalMdab;TaMgBIxagkñúg nigBIxageRkAeTA

elIkarRKb;RKgrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu EdlCalT§plénkic©xitxMRbwg

ERbgrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu kñúgkarrkSaGBüaRkwtPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúg

GMLúgeBléns®gÁamevotNam.

s®gÁamevotNam KWCaBaküEdleRbIsMedAeTAelIkarRbyuT§KñarvagPaKI

shrdæGaemrik nigevotNamxagt,Úg kñúgnamCaPaKImYyCamYynwgPaKIevotNam

kumμúynIsþ EdlKaMRTedayevotNamxageCIg kñúgnamCaPaKImçageTot. eTaHbICa

karKaMRTBIdMbUgrbs;shrdæGaemrik epþatsMxan;EteTAelICMnYyesdækic© nigkarpþl;

RbwkSaEpñkeyaFadl;evotNamxagt,Úgy:agNak¾edaykþI k¾CMnYyenH)anekIn

eLIgCalMdab;rhUteTACakarTb;Tl;eTAnwgkarKMramkMEhgrbs;kumμúynIsþ. mkdl;

qñaM1965 shrdæGaemrik)anpþl;fvikay:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;eTA[evotNam

xagt,Úg ehIyCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik)anekIneLIgy:agelOn BICMnYyEpñk

esdækic© nigkarRbwkSaeyaFaeTACaCMnYyEpñkkmøaMgT½B nigbuKÁlikeyaFay:ag

eRcIn. xN³eBlEdls®gÁamrvagshrdæGaemrik nigevotNamxageCIg kan;Et

manPaBtantwgeLIg shrdæGaemrik)anbegáIn nigBRgIkkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;xøÜn

kan;EtFMeLIg. dUckar):an;sμan kgT½Brbs;evotNamkumμúynIsþ)aneRbIR)as;TwkdI

km<úCa edIm,IeKcecjBIRKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik.

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu minmanCeRmIseRcIneT kñúgkarTb;sáat;min[

34

evotNamkumμúynIsþ eRbIR)as;TwkdIrbs;km<úCa. kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ minman

kmøaMgRKb;RKan; edIm,ITb;Tl;CamYynwgkumμúynIsþ ehIyRsbeBlCamYyKñaenaH

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu k¾kMBugEtRbQmCamYynwgCnkumμúynIsþkm<úCa CaeRcIn

enAtamTICnbTkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu )ansmøwgemIleTARkúmGPirkSniymenAkñúgCYrrdæa

Pi)al ¬EdlrYmmankgkmøaMgb:UlIs nigeyaFa¦ edIm,IvayRbharCnkumμúynIsþ

EdlRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁxN³eBlEdlRBHGgÁbnþrkSaTMnak;TMngmitþPaBCamYy

evotNamkumμúynIsþ RBmTaMgbnþCMrujkmμviFIkMENTRmg;neya)ay tamEbbsgÁm

niymRBHBuT§sasnarbs;RBHGgÁ. kmμviFIneya)ayenHTTYl)aneCaKC½y Edl

RsbeBlCamYyKñaenaH semþcRBH neratþm sIhnuTTYlCMnYyeyaFaBIshrdæ

Gaemrik. b:uEnþ enAExvicäika qñaM1963 bnÞab;BIbdiesFCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik

semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu minGacrkSa)annUvkmμviFIsuxumalPaBsgÁm Edl

RbkbedaykarcMNayy:ageRcInteTAeTot)aneT. edIm,ITb;Tl;eTAnwgkarxVHxat

enHsemþcRBH neratþmsIhnu )aneFVICatUbnIykmμeTAelIkarnaMecjnignaMcUlrbs;

km<úCa Edlneya)ayenHmanRbsiT§PaBry³eBlxøI kñúgkarRTRTg;kmμviFIsgÁmrbs;

RBHGgÁ. b:uEnþ sRmab;lT§plry³eBlEvg kmμviFIneya)ayEbbenH)anCMruj

[mankaredaHdUrenAkñúgTIpSarggwt Edl)anbNþal[rdæaPi)al)at;bg;cMNUl

Bn§Gs;CaeRcIn.

RkúmsþaMniym ¬EdlrYmman b:UlIsTahan nigRkúmGPiCn¦ cab;epþImxwgsm,ar

CamYynwgkarekIneLIgnUvGesßrPaBEpñkesdækic© nigkarekIneLIgénRkúmkumμúy

nIsþ. kmøaMgkumμúynIsþkan;EtmanPaBekøóvkøaeLIg enAkñúgRbtibtþikareyaFarbs;

xøÜn. edayxVHCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik karKMramkMEhgénkardeNþImGMNacBI

sMNak;RkúmkumμúynIsþkan;EtekIneLIg.

mkRtwmqñaM1969 semþcRBH neratþm sIhnuminGacbeBa©ósRbeTskm<úCa

[ecjputBIs®gÁamevotNam)anteTAeToteT.edaymankarGak;Gn;citþCamYy

PaBRBegIykenþIyrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu nigedayemIleXIjBIskmμPaB

35

rbs;evotNamkumμúynIsþenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa shrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþImTmøak;RKab;

EbkkñúgRTg;RTayFM nigCayuT§sa®sþ mkelIRbeTskm<úCa enAqñaM1969.56

PaBxVHcenøaHrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgesdækic©Cati

nigkarBarrdæaPi)alkm<úCaBIsRtÚvrbs;xøÜnTaMgxagkñúg nigxageRkA )anCMruj[Rkúm

EdlriHKn;RBHGgÁcab;epþImeFVIskmμPaB.

enAqñaM1970 enAeBlEdlsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu yagecjBIRbeTs

km<úCa RkúmsþaMniym)anTmøak;RBHGgÁecjBIGMNac.

rrbb ln; nl; ³ 1970-1975

enAExmIna qñaM1970 rdæsPaCati)ane)aHeqñatTmøak;semþcRBH neratþm

sIhnu ecjBItMENgCaRBHRbmuxrdæ nig)anbegáItrbbfμImYy. rbbfμIEdldwknaM

edayelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; maneKalbMNgRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkarKMramkMEhg

rbs;RkúmkumμúynIsþ TaMgkumμúynIsþkm<úCa nigkumμúynIsþevotNam. eTaHbICaelak

esnaRbmux ln; nl; TTYl)ankarKaMRT BIshrdæGaemrikk¾eday k¾RbCaCnenA

tamTICnbTminTTYlsÁal;rbbfμIenHeLIy.

eTaHbICasemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIGMNac k¾eday

k¾RBHGgÁenAEtTTYl)ankareKarBRslaj;BIRbCaCnenAtamTICnbT. RBHGgÁRTg;

yl;eXIjfa karCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak;ExμrRkhmGacCYy[RBHGgÁTTYl)an

GMNacRtLb;mkvij. RBHGgÁ)ancgsm<½n§PaB CamYynwgExμrRkhm EdlCa

GtItKUsRtÚvkumμúynIsþrbs;RBHGgÁ nig)anbegáIt{rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa} nig

rdæaPi)alnireTsmYy EdlmaneQμaHfa {raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa}. eTaHCa

y:agenHkþI enATIbBa©b;ExμrRkhm RKan;EteRbIR)as;RBHGgÁ edIm,IseRmc)annUv

eKaledArbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH.

RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr kgT½BevotNamkumμúynIsþ)ancUlkan;EteRCAmk

kñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig)aneFVIkarCamYyExμrRkhmkñúgkareRCIserIs nighVwkhVWnkgT½B

bdivtþn_ Edl)anekIneLIgBIcMnYnRbmaNbIBan;nak;enAqñaM1970 eTACagbYnmuWnnak;

36

enAqñaM1973. edaymanCMnYyBIevotNam kgT½BExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImpþÜlrMlM

kgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; enAelIsmrPUmi. eTaHCay:agenHkþI kic©sh

RbtibtþikarrvagevotNam nigExμrRkhm RKan;EtCakic©shRbtibtiþkarbeNþaH

GasnñEtb:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlkgT½BExμrRkhmmankmøaMgkan;EtxøaMgeLIg Exμr

Rkhm)anTamTar[evotNamdkkmøaMgrbs;xøÜnecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.57 mkdl;

cugqñaM1973 kgkmøaMgevotNamPaKeRcInRtÚv)andkecjBIkm<úCa ehIyExμr

Rkhm)anTTYlxusRtÚvTaMgRsugenAkñúgs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgrbb ln; nl;.

BIExmkra dl;ExsIha qñaM1973 shrdæGaemrik)anTmøak;RKab;EbkRbmaN

knøHlanetanmkelIRbeTskm<úCa Edl)ansmøab;RbCaCnRbmaNbIEsnnak;.58

karTmøak;RKab;Ebk)anBnüarC½yCmñHrbs;ExμrRkhm b:uEnþ )anbgákarxwgsm,arBI

sMNak;RbCaCnenAtamTICnbT EdlRbkarenH)anCYysRmÜldl;kareRCIserIs

kgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm.

mkRtwmedImqñaM1973 85PaKryénRbeTskm<úCa )anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;

RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm ehIykgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; esÞIrEtBMuGac

bnþkarRbyuT§teTAmuxeTot)an. b:uEnþ edaysarCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik kgT½B

ln; nl; GacbnþkarRbyuT§CamYyExμrRkhm)anBIrqñaMeTot.

kkarmkdl;dMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg

Pøam²bnÞab;BIrdæRbharqñaM1970 Edl)anTmøak;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu

ecjBIGMNac kgT½Brbs; ln; nl; )anRKb;RKgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg)anmYyry³eBlxøI.

enAkñúgry³eBlenaH kgT½B ln; nl; )anRbyuT§CamYykgkmøaMgkumμúynIsþevot

NamxageCIg ¬b¤ehAfaevotkug¦ Cajwkjab;. kgkmøaMgevotkugTaMgenH)ancUl

mkRbeTskm<úCa edIm,ICYydl;ExμrRkhm. karts‘UedIm,ITmøak;rdæaPi)al ln; nl;

enAeBlenaH RtÚv)anExμrRkhmBN’nafa Cas®gÁamRbqaMgeTAnwg{cRkBtþiGaem

rik} nigrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμr EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.

sßanPaB nigeBlevlaCak;lak;GMBIkarmkdl;dMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAtMbn;

37

Gnøg;EvgminRtÚv)andwg[)anc,as;las;eT. eyagtamsMdIrbs;RbCaCnEdl

rs;enATIenaH kgkmøaMgExμrRkhm)anmktaMgTIenAtMbn;Ek,rGnøg;Evg taMgBImunqñaM

1970. BIrbIExbnÞab;BIkgT½B ln; nl; dkecjBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg ExμrRkhm)an

begáItmUldæanmYyenAéRBs¥ak EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa kgekg CakEnøgEdlExμr

RkhmeFVIkareXasna nigeRCIserIsRbCaCnGnøg;EvgCaeRcIn[cUlrYmclnats‘U

bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. ExμrRkhmTTYl)aneCaKC½yenAkñúgkargarenH eday)anEbg

EckRbCaCn[eTACakgepSg² edIm,Ikab;qáardIsRmab;daMdMNaMnigeFVIERs EdlCa

kic©kard¾sMxan; sRmab;eKaledACayuT§sa®sþrbs;ExμrRkhm. minyUrb:unμan

bnÞab;BIkarbegáItmUldæankgekg kgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½Bevotkug)anpþÜlrMlM

kgT½B ln; nl; nigdeNþImkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;EvgTaMgRsug. RbCaCnEdlRtÚv)an

ekor[eTArs;enAkgekg )anvilRtLb;eTArs;enAtamPUmierog²xøÜnvij nig)an

ksagCIvitsaCafμIeLIgvij. eTaHCay:agenHkþI karRbyuT§KñakñúgRTg;RTaytUcrvag

kgT½B ln; nl; nigkgT½BExμrRkhm enAEtbnþekItmanmYyry³eBlkalBIqñaM

1970 dl;qñaM1975 EdlminGnuBaØat[RbCaCnmaneBlsRmakenAkñúg

CIvit.59

karcUlkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evgrbs;ExμrRkhmekIteLIgenAkñ úgeBlEdl

RbeTsCatikMBugCYbRbTHnUvclacl CemøaH nigGesßrPaBsgÁm CaBiess enAtam

TICnbT.60 CIvitenAtamshKmn_RtÚv)anpøas;bþÚrxN³eBlEdlCemøaH)anekIt

maneLIgenARKb;TICnbT Edl)anpþl;lT§PaBd¾l¥dl;ExμrRkhmkñúgkareRCIserIs

RbCaCnkñúgRTg;RTayFM[cUlrYmCamYybdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn.61 RbCaCnTaMgLayNa

Edlsμ½RKcitþcUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhmRtÚv)antRmÚv[esøóksemøókbMBak;BN’exμA

nigRtÚveTArs;enAkñúgmnÞIrrbs;ExμrRkhm. Pasaniyay nigTMnak;TMngenAkñúg

shKmn_Gnøg;Evg)anpøas;bþÚr. edIm,IbgðajGMBIkarlHbg;rbs;xøÜncMeBaHExμrRkhm

smaCikfμITaMgGs;)aneRbIR)as;PasaepSg edIm,IBN’naGMBITMnak;TMngsgÁm.

smaCikfμITaMgenH)aneRbIBakü{smmitþ} sRmab;ehAKñaeTAvijeTAmk. minyUr

b:unμan PasaCa RbéBNIrbs;ExμrsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgTMnak;TMngRKÜsar dUcCaBakü

38

{BU mIg bgRbús bgRsI})anrlay)at;. evaharsBÞ neya)ayRtÚv)anbBa©Úl

eTAkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaRbcaMéf¶.

bTBiesaFEdltMbn;Gnøg;EvgCYbRbTHenAeRkammenaKmn_viC¢a nigkarRKb;

RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm KWRKan;EtCaEpñkmYyénTsSnvis½yd¾FMrbs;ExμrRkhm enA

kñúgkarEkERbRbeTsCati. enAeBlEdlTIRkúgPñMeBjFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;

ExμrRkhmenAqñaM1975 RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;RtÚv )anExμrRkhmCemøósedaybgçM

ecjBITIRkúgeTAkan;TICnbT. eKalneya)ayénkarCemøósRbCaCnecjBITIRkúg

eTAkan;TICnbT minEmnGnuvtþ EtenATIRkúgPñMeBjenaHeT. enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa

RbCaCnRtÚv)anCemøósecjBITIRbCuMCnEdlenAesssl;eTAkan;TICnbT Edl

enATIenaHRbCaCnRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkaredaykmøaMgenAtamkardæannana.

bEnßmeTAelIkarCemøósedaybgçM menaKmn_viC¢arbs;ExμrRkhm)anRKb

dNþb;eTAelIvb,Fm’ nigesdækic©CatiTaMgmUl. menaKmn_viC¢arbs;ExμrRkhm

manRbPBecjmkBIRTwsþIem:Aniym nigRTwsþIm:akSelnIn.62 emdwknaMExμrRkhmman

bMNgEkERbRbeTskm<úCa[eTACasgÁmCnbTmYyEdlKμanvNÑ³ KμanGñkman

KμanGñkRk nigKμankarCiHCan;. edIm,IseRmc[)annUvEpnkarenH ExμrRkhm)anlub

bM)at;rUbiyvtßú TIpSaresrI salaeron kmμsiTi§ÉkCn semøókbMBak;Ebbbs©im

RbeTs karRbtibtþisasna nigvb,Fm’Exμr. ExμrRkhm)anERbkøaysalaeron

vtþGaram viharsasnaGIusøam viharsasnaRKisþ saklviTüal½y hagTMnij

nigGKarrdæaPi)al eTACamnÞIr snþisux XøaMgpÞúksmÖar³ CMrMGb;rMEkERb nigCRgúk

RsUv.63

ekIt RBH )anerobrab;GMBIbTBiesaFrbs;Kat; kñúgnamCayuvCnmñak;Edl

eFVIERsenAkñúgkgcl½t. RBH )anerobrab;fa ³

eyIgcab;epþImeTAeFVIERsenAem:ag5eTobPøW ehIyeyIgRtÚv)an

GnuBaØat[sRmakhUbGaharéf¶Rtg;enAem:ag11. eyIgRtÚvcab;

epþIm eFVIkarbnþeTotenAem:ag1resol nigsRmak enAem:ag5l¶ac

39

edIm,IhUbGaharCaelIkTIBIr. bnÞab;mk ExμrRkhm)anbBa¢a[eyIg

eTAeFVIkarbnþeTotenAem:ag6rhUtdl;em:ag10yb;. ExμrRkhm

eRbIcegáógeRbgkat edIm,IbMPøWvalERs[kgcl½teFVIkar. eKaledA

rbs;ExμrRkhm KWeFVIy:agNaseRmc[ )anTinñplbIetankñúgmYy

hicta. enAkñúgrdUvRcÚtkat; eyIgRbmUlplRsUv ehIydak;enAkñúg

XøaMg RbmaNbIeTAbYnXøaMg. b:uEnþ xJMúmin)andwgfa etIExμrRkhmyk

RsUvTaMgGs;enaH eTATINaenaHeT.

40

CMBUk3

Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm

eemdwknaMExμrRkhmenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg

enAkñúgry³kalénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦ Gnøg;Evg

sßitenAeRkamrbbRKb;RKgmYyRbkbedayPaBRcbUkRcbl; edaysarEtkareFVI

bnSúT§kmμ karcab;xø Ün nigPaBclaclEpñkneya)ay Edl)anRKbdNþb;elI

tMbn;enH. enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamsIuvil ¬1970-1975¦ Gnøg;Evgsßit

enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;tMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½y EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa

CatMbn;35rbs;ExμrRkhm.64 RsukGnøg;Evg RtÚv)anEbgEckCa4XMu EdlrYm

manXMuGnøg;Evg lMTg RtBaMgtav nigp¥av. XMuTaMgbYnenH RtÚv)anEbgEckbnþ

eToteTACashkrN_EdlRbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgRtÚvrs;enA nigbMeBjkargar.

dUctMbn;déTeTotenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCaEdr karcab;xøÜn bnSúT§kmμ nigkarsmøab;

EtgEtekIteLIgCajwkjab;enAGnøg;Evg. eTaHbICafñak;dwknaMExμrRkhmPaKeRcIn

enAGnøg;EvgKWCaeKaledAénbnSúT§kmμnigkarsmøab;k¾eday k¾emdwknaMTaMgenH )an

GnuvtþTegVIdUcKñaenHeTAelIRbCaCnrbs;xøÜn. TIsñak;karFMrbs;ExμrRkhmenA

Gnøg;Evg manTItaMgsßitenAPUmirMeck XMulMTg. smmitþ r:ug EdlCakmμaPi)almkBI

extþkMBg;cam KWCaelxaRsukGnøg;EvgBIqñaM1970 dl;qñaM1977.65 r:ug RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜn nigbBa¢ÚneTAXMuXaMgenARsuksMerag extþ]tþrmanC½y.66 smmitþ Tuy

)aneLIgCaelxaRsukGnøg;EvgCMnYs r:ug. b:uEnþ bnÞab;BIeLIgCaelxa)anry³eBl

bIEx Tuy )an)at;xøÜn. v:n EdlCakmμaPi)almkBIPUmiPaKnirtI )ankøayCaemdwknaM

TIbIenAGnøg;Evg. RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evgniyayfa v:n nigGnuelxarbs;xøÜneQμaH etA

)ancab;xøÜn nigsmøab;RbFanshkrN_Gs;CaeRcInrUb.67

edIm,IkarBarRBMEdn ExμrRkhm)andak;kgvresnatUcmYykg[RbcaMkarenA

RsukGnøg;Evg EdlTTYlxusRtÚvyamkam nigkarBarRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf.

41

kgvresnatUcenHdwknaMeday smmitþ ék CaRbFan/ smmitþ efn CaGnuRbFan nig

smmitþ CMu CasmaCikTIbI. kgT½BenAkñúgkgvresnatUcenH )anTTYlkarhVwkhat;

cMnYnbIExmunnwgRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAQreCIgenAtamRBMEdn EdlenATIenaHCemøaH

CamYyéf)anekIteLIgCaerOy². kgT½BRtÚv)anbBa¢a[yamRBMEdn CIkdIdaMcRmÚg

nigkarBarlT§PaBénkarvayRbharBIsMNak;RkúmExμrs ¬ExμrssMedAeTAelIkgT½B

EdlenAesssl;rbs; ln; nl;¦.68

CIvitCakgT½BCYbkarlM)ak b:uEnþ enAEtsßitenAkñúgCIvPaBl¥RbesIrCagRbCa

CnPaKeRcIn. kgT½BEdlRbcaMkarenAtambeNþayRBMEdn minmanGaharhUbcuk

RKb;RKan;eT. kgT½BTaMgGs;enaHRtÚvCIkdMLÚgéRB nigkþÜcykmkbriePaKbEnßm

eTaHbICaemdwknaMpÁt;pÁg;RsUverogral;BIrs)þah_mþgk¾eday. CaTUeTAGgÁPaB

nImYy²RtÚvEtBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉgedIm,Irs; ehIykgT½BRtÚv)anelIkTwkcitþ[eTA

br)aj;stVéRB nigEsVgrkGaharedayxøÜnÉg. edaysarGnøg;EvgRKbdNþb;

eTAedayéRB tMbn;enHsMbUrstVéRBNas; ¬dUcCastVxøa¦ kgT½BExμrRkhmmYycMnYn

)ankøayeTACaGñkRbmaj;stVéRBy:agsÞat;CMnaj.

CCIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

BIqñaM1970dl;qñaM1975 RbCaCnRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[rs;enA nighUb Gahar

enAtampÞHerog²xøÜn. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmTTYl)anGMNackan;EteRcIn

CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCn)anpøas;bþÚrbnþicmþg²BICIvit RKÜsar kareFVI

ERscmáar nigkarrs;enAkñúgshKmn_ eTACaCIvitEdlRKbdNþb;edaykarrs;enA

CalkçN³smUhPaBenAkñúgshkrN_. bnÞab;BIqñaM1975 emdwknaMExμrRkhm

)an[RbCaCnRbKl;smÖar³pÞH)ayrbs;xøÜn eTA[shkrN_sRmab;kareRbIR)as;

rYm. CIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaCncab;epþImCYbkarlM)akkan;EtF¶n;eTA² enAeBl

EdlRbCaCnRtÚv)antRmÚv[hUbrYm ehIyeBlevlasRmab;RKÜsarRtÚv)an

cMNayeTAelIkargarBlkmμtamvalERs. enAkñúgkarrs;enACashkrN_ RbCa

CnRtÚveFVIkareRcInem:ag nigTTYlrgkareFVITukçbukemñj. RbCaCnRtÚveFVIkarBIRBlwm

42

Tl;RBlb;ehIy eBlxøHRtÚveFVIkarrhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;. GVI²TaMgGs; rYmTaMg

Tmøab;kargarERscmáarRbcaMéf¶pg RtÚv)ankMNt;edayExμrRkhm.

CIvitmankarlM)akehIyRbCaCnminmaneBlevlapÞal;xøÜn b¤sRmab;RKÜsar

enaHeT. RbCaCnRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkarBIem:ag6dl;em:ag11RBwk bnÞab;mkRtÚv)an

GnuBaØat[sRmakmYyEPøt. enAem:ag1resol RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚvRtLb;eTA

kan;kardæankargarvijrhUtdl;em:ag 5l¶ac. mnusSRKb;rUbmankarenOyht;

y:agxøaMg ehIyTnÞwgrg;caMsñÚreKaHCYg EdlCasBaØaRbkasfa kargarenAéf¶enaH

)anbBa©b;ehIy. eTaHbICaeFVIkareRcInem:agkñúgmYyéf¶y:agNak¾eday k¾enAeBl

xøH ExμrRkhmbgçM[RbCaCneFIVkarrhUtdl;yb;eRCAbEnßmeTot EdlCYnkalrhUt

dl;em:ag10yb;.

kñúgeKalbMNgBRgwgExSsgVak;kargar ExμrRkhm)anEbgEckRbCaCn[eTA

CakgepSg²KñaeTAtamv½y nigePT. kgTaMgenaHrYmman kgcl½t kgkumar kg®sþI

nigkgdwkCBa¢Ún. RbCaCnenAkñúgkgTaMgenaHRtÚvRbwgERbg eFVIkargar minfaQW

b¤Gs;kmøaMgenaHeT. RbCaCnTaMgLayNaEdlbdiesF b¤minGacbMeBjkargar

)annwgRtÚvTTYlTaruNkmμ b¤)at;xøÜnenAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn.

CCIvitrs;enAkñúgshkrN_

minxusBItMbn;déTeToténRbeTskm<úCa PUmiCaeRcInenAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)an

ERbkøay[eTACashkrN_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eTaHbICaeyIgGac

snμtfa CIvitrbs;RbCaCn RbEhlCaminxusKñaxøaMgeBkeT y:agNak¾eday

k¾BIshkrN_mYyeTAshkrN_mYyeTotenAkñúgtMbn;enH eyIgGacnwgmankarPan;

RcLMedaysarEtsßanPaBenAkñúgshkrN_nImYy²GacmansßanPaBxusKñaxøaMg

GaRs½yeTAelIRbFanshkrN_nImYy² nigkargarrdæ)alrbs;kmμaPi)alExμr

RkhmenAtMbn;enaH. karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;eyIgmin)anBinitüemIl[sIuCeRmA

eTAelIsßanPaBCak;EsþgenAkñúgshkrN_nImYy²eT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI kñúgeKal

bMNgpþl;[GñkGanGMBITidæPaBTUeTAmYyénCIvitrs;enAkñúgshkrN_ eyIg)ansegçb

43

GMBICIvitrs;enAkñúgshkrN_mYy EdlmaneQμaHfa shkrN_taedv.

taedv KWCaeQμaHPUmimYyenAkñúgXMuRtBaMgtav EdlCaPUmicas;mYyrbs;

XMurnam énRsukR)asaTrevog. PUmienHmanRbCaCnrs;enARbEhl25 RKÜsarenA

kñúgrbbrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu. PUmienHminmanrcnasm<½n§sgÁmenaHeT

ehIym®nþIrdæaPi)alkRmcuHmkRtÜtBinitüPUmidac;RsyalmYyenHNas;.

r)aykarN_mYycMnYn)anelIkeLIgfa RbCaCnCaeRcInmkBIPUmiRtBaMgtav

eKakkþan; nigPUmipÁaMrmas RtÚv)anRbmUl[mkrs;enAkñúgshkrN_taedv Edlman

smmitþ m:ul CaRbFanshkrN_ nigsmaCikmYycMnYneTot EdlrYmman sak;/

eCOm nig Ék. kmμaPi)alTaMgGs;enHRtÚv)ansÁal;faCaemdwknaMkacsahav

Edl[RbCaCnhUbEtbbrrav. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RkúmRKÜsarrbs;kmμaPi)alExμr

RkhmPaKeRcInman)ayhUb. sIun hYg )anrMB£kGMBICIvit rbs;Kat;enAkñúgsh

krN_ taedv dUcteTA ³

eyIgRtÚv)anbMEbk[eFVIkargarepSgKña. «Bukrbs;xJMúeFVIkarenAkñúg

eragm:asIunkinRsUv.xJMúeTAXValeKa.mþayrbs;xJMú eTAeFVIkargarERs

cmáar. b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;xJMúedIrkat;esμAsRmab;eFVICI. bgRbúsrbs;xJMú

eTAeFVIkarenAeragm:asIunkinRsUvshkrN_CamYy«Bukrbs;xJMú. eyIg

eFVIkarBIRBlwmTl;RBlb; nigsRmakenAeBlhUbGaharéf¶Rtg;.

eyIgTTYl)anbbrmYycantUcBIreBlkñúgmYyéf¶. edIm,IbMeBjRkBH

eyIg)anedIrebHRtkYnmkhUbCamYyGMbil.69

dUcPUmiepSg²eTotenAkñúgtMbn;enHEdr karrs;enAkñúgPUmitaedv RtÚv)anbegáIt

eLIgCarebobshkrN_. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RKÜsarCaeRcInbnþrs;enAkñúgPUmierog²

xøÜn ¬b¤y:agehacNas; rs;enAkñúgrgVg;énbrievNPUmirbs;xøÜn¦ rhUtdl;qñaM

1977. enAqñaM1977 PUmiTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg KμanmnusSrs;enA.

GñkPUmiRtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;RsukRkLaj; kñúgextþesomrab.

44

kkumar

eyagtambTsmÖasCamYyRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg kumarEdl

rs;enAtMbn;enHkñúgry³kalénrbbExμrRkhm RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþayrbs;

xøÜnGs;ry³eBly:agyUr. ekμgRbúsRsIRtÚv)andak;[rs;enAdac;edayELk

BIKña. mut esA EdlCaGtItRKÚbeRgon KWCaRbFankgkumar. kumarRtÚv)an

bBa¢a[edIrkat;esμA nigci®Ba©aMeFVICI. CaTUeTA kumarTaMgenaHRtÚv)antRmÚv[eFVI

kargarF¶n; dUcCa CIkdI nigelIkPøWERs. kumarCaeRcInesÞIrEtBMumankmøaMgRKb;RKan;

edIm,IelIkcbkab;dIenaHeT.

dUcRbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn Edlrs;enAeRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

CIvitrbs;kumarhak;dUcCakMBugsßitenAkñúgelçand¾cEmøkmYy. kumarRtÚv)aneRbI

dUcCaeKaRkbI [eFVIERs CIkdI nigeFVIkargarepSg²eTot dUcCa«Bukmþayrbs;

xøÜnEdr. PaBsb,ayrIkrayEbbyuvv½y)ankøayeTACakarcgcaMmYy Edlsßit

enAEsnq¶ay. cMENkÉkumarPaBEdlKμaneTaséBr_ EbrCaTTYlrgnUvesaknad

kmμEdlKYr[xøac nigrYmrwteTAedayCMgW nigkarsøab;. GgÁPaBkumarrYmmankumarBI

300 eTA400nak;. kumarTaMgenHrs;enA nighUbcukrYmKña. bEnßmBIelIkargar

EdleRbIR)as;kmøaMgBlkmμ Caerogral;éf¶kumarTaMgenaHRtÚv)antRmÚv[eronsURt

menaKmn_viC¢a nigGkSrbnþicbnþÜc. kumarTTYl)anGaharBIreBlkñúgmYyéf¶ enA

em:ag11RBwk nigem:ag5l¶ac. kumarmñak;²TTYl)anbbrmYykUncantUckñúg

mYyeBl.70

karcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab;

karcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab;KWCadMeNIrkarCaTUeTA ehIyCIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶ pSar

P¢ab;nwgkarXøaMemIleTAelITmøab; nigkarniyaysþI. kayvikarsamBaØ BaküsmþI b¤

Tmøab;rbs;buKÁlmñak; GacbgðajGMBIkarxVHkareKarBRslaj; cMeBaHrbbExμrRkhm

ehIyRKan;EtkarsgS½y k¾RKb;RKan;sRmab;cab;xøÜnGñkNamñak;)anEdr.

ék CaRbFankgvresnatUc nigCaRbFanmnÞIrsnþisuxenAGnøg;Evg. mnÞIr

45

snþisuxenHeRkaymk )ankøayCakEnøgd¾KYr[P½yxøacmYysRmab;cab;xøÜnmnusS

TaMgLayNaEdlTTYlkarsgS½y. ExμrRkhm)anEsVgrkCnTaMgLayNa Edl

Cab;Tak;TgCamYyrbbrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu nigrbb ln; nl;. RbsinebI

CnNamñak;RtÚv)anrkeXIjfa manCab;Bak;B½n§nwgrbbmun CnenaHnwgRtÚvbBa¢ÚneTA

kan;PUmirMeck edIm,IeFVIkartamdan nigsmøab;. CagenHeTAeTot ExμrRkhm)ancab;

nigsmøab;ecalCnTaMgLayNa Edlrt;eKcxøÜneTARbeTséf.

sakSImYyrUb)anrMB£kfa Kat;)aneXIj ék cab;xøÜnmnusS5nak; Edl)an

Büayamrt;eKceTARbeTséf. Kat;)anerobrab;fa ³

xJMú)aneXIjkgT½Bcab;mnusS5nak;Edl)anBüayamrt; eTARbeTs

éf. ta ék )anmkdl;CamYyGgÁrkSrbs;Kat;cMnYn4 b¤ 5nak;.

Kat;)anvaymnusSEdlrt;eKcxøÜnTaMg5nak;enaH. mnusSmñak;²

TTYlrgy:agehacNas;mñak;30rMBat;. ta ék )ansYrGñkTaMgenaHfa

mkBINa nigcg;eTANa. BYkeK)anniyayfa BYkeKmkBIextþkMBg;FM

nigesomrab nigmanbMNgeTARbeTséf. ta ék )anvayRbCaCn

TaMgenaHrhUtdl;EbkxñghUrQam. bnÞab;mk GñkTaMg5nak;enaHRtÚv

)anExμrRkhmnaMykeTA)at;. xJM úmineCOfa GñkTaMg5nak;enaH

GacenAmanCIvitenaHeT.71

RbCaCnCaeRcInmkBIextþepSg²eTot k¾RtÚv)anCemøóseTAGnøg;EvgEdr b:uEnþ

RbCaCnTaMgenHminRtÚv)ankmμaPi)alExμrRkhmeCOTukcitþenaHeT. RbCaCnTaMg

enHk¾minmansac;jati b¤mitþPkþi sRmab;BwgGaRs½y)anEdr ehIyCajwkjyRtÚv

)anExμrRkhmsmøab;edaysarkarsgS½y.72 mnÞIrsniþsuxrbs;ExμrRkhm

RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAcMTItaMg EdlCaGnuviTüal½yh‘unEsnnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. Kuk

enaHRtÚv)ansg;GMBIeQIdMbUlRbk;s,Úv EdlmanTTwg5Em:Rt nigbeNþay7

Em:Rt. GñkeTasRtÚv)anbgçM[edkCaCYr edayeCIgrbs;GñkeTasTaMgenaHRtÚv)an

46

dak;exñaHeCIgEdleFVIGMBIeQI. rebobXuMXaMgGñkeTasenATIenaH Rsedognwg

rebobXuMXaMgGñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21enAPñMeBj. CaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)anXMuxøÜn

ry³eBlmYys)þah_munnwgRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab; enAkñúgTItaMgsmøab;CaeRcInkEnøg

EdlTItaMgmYysßitenAEk,rvtþGnøg;Evgbc©úb,nñ.73 karsmøab;GñkeTasPaKeRcIn

RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAeBlyb;.

kkarCemøósRbCaCnedaybgçMeTARsukRkLaj;enAqñaM1977

enAcugqñaM1977 v:n EdlCaRbFanfμIénRsukGnøg;Evg )anbBa¢a[Cemøós

RbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgTaMgGs;[eTArs;enAtamshkrN_ enAkñúgXMukMBg;fáÚv Rsuk

RkLaj; extþesomrab. RbCaCnGnøg;EvgmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTARsukv:arinÞ

RsIsñM sMerag nigcugkal;. cab;BIcugqñaM1977dl;edImqñaM1979 tMbn;Gnøg;Evg

)ankøayeTACamUldæankgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm.

ywm LaehO EdlCaGtItkgT½BkarBarRBMEdnenAGnøg;Evg BIqñaM1975 dl;

qñaM1979 )anerobrab;GMBIbTBiesaFd¾KYr[rn§t;rbs;xøÜnenAeBlEdl Kat;eTAsYr

suxTukçRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIkarCemøós. LaehO )anniyayfa ³

enAeBlEdlxJMúeTAdl;pÞH xJMú)aneXIjqñaMgdaM)ayrbs;CIdUnxJMúRtÚv)an

BüÜrTukecaledayKμanGñkNaeRbI. enAkñúgPUmieBareBjeTAedayPaB

s¶at;RCgM. RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚv)anCemøóseTARsukRkLaj;. enA

eBl)aneXIjTidæPaBEbbenH xJM úmanGarmμN_Gs;sgÇwm. xJM ú)an

lHbg;RKb;Ebby:ag edIm,IbeRmIRbeTsCati b:uEnþ lHbg;edIm,IGVI?

xJMú)at;bg;GVI²RKb;y:ag. xJMú)at;bg;Gs;nUvPaBeCOCak;. xJMúmindwgfa

RtÚveFVIy:agem:cenaHeT manEtTTYlyksßanPaBenH ehIybnþ

rs;enAteTAeTot.74

47

RbCaCneFVIdMeNIreTARsukRkLaj;edaymeFüa)ayepSg²Kña tamry³reTH

eKa edayefμIreCIg nigtamry³rfynþrbs;ExμrRkhm. enAeBleTAdl;Rsuk

RkLaj; RbCaCnmkBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg RtÚv)anEbgEck[rs;enAtamshkrN_nana

nigRtÚv)ancat;taMgeTAtamkgepSg²CamYyRbCaCn EdlmkBItMbn;epSg. man

EtkumartUc²Etb:ueNÑaH EdlRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[sñak;enACamYymþayenAeBl

yb;. enAeBléf¶kumarRtÚv)antRmÚv[eTAeron nigkat;esμAykeTAeFVICIsRmab;

dak;kñúgERs. kumark¾RtÚv)antRmÚv[edIrRbmUlkNþab;RsUv b¤edIredjcabkMu[sIu

RsUv. RbCaCnRtÚveFVIkarTaMgrdUvR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa nigRtÚveTAelIkTMnb; nig

CIkRbLay. enAEk,rTMnb;s<anERsgmanvalBiXatmYykEnøgenARsukRkLaj;

EdlmaneQμaHfa {L BiXatPñMRTg;)at}.75

CIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaCnmankarlM)ak. enATIenaH RbCaCnBMumanGahar

briePaKRKb;RKan; nigRtÚvrs;enAkñúgPaBsgS½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk. sUm,IEtTegVI

RbcaMéf¶CaFmμtarbs;mnusS k¾GacbgáeTACakarsgS½y)anEdr. Cak;Esþg

GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anniyayfa Kat;Føab;)aneXIjExμrRkhmdwkmnusS

ykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtbuKÁlenaHcMNayeBlevlayUreBkkñúgkar

benÞabg;. TItaMgBiXatenARsukRkLaj;RtÚv)ansÁal;fa enAEk,rLBiXadPñM

RTg;)at EdlmnusSrab;ryBan;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;.76

eesckþIbBa©b;

munqñaM1970 Gnøg;EvgKWCatMbn;dac;RsyalmYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig

CatMbn;mYy enAeRkAkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ TaMgEpñkesdækic© nigkic©karrdæ)al.

rdæaPi)alkNþalkRmeFVIdMeNIr eTAkan;tMbn;enHNas;ehIyRbCaCnrs;enAtam

Tmøab;EdlFøab;rs;enArab;CMnan;mkehIy edayBwgEp¥kelIkareFVIERscmáar kar

CYjdUr nigdMNaMdaMduHenAkñúgPUmi. enAeBlEdlExμrRkhm cUlmkdl;tMbn;enH

enAedImqñaM1970 vb,Fm’enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evgcab;epþImERbRbÜl. RbCaCnRtÚv)an

bgçM[TTYlykmenaKmn_viC¢abdivtþn_EbbfμIrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlmanbMNglub

48

bM)at;ecalnUvkarGnuvtþEbbRbéBNI CMenO nig\riyabf. RbCaCnCYbRbTHnUv

karlM)aky:agxøaMg dUcCakarrs;enAEbbshkrN_ karbgçM[eFVIkargarCaTm¶n;

karxVHxatGahar nigkarbMbiTsiT§ iesrIPaB Edl)anbgáCapllM)akdl;buKÁl

nigshKmn_TaMgmUl. karsmøab;edayKμankarkat;eTas karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeday

bgçM nigkarbnþkarKMramkMEhgedayCemøaH )anbgánUvPaBP½yxøac nigPaBmin

R)akdRbCadl;RbCaCn. enAcugqñaM1977 ExμrRkhm)anbgçMRbCaCnTaMgGs;

[pøas;eTAeFVIkarenARsukRkLaj; edayeFVI[tMbn;Gnøg;Evg køayeTACamUldæan

kgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm. eTaHbICakarpøas;bþÚrenH RbEhlCaRtÚv)anerobcMeLIg

CayuT§sa®sþmYyedIm,IRbmUlkmøaMgeFVIkarenARsukRkLaj; vak¾GacCayuT§sa®sþ

mYysRmab;Tb;sáat;RbCaCnkMu[rt;eTARbeTséf. eyagtambTsmÖasRbCaCn

manbMNgrt;qøgRBMEdneTARbeTséf edayqøgkat;tamGnøg;Evg b:uEnþRtÚv)anExμr

Rkhmcab;xøÜn. minmanB½t’manNamYybgðajfa manRbCaCnb:unμannak;Gacrt;eKc

xøÜnrYcenaHeT.

49

50

CMBUk4

braC½y nigkarrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm

CCemøaHCamYyevotNam

cab;taMgBIdMNak;kaldMbUgénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü kgT½BExμrRkhm

)ancab;epþImb:HTgÁicCamYykgT½BevotNamkumμúynIsþ.77 karRbTajRbTg;Kña

enAtamRBMEdn)anbgáeTACakarb:HTgÁicKñakan;Etjwkjab;eLIg²rvagrdækumμúynIsþ

TaMgBIr. enAcugqñaM1977 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)aneFVIs®gÁam kñúgRTg;RTayFM

CamYynwgRbeTsevotNam.

karekIneLIgnUvkarb:HTgÁicKñamin)anekIteLIgkñúgeBlEtmYyyb;enaHeT.

CemøaHrauMér:rvag RbeTsTaMgBIr)anekIteLIgtaMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1970mkemø:H

ehIykarRbyuT§KñakñúgRTg;RTayFM GacBinitüemIlbkeRkayGMBIRBwtiþkarN_TaMg

Lay Edl)anekIteLIgenABak;kNþalqñaM1977 enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmeFVI

karvayRbhareTAelIextþmYycMnYnrbs;evotNam. kgT½BExμrRkhm)aneFVIkar

vayRbharextþeKony:ag nigextþGany:ag enAcugqñaM1977nig)an)aj;epøagcUl

TIrYmextþcUvduk ¬extþmat;RCÚkCaPasaExμr¦ enAEx]sPa.78 CagenHeTAeTot

enAExkBaØa eRkambBa¢arbs; sun esn ExμrRkhm)ansmøab;rgÁalRbCaCnsIuvil

evotNamRbmaNCabIrynak; enAkñúgextþtaynij.79

edayRbQmmuxnwgkarvayRbharenAtambeNþayRBMEdnevotNam )an

seRmccitþeFVIkarvaybkvij. karRbyuT§KñarvagkgT½BevotNam nigExμrRkhm

)anrIkraldalFMeLIgenAExtula qñaM1977 enAeBlkgT½BevotNam)anvay

lukcUlEpñkCaeRcInkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa. eTaHCay:agenHkþI mkRtwmExmkra qñaM

197880 evotNam)andkkgT½Brbs;xøÜnecjeTAvij.81

eqøIytbeTAnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam nigedaymankarP½yxøaccMeBaH

GMeBIk,t;xagkñúg rdæaPi)alrbs; b:ul Bt )aneFVIs®gÁamCamYykmμaPi)alkñúg

51

PUmiPaKbUB’a EdlsßitenACab;RBMEdnevotNamEdlCa{kEnøgEdlkgT½BevotNam

)anlukluycUly:ageRCA}.82 kmμaPi)alPUmiPaKbUB’aCaeRcIn)anrt;ePosxøÜn

eTAevotNam EdlenATIenaHkmμaPi)alTaMgenH TTYl)ankarKaMRTBIevotNam

ehIyenATIbMputevotNam)anCYypþÜlrMlMrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAExFñÚ

qñaM1978 rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCati km<úCaRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg EdlnwgCMnYs

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü bnÞab;BIrbbenHRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlM. enAExmifuna qñaM1978

evotNamcab;epþImTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIkm<úCa ehIyenAExtula evotNam

cab;epþImerobcMsRmab;karvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFM.83CacugeRkayenAcugExFñÚ

qñaM1978 evotNam )anebIkkarvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFMmkelIkm<úCaRbCa

Fibetyü.

52

bbraC½yrbs;ExμrRkhm

rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)anbBa©b; dUcKñaeTAnwgkarcab;epþIménrbbenH

Edr KWsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBs®gÁam nigPaBclaclenAkñúgsgÁm. km<úCaRbCaFib

etyüRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMedaykgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCati

km<úCa.

kgT½BevotNam)anvaysn§ab;y:agxøaMgkøacUlkñúgRbeTskm<úCaCamYynwg

cMnYnkgT½Bd¾eRcInkñúgel,ÓnelOn nigkaMePøIgFMFunF¶n; CamYynwgkarvayRbhar

CaeRcIndMNak;kal. enAéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 kgvresnatUcrbs;rNsirS

samKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCacMnYn9kg nigkgT½BRbCaCnevotNamcMnYn12kgBl

)aneFVIkarvayRbhary:agxøaMg nigRBm²Kña mkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. kgT½B

rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa)anvaylukcUlkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenATItaMgbI

epSg²Kña. bIkgvresnatUc)anvaylukcUl extþsVayerog tambeNþaypøÚvCati

elx1 3kgvresnatUceTotvaylukcUltamextþkMBg;cam nig3kgvresnatUc

cugeRkayvaylukcUltamRsuksñÜl extþRkecH.

53

kgT½BRbCaCnevotNam)aneRbIR)as;kmøaMgrbs;xøÜncMnYn12kgBl ¬Edl

mancMnYnRbEhl 1Esn 2muWnnak;¦ edaymankarKaMRTBIkgT½BeCIgTwk kgrfeRkaH

kgkaMePøIgFM nigkgT½BeCIgGakas. kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁI

se®gÁaHCatikm<úCadeNIþmkan;kab; )anTIRkúgPñMeBjEtkñúgry³eBlbIs)þah_ enA

éf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979. enAkñúgGMLúgeBldb;éf¶bnÞab;mkeTot kgT½BTaMgBIr

deNþImkan;kab;)anRbeTskm<úCaesÞIrEtTaMgRsug. evotNam)anCYybegáItrbbfμI

mYy EdlmaneQμaHfa saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa EdlRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚv

karenAéf¶TI12 Exmkra qñaM1979 Edlmansmmitþ ehg sMrin CaRbFan nig

smmitþ Eb:n suvNÑ CaRbFanRkúmRbwkSardæm®nþI ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦ nigCardæm®nþI

karBarCati.84

kkarrt;eKcxøÜneTAPMñdgErk

CamYynwgkarvayRbharBIsMNak;kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rNsirS

samKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCacUlmkkm<úCa kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm RBmTaMg

RbCaCnEdlkMBugEtP½yjab;j½r )ancab;epþImrt;EbkExJkKña nig)anePosxøÜn

eTABYnsm¶MenAkñúgéRB nig)anrt;eTARBMEdnéf. CaTUeTA GgÁPaBrbs;ExμrRkhm

TaMgGs; )an)at;bg;TMnak;TMngCamYyembBa¢akarrbs;xøÜn nig)ane)aHbg;ecal

Rbtibtþikarswk edIm,IEsVgrkkEnøglak;xøÜnerog²xøÜn. enAkñúgGMLúgeBlrt;ePos

xøÜn ExμrRkhm)anekNÐRbCaCnrab;mWunnak;eTACamYyxøÜn kñúgeKalbMNgerobcM

clnats‘Ubdivtþn_saCafμImþgeTot. RbCaCnkñúgPUmiPaK|san PUmiPaK]tþr nig

PUmiPaKkNþal RtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;RBMEdnPaKxageCIg ehIyRtÚv)anRbmUlpþúM

eLIgvij enAelICYrPñMdgErk¬EdlsßitenAkñúgextþRBHvihar nigextþ]tþrmanC½y¦.

RbCaCnEdlrs;enAPUmiPaKbUBa’ PUmiPaKbs©im PUmiPaKnirtI nigPUmiPaKBay½Bü

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54

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55

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56

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)anCYbmitþPkþirbs;xJMúCaeRcIn.90

57

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58

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59

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60

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61

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63

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cMnYn30eRKÓg edIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnRbCaCnTaMgGs;eTAkan;XMuknÞÜt kñúgRsukCaMkSanþ.

karCemøósenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAExmIna qñaM1979. RbCaCnmYycMnYnenAEt

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TaMgenaH)anseRmccitþeTArs;enAXuMERsNykñúgRsukv:arinÞ EdlCakEnøgRbCaCn

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enAmYykEnøg ehIyXMufμImYyRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg sRmab; RbCaCnEdlmkBIGnøg;

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mineKarBtamEpnkarCemøósrbs;kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCa

64

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65

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eTIbEtRtLb;mkBIRsuk RkLaj;vij.101

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66

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enAkñúgéRBenACMuvijtMbn;Gnøg;Evg edayrs;enApþú MKñaCaRkúmtUc² edIm,IsuvtßiPaB

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PaKeRcIn)ankøayeTACaCnEdlBMumanTIlMenAc,as;las;. sIun hYg )anerobrab;

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CIgck; b¤GeNþIk edIm,IcEm¥tRkBHrbs;eyIg.106

kkarkan;kab;rbs;evotNamenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg

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kgT½BCaeRcInenAGnøg;Evg edIm,IeFVICamUldæanyuT§sa®sþeyaFa. TIbBa¢akar

67

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nigh‘umB½T§edayéRBeQIy:agRkas;² nigPñMEdlminGaccUleTAdl;.

68

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edImI,eFVIkarts‘UdeNþImGMNacmkvij.

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km<úCa)ancMNayeBlGs;6qñaM TRmaMGacvaydeNþImyk)anenAcugqñaM1984.

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69

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sMxan;mYyeTotrbs;ExμrRkhm. RbeTséf)anpþl;CRmkdl;kgT½BExμrRkhm

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EdlRtÚv)andwkmkBIRbeTscin.109

sun esn EdlCa]bnaykrdæm®nþITIbI nigrdæm®nþIkarBarCatiénkm<úCaRbCaFib

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san. embBa¢akarT½BTaMgenH eRkaymk)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMsmrPUmiTissMxan;²

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70

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71

rbYs nigRtÚv)anEsgRtLb;mkeRkamvijedIm,IBüa)al.112

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)anebIkkarvayRbhar nigdeNþImkan;kab;)anPñM1001. RbCaCnsuIvilTaMgGs;

RtÚv)anCemøóseTAkñúgTwkdIéf nigrs;enAEk,rmnÞIrrbs; sun esn. eRkaymk

RbCaCn nigkgT½BExμrRkhmRKb;kgBlTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTArs;enAtMbn;

mYyeTot EdlmaneQμaHfaPñM1003 EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;

tam:uk. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk sun esn cab;epþIm)at;bg;\T§iBleyaFa eTaHbICa

sun esn enAEtbnþdwknaMkgT½B nigRbCaCnmkBIPñM1001y:agNak¾eday.

mYyry³eBlknøgmkeTot emdwknaMExμrRkhmv½yekμgfμI² cab;epþImTTYl)an

GMNackan;EteRcInenAkñúgrgVg;emdwknaMExμrRkhm Edl)anbgá[manPaBtantwg

nigkarRbkYtRbECgépÞkñúg.

PPñM1003 ³ mUldæaneyaFaCayuT§sa®sþrbs; tam:uk

ExμrRkhm)anRbwgERbgdeNþImykmkvij nUvtMbn;tambeNþayRBMEdn

km<úCa-éf EdlmanRbEvgRbmaN830KILÚEm:Rt niglatsn§wgBIextþRBHvihar

enAPaKxageCIgeTAextþ]tþrmanC½y/ bnÞaymanC½y/ )at;dMbg/ éb:lin/ eBaF×sat;

nigextþekaHkug enAPaKxaglic.113 tam:uk KWCaembBa¢akarkgT½Bd¾skmμmYy

rUbenAkñúgRbtibtiþkarenH edaysar tam:uk RKb;RKgRBMEdnPaKxageCIgénextþ

RBHvihar nigextþ]tþrmanC½y.

minmanr)aykarN_c,as;las;NamYy Edlbgðajfa etImUldæannImYy²

RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlNa[BitR)akdenaHeT. b:uEnþ CaTUeTA PñM1003 RtÚv

)aneCOCak;fa RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeRkaykarbegáItmUldæan enAPñM1001bnþic.

bnÞab;BI tam:uk )anCYy sun esn begáItmUldæanenAelIPñM1001rYcmk tam:uk

)ankan;kab;TItaMgsMxan;mYyeTotenAPñM1003 enAcugqñaM1979.

BIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1984 PñM1003)ankøayeTACatMbn;kan;kab;d¾sMxan;

72

mYyrbs;clnaExμrRkhm. edaysarEtkarRbmUlpþúMkgkmøaMgrbs;ExμrRkhm

enAkñúgtMbn;enH PñM1003GacRtÚv)ancat;Tukfa CamUldæaneKalrbs;clnaExμr

RkhmTaMgmUl. RbsinebIeFVIkareRbóbeFobmUldæanenAm:aéL EdlsßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs; eGog sarI epþatCacm,geTAelIkic©karesdækic©ehIymnÞIrk-18

EdlsßitenAkñúgextþRtat énRbeTséf nigEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; b:ul

Bt nigbBaØvnþmYycMnYneTot hak;epþatCacm,geTAelIkargarneya)ay nigdMeNIr

karCaTUeTArbs;clnaExμrRkhm.114

ebIBinitüemIlGMBITItaMgPUmisa®sþ PñM1003 latsn§wgBIR)asaTRBHvihar

eTARsukGnøg;Evg kñúgextþ]tþrmanC½y. RsukRtBaMgR)asaTmanTItaMgenAEk,r

RckRBMEdn Cb;run EdlExμrRkhmeRbIR)as;sRmab;dwkCBa¢ÚneRKÓgsBaVvuF nig

es,ógBIRbeTséf b¤BImUldæanrbs;xøÜnenAelIPñMdgErk eTA[kgT½BenAxagkñúg

RbeTskm<úCa.115

RbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIPñM1003 RtÚv)aneRCIserIsecjBItMbn;ExμrRkhm

CaeRcInEdl rYmmantMbn;sMLÚt m:aéL PñM1001 nigBICMrMCnePosxøÜn mYycMnYn

epSgeTot. RbCaCnmkrs;enAPñM1003 KWxøHmkedayécdnü xøHmkedaykar

bgçitbgçM b¤xøHeTotmk edaysarEtkareXasnarbs;ExμrRkhm. ®sþImYycMnYn

minmanCeRmIs nigRtÚveFVIdMeNIreTAtambþI EdlbeRmIkarCakgT½BExμrRkhmenAelI

PñM1003. RbCaCnPaKeRcInKWCaGtItkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm nigRbCaCnEdlmk

BIPUmiPaKnirtIénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlCaGtIttMbn;RKb;RKgrbs; tam:uk

cenøaHBIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979.116 RbCaCnEdleFVIdMeNIreTAkan;PñM1003

RtÚveFVIdMeNIrtamTwkdIéf edIm,IeCosvagkarRbQmmux edayRbkarNamYy

CamYykgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa Edl

RbcaMkarenAtambeNþayRBMEdnxagTwkdIkm<úCa. cMnYnRbCaCnenAPñM1003 )an

ekIneLIgCalMdab; EdlkarekIneLIgenH RtÚv)anRbCaCnGHGagfa edaysarEt

lkçxNÐGMeNayplrbs;tMbn;enH nigedaysarEtkarRKb;RKgl¥rbs; tam:uk

Edl)anpþl;karpÁt;pÁg;RKb;Ebby:ag EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karrs;enARbcaMéf¶.

73

edaymankarKaMRTeBjTMhwgBIkgT½B nigRbCaCn tam:uk )ankøayeTACaembBa¢akar

kgT½Bd¾manGMNacenAelIPñM1003 EdlminmanGñkNaGacRbECg)an.

enAkñúgeKalneya)aykarbreTs RbeTscin nigRbeTséf KWCaGñkKaMRT

d¾sMxan;sRmab;karbnþkarts‘Urbs;ExμrRkhm. edaysar\T§iBl nigs®gÁam

RtCak;)anbgçMshrdæGaemrik[KaMRT clnaRtIPaKI Edlkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

CaEpñk mYyénclnaenH edIm,IeFVIs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgkgT½BerotNam nigsaFarN

rdæRbCamanitkm<úCaEdlKaMRTedaymancinCaRbPBFnFand¾sMxan;sRmab;pÁt;pÁg;

smÖar³ nigedaymanéfCaRbPBFnFand¾sMxan;sRmab;karpþl;TItaMgkgkmøaMg

ExμrRkhmmanlT§PaB erobcMclnats‘Urbs;xøÜneLIgvij EdlGacRbqaMgnwgrbb

saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam.

kkarbegáItPUmi nigCMrMCnePosxøÜn

edIm,IsRmÜldl;karRKb;RKgrdæ)al tMbn;enAelIPñM1003RtÚv)anerobcM[

eTACaPUmiehIy EbbEpnénkarrs;enArbs;RbCaCn RsedogKñaeTAnwgkarrs;enA

EbbshkrN_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eTaHCay:agenHkþI GVIEdlxusEbøk

Kñacm,gmYy rvagCIvitenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCIviteRkayrbbenHKW

RbCaCnTTYl)anGahar nigsmÖar³eRbIR)as;RKb;RKan;.117 enAeBlEdlrbb

ExμrRkhmRtÚv)ankMNt;edayeRKaHGt;Xøan rdæ)alrbs;clnaExμrRkhmeRkay

qñaM1979 )aneRbIR)as;karpþl;mðÚbGahar nigsmÖar³ Edl)anmkBIm©as;CMnYy

breTsCameFüa)ayedIm,ITTYl)anPaBesμaHRtg;BIRbCaCn.

RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚv)ancat;taMg[rs;enAtamGgÁPaBkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. RbCa

CnRtÚv)an rMBwgfanwgEckrMElkkargar karhUbcuk nigkarkMsanþCamYyKña. PUmi

nImYy²Edlmancm¶ayBIKña RbEhlknøHKILÚEm:RteTAmYyKILÚEm:Rt RtÚv)andak;

eQμaHeTAtamelxkgBl b¤eTAtameQμaHemPUmienAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn.118 PUmi

nImYy²manRbCaCnBI30eTA40RKÜsar ehIyCaTUeTA RbCaCnrs;enAkñúgxÞmeFVI

GMBIeQI b£sSI nigs,Úv.119 edaysarEtkarKMramkMEhgBIkarvayRbhar Edl

74

GacekItmankarsagsg;pÞHCamYynwgsmÖar³EbbenHmanPaBgayRsÜlkñúgkar

pøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nigkarrt;eKcxøÜn )anPøam²CamYynwgkarpþl;sBaØabnþicbnþÜc.

karRKb;RKgrdæ)alenAGnøg;Evg mindUckarRKb;RKgrdæ)alnaeBlbc©úb,nñ

eT. CaTUeTA tam:uk eFVICaGFibtITaMgelIkargarrdæ)al nigkic©karkgT½B.120

kgT½BExμrRkhm nigsmaCikRKÜsar rs;enA nigpøas;TIkEnøgBICMrMmYyeTACMrM

mYyeTot enAkñúgTwkdIéf dUcCa CMrMGUrRtav sÞwgcan; Cb;møÚ dgTg; éxdn nig Ngsu‘g.

eTaHbICaRbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgGHGagfa CMrMCnePosxøÜnTaMgGs;enH sßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAPñM1003kþI k¾eyIgmankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;

GtþsBaØaNBitR)akdrbs;CMrMnImYy² ehIyGtþsBaØaNenHGacmankarERbRbÜl

edaysarEtlMhUrrbs;RbCaCnsuIvil nigkgT½B enAkñúgGMLúgeBlCemøaH.121

CMrMGUrRtav KWCamUldæanRTRTg;d¾sMxan;mYyrbs;ExμrRkhm enAPñM1003. CMrM

enHsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; tam:uk Edl)anbegáItTIbBa¢akarmYyenAkñúgCMrM

enH. GgÁkarCMnYyRBMEdnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGgÁkarGnþrCatimYycMnYn

epSgeTot)anpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ dUcCa es,ógGahar Twks¥at karEfTaMsuxPaB

nigsmÖar³caM)ac;epSg²eTot RBmTaMgkarGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa.122 b:uEnþCMnYy

enHRtÚv)ankRmitpþl;[Et®sþI nigkumarb:ueNÑaH edaysarEtkgT½BRtÚv)ancat;Tuk

faCaRkúmcm,aMg. CnePosxøÜnsrubenACMrMGUrRtavmancMnYn15>000nak; mk

RtwmqñaM1991. CMrMenHRtÚv)anbiTCasßaBrenAéf¶TI19 Extula qñaM1992.

RbCaCnmYycMnYnenAkñúgCMrMGUrRtav)anlYcqøgEdncUlRbeTséf edIm,IEsVg

rkkargar nigR)ak;cMNUl. RbCaCnTaMgenaHnwgeFVIkargarRKb;Ebby:ag dUcCaebH

Epø«LwkCIkdMLÚg nigRcÚtRsUv.kargarTaMgenaHRtÚv)ansRmbsRmÜledayefAEk

CnCatiéf Edl)anekgcMeNjBICnePosxøÜnExμr EdlxMEsVgrk»kasedIm,I

TTYl)anCIvitl¥RbesIrCagmun. rfynþrbs;éf CaeRcIneRKÓg)anmkctcaM

enAmuxCMrMCnePosxøÜnenAeBlRBwk ehIydwkCBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜnmkCMrMvijenAeBl

l¶ac.123 eRkABIkargarlk;kmøaMgBlkmμ CnePosxøÜnmYycMnYn)anlk;s,Úv

eTA[éf. CnePosxøÜnTaMgenaH TTYl)antémø5)at ¬RbEhl620erol¦

75

sRmab;s,ÚvmYykNþab;.124

enAcugqñaM1984 kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa

rab;mWunnak;)anvayRbharRckecjcUlFMrbs;PñM1003 EdlsßitenAkñúgXMu

RBHRbLay. kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaRbmaN

Cag30>000nak; )ankemÞcCMrMCnePosxøÜnExμrRkhm mUldæanpÁt;pÁg;smÖar³

nigRbB½n§karBarrbs;ExμrRkhmenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa.125 enARtwmdMNak;kalenH

kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa RKb;RKg)antMbn;kan;kab;

TaMgGs;rbs;ExμrRkhm nigEfmTaMgvaykan;kab; mUldæanrbs;rNsirShVú‘nsiunbiuc

nigrNsirSrMedaH RbCaBlrdæExμrEfmeTot. TaMgCnePosxøÜnenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgGs;

enaH nigkmøaMgts‘UTaMgGs;RtÚvrt;eTArs;enAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜnenAkñúgRbeTséf.

saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa)aneRbóbRbdUckarvayRbharrbs;xøÜn enAqñaM

1984-1985 faCa{karcgmugvaymUs}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ExμrRkhm)an

eRbóbRbdUcbraC½yrbs;xøÜneTAnwg{karcak;Tmøaysm,úkG®gág} Edlmann½yfa

kgT½BbraC½yrbs;ExμrRkhmeRbób)aneTAnwgG®gágEdlecjBIsm,úkehIyeRCót

cUlkan;EteRCAeTAépÞxagkñúgénRbeTskm<úCa.126 eTaHbICalT§plCak;Esþgén

karvayRbharmankarlM)akkñúgkarvas;sÞg;kþI eKsegáteXIjfa kgT½BExμrRkhm

mYycMnYn)aneRCótcUlkan;EteRCACagmun eTAxagkñúgRbeTsedIm,IeFVIviT§gSna

nigsabRBÜskareXasnarbs;xøÜn. mü:agvijeTot kgT½BExμrRkhmCaeRcIn RtÚv

)anekaHehA[vilRtLb;mkmUldæanvij edIm,IBRgwgkmøaMgenAtamRBMEdn. eday

sarEtkarxVHxatmðÚbGaharenAkñúgGMLúgeBlenaH kgT½BExμrRkhmEdlenAxag

kñúgRbeTs)aneFVIkarqk;bøn;RbCaCnenAtamPUmi edIm,Irs;ranmanCIvit.

emdwknaMExμrRkhm)anCemøósRbCaCnBIPñM1003 eTACMrMGUrRtav nig sÞwg

can;. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk edaysarEtkarKMramkMEhgBIkgT½BevotNam

ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImeRCIserIs RbCaCnsamBaØenAkñúgCMrM[cUlbeRmIkgT½B.

CIvitkan;EtlM)ak ehIyemdwknaM nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm kan;EtCiHCan; nigbgçit

bgçMRbCaCn.

76

CMBUk7

s®gÁamQøb nigs®gÁamRbCaCn

ssmrPUmimuxenAPñM1003

enAExFñÚ qñaM1979 kmøaMgesssl;rbs;ExμrRkhm )anRbkasbegáIt

kgT½BCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cMnYnkgT½B)anekIneLIgCalMdab;BIqñaM1979

dl;qñaM1985 b:uEnþ bnÞab;mk TMhMkgT½B)anfycuHeTAvij. enARtwmExsIha

qñaM1980 cMnYnkgT½BExμrRkhmekIneLIgBI2muWnnak; eTA4muWnnak;. sun esn

Føab;)anRbkasfaExμrRkhmmankgT½BcMnYn6muWnnak; EdlRtÚv)anEckecjCa

5Ban;kgQøb Edl)aneFVIs®gÁamQøbenATUTaMgRbeTs.127 bnÞab;BIkic©RBm

eRBógsnþiPaBTIRkúg):arIsenAqñaM1991 kgT½BExμrRkhm)anfycuHenARtwm

cMnYn2muWnnak; edaysarEtkareFVImatuPUminivtþn_rbs;RbCaCnBICMrMCnePosxøÜn

RtLb;eTARsukkMeNItvij nigedaysarkarpþac;xøÜnkñúgRTg;RTaytUc.128 mk

RtwmBak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1990 kgT½BExμrRkhmenAsl;RbEhlcMnYn1muWn

nak; ehIyenAqñaM1998 ExμrRkhmenAsl;kgT½Bb:unμanBan;nak;Etb:ueNÑaH.

eTaHbICakgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)anEbgEckeTACaGgÁPaBtUc²k¾eday k¾Exμr

RkhmenAEtbnþ erobcMkgT½Brbs;xøÜneTACakgBl kgvresnaFM kgvresnatUc

kgGnuesnaFM nigkgGnuesnatUc Edlrcnasm<½n§eyaFa EdlRtÚv)anbegáIt

eLIgtaMgBIry³kalbdivtþn_ ¬1970-1975¦. kgBlnImYy²mankmøaMgT½B

RbEhlBI2Ban;eTA3Ban;nak; eTaHbICatYelxenH)anFøak;cuH y:agxøaMg. enATIbMput

kgBlmYycMnYnmankgT½Bmindl;BIrbIrynak;pg.129

GtItkgBlExμrRkhmmYycMnYn EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgtaMgBIry³kalén

rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦ enAEtrkSavtþmanrbs;xøÜndEdl

xN³eBlEdlkgBlfμI²CaeRcInRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaykardak;bBa©ÚlKñanUvkgT½B

Edlrt;x©at;x©ay. ExμrRkhmk¾)aneFVIkareRCIserIskgT½BbEnßmBIkñúgcMeNam

77

RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜn b¤BIkñúgtMbn;kan;kab;rbs;saFarNrdæRbCa

manitkm<úCa.130 kgT½BEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsfμIenaH rYmmanTaMgGñksμ½RKcitþ

nigGñkEdlRtÚvExμrRkhm)anekNÐykmk. mnusSmYycMnYnRtÚv)ancab;mk BIxag

kúñgRbeTskm<úCa nigbBa¢ÚnmkGgÁPaBkgT½BenAtambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf.

CaEpñkmYyénrcnasm<½n§eyaFaenAPñM1003 tam:uk )anbegáItmUldæan

smrPUmimuxCaeRcIn kEnøgenAtamRBMEdn Edlbc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúgRsukGnøg;Evg

nigRsukRtBaMgR)asaT EdlenACab;KñaCamYynwgextþsIusaekt RbeTséf.

mUldæansmrPUmiTaMgenHrYmman PñM808/ PñM800/ PñM40/ PñM1002 nigPñM50

EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;PñM1003. mUldæansmrPUmimuxTaMgenHman

TItaMgenAelIPñMdgErk enAcMRckRBMEdnCayuT§sa®sþ EdlenATIenaH ExμrRkhmGac

bBa¢ÚnkgT½Brbs;xøÜn cUlmkvaykan;kab;TItaMgepSg²enAkñúgRbeTs edIm,IeFVI

RbtibtþikareyaFa.131 CaBiesssmrPUmimuxTaMgenH RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,I

beNþjkgT½BevotNamecjBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ExμrRkhmmin

78

GacseRmceKalbMNgenH)aneT rhUtdl;cugqñaM1989 enAeBlEdlkgT½B

evotNamTaMgGs; RtÚv)andkecjBIRbeTskm<úCa. enAtMbn;RBMEdnxagTwkdIkm<úCa

edayGnuelameTAtam EpnkarkarBarCati EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa CaEpnkar{k-5}

kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa )anbegáItbnÞayeyaFaCa

yuT§sa®sþCaeRcIn edIm,ITb;sáat;kareRCótcUlrbs;kgT½BExμrRkhm.

mUldæansmrPUmimuxPñM808manTItaMgsßitenAGtItPUmifÁamrmas Edlbc©úb,nñ

KWCaRckRBMEdnCaMsaguaM. ExμrRkhm)ansagsg;XøaMgsmÖar³mYyenATIenaH edIm,I

pÁt;pÁg;smÖar³dl;smrPUmi. esOn EdlCaGtItembBa¢akarkgBl775 Edlman

mUldæanenAPUmiPaK]tþrrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü KWCaRbFanPñM808 EdlCaRck

RBMEdnd¾sMxan;mYyrvagkm<úCa nigéf.132 mUldæanenHmanTItaMgCitCageK eTA

nwgbnÞayrbs;kgT½BevotNam. enAxagekIt KWCaTItaMgrbs;mUldæansmrPUmimux

PñM800EdlmanTItaMgenACitTMnb;elIkñúgXMuRtBaMgRbiy_ ¬RsukGnøg;Evg¦.PñM800

ykeQμaHtamkgBl800 Edlman DI Fin CaembBa¢akar. eTAxagekItbnþiceTot

KWCamUldæansmrPUmimuxPñM40 EdlsßitenAtMbn;mYy EdlRtÚv)aneKsÁal;fa GUrFM

nig eRcak ¬bc©úb,nñenA kñúgXMuGUrsVay RsukRtBaMgR)asaT¦. mUldæansmrPUmi

bnÞab; KWPñM1002 EdlmanTItaMgenARtg;RckRBMEdnCb;run ¬bc©úb,nñenAkñúgXMu

RBHRbLay RsukRtBaMgR)asaT¦. kgBl612RtÚv)anbegáIteLIg nigRtÚv)an

cat;taMg[karBar nigeFVIRbtibtþikarenAelIPñM1002. ehOn KWCaRbFankgBl

612 ehIy Qan KWCaGnuRbFan.133 kgT½BenAelIPñM1002 eFVIRbtibtþikar

cab;BIRckRBMEdnCb;runeTAdl;R)asaTRBHvihar nigtMbn;mYycMnYnepSgeTotenAkñúg

extþRBHvihar CaBiessenAtambeNþaypøÚvCatielx12 BIXuMRsEGmeTARsuk

CaMkSanþ. smrPUmimux PñM50 manTItaMgenAxagekItRckRBMEdnCb;run.

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smrPUmid¾sMxan;BIr enAkñúgRbtibtiþkars®gÁamRbqaMgnwgevotNam nigsaFarNrdæ

RbCamanitkm<úCa. mUldæanTaMgBIrenH sßitenAkñúgTwkdIExμr. enAqñaM1980 edIm,I

beRmIdl;yuT§sa®sþkgT½B tam:uk )andwknaMkarsagsg;pøÚvmYyExSedaypÞal;

79

ecjBImUldæanrbs;Kat;enAkñúgTwkdIéf eTAkan;XMuRBHRbLaykñúgTwkdIExμr eday

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83

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rdæ)al. RbCaCnk¾RtÚv)anelIkTwkcitþ[eFVIkarbMpøicbMpøaj pøÚvsaFarN³ RBmTaMg

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enAeBlEdlbþI nigRbBn§maneKalCMhresñhaCatidUcKña GñkTaMgBIr

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86

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xJMú)aneFVIdMeNIr nigedkCamYykgT½BExμrRkhmGs;ry³eBlknøHEx

munnwgeTAdl;mUldæanrbs;ExμrRkhmenAelIPñMdgErk. eyIg)an

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eTaHCay:agenHkþI yuT§sa®sþs®gÁamRbCaCnrbs;ExμrRkhm minmanRbsiT§

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87

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eRbIkarKMramkMEhg. RbCaCnmñak;)anerobrab;GMBIBaküsmþI EdlExμrRkhmFøab;

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100

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ehIysøÚtbUt nigsuPaBrabsar.

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101

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102

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103

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karRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenARbEhlem:ag3resol. enAéf¶xJM úerobkar

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naMKñaGgÁúyenAelIGgát;eQI EdlGacrk)anenAEk,renaH. enAkñúg

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køayeTACabþIRbBn§ nig)anENnaM eyIg[RbwgERbgeFVIkargar nig

minRtÚvrt;ecalclnaExμrRkhm. eyIg)anTHédGbGrsaTr ehIy

bnÞab;mk BiFICb;elogtUcmYyRtÚv)anerobcMeLIg EdlmanmðÚb

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cab;BIBak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1980mk BiFIerobmgÁlkarenAPñM1003

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RbéBNImYycMnYn dUcCaBiFIbgVilBBilk¾RtÚv)anGnuBaØatEdr.170 kmμviFIraMCamYy

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104

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edaysμartIRbúgRby½tñCab;Canic©cMeBaHs®gÁam nigkarts‘UedIm,ICati. enAkñúg

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105

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bBa¢ÚneTACMnYs.

106

107

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)an enAcugqñaM1989. enAedImqñaM1990 tam:uk )anseRmccitþbBa¢ÚnRbCaCn

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PaBÉekakan;EtxøaMgeLIg.

108

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109

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110

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qñaM1975.

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elIesÞIrEt\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. RbeTsevotNam Lav nigkm<úCaRtÚv)anRKbdNþb;

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sUevot nigcin Rbkan;yklT§ikumμúynIsþdUcKña k¾eday k¾PaBmincuHsRmúgKñaEpñk

menaKmn_viC¢a bUrNPaBTwkdI nigesdækic© )aneFVI[TMnak;TMngrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr

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111

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sÁal;faCas®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI ¬b¤s®gÁamrvagkm<úCa nigevotNam¦.174

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tMbn;enH. bnÞab;BITMnak;TMngrvagshrdæGaemrik nigcinRtLb;eTArkPaBRbRktI

eLIgvij shrdæGaemrik)anshkarCamYycin enAkñúgkarpþl;karKaMRTedaysm¶at;

dl;kmøaMgrbs;ExμrRkhmnigkmøaMgTaMgLayNaEdlRbqaMgeTAnwgevotNam nigrdæa

Pi)alkm<úCaEdleTIbEtbegáItfμI. dUecñHcab;BIqñaM1979 rhUtmkeBjmYyTsvtSr_

qñaM1980 ExμrRkhmTTYl)ankar]btßmÖKaMRTBIbs©imRbeTs cin nigéf.

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112

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TItaMgenAkñúgéRBelIPñM nigenAtambeNþayRBMEdn karb:unb:gkemÞcclnats‘UTaMgenH

nigkarbBa©b;s®gÁamT½BQøbCYbkarlM)ak.

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evotNam nigkm<úCa. shrdæGaemrik cin nigbs©imRbeTs)andak;TNÐkmμesdækic©

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enAkñúgbøúksUevotk¾eday k¾eRkaymkCMnYyenHRtÚv)ankat;bnßy. cab;BIBak;

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citþkat;bnßyCMnYymk[km<úCa. enAéf¶TI29 Exviciäka qñaM1987 evotNam)andk

kgT½Brbs;xøÜnecjBIkm<úCacMnYn2muWnnak;.176 enAéf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1988

rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsevotNam elak egVón kUfac; )anRbkasGMBIkardkT½BcMnYn

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kkarkan;kab; nigkartaMgTIlMenArbs;ExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg enAqñaM1989

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113

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deNþImkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. Duc sarit EdlCaGtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl612

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tMbn;Gnøg;EvgdUcteTA180 ³

114

115

116

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117

118

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119

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ksagPUmi nigsagsg;pÞH enAkñúgTRmg;CaRkúmRbvas;éd b¤RkúmsamKÁI. RkúmenHxus

BIshkrN_kumμúynIsþEdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

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122

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manXMucMnYn6 ³ XMu)ak;Gnøúgp¥av RtBaMgR)asaT GUrsVay TMnb;dac; nigRBHRbLay.

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dMNaMbzmrbs;RsukGnøg;EvgKWRsUv. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RbCaCnk¾eFIVkardaMduH

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123

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ecjcUlpÞHenaH)aneT eRkABITIRbwkSaCMnitrbs; b:ul Bt RkúmviTüú nigGgÁrkSrbs;

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124

rdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1994-1998¦

exov sMpnnaykrdæm®nþI

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Ca edIrtYnaTICaGñkGb;rM b:uEnþKat;minman\T§iBlEpñkeyaFaeLIy. nYn Ca )anpþl;

karGb;rMneya)aydl;kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alCaRbcaM. nYn Ca k¾)anGb;rMENnaMdl;

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ciBa©wmstVCaedIm.197 nYn Ca )anENnaMRbCaCn[RbúgRby½tñcMeBaHCMgWRKún

caj;. cMeBaHmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayvij nYn Ca )anENnaMRbCaCnkMu[e)aHbg;

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125

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kMBUlenAGnøg;Evg. CaTUeTACIvitrbs; tam:uk manlkçN³cl½t edaypøas;bþÚrcuH

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126

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nIsþkm<úCa. BIqñaM1968 dl;qñaM1978 tam:uk )ankøayCaGnuelxa nigeRkaymk

elxaPUmiPaKnirtIénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAcugqñaM1978 tam:uk RKb;RKg

PUmiPaKBay½Büénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. edaymaneQμaHbdivtþn_ gYn kg/ tam:uk

)ankøayCaGnuRbFanTImYyénsPaRbCaCnbdivtþn_ nigCaGnuRbFanTIBIrénbkS

kumμúynIsþkm<úCa.

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bUBa’ edayeFVIkarsmøab;rgÁaleTAelIRbCaCnsamBaØa nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm kñúg

PUmiPaKenaH. TegVITaMgGs;enH)aneFVI[ tam:uk TTYl)angarCa{eBCÄXat}.201

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rs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜnenAGnøg;Evg. sRmab;RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg

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128

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niyayeTAkan;GñkTaMgenaHFmμta RBmTaMgCYyrkdMeNaHRsay edayminRbkan;

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129

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130

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2006.208

131

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145

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146

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148

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149

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150

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151

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152

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RtLb;mkGnøg;Evgvij.245

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eTaHbICa b:ul Bt XMuXaMgemdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgbIy:ages¶óms¶at; enAkñúgGMLúg

eBlenaH b:ul Bt min)ansmøab;emdwknaMTaMgenaHeT EdlGacnwgbgá[manCemøaH.

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)anesñI[mankarpøas;bþÚrfñak;dwknaMenAGnøg;Evg. b:ul Bt )anesñIfa RKb;emdwknaM

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nivtþn_ nigTuk»kas[GñkdwknaMCMnan;eRkaybnþkartsU‘. emdwknaMcas;TaMgGs;

nwgeFVICaTIRbwkSarbs;clnaenH. enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1997 b:ul Bt )anerobcMmha

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153

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sñiT§nwg b:ul Bt TTYl)ansMeLgKaMRTeRcInCageK. eTaHCay:agenHkþI san )an

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154

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155

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nig sU saerOn y:agxøaMg nig)anekaHRbCMuCabnÞan;mYyCamYyembBa¢akarkgT½B enA

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saerOn manbMNgcg;smøab;Kat; nigcg;eFVICaesþcenAGnøg;Evg. tam:uk )anR)ab;

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enAcenøaHBIéf¶TI10eTAéf¶TI14Exmifuna qñaM1997kgT½BEdlesμaHRtg;nwg tam:uk

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edIm,IvaydeNþImyksaksBrbs; sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsar EdleRkaymkrUbft

156

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sun esnCasaFarN³ edIm,IRbmUlkarKaMRTBIkgT½B nigRbCaCn.tam:uk )anRbkas

R)ab;RbCaCnfa sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)ansmøab;. CamYynwg

rUbftsaksBrbs; sun esn CaP½sþútag tam:uk )anGMBavnavdl;RbCaCn[cUlrYm

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nigCaPñak;garesuIbkarsm¶at;rbs;{rdæaPi)alGay:gyYn}enATIRkúgPñMeBj.

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enAeBlyb;eT. pøÚvRtÚv)anbiTenAem:ag5b¤6l¶ac. RbCaCn)aneXIj kgT½B

cl½teTAmkenAGnøg;EvgenAerogral;l¶ac EdleFVI[RbCaCnmankarP½yxøac.

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cMhEbbenH )anbBa¢ak;GMBIkarxVHsamKÁIPaBenAkñúgclnaExμrRkhm nig)anbMpøaj

157

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rYm.258

159

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161

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162

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166

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174

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karbRgÜbbRgÜmCati.287

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175

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176

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178

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179

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XMuXaMg enAkñúgKukkñúgXuMTwkvil. etOk )ancUlbeRmIenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs; taefn.

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etOk RtÚvEtcUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhm BIeRBaHenAeBlenaH kgT½BevotNam)an

smøab;mnusSCaeRcIn EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;garesuIbkarN_rbs;Exμr

Rkhm.344

211

RRBMEdnEdlmanEtenAelIRkdas

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cg;cUlrYmCamYy kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞrbs;km<úCaenaHeT. b:uEnþ enAqñaM1963

enaH mIn KμanCeRmIsenaHeT.

mIn ekItenAPUmiNULÚhan EdlCaPUmitUcmYyenAkñúgTwkdIéf. mIn rs;enATIenaH

dUckumardéTenATICnbTkñúgRbeTséfEdr. mIn CYyeFVIERscmáar «Bukmþay nig

kargardéTeTot. CYnkal mIn eFVIdMeNIrCamYy«Bukmþayqøgkat;RBMEdneTARbeTs

km<úCa edIm,ITijrbs;rbrepSg².

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PasaExμrRbkbrbreFVIERscmáar. «Bukmþayrbs;Kat;TMngCapøas;TIBItMbn;x<g;rab

énRbeTséftaMgBImuneBlmIn ekItem:øH. b:uEnþ mIn minEdlsYrnaM«Bukmþayrbs;xøÜn

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eTAenAPaKxagt,Úg BIeRBaHdIenAPaKxagelIextþ sIusaekt CatMbn;s¶ÜthYtEhg

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212

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nigéf mancMNucRtÜtsIuKñaGs;CaeRcInCMnan; tamry³karerobGaBah_BiBah_qøg

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sMxan;eTAelIkarEfrkSasniþsuxenAkñúgtMbn; EdlCaTItaMgqøgkat;rbs;Rkúmecarbøn;

RkúmkumμúynIsþ nigRkúmRbdab;GavuFepSg².345

{{Pñak;garesuIbkarN_sm¶at;}

xJMúrs;enAkñúgPUmi nig)aneronsURtrhUtdl;qñaM1972. xJMú)anFMdwgkþIlμmGac

nwgcUlbeRmIkgT½BExμrRkhm)an b:uEnþ xJMúeFIVkarenAkñúgkgcl½tshkrN_rhUtdl;

qñaM1977 eTIb)ankøayCakgT½B. enAqñaM1979 xJM ú)anQb;eFVICakgT½B

ehIy)anRtLb;mkrs;enAkñúgPUmivij kñúgnamCakmøaMgbRmúg. xJMú)anerobkarenA

qñaM1984 nigmankUn. b:uEnþ enAqñaM1987 RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi)anecaTRbkan;xJMúfa

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PUmienAEtmineCOxJMú. xJMúKitfa RbsinebIxJMúbnþrs;enAkñúgPUmiteTAeTot xJMúmuxCasøab;min

xan. dUecñH xJM ú)anseRmccitþcakecjBIRbBn§ kUn nigsac;jati eFVIdMeNIreTA

RBMEdnéf nigcuHcUlCamYy tam:uk enAqñaM1987. enAeBlenaH xJMúmankUn4nak;

b:uEnþ xJMúKμanCeRmIsGVIeRkAGMBIkarcakecjenaHeT. xJMúminEdl)anCYbCMuRKÜsarrbs;xJMú

213

vijeT rhUtdl;karpþac;xøÜncuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al.346

CCncEmøkEdlRbEhlmux

xJMúminEdl)anCYbsac;jatirbs;xJMú enAextþrtnKirI taMgBIxJMúmanGayu12qñaM

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xJMú)aneT enAeBlxJMúCYbKat;kñúgqñaM2010. b:uEnþ sac;jatirbs;xJMú)andutRCÚkmYy

k,al edIm,ITTYlsVaKmn_karvilRtLb;mkvijrbs;xJM ú. BYkKat;EfmTaMg)an[

fvikaxJM úmYycMnYnsRmab;CaCMnUnénkarvilRtLb;mkvijrbs;xJM úeTotpg. eday

sarxJMúminGaccaM)anfaGñkNaCaGñkNa eyIg)anniyayGMBIerOgra:vBIkumarPaB

rbs;eyIg edIm,ICYy[xJM únwkeXIjfa Kat;RtÚvCaGVInwgxJM ú. xJM ú)ansuMeTassac;

jaticas;TuMrbs;xJM ú EdlxJM úminGaccMNaMmuxrbsKat;)an. b:uEnþ BYkKat;yl;fa

xJM úecjBIpÞHtaMgBIenAtUcemø:H. mþayrbs;xJM ú)anCYyxJM ú[caMBIBU mIg nigCIdUnCIta

rbs;xJM ú. xJM ú)ancMNayeBlBIrbIéf¶ sñak;enApÞHrbs;BYkKat;mñak;². enAeBl

)an CYbmuxBYkKat; xJMúminGacTb;TwkEPñk)an. xJMúmanGarmμN_GaeLaHGal½ypg nig

GaNitxøÜnÉgpg. xJMúTTYlrgkarQWcab;Gs;CaeRcInqñaM edayminTTYl)anPaBkk;

ekþABI«Bukmþay.347

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RkeLkemIleTAeRkayvij nUvGVIEdl)anekIteLIgenAeBlenaH xJMúKitfa xJMúedIr

tamGgÁkar. eRkaymk xJMú)anKitdl;karpSHpSa nig)andwgfaGVIEdl)anekIteLIg

knøgmkKWminRtwmRtÚv. TImYy va)anbMpøajRbeTsCatirbs;xJMú ehIyTIBIr va)an

bMpøajxøÜnxJMúpÞal;. CalT§pl xJMú)ankøayCaCnBikar nigeFVIERscmáar. enHKWCakar

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214

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xJMúKWCaCnrgeRKaH.348

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215

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edaysarEtBMumanGgártamxøÜn. GgÁ )aneXIjhVÚgdMrICaeRcIn. RbCaCnnaMKña

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edayeFVI[kUnTaMgBIrfb;degðImsøab;.350

mminmanBiFIbuNüsB

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eGon. tamBiteTA karbriePaKGaharTaMgenaH GacCYybeBa©jCatiBulecjBI

kñúgragkaymnusS. mYyExeRkaymk eyIgElgekItCMgWrakrUseTotehIy.

eyIgcab;epþImeLIgTm¶n;. RbsinebIeyIgRkeLkemIleTAGtItkalvij mnusS

rab;rynak;)ansøab;Caerogral;éf¶enACMrMRsHEkv. buKÁlikGnþrCatiEdlbeRmI

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Rtak;T½rEdleRbIsRmab;CIkreNþAkb;saksB minGacCIkTan;cMnYnmnusSEdlsøab;

216

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eyIgCIkreNþA ehIyeRbIreTHdwksaksBykmkTmøak;cUlkñúgreNþA.351

217

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PñMeBj. enAeBlEdlTenøTaMgBIrRbsBVKña Tenøsabmin)an)at;bg;lkçN³Biess

rbs;xøÜnenaHeT. edaysarCMnn;;TwkePøógd¾qab;rh½sBITenøemKgÁ Tenøsab)an

køayeTACaRbBn½§Farasa®sþd¾GcäriymYyEdlRbqaMgeTAnwgTMnajEpndI edaybþÚr

crnþTwkhUrb®Ba©aseTAelI cak;cUleTAkñúgbwgTenøsab EdlCaGagensaTTwksab

d¾FMbMputmYyenAkñúgBiPBelak.

karpSHpSa eRbób)aneTAnwgPaBRbsBVKñaénTenøTaMgBIrdUecñHEdr KWmin)an

bMpøajPaBCabuKÁlrbs;mnusSmñak;²enaHeT. pÞúyeTAvij dUcCaTenøsabPaB

RbsBVKña)ankøayeTACaktþamYy Edlpþl;GMNaceTA[buKÁlenAkñúgTRmg;TaMgLay

EdlminGacBüakrN_)an.

eTaHbICaeyIgsmøwgemIlmksßanPaBrbs;eyIg kñúgnamCabuKÁl b¤CasmUh

PaB karpSHpSamansar³sMxan;sRmab;karrs;enARbkbedaysmPaB nigCIvitEdl

eBjlkçN³. eyIgminGaceKcevHBIRbvtiþsa®sþrbs;eyIg)aneT eTaHCay:ag

enHkIþ k¾eyIgminRtÚvkøayeTACaTaskrénRbvtiþsa®sþenaHEdr. Rbvtiþsa®sþ

manPaBRtÜtsIuKña. CajwkjymnusS)anePøcfa eyIgminRtÚv)andkecjBIRbvtiþ

sa®sþénsm½yExμrRkhmenaHeT enAeBlEdlmnusSCMnan;munrbs;eyIgRtÚv)an

218

dkecjBIRbvtiþsa®sþénsm½yGaNaniKms®gÁam nigPaBclaclsgÁm. eTaHCa

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eyIgTTYlsÁal;KñaeTAvijeTAmk eyIgpþl;GMNaceTA[CIvitpÞal;xøÜneTAvijeTAmk

ehIycUlrYmcMENkeTAdl;RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUl.

qaMgyu

sßabnikviTüasßansøwkrwt /naykmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

219

rUbPaBRkbmuxBiFIerobkarenAGnøg;EvgkalBIedImTsvtSn_qñaM1990

bnÞab;BIkgT½BevotNamcUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1979 kgT½BExμr

Rkhm)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAkñúgéRBPñM nigtMbn;RBMEdn. PñM1003 KWCamUldæan

eyaFad¾sMxan;rbs;ExμrRkhm EdlsßitenAelIPMñdgErk tambeNþayRBMEdn

km<úCa-éf nigenAminq¶ayb:unμanBIGnøg;EvgeT. BImUldæaneyaFaPñM1003 Exμr

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mYyRbqaMgnwgkgT½BevotNam nigrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa. enATIbMput

ecjBITItaMgenH kgT½BExμrRkhm)anvaydeNþImkan;kab; nigcuHmktaMgTIlMenA

enAGnøg;Evg enAedImqñaM1990 ¬nigTItaMgepSg²eTot¦. ExμrRkhm)anrs;enA

tMbn;kan;kab;enH rhUtdl;mankareFVIsmahrNkmμcUlmkkñúgsgÁmkm<úCaenAcugqñaM

1998.

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1003Edr. kñúgnamCatMbn;kan;kab;mYy Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaTIcMNuc

cab;epþImd¾sMxan;énRbtibtþikarkgT½B Qøbrbs;ExμrRkhm enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

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220

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Gnuvtþd¾twgruwg EdlRtÚv)anGnuvtþy:agTUlMTUlayeTAelICIvitrs;enAkñúgrbbkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyüRtÚv)anCMnYsedayTMenomTmøab; nigvb,Fm’ EdldUntaExμr)an

GnuvtþkalBIGtItkal. rUbPaBenARkbxagmux EdlbgðajBI®sþImYyrUbenAkñúg

semøókbMBak;erobkar KWCa]TahrN_mYyénninñakarenH. BiFIerobmgÁlkarrbs;

exov ruM KWCanimitþrUbmYy EdlminRtwmEtbgðajGMBICIvitts‘Ub:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfm

TaMgbgðajGMBIkarrs;raneLIgvijénRbéBNIExμreTotpg. enAxageqVgéd mIg

rbs;Kat; Ekn nIm )anCYyerobcMBiFImgÁlkarrbs;Kat; EdlrYmTaMgkarerobcM

semøókbMBak;tamEbbRbéBNIExμreTotpg. Ekn nIm nigbþIrbs;Kat; Nub suCati

EdlCaGtItembBa¢karkgBl980 enAGnøg;Evg enAEtcgcaMry³eBlenaH. bþI

RbBn§TaMgBIr)ancUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhmenAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1970 nig)anbnþ

rs;enACamYyclnaenH rhUtdl;kgT½BExμrRkhmesssl;TaMgGs; eFVIsmahrN

kmμcUlrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAqñaM1998. Ekn nIm )anTTYlmrNPaB

enAqñaM2013. eTaHCay:agenHkþIerOgr:avrbs;Kat; nigrUbftmYysnøwkenH enA

EtCa]bkrN_beRgónd¾mantémøsRmab;kUnecACMnan;eRkay²eTot.

221

CIvRbvtþiGñkniBn§

DDI xaMbUlI

DI xaMbUlI KWCaGñkdwknaMKeRmagsþIBIkarbeRgónRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFib

etyü nigCaGñkniBn§esovePARbvtiþsa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-

1979¦. elakekItnigFMdwkkþIenAextþRkecH EdlsßitenAPaK|sanénRbeTs

km<úCa.

DI xaMbUlI cab;epþImbMeBjkargarenAmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCataMgBIqñaM2003.

esovePARbvtiþsa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAqñaM

2007 RtÚv)anRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa Gnum½tiCaÉksareyagd¾sMxan;

mYysRmab;sisSmFümsikSaenATUTaMgRbeTs. eBlbc©úb,nñelakKWCanayk

salabeRgónBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ CemøaH nigsiT§imnusSénviTüasßansøwkrwt.

elakTTYl)ansBaØabRtbriBaØabRtEpñkPasaGg;eKøsBIsaklviTüal½y

PUminÞPñMeBj nigbriBaØabRt EpñkBaNiC¢kmμBIsaklviTüal½yCatiRKb;RKg. elak

Føab;)aneTAeFIVkmμsikSaenAsarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigviTüúsMeLgshrdæ

Gaemrik enArdæFanIv:asuInetan DIsuI shrdæGaemrik. elak)anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;

GnubNÐitEpñkkic©karsakl ehIybc©úb,nñkMBugbBa©b;karsikSafñak;bNÐit enA

saklviTüal½yr:at;há½r shrdæGaemrik.

RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg

RKIsþÚh½Vr eDorIg )anbeRmIkarenAviTüasßansøwkrwt nigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

kñúgnamCaTIRbwkSaEpñkc,ab;nigGb;rM nigCaGñkRsavRCavtaMgBIqñaM2007. kñúg

namCaTIRbwkSaEpñkGb;rM RKIsþÚhV½r )ane)aHBum< ¬CamYyshGñkniBn§ bNÐit Ca pløa¦

esovePAENnaMsRmab;RKÚbeRgón ³ viFIsa®sþbeRgónRbvtiþsa®sþkm<úCaRbCa

Fibetyü ¬1975-1979¦ Edlpþl;viFIsa®sþbeRgónCaeRcIndl;elakRKÚ

222

GñkRKÚenATUTaMgRbeTs edIm,IbeRgónBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_. eRkamkar]btßmÖ

KaMRTBImCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa elak)antak;EtgCMBUkmYysþIGMBI]Rkidækmμénkar

CemøósedaybgçM nigRBwtiþkarN_ Edl)anekIteLIgenATYleBaF×éRC. enAéf¶TI7

Exemsa qñaM2014 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakar

km<úCa )anecjsalRkmkat;eTasCnCab;ecaTenAkñúgsMNMuerOg002dMNak;kal

TImYy eday)anyl;Rsbdak;CMBUkenHCaKeRmagsMNgmYy.

eRkABIbeRmIkargarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa elak RKIsþÚhV½r k¾)aneFVIkarenAkñúg

vis½yCaeRcIn dUcCa rdæaPi)al eyaFa mnusSFm’ nigkarvinieyaKGnþrCati. elak

sUm]TiÞsesovePAenHCUncMeBaHmþayrbs;elak KWGñkRsI eGneRD eDorIg.

223

cMNgeCIgrUbft

TMB½r7 EpnTItMbn;Gnøg;Evg e)aHBum<pSayedaymankarGnuBaØatBIRksYg

eTscrN_.

TMB½r13 EpnTIRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf plitedayKN³kmμkarkMNt;RBMEdn)araMg

enA\NÐÚcin nigesom eroberogeday GnuesnIy_Ék Kerler ¬kgT½B

eCIgeKakGaNaniKm¦ nig G‘u¿ ¬kgTahan)araMg breTs¦ e)aHBum<pSay

edayRkúmh‘unniBn§EpñkPUmisa®sþ H. Barrere¦ e)aHBum<eLIgvij eday

mankarGnuBaØatBIRksYgeTscrN_.

TMB½r18 EpnTIRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf ¬emIlBIxaglic¦. pliteLIgvijedayman

karGnuBaØatBIRksYgeTscrN_.

TMB½r52 EpnTItMbn;rMedaHrbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa qñaM1979 ¬bNÑ

sarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r53 ExμrRkhmkMBugeFVIdMeNIrqøgcUlRbeTséfenAqñaM1979 bnÞab;BIRtÚv

)anbeNþjecjedaykgT½BevotNam ¬rUbfteday Jack Dunford/

bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r78 tMbn;kan;kab; nigRbtibtþikareyaFarbs;ExμrRkhmBIqñaM1979 eTA

qñaM1989. ¬rcnaEpnTIeday lI kukqay/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉk

sarkm<úCa¦. EpnTIenHbgðajGMBItMMbn;kan;kab; nigTIbBa¢akarsMxan;²

rbs;clnaExμrRkhm EdlRtÚv)anerobcMeLIgeTAtamkic©karesdækic©

eyaFa nigneya)ay.BIPñM1001PñM1002nigPñM1003kmøaMgT½B

Qøb Pñak;garesuIbkarN_ nigGñkeFVIviT§sSna RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVI

RbtibtþikarenATUTaMgRbeTs.

TMB½r81 taragenHyklMnaMtamtaragrcnasm<½n§eyaFa EdleroberogeLIg

edayExμrRkhm edIm,IraykarN_eTA[G‘untak; enAqñaM1991. Exμr

224

RkhmEkøgbnøMeQμaHkgBl nigeQμaHrbs;embBa¢akarkgBl. Gñk

niBn§erobcMtaragenHeLIgvij edayEp¥kelITinñn½yBIbTsmÖasCamYy

GtItkgT½B nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhmCagbIrynak;. kgBlBIr ¬kg

Bl801 nigkgBl902¦ KWCaGtItkgBlBIsm½yqñaM1975-

1979. kgBlmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeRkayqñaM1979

nigmYycMnYneTotRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg eRkaykic©RBmeRBógsnþiPaB

TIRkúg)a:rIsqñaM1991.

TMB½r83 esovePAeronelxrbs;ExμrRkhm sRmab;fñak;TIbYn ¬bNÑsarrbs;

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦ .

TMB½r93 RbCaCnPUmixJMúenATsvtSr_qñaM1980.

TMB½r95 kgdwkCBa¢ÚnExμrRkhmenATsvtSr_qñaM1980.

TMB½r98 esovePAsikSaPasafñak;TIBIrrbs;ExμrRkhm/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa.

TMB½r115 tMbn;kan;kab;y:agrwgmaM nigRbtibtiþkareyaFarbs;ExμrRkhm BIqñaM

1990 dl;qñaM1998. eroberogeday lI kukqay/ bNÑsarmCÄ

mNÐlÉksarkm<úCa. EpnTIenHbgðajBItMMbn;kan;kab; nigTIbBa¢akar

sMxan;²enAb:unμanqñaMmuneBlclnaExμrRkhmdl;TIbBa©b;. enAeBl

EdlclnaExμrRkhmcab;epþImEbk)ak;samKÁI )at;bg;tMbn; nigTwkdI

EdlFøab;kan;kab; edaysarEtkarcuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)al b¤kardk

kgT½B kardwknaMrbs;ExμrRkhmcab;epþImRbmUlpþúMenAkñúg nigCMuvijtMbn;

Gnøg;Evg EdlkøayeTACa tMbn;ts‘UcugeRkayénclnaExμrRkhm.

TMB½r116 rUbftTI1 ³ rUbfténkardkT½BevotNamecjBIRbeTskm<úCa/ bNÑsar

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.

TMB½r116 rUbftTI2 ³ rUbfténBiFIdkT½BevotNamecjBIRbeTskm<úCa. rUbxag

sþaM naykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r119 Tg;Catirdækm<úCa.

225

TMB½r120 rUbftxageqVg³ Gn suPaB kan;édkUnRsICamYynwgekμgtUc²déTeTot

enAGnøg;Evg ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r120 rUbftxagsþaM ³ TahanExμrRkhmBIrrUb ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r120 rUbftxageRkam ³ BiFIerobkarmYyenAGnøg;Evg ¬bNÑsarrbs;

mCÄmNÐlÉksar km<úCa¦.

TMB½r124 rdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1994-1998¦

¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r132 viTüal½yGnøg;Evg ³ GKarFMmYyxñgénviTüal½yenH RtÚv)anksageLIg

eday tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM 2012¦.

TMB½r133 mnÞIreBTüRsukGnøg;Evg ³ {mnÞIreBTü tam:uk}. TItaMgmnÞIreBTüGacemIl

eXIjeTsPaBd¾s¶b;s¶at;énbwgGnøg;Evg ¬bwgrbs; tam:uk¦ nigpÞHrbs;

tam:uk. mnÞIreBTüenHsßitenARbEhlmYy KILÚEm:RtBIviTüal½yGnøg;

Evg. tam:uk )ansagsg;mnÞIreBTüenH enAqñaM1994 CaGMeNay

sRmab;shKmn_Gnøg;Evg. mnÞIreBTüpþl;karBüa)aldl;TahanExμr

Rkhm EdlQreCIgenAkñúgtMbn;. eyageTAtamGñkRKb;RKgmnÞIIreBTü

mnÞIreBTüBImunRtÚv)ansagsg;eLIgBIeQI nigenAminq¶ayb:unμanBImnÞIr

eBTü tam:uk eT. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r136 s<anrbs; tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r137 pÞHrbs; tam:uk enAelIPñMdgEvg ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg

qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r138 rUbeqVgxagelI ³ Can;TIbIénpÞHEk,rmat;bwgrbs; tam:uk ¬rUbft eday

RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r138 rUbsþaMxagelI ³ erags,ÚvenAelITIval emIlBIpÞHEk,rmat;bwg rbs;

tam:uk. ¬rUbft eday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r138 rUbeqVgxageRkam ³ RTúgEdkdak;mnusSrbs; tam:uk. ¬rUbfteday

226

RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r138 rUbsþaMxageRkam ³ TItaMgRbyuT§ EdlRtÚv)ansg;enAkñúgbrievNpÞHEk,r

mat;bwgrbs; tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r139 brievNéRBeQIxageRkApÞHEk,rmat;bwgrbs; tam:uk CamYynwgrfynþ

rbs;kgviTüúcl½t ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM 2012¦.

TMB½r140 rUbxagelI ³ CMrMsayb‘Í ¬RbeTséf¦ kñúgqñaM1987 ¬rUbfteday Jack

Dunford bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r140 rUbxageRkam ³ pSartUcmYyenACMrMsayb‘Í ¬rUbfteday Jack Dunford

bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r154 TIkEnøgkb;sB sun esn ³ TItaMgenHsßitenAcMBImuxpÞHmYy Edlman

cm¶ayb:unμanEm:Rtb:ueNÑaHBIpøÚvdI. manedImeQItUcmYyCaTIsmÁal;

ehIyTItaMgenH hak;dUcCabgðajy:agc,as;fa CaTItaMgkb;sB eday

sarBMnUkmYyEdleyIgGacemIleXIjBIpøÚv. b:uEnþminman kEnøgcMNaM

epSgeToteT. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦

TMB½r160 TItaMgtulakarRbCaCnrbs;ExμrRkhm ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg

qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r167 karsEmþgsil,³mYyenAGnøg;Evg kñúgqñaM1998 ¬bNÑsarrbs;

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r168 rUbxageqVg ³ smaCikrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü hVú ‘nsiunbiuc nig

rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr enAkñúgBiFICb;elogÉkCnmYy

kalBIqñaM1993 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r168 rUbxagsþaM ³ eyaFaExμrRkhmCamYykμÜyRsIrbs;Kat;enAkñúgCMrMEdl

RKb;RKgedayExμrRkhm. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r177 kEnøgbUCasB b:ul Bt. LanGaceFVIdMeNIrcUleTATItaMgenH)any:ag

RsÜl tampøÚvdImYy Edlmancm¶ayRbmaNmYyKILÚEm:RtknøH BITItaMg

rbs;tulakarRbCaCn. TItaMgenH manpøaksmÁal;rbs;RksYgeTscrN_

227

¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.

TMB½r180 BIFIsmahrNkmμpøÚvkarenAGnøg;Evg EdlR)arB§eLIgenAExkumÖ³

qñaM1989. rUbftenHfteday Xun lI. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r182 rUbxagelI ³ mas mut GtItRbFankgT½BeCIgTwk kgBl164 rbs;

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü kMBugdwgnaMk,ÜndEgðsB tam:uk. ¬bNÑsarrbs;


TMB½r182 rUbxageRkam ³ BiFIdEgðsB tam:uk enAGnøg;Evg enAqñaM2006.


TMB½r183 rUbftectiy tam:uk ¬kEnøgkb;sB¦. ectiyenHmanTItaMgenAkñúg

brievNvtþmYy. enABImuxectiymanRsHTwkmYy EdlCIkeday

édmnusS. ebIeyagtamsgÇdIkarrbs;ecAGFikarvtþ ectiyEdlenA

mçageTot KWCaectiyrbs;RbFansßabtükrrbs; tam:uk EdlRtÚv)an

eCOCak;fa CamnusSEdlsñiT§nwgRKÜsar tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r

eDorIg qñaM2012¦

TMB½r187 bwgGnøg;Evg fteday EGm suvNÑa enAExemsa qñaM2002.


TMB½r188 rUbftRkúmRKÜsarGtItExμrRkhm ftenAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜnmYy.


TMB½r189 rUbKUsVamIPriyacMNas;mYyKU ftenAGnøg;Evg. ¬bNÑsarrbs;


TMB½r191 rUbGtItkgT½BExμrRkhm ftenAGnøg;Evg. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r192 rUbftRKÜsarGtItExμrRkhmkMBugGgÁúyenAkñúgpÞHxÞmenAkñúgCMrMmYy

enAqñaM1984. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

TMB½r194 erogral;RBwkevlaem:agRbEhl7 RckTVarRBMEdnCaMsaguaM )anebIk

228

ehIyRbCaCnkm<úCanaMKñaeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;pSarmYykñúgTwkdIéfedIm,ITij

\v:an; nigsmar³epSg²ykRtlb;mk pÞHvij. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r

eDorIg qñaM2012¦. RckRBMEdnenHebIkerogral;éf¶BIem:ag7RBwk

dl;em:ag7yb;. eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaCnkm<úCa nigGñkrksuI

CaeRcIn)aneFVIdMeNIrecjcUlRckRBMEdnenH edIm,ITijplitplBI

RbeTséf. TIpSarenAEk,rRckRBMEdnenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgGs;ry³

eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy RBmTaMg)ankøayCaTItaMgénkaredaHdUrTMnij

tamRckRBMEdnGs;CaeRcInCMnan;.

TMB½r195 elndæanenAxageRkAsalabzmsikSamYyrbs;éf Edlsagsg;

eLIgedIm,IkarBarBIkar)aj;epøagrbs;km<úCa. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r

eDorIg qñaM2012¦. km<úCa nigéf bnþCemøaHnwgKñaGMBIsiT§rbs;km<úCa

kñúgkarRKb;RKgtMbn;R)asaTRBHvihar. CaerOy²CemøaH)anekIt

eLIgenAtambeNþayRBMEdn edaymankar)aj;epøagBIPaKImçageTA

PaKImçag. enAeBlmanCemøaHekIteLIg raCrdæaPi)aléf )ansag

sg;CRmktUc²CaeRcInsRmab;salaenAtamtMbn;CemøaHenaH. ebI

eyagtamRKÚGnuviTüal½yenAsalaenaH enAeBlenaHkUnsisS nig

elakRKÚGñkRKÚ )ancUlrYmhVwkhat;karBarxøÜnBIkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk.

TMB½r199 rUbxagelI ³ Guwm Ecm nigGñkRsukGnøg;Evg cUlrYmBiFIEckesovePA

RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAviTüal½yGnøg;Evg EdlerobcM

edaymCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAqñaM2012 fteday ehg suInit.


TMB½r199 rUbkNþal ³ sisS nigRbCaCnRsukGnøg;Evg cUlrYmBiFIEckesovePA

RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAviTüal½yGnøg;Evg EdlerobcM

edaymCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAqñaM2012 fteday ehg suInit.


TMB½r199 rUbxageRkam ³ elak qaMg yu sßabnikviTüasßansøwkrwt kMBugniyay

229

CamYy Guwm Ecm. enAkñúgBiFIEckesovePARbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFib

etyüenAviTüal½yGnøg;Evg EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐlÉksar

km<úCa enAqñaM2012 fteday ehg suInit. ¬bNÑsarrbs;


230

kMNt;smÁal;

1 can; éb EdlCaGñkPUmimñak;enAGnøg;Evg )anniyayfa {RbCaCnEdlrs;enA

Gnøg;Evg manRbPBmkBItMbn;PaKxagelIRbeTséf.} sux vNÑ³ smÖas

CamYy can; éb enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI1

Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬cab;BIenHeTAehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy éb}¦.

karGHGagenHRsbKñaeTAnwgkarGHGagrbs;GñkPUmiéf nigRbPBEdl RtÚv)an

e)aHBum<pSayrYcehIy. eyagtambTsmÖasCamYycas;²CnCatiéfmYy

cMnYn RbCaCnPaKeRcInEdlmktaMgTIlMenAenAxagTwkdIéfénRBMEdn KWCa

RbCaCn EdleFVIcMNakRsukmk BIPaKelIén extþsIusaekt RbeTséf.

dUecñH eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa RbCaCnEdlmktaMgTIlMenAenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg

GacCaEpñkmYyénlMhUr BIPaKxagt,ÚgénRbCaCnExμr EdlmkBIPaKxagelI

énRbeTséf. dUcEdlelak cn FUlI )anelIkeLIgenAEtmanvtþmanCnCati

Exμrrab;Esnnak; enAPaKxageCIgénPñMdgErk ¬TwkdIéfnaeBlbcú©b,nñ¦.

RbPB ³ cn FUlI/ )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenAkñúg

RbeTskm<úCa 1863-1953/ ¬Lanham, MD., e)aHBum< qñaM2002¦.

2 Sara Stephens {]tþrmanC½y ³ extþmYyEdlekIteLIgvij} kaEst PñMeBj

b:usþ× éf¶TI25 Exmifuna qñaM1999. Erin Moriarty {BIrdæRbhareTAkasIuNU ³

tMbn;RBMEdnextþ]tþrmanC½yEdlRtÚv)anbMePøc} kaEstPñMeBjb:usþ×/ éf¶TI6

Exkkáda qñaM2001.

3 sUmGanesovePArbs; David Chandler Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r

125 ¬Boulder, CO., 2008¦ Edl)anerobrab;GMBIkarRKb;RKgPUmienA

km<úCaenAstvtSr_TI19.

4 David Chandler Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r40. {silacarwkmYyEdl

minmankalbriecäT)anbgðajfa RBMEdnGaNacRkrbs;RBH)aTC½yvr½μnTI2

231

latsn§wgdl;RbeTscin cm,:a mhasmuRT nigtMbn;CYrPñMRkvaj Edl

RbEhlCaTwkdIsßitenAPaKxaglic.}

5 Penny Edwards, km<úCa ³ karbegáItrdæmYy/ 1860-1945/ TMB½r42

¬Silkworm Books/ eQogém: RbeTséf/ 2007¦. {enAkñúgry³eBlBIr

TsvtSr_dMbUgénkarsßitenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al RBHmhakSRtenAEtbnþ

RKb;RKgTaMgRsugeTAelIrtnaKar k¾dUcCacmáarGaePon ClplksidæanciBa©wm

RCÚk El,gsIusg nigsm,TanepSg²eTot. minEtb:ueNÑaH RBHmhakSRt

KWCam©as;kmμsiT§ielITwkdITaMgGs; enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkTaMgmUl.}

6 John Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs

km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r39.7 RbPBÉksardUcxagelI.

8 sUmemIl Chandler/ Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r125-126. {PUmi

EdlBwgEp¥kelIrbrksikmμ nigPUmiEdlenAkñúgéRBmanTItaMgq¶ayBIKña Edl

RtÚvcMNayeBlrab;éf¶munnwgeFIVdMeNIreTAdl; nigsßitenAq¶ayBIkariyal½y

rbs;GaCJaFrEdndI. enAkñúgsßanPaBÉekaEbbenH RbCaCnrs;enAtam

Tmøab; edaykarEckrMElkKñaBImñak;eTAmñak;.}

9 John Atkinson Hobson/ cRkBtþiniym ³ karsikSamYy/ TMB½r313 ¬Ann Arbor

Paperbacks/University of Michigan/ 1965¦/ dkRsg;ecjBIelak Charles

Metcalf EdlCaGñkrdækarmYyrUbrbs;GaNaniKm Gg;eKøsRbcaMenARbeTs

\NÐa.

10 CnCatiesomKWCaBakümYyEdlRtÚv)anehAsMedAeTAelICnCatiéf naeBl

bc©úb,nñ.

11 David Chandler/ Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r183/ )anelIkeLIgGMBI

mUlehtu Edléfmin)anRbwgERbgkñúgkardak;GaNaniKm ¬b¤beNþj¦

RbCaCnecjBItMbn;enH edayeRCIserIskarRKb;RKgesÞIrEtRKb;Can;fñak;

CamYyCnCatiExμr.

232


km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r11.13 RKIsÞÚhV½r eDorIg smÖasCamYy mIn RbÚy:am éf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM2014.

14 James C. Scott/sil,³énkarminRtÚv)anRKb;RKg ³ RbvtþiénPaBGnaFibetyü

éntMbn;x<s;rab enAGasIuGaeKñy_/ TMB½r7/ ¬New Haven, CT., 2009¦.

{Gs;ry³eBlCayUrlg;Nas;mkehIy RbCaCnpøas;TIecjcUlkñúgrdæ.

{PaBCardæ} KWmineTotTat; nigGacvilRtLb;eRkay)an.} Ian G. Baird/ kar

rs;enAkñúgsßanPaBGn;fy ³ CnCatiPaKtic nigExSbnÞat;RBMEdnenARbeTs

km<úCa nigGasIuGaeKñy_. {tMbn;énkarts‘U ³ CnCatieRBA nigRBMEdnGnþr

CatirvagRbeTskm<úCanigLav/} TMB½r19nig29 ¬éf¶TI14-15 Exmina

qñaM2008¦ )anBiPakSaGMBImUlehtu EdlPUmiCnCatieRBA nigCnCatikaEv:t

enARsukesom):ag qøgRBMEdnBIRbeTskm<úCaeTAkan;RbeTsLav enAqñaM

1906/ 1909 nig 1912 edaysarEtkardMeLIgBn§darenAkñúgRbeTs

km<úCax<s;Cag ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgRbeTsLav.

15 John Tully/ )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs

km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r168.16 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy b:uk etOk enAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22

Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {smÖasCamYy b:uk etOk}¦.

17 James C. Scott/ sil,³énkarminRtÚv)anRKb;RKg ³ RbvtþiénPaBGna

FibetyüéntMbn;x<s;rabenAGasIuGaeKñy_/ TMB½r8. {enAeBleyIgTTYl

sÁal;nUvlT§PaBEdlfa mnusSeXareXATaMgenaH minEmnRKan;EtenATIenaH

kñúgnamCatMbn;esssl;mYyenaHeT b:uEnþ RbEhlCa)aneFVIkareRCIserIs

TItaMgenaH karrs;enAtamEbbRbBlvb,kmμ nigrcnasm<½n§sgÁmy:agl¥

edIm,IrkSa)annUvsV½yPaBrbs;xøÜnenaHbTdæan erOgr:avRbkbedayGarüFm’

énkarvivtþsgÁm nigdYlrlMTaMgRsug.}

18 David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r178. {tamBiteTAenA

233

TsvtSr_qñaM1890 )araMg)aneFVIkarRbmUlpþúMGMNacTaMgGs; enA\NÐÚcin

rhUtdl;)aneFVIkarEtgtaMgGKÁeTsaPi)alRbcaMtMbn;\NÐÚcin elak Paul

Doumer ¬1897-1902¦.}

19 sUmemIl David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r181. {karpøas;

bþÚrkñúgry³eBlEvg EdlGacemIleXIjedayRsÜlBITsSn³rbs;eyIg

minGacRtÚv)anyl;dwgPøam²enAtamRsukenaHeT. GñkrdækarCnCati)araMg

)anrkeXIjTmøab;RKb;RKgEbbcas;CaeRcIn dUcCakarBwgEp¥kelIemdwknaM

GMeBIhigSa lT§iCMenOniym nigGMeBIBukrlYy EdlenAEtbnþekItmanBImYy

qñaMeTAmYyqñaM. kariyal½yrbs;rdæenAEtRtÚv)anlk;dUrbBa¢IBn§RtÚv)anEkøg

bnøM karRbmUlTinñplRsUv enAEtmin)antamkarkMNt;. RbCaCnenAEteCO

eTAelIRKÚGabFμb; nigmnþGaKmGUmGam. enAcugqñaM1923 enAextþsÞwgERtg

GtItRBHsgÇmYyGgÁ )anRbmUlGñkKaMRT eday)anGHGagfa xøÜnman

{kEgábBN’masmYy EdlGacniyayPasamnusS)an}. GMeBIqk;bøn;)an

rIkraldal nigmaneRKaHTurÖikS nigCMgWqøgCajwkjab; dUcCaRKúncaj; nig

GasnñeraK. PaBxusKñarvagTIRkúg nigRsuk)anEsþgeLIg kan;Etc,as;

enAedImstvtSr_TI20 Edlhak;dUcCamin)aneFVI[mankarGak;Gn;citþdl;

RbCaCnenAtamRsukeT. eTaHCay:agenHkþIGñkERscmáarRtÚvbg;Bn§ eday

kmøaMgBlkmμ nigRsUvedIm,IkarrIkceRmIn enAPñMeBj nigedIm,Ipþl;R)ak;Exx<s;

dl;m®nþIrdækar)araMg Edlbgá[mankarxwgsm,ar nigCMruj[mankgkmøaMg

éRB RbqaMgeTAnwg)araMg enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1950 nig)anbegáItclna

kumμúynIsþeRkaymkeTot.}

20 sMbuRtc,ab;BIkugs‘ul)araMgRbcaMextþ]bun eTA[GaCJaFr)araMgenAextþ

sÞwgERtg éf¶TI10 Exvicäika qñaM1908/ bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa.


km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r67/ qñaM2002/ dkRsgecjBIÉksar

AOM Indochine AF 13 Dosier A30 (22) Cambodge 1874-1875.

234

lixitrbs;elakeTsaPi)al Krantz eTArdæm®nþIGaNaniKm/ ):arIs/ éf¶TI3

Exmifuna qñaM1874.

22 sMbuRtrbs;elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg EdlCaRbFanb:usþ× epJIeTA[eTsa

Pi)alextþmøÚéRB éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM1908. bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa

Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727.


Pi)alextþmøÚéRB éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM1908. bNÑsardæan Catikm<úCa

Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727.

24 lixitrbs;elak Salabelle Gñkrdækar)araMgRbcaMextþsÞwgERtg epJIeTA[eTsa

Pi)alCan;x<s;)araMgRbcaMenATIRkúgPñMeBj éf¶TI15 Extula qñaM1908.

bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727.



Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727. elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg

)anbBa¢ak;fa {tMbn;v:arIesgminEmnCatMbn;mYy EdlKYr[Tak;TajeT.

sUmesñI[mankarpøas;bþÚrevnsRmab;kgCIvBl. eyIgKYrEtpøas;bþÚrkmøaMg

enAerogral;3Exmþg. RkúmTImYy KWCaRkúmsμ½RKcitþ.}



Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727. m®nþI)araMgmYyrUb)anBnül;

fa {tamBiteTAkare)assMGatRbCaCnecjBIPUmi mann½yfa RkúmecaredIr

pÞúyeTAnwgplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜnBIeRBaHfa PUmiEdlKμanmnusSrs;enA

minGacmanGVIsRmab;qk;bøn;)aneToteT. dUecñH ehtuGVI)anCaRkúmecarbøn;

TaMgenaHe)aHbg;ecalRbPBFnFanrbs;xøÜneTAvij? TegVIenHGacCakar

xVHxatnUvkarKitBIRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜn nigCaGMeBIeqatl¶g; EdlminGacyl;

)an.}

235

27 sMbuRtBIeTsaPi)alextþmøÚéRBeTAkan;eTsaPi)alextþsÞwgERtg sþIGMBI

{esckþIraykarN_rbs; GaXYn} éf¶TI11 Exvicäika qñaM1908.

28 RKIsÞÚhV½r eDorIg smÖasCamYy kMEs sM extþsIusaekt RbeTséf éf¶TI17

ExkumÖ³ qñaM2014.

29 CMgWGasnñeraK KWCaCMgWrakrUs EdleFVI[ragkayrbs;mnusS)at;bg;

sarFatuTwk EdlbNþalmkBIkar)at;bg;CatiTwkkñúgxøÜny:ageRcIn. )ak;etrI

énCMgWenHrIklUtlas;enAkñúgTwk ehIy)ak;etrIenHGacRtÚv)an cmøgcUlmk

kñúgxøÜnmnusS tamry³karbriePaKTwk b¤briePaKGaharkxVk;. bnÞab;BIbriePaK

Gahar b¤TwkEdlkxVk; GñkCMgWminTan;Føak;xøÜn QWPøam²enaHeT b:uEnþGñkCMgW

nwgcab;epþImrakrUsCamYynwg)ak;etrIGasnñeraKry³eBlBI7eTA12éf¶.

eraKsBaØabzménCMgWGasnñeraK rYmman rakrUs k¥Ütceg¥ar nigkgVHsarFatu

TwkkñúgxøÜn. kgVHsarFatuTwkGacRsal b¤F¶n;F¶rGaRs½yeTAelIbrimaNsar

FatuTwkEdl)an)at;bg;.

30 sUmemIlbTsmÖasCamYy can; éb. {kalBImun enATIenHBMumanTwkeT. RbCa

CnenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg)anCIkGNþÚgTwksRmab;eRbIR)as; nigBwgEp¥keTAelI

RbLayTwk.}

31 can; éb Føab;rs;enAPUmixñúrQUkRtav éRBrnam nigtaedv. Em:n BiciRtsmÖas

CamYy FIn b‘ín enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 Exmifuna

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín}¦. sUmemIlbTsmÖas

CamYy can; éb.

32 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Qit FI enAPUmiRBlan XuMGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI23 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy

Qit FI}¦.

33 bTsmÖasCamYy can; éb.

34 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyG‘uksux enAPUmiEsøgBN’XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg

éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM2012.

236


36 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eGam eKOm enAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg TMB½rTI9 éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas

CamYy eGam eKOm}¦. eyagtamRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;mñak;{RbCaCnEdl

rs;enAtMbn;enHmunrbbExμrRkhm ¬munqñaM 1975¦)annaMKñadaMedImsVay.}

mankareCOCak;fa edImsVayFM² EdlRbCaCnnaeBlbc©úb,nñ)annaMKñadaM

GacmanRbPBmkBICMnan;enaH.

37 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI.

38 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy mI eqg enAPUmirMeck XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI

21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy mI eqg}¦.



41 bTsmÖasCamYy mI eqg.


43 smÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.

44 John, Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTskm<úCa

1863-1953/ TMB½r67/ dkRsg;ecjBIÉksar ANC RSC E03/ Éksar

elx14992 RbGb;elx1246/ eTsaPi)alRbcaMenAextþsÞwgERtg,

Rappo politiques et economiques trimestriels, 1914-1919.

45 bTsmÖasCamYy mI eqg.

46 bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.


48 RbPBdUcxagelI.

49 EpñkxøHénRbeTsLavk¾RtÚv)anRbKl;[eTAéfEdr.

50 John Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs

km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r460-461.

237

51 Elizabeth Becker, enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA/ TMB½r69-70 ¬1998¦.

John Tully )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs

km<úCa 1863-1953.52 DI xaMbUlI/ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦/ TMB½r6/

¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.

53 Ben Kiernan, etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNacedayrebobNa ³ GaNaniKmniym

Catiniym niglT§ikumμúynIsþenARbeTskm<úCa/ 1930-1975/ TMB½r86

nigTMB½r258 ¬New Haven, CT.,2004¦)anerobrab;eQμaHExμr\sSr³ Edl

eRkaymk )ankan;kab;muxtMENg enAkñúgbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. ehg sMrin

)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMmYyrUbrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlRbqaMgeTAnwgrbbExμr

Rkhm.

54 DI xaMbUlI/ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦/ TMB½r6/

¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.


¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦. Ben Kiernan, etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNaceday

rebobNa ³ GaNaniKmniym Catiniym niglT§ikumμúynIsþenARbeTskm<úCa/

1930-1975/ TMB½r193/ )anBiPakSaGMBI erOgr:avsm¶at;Edl b:ul

Bt )aneLIgkan;GMNac.

56 sUmemIl Taylor Owens & Ben Kiernan, {karTmøak;RKab;EbkelIRbeTs

km<úCa/} The Walrus/ ¬Yale University Press : 2006¦. karTmøak;RKab;Ebk

rbs;shrdæGaemrikmkelIRbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþImenAqñaM1965. mk

RtwmcugqñaM1970. RKab;EbkRbEhlknøHlanetanRtÚv)anTmøak;mk

elIRbeTskm<úCa.

57 RbPBdUcxalelI/ TMB½r341-344/ 357-368/ BiPakSaGMBIkar

beNþjkgT½B nigRbCaCnsuIvilevotNamecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.


238

¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦. Taylor Owen & Ben Kiernan, {karTmøak;RKab;EbkelI

km<úCa/} The Walrus/ ¬Yale University Press : 2006¦. cMnYnRbCaCnEdl

søab;edaysarkarTmøak;RKab;EbkmanRbEhlCag 1Esn 5muWnnak;.

59 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyywm LaehO ePTRbús GtItkgT½BExμrRkhmsmÖas

enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO}¦.

60 karplites,ógGaharenATUTaMgRbeTs )anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg edaysarkar

Tmøak;RKab;Ebk nigRbtibtþikareyaFa)anbgçMRbCaksikr[rt;ecaldIERs

rbs;xøÜn nigmkRbmUlpþúMKñaenAtamTIRkúg. sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, kardak;

TNÐkmμeTAelICnRkIRk ³ PaBÉekarbs;km<úCaenAelIqakGnþrCati/ {rbb

ExμrRkhm/} ¬Oxford/ 1988¦.

61 kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg )anbegáItGgÁPaBsil,³ EdlCaEpñkmYy

ényuT§sa®sþrbs;ExμrRkhm edIm,ITTYl)ankareCOTukcitþBIRbCaCn nig

edIm,IRbmUlpþúMkmøaMgbEnßmeTotsRmab;clnarbs;xøÜn. bTceRmógbdivtþn_

EdlmanRbCaRbiymYycMnYnenAeBlenaHrYmman {»¡ BU²kgQøb¡} nig

{»¡ nIrsard¾Gg;Gac}.

62 sUmemIl David Priestland Tg;Rkhm ³ RbvtþikumμúynIsþ/ TMB½r489-495/

¬NY, 2009¦.

63 sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, kardak;TNÐkmμeTAelICnRkIRk ³ PaBÉekarbs;

km<úCaenAelIqakGnþrCati {rbbExμrRkhm} ¬Oxford/ 1988¦. Elizabeth

Becker, bu)öaNa TMB½r24 ¬PñMeBj eragBum<km<úCaedlI/ 2010¦. {man

siT§iEtmYyKt; KWsiT§ikñúgkareFVIkargar. eRkABIenH KWxusc,ab;TaMgGs;.

GarüFm’ nigsgÁm)an)at;bg;. sala nigbNÑal½yRtÚv)anbiTTVar.

esovePARtÚv)anhamXat;. pSarRtÚv)anlubbM)at; k¾dUcCaePaCnIydæan

hagkaehV nigCMnYjÉkCn. vtþGaramRtÚv)anbiTTVar. sasnaRtÚv)an

hamXat;tamneya)ayrbs;bdivtþn_. r)aM nigt®nþIExμr d¾l,Il,ajRtÚv)an

239

lubbM)at;. sil,kr)anlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn. sib,krTaMgRbús

TaMgRsI EdlFøab;t,ajsURt nigqøak;eRKÓgR)ak; RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkar

tamvalERs.}

64 bnÞab;BITTYl)anC½yCmñHenAéf¶TI17 ExemsaqñaM1975tMbn;35 RtÚv)an

bþÚreQμaHeTACatMbn;106 nigbnÞab;BIqñaM1977 tMbn;enHRtÚv)anbþÚreQμaH

mþgeTotCatMbn;46vij ¬rbs;PUmiPaK]tþrfμI¦.


66 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO. Lúg danI smÖasCamYy y:un saevOn/

ePTRbús/ GtItkgkumar/ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI23 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy y:un saevOn}¦. Lúg danI

smÖas CamYy mUl emn/ ePTRbús/ GñkPUmilMTgcas;/ smÖasenAPUmi

lMTgcas; XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI25 Exmifuna qñaM2012.

67 sUmemIlGtßbTsmÖasrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.

68 kgT½BCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr nigrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr

cgRkgeday Stephen R. Heder, RbGb;elx38/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa. Exμrs KWCakgT½Besssl;rbs;elakesnaRbmux ln;

nl;. edayTTYl)anCMnYyBIRbeTséf nigRbCaCnExμrenAeRkARbeTs

kgT½BenH)anbnþRbyuT§CamYyExμrRkhmenAtambeNþayRBMEdnExμr-éf.

69 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy sIun hYg/ ePTRbús/ GñkPUmi/ smÖasenAPUmi taedv

XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy hYg}¦.

70 bTsmÖasCamYy b:uk etOk.

71 sUmGanGtßbTsmÖasrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.



74 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO.

240

75 {LBiXatPñMRTg;)at}. sUmGanr)aykarN_valBiXat EdlRtÚv)an

cgRkgeLIgenAqñaM1998 eday epg BgSr:asIu/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa. r)aykarN_enHminTan;RtÚv)ane)aHBum<enAeLIyeT.

76 r)aykarN_sþIGMBITItaMgreNþAsaksBExμrRkhm eroberogeday epg

BgSr:asIu. sRmab;B½t’manlMGit sUmemIleKhTMB½rrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar

km<úCa http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/List_of_Burial_Site_Most_

Updated.pdf ¬dkRsg;enAéf¶TI13 Exvicäka qñaM2013¦.

77 GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa ¬G>v>t>k>¦/ sMNMuerOg001/ kaMg

ehákG‘av ehA Duc/ {salRkm}/ kfax½NÐTI62/ sMNMuerOgelx ³ 001-

18-07-2007/ G>v>t>k>/ GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg/ éf¶TI26 Exkkáda

qñaM2010.

78 Ben Kiernan/ rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_

enAkm<úCaeRkamrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-1979/ TMB½r 357-58 ¬New

Haven, CT., 2008¦. DI xaMbUlI/ karbeRgónRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCa

Fibetyü/ TMB½r59-60/ ¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.

79 Ben Kiernan, rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_

enAkm<úCaenAeRkamrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-1979/ TMB½r373.80 David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r272.81 Ben Kiernan, rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_

enAkm<úCaenAeRkamrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-1979/ TMB½r375.82 David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r272.83 GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa ¬G>v>t>k>¦/ sMNMuerOg001/ kaMg

ehákG‘av ehA Duc/ {salRkm}/ kfaxNÐTI79/ sMNMuerOgelx ³ 001-

18-07-2007/ G>v>t>k>/ GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg/ éf¶TI26 Exkkáda

qñaM2010. sUmemIl Merle L. Pribbenow II enAkñúg esovePArbs;elak

EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {erOgr:avrbs;]tþmesnIy_R)aMrUb ³ karQøanBan

241

rbs;evotNammkelIRbeTskm<úCa/} Tinñanub,vtiþRbvtþisa®sþeyaFa/

70³2/ Exemsa qñaM2006.

84 Pribbenow II, {erOgr:avrbs;]tþmesnIy_R)aMrUb ³ karQøanBanrbs;

evotNammkelIRbeTskm<úCa/} 70³2.

85 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy j:y tWn/ ePTRbús/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTütMbn;105/

smÖasenAPUmiTMnb;fμI XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM

2012.

86 kgT½BExμrRkhm nigRbCaCnmYycMnYn)anqøgTenøenAPUmiRBHrMkil EdlenA

cugénRsukfaLabriv:at; extþsÞwgERtg eTAkan;RsukEqb extþRBHvihar.

87 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy em:A eQOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl

920/ smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy eQOn}¦.

88 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy saMg faj;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúg

kgBl280/ smÖasenAPUmilMTgfμI XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI26

Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy saMg faj;}¦.

89 bTsmÖasCamYy eQOn.

90 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na/ ePTRbús/ bc©úb,nñCaGPi)alRsuk

Gnøg;Evg nigCaGtItnIrsarenAkñúgtMbn;101/ smÖasenAsalaRsuk

Gnøg;Evg ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012. smÖaselIkTIBIr enAExmIna qñaM2012.

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na}¦.

91 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy KwmNn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½B/ smÖasPUmiGUrGERg

XuMRtBaMgtav enARsuk Gnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy Nn}¦.

92 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy eLg epg/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl

801/ smÖasenAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21

Exemsa qñaM2012.

242

93 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Ém sarin bc©úb,nñCaRbFanRkúmRbwkSa Rsuk

RtBaMgR)asaT enARsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y nigCaGtIt

smaCiktMbn;RkcH ¬505¦ éf¶TI23 Exviciäka qñaM2013.

94 RbPBdUcxagelI.

95 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy can; sag/ ePTRsI/ GtItnIrsartMbn;43/ smÖas

enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy sag}¦.

96 bTsmÖasCamYy y:un saevOn.

97 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy m:m erOm/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖasenA

PUmifñl;TTwg XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.

98 bTsmÖasCamYy y:un saevOn.

99 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy sM s‘an/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/ smÖas

enAPUmitaedr XuMRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsamÖas CamYy sM s‘an}¦.

100 RbPBdUcxagelI.



103 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy RBH y:g;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhmenAtMbn;

106/ smÖasenAPUmitaedr XuMRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy RBH y:g;}¦.


105 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy tUc munI/ ePTRbús/ GñkPUmi/ smÖasenAPUmitaedv XMu

RtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy tUc munI}¦. nigbTsmÖasCamYy sIun hYg.

106 bTsmÖasCamYy sIun hYg.

107 Epnkark-5 KWCaEpnkarsnþisuxCati EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IBRgwg

243

karkarBarRbeTskm<úCa BIkarlukluy nigkarvayRbharBIsMNak;Exμr

Rkhm. EpnkarenHRtÚv)anGnuvtþBIqñaM1984dl;qñaM1988nigmaneRcIn

dMNak;kal. dMNak;kalTImYy KWkarkab;qáaréRB EdlmanTMhMrab;ry

KILÚEm:RtenAtambeNþayRBMEdnExμr-éf. EpnkarenHk¾rYmmankarCIk

Rtg;es nigkarsagsg;rbgb£sSI CamYynwgbnøalYsenAtambeNþay

RBMEdn. RKab;mInRbqaMgmnusSrab;lanRKab;RtÚv)andak;enAtamRBMEdn.

EpnkarenHmaneKalbMNg biTRBMEdnCamYynwgRbeTséf edIm,IbiTpøÚv

kuM[kmøaMgExμrRkhm nigkmøaMgRbqaMgepSgeTot GaceRCótcUl)an. enA

kñúgEpnkark-5 RbCaCnkm<úCarab;Esnnak;enATUTaMgRbeTs RtÚv)antRmÚv

[sμ½RKcitþ edIm,IeKalbMNgrYmenAkñúgkarkarBarRbeTsCati. RbCaCn

CaeRcIn)ansøab;edaysarkarGt;Xøan karGs;kmøaMg RKab;mIn nigCMgW.

RbCaCnmYycMnYnFMekItCMgWRKúncaj; edaysarEtlkçxNÐrs;enAminl¥

nigkarrs;enAEk,rtMbn;éRB. ebIeyagtamGñkRsavRCav Margaret Slocomb

GkSr{k} KWCaBüBa¢n³ExμrdMbUg Edlmann½yfa {karBar} ehIyelx {5}

sMedAeTAelIyuT§sa®sþkarBarTI5rbs;evotNam.

108 ebIeyageTAtamTItaMgPUmisa®sþ mMubI b¤TenøreBA manTItaMgenAtambeNþay

RBMEdnrvagRsukCaMkSanþ extþRBHvihar nigRsukfaLabriv:at; extþsÞwgERtg.

109 sUmemIl Tom Fawthrop nig Helen Jarvis/ eKcevHBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_?

yutþiFm’ EdlBi)akseRmc)an nigtulakarkat;eTas emdwknaMExμrRkhm/

TMB½r52-66/ ¬TIRkúgLúg ³ Pluto Press/ 2004¦.

110 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Ém eGOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsartMbn;/

smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Ém eGOn}¦.

111 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy s v:un/ ePTRbús/ GtItGñkebIkbrbRmúgenAkñúg

kgBl920/ smÖasenAPUmiTYlsala XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ RsukGnøg;Evg/

éf¶TI24 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy s v:un}¦.

244

RbBn§rbs;embBa¢akarkgT½BTTYlxusRtÚvelI®sþI nigkumarenAkñúgGgÁPaB

rbs;xøÜn. kUn²rbs;emdwknaM nigkgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)anRbmUldak;mYy

kEnøg eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; yayvIn EdlCaRbBn§rbs; emocsan nigCa

b¥ÚnRsIrbs; »m Gan. nI/ r:un nig eFOn CasmaCikenAkñúgGgÁPaBEfTaMkUnekμg

EdlRKb;RKgeday yayvIn.

112 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eFob efn ePTRbús GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl920

smÖasenAPUmiTYlR)asaT XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI4 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy efn}¦.

113 extþcMnYn7rbs;éf EdlmanRBMRbTl;Cab;PaKxageCIg nigPaKxaglicén

RbeTskm<úCa rYmman ]b‘unraCafanI suIsaekt suri®nÞ burIruaM RsHEkv can;burI

nig Rtat.

114 enAeBlExμrRkhmrt;eTARBMEdnéf mnÞIrk-18maneQμaHfamnÞIr87 Edl

eRkaymk RtÚv)anbþÚreQμaHeTACamnÞIr131 EdltamTItaMgenAkEnøgmYy

EdlmaneQμaHfaGUrsYsþI. mnÞIrenHRtÚv)anbþÚrTItaMg eTAkñúgdIéf nigRtÚv)an

bþÚreQμaHeTACamnÞIrk-18 enAcugqñaM1984 enAeBlEdlkgT½BevotNam

)aneFVIRbtibtþikare)assm¥atTItaMgExμrRkhmenAtamRBMEdn. b:ul Bt

)aneRCIserIsbBaØvnþCaeRcIn[eFVIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrenH. mnÞIrk-18man

GgÁPaBcMnYn6 KW : GgÁPaB21 ¬eyaFakarRbyuT§ nigesuIbkarN_sm¶at;¦;

GgÁPaB31 ¬sßitiRbCaCn¦; GgÁPaB41 ¬sgÁmkic© nigsuxumalPaB¦;

GgÁPaB51 ¬esdækic© BaNiC¢kmμ nigksikmμ¦; GgÁPaB61 ¬Gb;rM nigpSBV

pSay¦ nigGgÁPaB 71 ¬TMnak;TMngkarbreTs¦. Lúg danI nig DI xaMbUlI

smÖasCamYy Cin Kwmfun/ bc©úb,nñCanaykrdæ)alRsukRtBaMgR)asaT/

smÖasenARsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM

2013.

115 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy sM Pin/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BkgBl164 nig

GtItGñkRKb;RKgXøaMgtam:ukenAeCIgPñM/ smÖasenAPUmieCIgPñM XMuRtBaMgRbIy_

245

RsukGnøg;Evg ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy sM

Pin}¦.

116 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy CuM CYg/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFanmnÞIrtMbn;106/

smÖasenAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI18 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy CYg}¦.

117 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Guwm Ecm/ ePTRsI/ GtItRbFanKN³RsukRBHenRt

RBH/ smÖasenAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI6 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Guwm Ecm}¦. Gwum Ecm/ rcwm Tun

¬ehA PI PYn b¤ ecom¦ nig Cwm KWCaemdwknaMrdæ)alenAelIPñM1003.

GñkTaMgbITTYlemIlkarxusRtÚvelIRbCaCn nigRKÜsarkgT½B. Guwm Ecm nig

Cav r:an; ¬yayr:an;¦ TTYlxusRtÚveTAelI®sþIenAelIPñM1003 enAkñúg

TsvtSr_qñaM1980 nigrhUtdl;eBlExμrRkhmcuHBIelIPñMdgErkmkGnøg;

EvgenAqñaM1990. Guwm Ecm )aneFVICMerOnRbCaCnenAelIPñM1003

edIm,IpÁt;pÁg; Ggár Gahar nigsmÖarepSg²eTot.

118 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy biul sar:at;/ ePTRsI/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖas

enAPUmiyagxageCIg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM

2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYybiulsar:at;}¦.PUmiTaMgenaHrYmman

PUmi980/ 50/ 785/ 60/ 616/ 80/ 912/ 92/ 12 nigPUmi18.

PUmiEdlRtÚv)andak;eQμaH tamemPUmirYmman PUmiyayEcm PUmiyayr:an;

PUmitaeFob nigPUmiGENþgmut.

119 m:msuvNÑ smÖasCamYyGwumXut/ ePTRsI/ GtItkmμkreragm:asIun kinRsUv/

smÖasenAPUmiRBlan XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI23 Exemsa qñaM

2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYyXut}¦. bTsmÖasCamYy eFOn.

120 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Ekv P½Rk/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarEpñk ksikmμ/

smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy P½Rk}¦. Lúg danI smÖasCamYy ys; pat;/ ePTRbús/

246

GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl117/ smÖasenAPUmi RtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav

RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy

pat;}¦.

121 enAkñúgcMeNamCMrMCnePosxøÜnCag50CMrMcMnYn20sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg

rbs;ExμrRkhm. CMrMExμrRkhmcMnYn 5 ¬CMrMbwgebg b¤xøúgv:a/ xavdin/ NgRBÚ/

GUrRseLA nig tab;RBwk¦ RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgCMrMelx8 enAqñaM1985.CMrM

rbs;ExμrRkhmEdlRtÚv)ansÁal; PaKeRcIncab;BIqñaM1985mk rYmman

Gnøg;Evg kñúgdIExμr/ bUér: kñúg extþRtat/ CMrM85 kñúgdIExμr/ cugbuk nig hYyeCIg

kñúgextþsIusaekt/ NaMyWn kñúgextþ]b‘unraCafanI Cab;RBMEdnextþRBHvihar/

GUrRtav kñúgextþsIusaekt/ PñMm:aéL kñúgdIExμr/ RsHEkv nigCMrMelx8 kñúg

extþRsHEkv/ CMrMelx8xageCIg CMrMelx8xaglic nigCMrM Site K kñúgextþRtat

Cab;RBMEdnextþeBaF×sat;. CMrMCnePosxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlenAman

vtþmanrhUtdl;edImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 rYmman CMrMelx8 CMrM Site K

nigCMrMGUrRtav.

122 BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1991 enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamsuIvil enAkñúg

RbeTskm<úCa CMrMCnePosxøÜnCag50RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgTwkdIéf

enAtambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf PaKxaglic Bay½Bü nigPaKxageCIg

énRbeTskm<úCa edIm,Ipþl;CRmkdl;CnePosxøÜnkm<úCa nigCnKμanTIlMenA

rab;Esnnak;. GgÁkarEdl)anpþl;CMnYydl;CMrMCnePosxøÜnTaMgenaHrYmman

GKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn (UNHCR) GgÁkar

kak)aTRkhmGnþrCati (ICRC) nigGgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;RTRTg;tam

RBMEdn (UNBRO). CagenHeTAeTot manGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigGgÁkar

rbs;rdæaPi)alCaeRcInepSgeTot Edl)anpþl;CMnYydl;CMrMCnePosxøÜnTaMg

enaH. GgÁkarTaMgenaHrYmman KN³kmμaFikarGaemriksRmab;CnePosxøÜn

(ARC) sm<½n§GñkpSaysasna nigRKisþsasna (CAMA) kariyal½ykatUlik

sRmab;se®gÁaHbnÞan; nigCYyCnePosxøÜn (COERR) RkúmpSBVpSayRKisþ

247

sasna (COR) esvakatUliksRmab;karCYyse®gÁaH (CRS) GgÁkarCnBikar

GnþrCati dn bUsáÚ (HI) KN³kmμaFikarGnþrCatisRmab;karCYyse®gÁaH (IRC)

esvaRBHeys‘UsRmab;CnePosxøÜn (JRS) KN³kmμaFikarCYyse®gÁaH

Cb:unsUtU (JSRC) RkúmRKÚeBTüKμanRBMEdn (MSF) GgÁkar CONCERN GgÁkar

CnePosxøÜnGnþrCati (RI) esvaBiPBelakRKisþsasnaR)aMBIréf¶ (SAWS)

GgÁkar sIu):ar TIPñak;garshrdæGaemriksRmab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (USAID)

nigGgÁkarebskkmμyuvCn (YWAM). GgÁkarTaMgGs;enHpþl;CMnYyCaeRcIn

RbePT EdlrYmmankarGb;rM esvaEfTaMsuxPaB esvaCYsCulCMrM nig

Twks¥at. CMrMCnePosxøÜn xavGuIdag KWCaCMrMCnePosxøÜnEtmYyKt; Edl

TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarbBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜneTAkan;RbeTsTIbI. CMrMCnePosxøÜn

mYycMnYnRtÚv)anbMpøaj edaykarvayRbharrbs;kgT½BevotNamBIqñaM

1982 eTAqñaM1984. CMrMmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbiTtaMgBIqñaM1985 nigRtÚv

)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgCMrMEdleTIbRtÚv)anbegáItfμI. CMrMmYycMnYnepSgeTot enA

bnþskmμPaBrhUtdl;mankic©RBmeRBógsnþiPaBRkúg):arIsqñaM1991.

CMrMmYycMnYntUc)anbnþKaMRTCnePos xøÜndl;qñaM1999. CMrMPUNy RtÚv)an

biTenAedImqñaM1999 enAeBlEdlkgT½B nigRbCaCn EdlsßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs; ta m:uk eFVIsmahrNkmμcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.

123 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy jwb em:A/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarenAkñúg

kgcl½t/ smÖasenAPUmiyagxageCIg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19

Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy em:A}¦.

124 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy gin xn/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarenAkñúg

kgcl½t/smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆXMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy xn}¦.

125 Margaret Slocomb, ¬Exmifuna qñaM2001¦> {El,gk-5 ³ karkarBarCati nig

karksagCati enAeRkamrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa/} 32³2/ TMB½r

196. DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Qin vn enAPUmisVayeck XMuføat Rsuk

248

Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y/ éf¶TI25 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bT

smÖasCamYy vn}¦. Qin vn niyayfa kgT½BevotNamvaykan;kab;

)anPñM1001 enAéf¶TI27 ExFñÚ qñaM1984 bIéf¶bnÞab;BIkUnRsIc,grbs;Kat;

cab;kMeNItenAéf¶TI24 ExFñÚ qñaM1984. Kat;)anrt;eTARbeTséf CamYy

RbCaCnnigkgT½BdéTeTot eTaHbICasuxPaBrbs;Kat;enAexSayk¾eday.

126 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCasmÖasCamYy gat gYn éf¶TI10 Ex]sPa qñaM

2012. r)aykarN_rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCasþIGMBIkarsem<aF

Baküesøakrbs;KeRmagsþIBIkarbeRgónRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

127 Stephen Heder, {km<úCaBIExtulaqñaM1979 dl;ExsIhaqñaM1980/ karts‘U

rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ tMbn;CnbTkm<úCa/ nigesrIka/} GtßbTRsavRCav

EdlminTan;)ane)aHBum</ Exvicäika qñaM1980 ¬bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksar

km<úCa¦. cenøaHBIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1989 cMnYnkgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)an

eFVIkar):an;sμancenøaHBI2muWnnak; eTA6muWnnak;. Margaret Slocomb enAkñúg

GtßbTrbs;elakRsI {El,gk-5 ³ karkarBarCati nigkarksagCati enA

eRkamrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa/} Tinanub,vtþisþIBIkarsikSaGasIu

GaeKñy_/32³2/ TMB½rTI195/)anelIkeLIgfa bnÞab;BIqñaM1979kgT½BExμr

RkhmmancMnYnBI3muWneTA4muWnnak;. Michael Leifer/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;

elak {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1979 ³ ecjBIrdUvR)aMgeTArdUvR)aMg/} Asian

Survey/ 20³1/ TMB½rTI35/ )an):an; RbmaNfa enAqñaM1979 ExμrRkhm

mankgT½BcMnYn4muWnnak;. kar):an;RbmaNrbs;Kat;)anFøak;mkenARtwm

Cag3muWnnak; enAqñaM1980 enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM

1980 ³ neya)ayERcHsuIEdk/} Asian Survey/ 21³1/ TMB½r94.

Timothy Carney/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1981 ³ PaB

Cab;KaMgd¾puyRsÜy/} Asian Survey/ 22³1/ TMB½r80/ )an):an;sμanfaenA

qñaM1981 ExμrRkhmmankgT½BcMnYnBI 3muWneTA4muWnnak;. Elizabeth Becker/

enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elakRsI{km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1983 ³ enAq¶ayBIsnþiPaB/}

249

Asian Survey/ 24³1/ TMB½r41/ )an):an;sμanfa enAqñaM1983 ExμrRkhm

mankgT½BcMnYn5muWnnak;. Michael Eiland/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak {km<úCa

enAkñúgqñaM1985 ³ BIPaBCab;KaMgeTAPaBminR)akdRbCa/} Asian Survey/

26³1/ TMB½r121/ )an):an;sμanfa enAqñaM1985ExμrRkhmmankgT½BcMnYn

4muWnnak;. Nayan Chanda/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elka {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM

1987 ³semþcRBH neratþmsIhnu enAkNþalqak/} Asian Survey/ 28³1/

TMB½r106/ )an):an;sμanfa enAqñaM1987 kgT½BExμrRkhmmancMnYn2muWn

8Ban; nak;.

128 ebIeyagtameKhTMB½rpøÚvkarrbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarsh

RbCaCatiRbcaMenAkm<úCa ¬G‘untak;¦ http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/

missions/past/untac.htm enAcenøaHqñaM1992 dl;qñaM1993 CnePosxøÜn

nigCnKμanTIlMenARbmaN365>000nak; )aneFVImatuPUminivtþn_BICMrMCn

ePosxøÜncMnYn9 enAkñúgRbeTséfmkkm<úCavij. CMrMTaMgenaHrYmman CMrMsux

san CMrM Site K CMrMbUér: CMrMelx8 CMrMxavGuIdag CMrM)anfat CMrMelx2

CMrM Site B nigCMrMGUrRtav. kareFVImatuPUminivtþn_enH KWCaeCaKC½ymYy

rbs;ebskkmμG‘untak;enAkm<úCa. sUmemIl Benny Widyono/ karraMenAkñúg

Rsemal ³ semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ExμrRkhm nigGgÁkarshRbCaCati

enAkm<úCa/ TMB½r112/ ¬Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc., Plymoth,

cRkPBGg;eKøs/ qñaM2008¦. sRmab;B½t’manlm¥itsþIGMBIcMnYnCnePos

xøÜn nigCnKμanTIlMenAkm<úCacenøaHTsvtSr_qñaM1980 dl;TsvtSr_qñaM

1990sUmemIl Judith Banister nig Paige Johnson/ enAkñúgGtßbT {bnÞab;BI

subinGaRkk; ³ cMnYnRbCaCnenAkm<úCa/} enAkñúgesovePArbs; Ben Kiernan

¬1993¦/ {GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigRbCaFibetyüenAkm<úCa ³ Exμr

Rkhm GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigshKmn_GnþrCati/} ¬New Haven: Yale

University Press/ karsikSaGMBItMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_¦/ TMB½rTI 110-116.

129 RbPBdUcxagelIÉksarRsavRCavrbs;elak Stephen Heder.

250

130 enAcenøaHqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 ExμrRkhmmankgBlRbEhl22

kgBl. eTaHCay:agenHkþI manEtkgBlRbmaN17kgBlEtb:ueNÑaH

EdldMeNIrkarenAeBlkgT½BevotNamvaycUlRbeTskm<úCa enAcugExFñÚ

qñaM1979. kgBlrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlenAdMeNIrkarcenøaHBIqñaM1975

dl;qñaM1979 rYmman kgBl703/801/290/170/108/310/

920/ 164/ 502/ 450/ 520/ 280/ 335/ 603/ 207/

117/ nig 173. tYelxmin)anrab;bBa© ÚlkgBlepSgeTotenAkñúg

PUmiPaKTaMg7enaHeT.

131 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYysav:at/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl801/

smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bT

smÖasCamYy sav:at}¦.

132 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy fU ln;/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsar rbs;

RbFantMbn; nigCaGtItkgT½BenAPUmiPaK]tþr/ smÖasenAPUmiGUrKKIrkNþal

XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bT

smÖasCamYy ln;}¦. enAEx]sPa qñaM1980 esOn RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;

enAkñúgmnÞIrrbs;Kat; enAPñM808.GñkEdl)aj;smøab; esOn KWCakUnTahan

rbs;Kat; Edl)anecaTRbkan; esOn fa )ansmøab;kgT½BenAeRkambgÁab;

rbs;xøÜnGs;CaeRcInnak; enAqñaM1978.

133 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Duc sarit/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/

smÖasenAPUmiyagxagt,Úg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy sarit}¦.

134 bTsmÖasCamYy biul sar:at;.

135 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyXI Fa ehA éL/ ePTRbús/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖas

enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Fa}¦.

136 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ék supl enAPUmiéRCxageCIg XMuGnøg;rab Rsuk

251

valEvg extþeBaF×sat; éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2011 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy supl}¦.

137 esovePAsikSafñak;TI4 rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü e)aHBum<enAqñaM 1995

TMB½rTI28 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

138 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy mIu mKÁ enAsalaextþéb:lin éf¶TI22 ExkumÖ³

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy mKÁ}¦. mIu mKÁ bc©úb,nñ

CaGPi)alrgextþéb:lin nigCaGtItTIRbwkSapÞal;xøÜnrbs; b:ul Bt.

139 Michael Leifer ¬Exmkra qñaM1981¦ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1980 ³ neya)ay

ERcHsuIEdk/} Asian Survey/ 21³1/ TMB½r94.

140 bTsmÖasCamYy mIu mKÁ.

141 esovePAsikSafñak;TI4 rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü e)aHBum<enAqñaM1995

TMB½r28 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

142 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy RBM yIm/ smaCikRkúmRbwkSaRsukRtBaMgR)asaT/

smÖasenAextþ]tþrmanC½y nigCaCMnYykarelxatMbn;101 éf¶TI24

Exvicäika qñaM2013.

143 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy ):an ):at; enAPUmiTYlsVay XMuRtBaMgtav Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI2 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy ):at;}¦.

144 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy mas eGn enAPUmiyagt,Úg XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy eGn}¦.

145 Lúg danI nig DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy CMu Cati/ GtItGPi)alRsuk

RtBaMgR)asaT/ enARsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI25 Exvicäika

qñaM2013.


147 bTsmÖasCamYy sM Pin.

252

148 sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, {kardak;TNÐkmμeTAelIGñkRk ³ PaBÉeka

rbs;km<úCaenAelIqakGnþrCati enAkñúgry³kalénrbbExμrRkhm. Michael

Vickery, {km<úCa ³ sßitineya)ay} TMB½r34-35 ¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.

149 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyLac éf/ ePTRsI/ GtItbeRmIkarenAkñúgGgÁPaB kumar/

smÖasenAPUmifñl;TTwg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Lac éf}¦.

150 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Guin Pin/ ePTRbús/ GtItsmaCikRsukC½yEsn kñúg

rbbExμrRkhm ¬1975-1979¦ nigbc©úb,nñCasmaCikRkúmRbwkSaXuMp¥av

RsukRtBaMgR)asaT/ éf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM2012/ ehAkat;fa ¬bT

smÖasCamYy Pin¦.

151 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy éb/ ePTRsI/ GñkPUmi/ smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg/

éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy éb}¦.

152 bTsmÖasCamYy Guin Pin.

153 esovePAsikSafñak;TI4rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ e)aHBum<enAqñaM1995/

TMB½r38 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

154 bTsmÖasCamYy biul sar:at;.

155 RbPBdUcxagelI.

156 éRBs¥ak KWCaéRBRkas;EdlmanTItaMgenARBMEdnRsukGnøg;Evg nigenA

XMuERsNUy RsukvarinÞ extþesomrab. éRBs¥ak KWCaTItaMgRbyuT§

d¾sMxan;mYyrvagkgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½BevotNam.

157 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy suwm ln/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖas

enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ln}¦.

158 bTsmÖasCamYy sav:at.

159 esovePA {eronGkSr}sRmab;sisSfñak;TI2/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ e)aHBum<

qñaM1987/ TMB½r21-22.

253

160 RbPBdUcxagelI/ TMB½rTI17.

161 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy esa Nn/ ePTRsI/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖas

enAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Nn}¦.

162 bTsmÖasCamYy Nn.

163 bTsmÖasCamYy Nn.

164 bTsmÖasCamYy PR½k.

165 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy KYn KIm/ ePTRsI/ GtItkgkumar/ smÖasenAPUmi

GPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012.

166 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy can; enOn/ ePTRsI/ GtItkgtm,aj/ smÖasenA

PUmiTYlRbsaT XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM2012.

167 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy hab; ehn/ ePTRsI/ GtItkgtm,aj/ smÖasenA

PUmiRsHQUk XMuRtBaMgRbIy× RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI29 ExmIna qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ehn}¦.

168 bTsmÖasCamYy ehn.

169 Gacarü KWCabuKÁlmYyrUbEdldwknaMBiFIenAkñúgBiFIbuNütamEbbRBHBuT§

sasna b¤mgÁlkar. eyagtamvcnanuRkmPasaExμrrbs;semþc RBHsgÇ

raC CYn Nat {Gacarü} sMedAelIGñkEdlCaTIeKarBEdlRbRBwtþGMeBIl¥

GñkeFVIRbeyaCn_dl;sisS nigGñkbeRgóncMeNHdwgdl;eK.

170 BiFIbgVilBBil KWCaBiFImYyenAkñúgBiFImgÁlkarExμr EdlmanRbPBecjBI

erOgeRBgniTanExμr. ePøIgeTonEdlRtÚv )anrMuCamYysøwkeBaF× RtÚv)anbgVil

CuMvijkUnkemøaHRkmuM. EpSgecjBIePøIgeTonenHRtÚv)aneCOCak;fa nwgnaM

mknUvsirIsYsþIC½ymgÁldl;KUsVamIPriyaeTIberobkarfμI.

171 elak siun sIusamut KWCaGñkceRmógd¾manRbCaRbiymñak;enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM

1960. ceRmógrbs;elakenAEtmanRbCaRbiyPaBrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.

elakRtÚv)anRbCaCnTUeTAcat;TukfaCaGFiraCsMeLgmasrbs;km<úCa.

254

elak siun sIusamut RtÚv)ansmøab;enAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm.

172 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Nub suCati/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFankgvresnatUc/

smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa

qñaM2012/ ehAkat;fa ¬bTsmÖasCamYy suCati¦.

173 bTsmÖasCamYy Nub suCati.

174 eTaHbICakalbriecäTénkarcab;epþIm nigkarbBa©b;CemøaH enAEtCakalbriecäT

EdlbnþCaRbFanbTénkarBiPakSaKña k¾eday k¾eyIgGackMNt;ykqñaM

1977 CaqñaMénkarebIkkarvayRbharhigSaedaycMhrvagkm<úCaRbCa

Fibetyü nigevotNamehIyExtula qñaM1991 KWCakalbriecäTbBa©b;

s®gÁam edayRKb;PaKITaMgGs;)anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaeTAelIkic©RBm

eRBógsnþiPaBTIRkúg):arIs.

175 Lau Teik Soon, ¬Exmifuna qñaM1982¦ {Gas‘an nigbBaðakm<úCa/}Asian Survey/

22³6/ TMB½r549. enAéf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1980 mhasnñi)atGgÁkar

shRbCaCati)ane)aHeqñatelIesckþIseRmcsþIBIkardkkmøaMgbreTsTaMg

Gs;ecjBIkm<úCa. RbeTsCasmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCaticMnYn97 )an

e)aHeqñatKaMRTesckþIseRmcenH/ 23RbeTse)aHeqñatRbqaMg/ nig22

RbeTse)aHeqñatGnub,vaT.

176 Nayan Chanda ¬Exmkra qñaM1988¦/ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1987 ³ semþcRBH

neratþm sIhnu enAkNþalqak/} Asian Survey/ 28³1/ TMB½r107.

177 Khatharya Um, ¬Exmkra qñaM1989¦/ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1988 ³ pøÚvekag

Edleq<aHeTAdMeNaHRsay/} Asian Survey/ 29³1/ TMB½r77.

178 Merle L. Pribbenow II, {erOgr:avrbs;]tþmesnIy_R)aMrUb ³ karQøanBan

rbs;evotNammkelIRbeTskm<úCa/} Tinanub,vtiþRbvtþieyaFa/ 70³2/

Exemsa qñaM2006 )an):an;sμanfa kgT½BevotNamRbEhl3muWnnak;

EdlrYmTaMg ]tþmesnIy_ Kwm TYn pg RtÚv)ansmøab;enAcenøaHBIqñaM1977

dl;qñaM1989. eL xavePov EdlCaembBa¢akarrgkgT½BevotNam RbcaM

255

enARbeTskm<úCa )anpþl;kar):an;sμanx<s;CagenH edayKat;)anGHGagfa

kgT½BevotNamEdlsøab; mancMnYnRbmaN5muWn5Ban;nak;.

179 Khatharya Um, ¬Exmkra qñaM1989¦ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1988³ pøÚvekag

eq<aHeTAdMeNaHRsay/} Asian Survey/ 29³1/ TMB½r79.

180 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm

kñúgkgBl920/smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI19

Exemsa qñaM2012.

181 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Duc sarit/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/

smÖasenAPUmiyagxagt,Úg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa

qñaM2012.

182 bTsmÖasCamYy can; sag.

183 Nicolas Regaud ¬1992¦ {Le Cambodge dans la Tourmente: Le Troisieme

Conflit Indochinois, 1978-1991,} L’Harmattan, RbeTs)araMg. bkERbCa

PasaExμreday eTB em:gXan.

184 enAéf¶TI29 Exemsa qñaM1989 rdæsPaCatirbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanit

km<úCa )aneFVIviesaFnkmμrdæFmμnuj nig)anbþÚreQμaHeTACa{rdækm<úCa} Edl

enAEtbnþRKb;RKgrcnasm<½n§rdæTaMgGs; rhUtdl;ExkBaØa qñaM1993 enA

eBlEdlrdæFmμnuBaØfμIRtÚv)anRbkas ehIyRbeTskm<úCa)ankøayeTACa

RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa.

185 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy R)ak; EBk/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenARsuksVayelI/

smÖasenAPUmikNþalelI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI18 Ex]sPa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy R)ak; EBk}¦.

186 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy kuy FYn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl

801/smÖasenAPUmifñl;EkgXMup¥av RsukRtBaMgR)asT/ éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy FYn}¦.

187 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eCob ev:n/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAR)asaT

256

RBHvihar/ smÖasenAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgRbIy× RsukGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI22

Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {smÖasCamYy ev:n}¦. smÖasCamYy

sav:at.

188 Tg;Catiénrbbrdækm<úCa/ eRbIR)as;eRkamkarGnuBaØat CC BY-SA 3.0 via

Wikimedia Commons-http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ cUlemIlenA

éf¶TI29 ExFñÚ qñaM2014.

189 bTsmÖasCamYy Pin.

190 bTsmÖasCamYy Xut.

191 Éksarrbs;ExμrRkhmerobrab;GMBIrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgRsukGnøg;Evg

cuHéf¶TI28 ExFñÚ qñaM1996 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/

Éksarelx D24084¦.

192 bBa¢IenHRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBIÉksar D24084 bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa. bBa¢IenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayExμrRkhm enAéf¶TI28

ExFñÚ qñaM1996. ÉksarenHmancMnYn18TMB½r ¬sÞÜnBIrTMB½r¦ Edlerobrab;

lm¥itGMBIsßitienARsukGnøg;Evg. sßitienHrYmman cMnYnpÞH RKÜsar burs ®sþI

yuvCn yuvnarI ®sþIemm:ay burseBaHm:ay CIdUn CIta CnBikar kumara

nigkumarI.

193 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy QYn Qn; enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg

RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy Qn;}¦. QYn Qn; Camitþmñak;rbs; em:A. GñkTaMgBIr

rs;enACamYy tam:uk nigCanIrsar GgÁrkS nigGñkebIkLanrbs; tam:uk.

em:A Føab;)anerobrab;R)ab; Qn; GMBICIvitrbs;Kat; enAeBlrs;enACamYy

tam:uk.

194 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy ehg evoc}¦.

257

195 bTsmÖasCamYy ehg evoc nigbTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qn;.

196 bTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qn;.

197 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Kwm Nn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/ smÖas

enAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM2012.

198 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy Kwm lI/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkPUmienAtMbn;4/ smÖasenA

PUmiTYlR)asaT XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 Exemsa qñaM2012/

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.

199 bTsmÖasCamYy Kwm lI.

200 sUmemIl Ben Kiernan/ rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUC

sasn_enAkm<úCa enAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-79. Elizabeth Becker,

enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA ³ km<úCa nigbdivtþn_ExμrRkhm/ TMB½r177-

178 nigTMB½r299-300.

201 Ben Kiernan/ rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_

enAkm<úCaenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm/ TMB½r1975-179 nig TMB½r298-

300.202 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy edob lI/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖasenA

PUmiEsøgBN’ XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI6 Exemsa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.

203 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy TYn Qin ehA CYn r:ug/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½B

ExμrRkhmenAextþkMBg;qñaMg/ smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI22 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy

Qin}¦ nigsmÖasCamYy »m eKOm.

204 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Kwm Nn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/ enAPUmi

GUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM2012.

205 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Ém eGOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsartMbn;/

smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa

258

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy eGOn}¦.

206 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy Kwm lI GtItRbCaCnenAtMbn;4/ smÖasenAPUmiTYl

R)asaTXMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI4 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;

fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.

207 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eRBók h‘aj/ ePTRsI/ kUnRsIrbs; tam:uk/ smÖas

enAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy h‘aj}¦.

208 bTsmÖasCamYy kYn Kwm.

209 bTsmÖasCamYy Giun Pin.

210 Em:n BiciRt smÖasCamYy Fin b‘ín/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖas

enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy b‘ín}¦.

211 esovePAsikSarbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü sRmab;fñak;TI4 e)aHBum< enAqñaM

1995 TMB½rTI25. ¬bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

212 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy em:A eQOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl

920/ smÖasenAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy eQOn}¦. Lúg danI smÖas

CamYy sM Pin/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFanPsþúParkgBl164/ smÖasenA

PUmieCIgPñM XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ RsukGnøg;Evg ExsIha qñaM2011 nigExkumÖ³

qñaM2012.

213 Em:n BiciRt smÖasCamYy Ln jwb/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl

801/ smÖasenAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI29

ExmIna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy jwb}¦. sux vNÑ³

smÖasCamYy RBH y:g;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAtMbn;106/ smÖas

enAPUmtaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012.

214 bTsmÖasCamYy Giun Pin.

259

215 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy pg; Kwmqn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/

smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI22 Exemsa

qñaM2012.

216 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ehm man/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsarRsukfμeKal/

smÖasenAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI29 ExmIna

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy man}¦.

217 bTsmÖasCamYy Ehm man.

218 bTsmÖasCamYy y:k; hM.

219 bTsmÖasCamYy Ln jwb.

220 bTsmÖasCamYy Ecm.

221 bTsmÖasCamYy Kwm Nn.

222 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy CIv can;/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsarrbs; vn ev:t/

smÖasenAPUmiEsøgBN’ XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI6 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy CIv can;}¦.

223 bTsmÖasCamYy CMu CYg.

224 KNbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa )anbþÚreQμaHeTACaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa

enAkñúgsmaCvisamBaØenAéf¶TI18 Extula qñaM1991. KNbkSRbCaCn

km<úCa)ane)aHbg;ecallT§im:akSeLnInniym nigRbkan;yklT§iRbCaFib

etyüesrIBhubkS.

225 Khatharya Um, ¬Exmkra qñaM1995¦/ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1994 ³ qñaM

Gnþrkal/} Asian Survey/ 35³1/ TMB½rTI81.

226 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy jwb ha ¬kμÜyRbúsrbs; b:ul Bt¦ enAPUmiTYlsVay

XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y/ éf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ha}¦. jwb ha KWCakUnRbúsrbs; saLút

jwb EdlRtÚvCab¥ÚnRbúsbegáIt rbs; b:ul Bt. saLút jwb søab;enA

pÞHenAextþkMBg;FMenAExkumÖ³ qñaM2010 kñúgGayu84qñaM. jwb ha )an

260

beRmIkarCakgT½Brbs;rdækm<úCa enAqñaM1989. ha )ancUlrYmCamYy

ExμrRkhmenAm:aéL kñúgqñaM 1991. bc©úb,nñ ha CaemXMuRtBaMgtav.

227 bTsmÖasCamYy CIv can;.

228 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.

229 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy mwb mMu/ RsI/ GtItkgkumar/ smÖasenAPUmiTYlsVay

XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI2 Exemsa qñaM2012.

230 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy G‘uM PaB/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAPUmiPaKkNþal/

smÖasenAPUmiTYlsVay XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI2 Exemsa

qñaM2012.

231 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Xn mn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgkumar/ smÖasenA

PUmifñl;TTwg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM 2012.

232 bTsmÖasCamYy Ca qan.

233 bTsmÖasCamYy em:A eQOn.

234 c,ab;sþIGMBI{kardak;ExμrRkhm[enAeRkAc,ab;} EdlmancMnYn10 maRta

RtÚv)anrdæsPaCatikm<úCaGnum½ti enAkñúgkic©RbCMueBjGgÁelIkTIBIrnItikal

TImYy enAéf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM1994 nigRtÚv)ancuHhtßelxaedayRbFan

rdæsPasþITI LÚy sIumeQog. c,ab;enHcUl CaFrmanenAéf¶TI15 Exkkáda

qñaM1994 bnÞab;BIkarRbkas[eRbIedayRbmuxrdæsþITI semþc Ca sIum.

c,ab;enH)ankMNt;fa manEtemdwknaMExμrRkhm nigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH

Edlxusc,ab; b:uEnþ minEmnsMedAdl;RbCaCn nigsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;

kgT½BenaHeT. c,ab;enH)anTukeBlevlacMnYn6Ex [kmøaMgExμrRkhm

cuHcaj;raCrdæaPi)al EdlenAkñúgGMLúgeBlenH nwgminRtÚv)annaMykmk

kat;eTasenaHeT. eTaHCay:agNakþI c,ab;enHminTTYlykkarcuHcaj;

rbs;emdwknaMExμrRkhmenaHeT.

235 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmGMBIkarviPaKsIuCeRmAeTAelIcenøaHRbehag nigPaB

Rsbc,ab;énc,ab;enHsUmGanr)aykarN_ épÞkñúgsegçbsRmab;mCÄmNÐl

261

Éksarkm<úCa sresreday Jan van der Grinten/ {c,ab;sþIGMBIkardak;rbb

km<úCa RbCaFibetyü[enAeRkAc,ab;/} éf¶TI30 Ex sIha qñaM2000.

236 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμrRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚvkarenAéf¶TI9 Extula

qñaM1979. eyagtamrcnasm<½n§dwknaMrbs;rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBl

rdæExμr EdlRtÚv)aneroberogeLIgenAExmifuna qñaM1983 KN³kmμaFikar

Rbtibtþirbs;rNsirSrYmman ³semþcsWnsan ¬RbFan nigCaGKÁembBa¢akar

kgT½B¦/ sak; suT§saxn ¬GnuRbFan TImYy¦/ edon EDl ¬GnuRbFanTIBIr

nigCaRbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©kareyaFa¦/ hIug KuNfun ¬RbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©kar

esdækic© hirBaØvtßú nigkarGPivDÆ¦/ Gwum QUedt ¬RbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©kar

épÞkñúg¦/ RBM ev:t ¬RbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©karvb,Fm’ sgÁm nigsasna¦/ nag

Cinhan ¬GKÁelxaFikar¦/ bYn say ¬GKÁelxaFikarrgTTYlbnÞúkkic©kar

rdæ)al nighirBaØvtßú¦/ nig Gab;Dul hÁab;haV Banemt ¬GnuRbtiPUTTYlbnÞúk

kic©karbreTs¦. enAeRkamKN³kmμaFikarRbtibtþimanRkúmRbwkSaBIr.

¬1¦RkúmRbwkSabBaØaCnrYmman³ Qam v:am/ sIum v:a/ h‘uy knßúl/ ng KImnI/

lIm RKI/ fun GYk/ cay fUl nig sUxaM xUy. ¬2¦Rkúm RbwkSaeyaFarYmman ³

sak; suT§saxn/ fac er:g/ GwumQUedt/ G‘a CUr eKIm em:g/ fU efIub/ RBM ev:t/ Ekv

CYn/ lIv en/ Ekt er:t/ Ca Qut/ nig lYg sIuNak;. ¬RbPB ³ kgT½BCati

rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr nigrNsirSCati rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμreroberogeday

Stephen Heder/ RbGb;elx38/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.

eyagtamÉksarxagelIrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr manRbPBecj

mkBIRkúmExμrs EdlCakmøaMgesssl;BIrbbsaFarNrdæExμr ¬ln; nl;¦

Edl)an RbyuT§CamYyExμrRkhmkñúgGMLúgqñaM1975-1979 edayTTYl

)ankarKaMRTBIRbeTséf. enAkñúgry³kalénrbbExμrRkhmExμrs )aneFVI

Rbtibtiþkar enAtMbn;epSgKñaedayminmankarÉkPaBKña nigeRkameQμaH

epSgKña. ExμrsrYmman5RkúmsMxan; ³ ¬1¦clnarkSa sMbuk dwknaMeday Gwum

QUedtmanTItaMgenAelIPñMdgErk. ¬2¦clna kuksdwknaMeday Ekv vibul.

262

¬3¦clnaXøaMgemOg dwknaMedayRBM ev:t manTItaMgenAPñMRkvaj.¬4¦clna

ennrUUg dwknaMeday esom sMGu‘un ehA talYt. ¬5¦clnabkSIcaMRkúg dwknaM

eday Ekv CYn manTItaMg enAPñMdgErk.

237 kmøaMgExμrRkhmenAtMbn;éb:linBwgEp¥keTAelIt,Úgmantémø nigéRBeQI Edl

RtÚv)andwkykeTAlk;enARbeTséf. Rkúmh‘unéfCag50 Rkúmh‘un)an

bNþak;Tunrab;landuløarGaemrikkñúgkareFVICMnYjt,ÚgenAéb:lin. ExμrRkhm

enAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgBwgEp¥keTAelIkarCYjdUréRBeQICamYyRbeTséf.

rfynþéfBI50eTA60eRKÓg)ancUlmkdwkeQIecjBIGnøg;Evg TaMgéf¶TaMg

yb;. tam:uk )anlk;eQIrab;EsnEm:RtKUbeTA[éf. eFob KWCaGñkCYy

tam:uk kñúgkarerobcMkarkab;eQI nigdwkeQIeTAlk;[éf. kareFVICMnYjenH

)anBRgwgTMnak;TMngrvag GaCJaFréf nigkmøaMgExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg

CaBiessrvag tam:uk nigGaCJaFréf. ExμrRkhmBwgEp¥keTAelITMnak;TMngenH

minRtwmEtedIm,ITTYl)ankarpÁt;pÁg;smÖarb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg)anCYy

sRmÜl dl;karrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhmenAeBlEdlmankarRbyuT§CamYy

rdæaPi)almþg². enAkñúgn½yenHCMnYjeQICamYyéf)anBRgwglT§PaBrbs;

ExμrRkhmkñúgkarbnþkarts‘U.

238 bTsmÖasCamYy Kwm Nn.

239 bnÞab;BITTYl)anB½t’manGMBIkarpþac;xøÜnrbs; eGog sarI viTüúExμrRkhm enA

Gnøg;Evg )ancab;epþImvayRbhar eGog sarI nigbkçBYkenAéb:lin. enA

éf¶TI6 ExsIha viTüúrbs; b:ul Bt )anecaTRbkan; eGog sarI faCaPñak;gar

rbs;evotNam Edl)anlak;xø ÜnenAkñúgbkSGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM.

karpSayB½t’manEdlGaneday exov sMpn )anecaTRbkan; eGog sarI fa

)anlYcluyrbs;bkS nig)anRbkascab;xøÜn nigRbharCIvit eGog sarI nig

bkçBYk EdlrYmTaMg GIu Qan embBa¢akar kgBl415 nig sux PaB embBa¢a

karkgBl450pg. CakareqøIytb enAéf¶ TI7 ExsIha viTüúpSaysMeLg

enAéb:lin EdlGaneday Lúg NUrin EdlCaGñknaMBakürbs; eGog sarI

263

)anecaT Rbkan; b:ul Bt nig nYn Ca faCamnusS{eXareXAbMput nigXatkr

d¾éRBépSbMput.} viTüúéb:lin)anRbkaskat;eTasRbharCIvit b:ul Bt nig

nYn Ca nig)anEbgEckdac;RsLHrvag b:ul Bt nigemdwknaM RBmTaMgRbCaCn

enAéb:lin. enAéf¶TI15 ExsIha eGog sarI )anRbkasGMBIkarbegáIt

KNbkSfμImYy EdlmaneQμaHfa clnasamKÁICatiRbCaFibetyü Edlman

eGog sarI CaRbFan GIu Qan CaGnuRbFan nig LúgNUrin CaGKÁelxaFikar.

KNbkSenHmaneKalbMNgRbqaMgeTAnwgemdwkExμrRkhm nigkgT½BExμr

RkhmenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg.

240 kgT½BExμrRkhmmYycMnYnenAsMLÚt )anpþac;xøÜncUlCamYyhVú‘nsiunbiuc nigmYy

cMnYneTotcUlCamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. karEbgEckenH )anbgá[eTA

CaCemøaHrvagkmøaMgEdlcuHcUlCamYyhVú ‘nsiunbiuc nigkmøaMgEdlcuHcUl

CamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. bnÞab;BIRBwtþikarN_ éf¶TI5-6 Exkkáda

qñaM1997 GtItkgT½B nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm enAsMLÚt)anrt;cUléRB

saCafμImþgeTot. kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alTaMgGs;enaH)aneFVIsmahrNkmμ

cUlrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)almþgeTot enAqñaM1998 CamYynwgkgT½BExμr

RkhmenAGnøg;Evg.

241 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy nak; vgS enAR)asaTtamnþ Ex]sPa qñaM 2012.

RBM s‘U KWCa«Bukmarbs; jwk b‘unéq.

242 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy GYg y:g; enATIrYmRsukvalEvg extþeBaF×sat;

éf¶TI11 Exmkra qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy y:g;}¦. GYg

y:g; RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaGPi)alRsukvalEvg bnÞab;BIsmahrNkmμ.

enAqñaM2011 y:g; )ancUlnivtþn_ nigRtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanRkúmRbwkSa

RsukvalEvg. Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ék supl enAPUmiéRCxageCIg XMu

Gnøg;rab RsukvalEvg extþeBaF×sat; éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2011. Ék

supl KWCasmaCikRkúmRbwkSaRsukvalEvg. supl KWCaGtItGgÁrkSrbs;

h‘U yn; BIqñaM1970 dl;qñaM1972.

264

243 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ekv san enAPUmiRbem:ayXMuRbem:ay RsukvalEvg

extþeBaF×sat; éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2011 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy

san}¦.

244 ebIeyagtambTsmÖasCamYy Li rin nigsmÖasCamYy QYn Qun/ b:ul Bt

manbMNgeRbIR)as;kareFVIdMeNIreTAéb:linCaGnÞak;edIm,Ismøab; tam:uk. sU

saerOn )an[dMNwgeTA b:ul Bt fa tam:uk )aneFVI[ sßanPaBenAéb:lin nig

m:aéL kan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg.

245 bTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qun. DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Li rin enAPUmiGUrKKIr

kNþal XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM2012.

246 vIedGUÉksar®sþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn enA

RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. vayGtßbT nigbkERbeRkApøÚvkar

eday Em:n BiciRt ¬bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦. karelIkeLIg

xagelIk¾RtÚv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgbTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qn; eday v:an;fan;

eBAdar:a nig bTsmÖasCamYy Gu‘k sux eday Lúg danI.

247 bTsmÖasCamYy jwb ha.

248 karsmøab; sun esn GacekIteLIgenAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1997. kar

smøab;enHekIteLIgenABak;kNþalGaRFaRtéf¶TI9 Exmifuna dUecñH skmμPaB

smøab;GacQandl;RBwkéf¶TI10 Exmifuna.

249 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYyQagQin/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñktm,aj/ smÖasenA

PUmiTMnb;fμI XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM2012

¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Qin}¦.

250 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½B ExμrRkhm

enAkñúgkgBl920/ smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg


251 ebIeyagtamsmÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ eqam Es/ nig Gn suPaB/ saerOn

manKMnMu CamYy sun esn taMgBIqñaM1975-1979mkemø:H enAeBlEdl

265

saerOn eFVICaRbFankgBl801 RbcaMenAextþrtnKirI. enAeBlenaH sun

esn )anTTYldMNwgBIkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl801fa saerOn )anRbRBwtþxus

sIlFm’CamYy®sþI. sun esn )anekaHehA saerOn mkPñMeBjedIm,Ieron

sURt b:uEnþ saerOn )anRcanecalkarekaHehAenaHCaeRcIndg. edaysar

Etxwgnwg saerOn sun esn )ancab;xøÜnkUnRbúsrbs; saerOn EdlkMBug

sikSaEpñkTMnak;TMngenAPñMeBj. eRkaymk enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmrt;

ePosxøÜn nigksagkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvijenAPñM1001 b:ul Bt )anEtg

taMg saerOn [RKb;RKgkgT½BTaMgGs;enAelIPñM1001 b:uEnþ sun esn

)anCMTas;. saerOn mankarGak;Gn;citþnwg sun esn EdlminTTYlsÁal;kar

xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜnedIm,IbuBVehtuExμrRkhm. pÞúyeTAvij sun esn

elIktemáIgEtb¥ÚnRbúsrbs;xøÜn nI kn nig sun QMu. edaysarEtktþa

TaMgGs;enH saerOn )aneqøót»kasenHsgswkelI sun esn nigRkúm

RKÜsarTaMgmUl.

252 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Li rin enAPUmiGUrKKIrkNþal XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg

extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas

CamYy rin}¦.

253 va:n;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy y:un hak;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BRsuk/

smÖasenAPUmiRsHQUk XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI24 Ex]sPa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy hak;}¦.

254 bTsmÖasCamYy swum ln.

255 bTsmÖasCamYy y:k; hm.

256 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy Dwm hM/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl920/

smÖasenAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI29 ExmIna

qñaM2012.

257 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy emoc sar:avuF enAXMuRBHRbLay RsukRtBaMg

R)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI25 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

266

{bTsmÖasCamYy sar:avuF}¦.

258 bTsmÖasCamYy Ehm emOn. emoc sar:avuF )anEhkRTúgEdk nig)an

rt;eKcxøÜnCamYybkçBYk. kñúgcMeNamenaHmanmñak;eQμaH elOn Edlbc©úb,nñ

CaRbFanGFikardæannKr)alRsukRtBaMgR)asaT. muneBlrt;eKcxøÜn

sar:avuF RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[ecjmkeRkARTúg edIm,Icm¥inGahar[GñkCab;

XMuXaMgTaMgGs;. éf¶mYy sar:avuF )anb:unb:grt;eKcxøÜn. sar:avuF )an

R)ab;Gñkyamfa Gs;GMbilsRmab;cm¥inGahar nigesñIsMu[GñkyamrUbenaH

CYyykGMbilmk[xøÜn. sar:avuF snüanwgGñkyamfa xøÜnnwgminlYcrt;enaH

eT edaysarEtkEnøgdak;GMbilenaHmancm¶ayEtb:unμanEm:RtBIRTúgEdk

b:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlGñkyamrUbenaHecjeTA)at; sar:avuF nigGñkCab;

XMuXaMgdéTeTot)an eRbIkmøaMgTaMgGs;EdlenAesssl; EhkRTúgEdkenaH

ecj. GñkCab;XMuXaMgTaMgGs;enaHmanrUbragsÁmsÁaMg ehIy)anEhk

cRmwgEdkecjBIKñalμmEtGacecjxøÜnrYc. GñkeTasTaMgenaH)anrt;y:ag

elOntamEtGaceFVIeTA)an nigsMedAeTApÞHrbs; sar:avuF. RbBn§rbs;

sar:avuF EdlCakUnRsIrbs;sUsaerOn minGaccMNaMbþIrbs;xøÜnÉg)aneday

sarEt sar:avuF duHsk;EvgdUcmnusSRsI. muxrbs; sar:avuF duHBukmat;CuMCit

ehIysemøókbMBak;rEhk nigkxVk;. edaysarEtP½yxøacnwgkartamcab;xøÜn

sar:avuF )anrt;eKcxøÜneTArs;enARsukkMeNItrbs;«BukenARsukERBkRbsBV

extþRkecH Gs;ry³eBl1qñaM. RbBn§rbs; emoc san eQμaH vIn EdlCa

b¥ÚnRsIrbs; »m Gan EdlCaGtItelxatMbn;41énPUmiPaKkNþal )aneTA

rs;enACamYybgRbúsrbs;xøÜnenARsukkMerog extþ)at;dMbg.

259 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy em:al em:A/ ePTRbús/ smÖasenAPUmi eQITalRCM

XMuføat RsukGnøg;Evg éføTI22 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas

CamYy em:A}¦. bTsmÖasCamYy Li rin.

260 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BkñúgkgBl

920/ smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI19 Exemsa

267

qñaM2012.

261 enAeBlkat;eTas b:ul Bt manbBaðasuxPaBCaeRcInrYceTAehIyEdlrYmman

CMgWexSayebHdUg nigelIsQamtaMgBIqñaM1995mkemø:H. enAeBlenaH

EpñkxageqVgénxøÜnrbs; b:ul Bt minGacdMeNIrkar)anCaRbRktIeTehIy

EPñkeqVgrbs;Kat;esÞIrEtggwteTAehIy. b:ul Bt GacedIr)anluHRtaEt

manCMnYyBIkmμaPi)alExμrRkhmekμg².

262 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy ck; Qun/ ePTRsI/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖasenA

PUmiyageCIg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM2012

¬ehAfakat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Qun}¦.

263 Lúg sarin/ {karkat;eTas b:ul Bt enAGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI25 Exkkáda

qñaM1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksareday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa. Lúg sarin KWCaGtItsmaCikrbs;KNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc nigCa

elxaTIBIrrbs;sßanTUtkm<úCaRbcaMenATIRkúg)agkk.


qñaM1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksar eday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa.


qñaM1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksar eday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa.

266 Lúg sarin/ {karkat;eTas b:ul Bt enAGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI25 Exkkáda qñaM

1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksar eday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCa.

267 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy QYn Qn; enAXMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;

Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012.

268 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nigexov sMpn enARsuk

Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. ExSvIedGUenHRtÚv)anpþl;[eday

268

James Gerrand. GtßbT nigbkERbeRkApøÚvkareday Em:n BiciRt. ¬bNÑsar





272 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy TYn Qin ehA CYn r:ug/ ePTRbús/ GtIt

kgT½BExμrRkhmenAextþkMBg;qñaMg/ smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg

RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa qñaM2012.

273 bTsmÖasCamYy Ém eGOn.



276 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Nub suCati/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFankgvresnatUc/

smÖasenA PUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa

qñaM2012.

277 ta m:uk nig jwk b‘unéq )ancrcaKñaedIm,IbegáItCasm½<n§PaBmuneBlPaB

claclenHbnþic. ExμrRkhmenAtMbn; Gnøg;Evgyl;RBmKaMRTrNsirS

rYbrYmCati EdlpþÜcepþImeLIgedayh‘Vúnsiunbiuc. emdwknaMTaMgBIr )anQandl;

karRBm eRBógKñaenAéf¶TI4 Exkkáda BIeRBaH b:ul Bt RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIy

tam:uk GacRbmUlpþú MGMNacTaMgGs;enAGnøg;Evg)an. sm½<n§PaBenHnwg

pþl;kmøaMgbEnßmdl;KNbkSh‘V únsiunbiuc edIm,ITb;Tl;CamYynwgKNbkS

RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlTTYl)ankmøaMgExμrRkhmCaeRcIn BItMbn;éb:lin nigm:aéL

kalBIqñaMmun. sm<½n§PaBenH)anbgá[manCemøaHRbdab;GavuF enAkñúgCYr

rdæaPi)alcRmúHrvagKNbkSh‘Vúnsiunbiuc nigKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa enAéf¶

TI5-6 Exkkáda qñaM1997. GñksegátkarN_mYycMnYn)anehACemøaH

enaHfa rdæRbhar.

278 smaCCatirbs;rNsirSr Ybr YmCatiRtÚv)anR)arB§eFV IeLIgenAsal

269

snñisITctumux kñúgraCFanIPñMeBj enAéf¶TI27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1997.

smaCenHKWCakarRBmeRBógKñarvagKNbkShV‘únsiunbiuc KNbkSCatiExμr

rbs;elak sm rgSúI nigKNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIniym RBHBuT§sasna

énRkúmrbs;semþc sWn san. sux PaB embBa¢akarkgT½BExμrRkhm

enAm:aéL nig RBM sU‘ embBa¢akarkgT½BExμrRkhm enAfμBYk k¾manvtþmanenAkñúg

smaCenaHEdr. smaCenH )anseRmce)aHeqñateRCIserIsnaykrdæm®nþI

TImYy semþcRkúmRBHneratþm rNb¤Ti§ CaRbFanrNsirS. KNbkSsamKÁI

CatiRbCaFibetyürbs; eGog sarI sßitenAes¶óms¶at;cMeBaHkarGMBavnav

rbs;rNsirS rYbrYmCati.

279 bTsmÖasCamYy Nub suCati. Nub suCati niyayfa ExμrRkhm enAtMbn;

Gnøg;Evg)ancab;xøÜnelak RKIsÞÚhV½r hUvs_ EdlCaCnCatiGg;eKøs nigGñk

bkERbmñak;eQμaH hYn hYt EdlCabuKÁlikrbs;Rkúmpþl;RbwkSaGMBImIn (MAG)

kalBIéf¶TI26 ExmIna qñaM1996. GñkTaMgBIrRtÚv)ansmøab;enATIbBa©b;.

emdwknaMExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg )anhamRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;min[niyay

GMBIkarcab;xøÜnCnbreTsrUbenHeT.

280 RbPBB½t’mandUcxagelI.

281 RbPBB½t’mandUcxagelI.

282 GñksegátkarN_ nigGñkRsavRCavmYycMnYn)anehARBwtþikarN_éf¶TI5-6

Exkkáda qñaM1997 faCardæRbhar. semþc h‘un Esn )anbdiesFdac;xat

cMeBaHkarelIkeLIgenH. jwk b‘unéq EdlkalBImun)anefáaleTascMeBaHrdæ

RbharenH eRkaymk)anehARBwtþikarN_enHfaCakarb:HTgÁiceyaFaépÞ

kñúgenAkñúgCYrraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlrYmTaMgshrdæ

Gaemrikpg )aneRCIserIsmineRbIBakü{rdæRbhar}. RBwtþikarN_éf¶TI5-6

Exkkáda )anbgá[mankarb:HTgÁicKñarvagkmøaMgExμrRkhmenAsMLÚt nigkmøaMg

rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAExsIha mYyExbnÞab;BIRBwtþikarN_enH. Rkúm

emdwknaM bHe)arrYmman nI kn ¬Edl)anpþac;xøÜnmunenHbnþic¦/ eGom pan/

270

mas mut nig sU hug Edlmin)ancUlrYmenAkñúgkarRbyuT§enaHeT. nI kn/

eGog pan nig mas mut RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnedaykmøaMgrbs; GuI Qan enA éb:lin

nigRtÚv)anXMuxø ÜnenAéb:linGs;CaeRcInEx. emdwknaMkarbHe)arTaMgenH

)anyl;RBmcuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alenAExFñÚ qñaM1997.

283 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn enA

RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. ExSvIedGUenHRtÚv)anpþl;[eday

James Gerrand. GtßbTnigbkERbeRkApøÚvkareday Em:n BiciRt. ¬bNÑsar


284 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn enARsuk




285 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nigexov sMpn enARsuk






288 bTsmÖasCamYy TYn Qin.

289 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Kwm Nn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/

smÖasenAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 ExmIna

qñaM2012.


291 srBgS eBA ¬Exmkra-kumÖ³ qñaM1999¦. {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1998 ³ cak

ecjBIPaBGs;sgÇwmeTArkkþIsgÇwm?} Asian Survey/ 39³1/ TMB½rTI21.

292 bTsmÖasCamYy TYn Qin.

271

293 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ekv P½Rk/ ePTRbús/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarEpñkksikmμ/

smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.

294 bTsmÖasCamYy sM PIn. enAkñúgesovePArbs; Fawthrop nig Javis/

eKcevHBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_?yutþiFm’EdlBi)akseRmc)an nigtulakar

kat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm/ TMB½r132/ GñkniBn§TaMgBIr)anelIkeLIgfa

shrdæGaemrik)andak;sm<aFelIRbeTséf [bBaÄb;CMnYy nigkEnøgsñak;

enAdl; tam:uk EdlRtÚv)anGaCJaFréfbgçM[cakecjBIRbeTséf. bnÞab;BI

TTYl)andMNwgsm¶at;enH raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa)anbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneTA

cab; tam:uk. EdlRtÚv)anbBa¢Úntam]T§mÖaKcRkmkXMuXaMgenAraCFanI

PñMeBj ¬TMB½rTI158 CMBUk7 CaPasaExμr¦.

295 va:n;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Tuy eFOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgkumar/

smÖasenAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21 Exemsa

qñaM2012.

296 bTsmÖasCamYy Nub suPa.


298 sUmemIl David M. Ayres/ karviPaKvinicä ½yeTAelIvibtþimYy ³ karGb;rM

karGPivDÆ nigsßanPaBGb;rMenAkm<úCa/1953-1998TMB½r10 ¬Silkworm

Books : eQogém:/ RbeTséf/ 2000¦. sUmemIlsmÖasCamYy Qit

FI.

299 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI. sUmemIlbTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.

300 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI. sUmemIlbTsmÖasCamYy mIu eqg.

301 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy miuc saev:t enAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg ¬éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012¦. ¬saev:t )anerobrab;R)ab;BI

CIvitrbs;Kat;kñúgnamCaGñkceRmógExμrRkhmenAkñúgTsvtSr_ qñaM1980

EdlceRmógPaKeRcInerobrab;BIkarkarBarRbeTskm<úCa RbqaMgnwgevot

Nam¦.

272

302 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy erOn Er:m enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012.


304 bTsmÖasCamYy Ém eGOn.

305 bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn.

306 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy mUl enn/ Rbús/ ksikr/ enAPUmiRtBaMgtav

XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012.

307 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy b‘Y can;Na/ RsI/ smaCikRkúmcl½t/ enAPUmi

fñl;EkgXMup¥av RsukRtBaMgR)asaT éf¶TI12 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa

{bTsmÖasCamYy can;Na}¦.

308 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Lúg lI/ RsI/ Priyarbs;kmμaPi)al

ExμrRkhm/ enAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Exemsa

qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.

309 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy erOn Er:m/ RsI/ GtItkmμaPi)alenAPUmiPaK 106/

enAPUmifñl;bMEbkXMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012.


311 bTsmÖasCamYy G‘uk sux.

312 bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn.

313 bTsmÖasCamYy b‘Y can;Na.

314 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy CMu CYg enAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg

éf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy CuM CYg}¦.

315 bTsmÖasCamYy»meKOm.

316 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy mUl enn enAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav

RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012.

317 bTsmÖasCamYy»m eKOm.

318 pat kusl smÖasCamYy kg sar:ay enAPUmiRBlan XMuGnøg;Evg

273

RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI15 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy

sar:ay}¦.

319 pat kusl smÖasCamYy saMg vI enAPUmikNþalelI XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI13 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy vI}¦.

320 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyQUk y:n enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg


321 bTsmÖasCamYy kg sar:ay.

322 bTsmÖasCamYy»m eKOm.

323 pat; kusl smÖasCamYy Gwum Lút enAPUmiRkLaj; XMulMTg Rsuk Gnøg;Evg

enAqñaM2011 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Lút}¦.

324 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy TYn Qin ehA r:ug enAPUmikNþaleRkam

XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa qñaM2012.

325 Lúg danI smÖasCamYymiucsaev:t enAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ RsukGnøg;Evg

éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012.

326 bTsmÖasCamYyCuM CYg.

327 bTsmÖasCamYy »m eKOm.

328 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy erOn Er:m enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy

Er:m}¦. bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn. bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.

329 bTsmÖasCamYy Lúg lI.

330 bTsmÖasCamYy Gwum Lút.

331 bTsmÖasCamYy erOn Er:m.


333 bTsmÖasCamYy saMg vI.



274

336 bTsmÖasCamYyGwum Lút. {ekμg²bc©úb,nñcg;Qb;eFIVkargarksikmμ. b:uEnþ

KitfaeyIgminGacQb;RbkbrbrksikmμenH)aneT. edaysarEtmUl

ehtuenHehIy enAEtbnþeFVIERscmáar}. sUmemIl bTsmÖasCamYy Ém

eGOn.

337 sux vNÑ³ smÖasCamYy G‘ul sar:at; enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk

Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy

sar:at;}¦.




341 bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn nigbTsmÖasCamYy G‘ul sar:at;.


343 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ey:m h‘un enAPUmirMelc XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk Gnøg;Evg

éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.


345 RKIsÞÚhV½r eDorIg smÖasCamYy mIn müam enAPUmimYyrbs;éf enA éf¶TI12

ExkumÖ³ qñaM2014.


347 bTsmÖasCamYy bY‘ can;Na.



350 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy etIg GgÁ enAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22

Exemsa qñaM2012.


275

276

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