MR. PACE

Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Animal Anatomy and Physiology

At the completion of this unit, students will be able to:A. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated

with the skeletal and muscular systemsB. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases in the

respiratory systemC. Describe the organs, function, and common associated diseases in

the digestive systemD. Describe the organs, function, and common associated diseases in

the circulatory systemE. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated

with the endocrine and excretory systemF. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated

with the integumentary and nervous systemG. Describe the organs, function, and common diseases associated

with the immune and reproductive systems.

What’s Anatomy and Physiology??

Anatomy: Structure of a plant or an animal

Physiology: Functions of living organisms and their parts.

You must know what “normal”Functioning is to recognize the abnormal

Skeletal System

Purpose Provide Structure and Function to the body

Made up of: Bones Cartilage Connective Tissue (tendons and ligaments)

Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton Head Spinal Column Ribs

Appendicular Skeleton Limbs

Skeletal System

Short Bone – cube shaped, found by joints and give flexibility i.e. carpus and tarsus

Flat Bone – plate of bone, usually protect vital organs i.e. scapula, rib, skull

Irregular Bone – complex shaped i.e. Vertebrae

Sesamoid – small, seed – shaped bone i.e. proximal and distal sesamoids, patella

Long Bone – bone is longer than it is wide i.e. femur, tibia, humerus, etc

Skeletal System

Skeletal System

Bone Anatomy

Bone marrow Endosteum

Medullary cavity

Skeletal System Problems

Fractures

Skeletal System Problems

FracturesCause: InjurySymptoms: lameness, malformation of limbCure:

Low (er) cost = Splints & Casts High cost = Surgery

Skeletal System Problems

Fractures

Skeletal System Problems

Fracture Repair

Skeletal System Problems

Hip DysplasiaCause: Genetic, Large breed dogs most proneSymptoms: Lameness, as young as 6-12

months old, reluctant to rise or jumpCure:

Low(er) cost = Arthritis medication to control pain High Cost = Surgery

Skeletal System Problems

Hip Dysplasia

Normal Hip Young dog with early signs of hip

dysplasia

Older dog with severe hip dysplasia

Skeletal System Problems

OsteosarcomaCause: Unknown, but giant breeds are extra

proneSymptoms: Lameness, abnormal shape to

affected area (bone tumor)Cure:

Amputation, chemotherapy No good cure

Skeletal System Problems

Osteosarcoma

Skeletal System Problems

Cruciate Ligament Tear

Cause: InjurySymptoms: LamenessCure:

Surgery AKA: ACL Repair (in humans)

Skeletal System Problems

Cruciate Ligament Tearhttp://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jg9E2nBt_E

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nU2QZjjByg

Skeletal System Problems

ArthritisCause: Age (previous injuries increase

chances of arthritis significantly)Symptoms: Lameness, difficulty getting up

and downCure:

Anti inflammatory meds

Muscular System

Purpose: Move the Skeleton Proper Organ Function Meat

Made up of: Skeletal Muscle: Movement Cardiac Muscle: Heart Smooth Muscle: Organs

Muscular System

Classifications of Muscle:

Voluntary: Movement is made by choice

Involuntary: Movement happens automatically

Muscular System

Muscle Movement:

Muscular System

Masseter Brachiocephalicus

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi External

abdominal

oblique

Gluteals

Biceps femoris

IntercostalTriceps

brachi

Deltoid

Pectorals

Semitendinous

Gastrocnemius

Muscular System Problems

SprainsCause: InjurySymptoms: LamenessCure:

Rest Anti inflammatory meds

Respiratory System

Purpose: Provide Oxygen to blood Expel Carbon Dioxide Regulates Temperature………??

Dogs and cats pant to cool down because they can’t sweat

• Made up of:• Nasal Cavity• Trachea• Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchioles• Alveoli

Respiratory System

Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory System

Respiratory System

Lower Respiratory System

Respiratory System Problems

Upper Respiratory InfectionCause: Bacteria or VirusSymptoms: Runny Nose, SneezingCure:

Antibiotics **Very common in kittens

Respiratory System Problems

BordetellaCause: VirusSymptoms: CoughingPrevention: VaccineCure:

Antibiotics can help symptoms but viruses have to run their course

Respiratory System Problems

Reverse SneezeCause: Nasal, Pharyngeal, or sinus irritation OR

brachycephalic skullsSymptoms: Rapid forced inhalation through the

nose, snorting and gaggingCure:

Cover the dogs nose so it has to breath through their mouth and sallow

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IszRBYxsGI

Digestive System

Purpose: Convert food into energy to live and grow

Made up of: Mouth, teeth, esophagus Stomach Intestines Glands producing digestive enzymes

Monogastric Ruminant

Digestive System

Digestive System

Monogastric Simple stomach One comartment

Pig Horse Dog Cat

Digestive System

Ruminants: One Stomach 4 compartments

Cattle Sheep Goats Deer/Elk/Moose Giraffes

Digestive System Problems

Foreign Body“Garbage Gut”

Cause: Ingesting foreign materialSymptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pain,

lethargyCure:

Surgery to remove foreign body What does your pet think tastes good?

Foreign Body “Garbage Gut”

Digestive System Problems Case Study….

Herbie, a 5-year-old, neutered basset hound, presented with a 2-day history of lethargy and intermittent vomiting. The owner had noticed a small number of pebbles in the vomitus.

On physical examination, palpation revealed a slightly painful abdomen and a bean bag–like feel to the cranioventral abdomen. Abdominal radiography revealed a large amount of mineral-density, radiopaque material in the stomach, with diffuse gas and additional mineral-density opacities in areas of the intestines and colon

Digestive System Problems Case Study…..

Digestive System Problems Case Study…..

During gastrostomy, 2 lb of pea gravel was removed! The owner later discovered that a family member had emptied a pan of grease on some outdoor gravel, and Herbie did what any red-blooded dog would do. Herbie recovered normally from surgery and is back to being the perfect basset hound

Digestive System Problems

ObesityCause: Over-eating, no exercise, table scrapsSymptoms: OverweightCure: Strict diet and exercise

Digestive System Problems

ObesityWhat’s the danger?

Arthritis Diabetes Pancreatitis Etc

Video Video

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