the long bones of large mammals, as well as a fragmentof the diaphysis of a humerus and a fragment of thediphysis of the long bone of a medium-sized mammal.

In this layer, in the extension of the test-pit towardsthe southeast, following remains were discovered: thefragmented right lower second molar of a mule (Equuscaballus x Equus asinus), the teeth of a domestic cattle(the left upper third premolar and the fragmented,right lower third molar) and the first phalanx, as wellas three fragments of long bones, belonging to largemammals, and two fragments of long bones belongingto medium-sized mammals.

In the same layer, to the northeast of the tomb, thefollowing remains were excavated: the distal part ofthe metacarpus and two bones that came from the rearextremities of a domestic cattle (the right centro-tarsaland the fragment of the left talus), a fragment of a germof the last molar from a domestic pig (Sus domesticus)and the diaphysis of the humerus of a fox (Vulpesvulpes).

In layer B, to the northeast of the tomb, thefollowing remains were found: a fragment of thevertical ramus of a mules lower jaw, the proximalend of the metacarpus of a domestic cattle, the distaljoint of the first phalanx of a goat or sheep, and fourfragments of the long bones of large mammals.

315

STARINAR LVII/2007.

VESNA DIMITRIJEVI], Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade

ALEKSANDAR MEDOVI], Museum of Vojvodina, Novi Sad

ANIMAL AND PLANT REMAINS IN A TOMBIN TEST-PIT 1/05, OUTSIDE THE FORTIFIED

IMPERIAL PALACE FELIX ROMULIANA

Abstract. During the excavations of a tomb located outside the defence walls of the imperial palace, Felix Romuliana, animaland plant remains were collected, the analysis of which is the subject of the present study. The faunal remains include the bonesand teeth of domestic animals mule (Equus caballus x Equus asinus), domestic ox (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), sheep orgoat (Ovis/Capra), pig (Sus domesticus) and dog (Canis familiaris), a few remains of wild animals red deer (Cervus elaphus)and fox (Vulpes vulpes), and bone of a bird. Until now, no remains of mule have been discovered on sites originating from the

classical period at the territory of Serbia. As for plant remains, pieces of carbonized oak wood (Quercus) and maple wood(Acer) were found, as well as a carbonized seed of a cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera vinifera) and a tiny fruit of goosegrass

(Galium aparine).

Key words. Felix Romuliana, imperial palace, animal remains, plant remains, Equus caballus x Equus asinus.

Animal remains from the tomb in test-pit 1/05

During the excavations of the tomb outside thedefence walls of the imperial palace, FelixRomuliana (Petkovi, in the present issue ofStarinar), animal bones were discovered and collectedfrom the layer covering the tomb. This layer wasdesignated as layer A characterized by dark-brown claysoil containing construction debris and fragments ofpottery dating from the late classical, medieval andrecent periods. The average thickness of this layer wasapprox 35 cm. The animal bones were also collectedfrom the layer of light brown soil beneath it (markedas layer B), as well as the fill of the tomb, the centralgrave and the grave of a child in the eastern corner ofthe tomb.

In layer A, which covered the tomb, the remainswere found of domestic cattle (Bos taurus), sheep orgoat (Ovis/Capra) and red deer (Cervus elaphus).Two teeth originated from the domestic cattle,probably from the single lower jawbone the rightlower first molar and the right lower rear milk molar.A left upper second molar was found, which originatedfrom a sheep or a goat, as well as the diaphysis of theshinbone of a red deer. There were also remains thatcould not be identified at a species level: a cranialbone, two fragments of a rib and three fragments of

UDC 904:58/59(497.11)"02/03"904:726.8."652"(497.11)

DOI: 10.2298/STA0757315D

During the excavation of the central grave in thetomb, the remains of dog, mule, domestic cattle, pig,sheep and a bone of a bird (a fragment of the diaphysisof the right metatarsus) were collected. The majorityof the remains originated from domestic cattle: thefragment of a root of a lower molar crown, the fragmentof a right lower third molar, a fragment of a joint headand a diaphysis of the left thigh bone, the proximalend of the right thigh bone, the distal epiphysis of theshin bone and one second phalanx. All the remains ofthe mule came from the right lower jawbone, althoughthe fragments could not be conjoined. They were

weathered fragments of the horizontal ramus of thelower jaw (fig.1, b) and, more or less well preservedteeth (the last milk molar, second and third premolar,a fragment of the fourth premolar germ and the firstmolar) (fig.1, a). Remains of domestic pig compriseda fragment of a temporal bone, a proximal fragmentof the third metatarsus and two foetal shoulder bones,left and right, which doubtlessly originated from thesingle foetus. The distal part of a shinbone belongedto a sheep (Ovis aries), but as for a fragmented tinybone from the ankle (intermedium), it was impossibleto determine whether it came from a sheep or a goat.

316 VESNA DIMITRIJEVI], ALEKSANDAR MEDOVI]

Sl. 1. Ostaci dowe vilice mule (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) iz grobnice u sondi 1 /05. a rekonstru-kcija zubnog niza: fragment drugog molara (M2), prvi molar (M1), zadwi mle~ni molar (D4), fragment

klice ~etvrtog premolara (P4), tre}i (P3) i drugi (P2) premolar, b fragmenti horizontalne grane, c fragment vertikalne grane, d prvi dowi molar (M1) okluzalno.

Fig. 2. Lower jaw of a mule (Equus caballus x Equus asinus) from the tomb in test-pit 1/ 05. a reconstruction ofthe tooth-row: fragment of the second molar (M2), the first molar (M1), the last milk molar (D4), fragment of the

germ of the forth premolar (P4), the third premolar (P3), and the second premolar (P2), b fragments of thehorizontal ramus, c a fragment of the vertical ramus, d the first lower molar (M1), occlusal.

ANIMAL AND PLANT FINDS IN A TOMB IN TEST-PIT 1/05, OUTSIDE THE FORTIFIED IMPERIAL PALACE FELIX ROMULIANA 317

STARINAR LVII/2007.

The lower, right jawbone with alveoli for premolarsand molars, the distal part of a right shinbone and thedistal ends of two metapodials were discovered to ha-ve come from a dog.

At the bottom of the grave pit of the central grave,in the layer of soot and ashes beneath crematedhuman bones, there were a carbonized wood and thecarbonized fragments of a long bone belonging to alarge mammal and other fragments of unindentifiableanimal bones.

In the disturbed grave of a child in a cyst madeof tegulae in the eastern corner of the tomb, fragmentsof the epiphysis of a radius and the second phalanx ofa domestic cattle and a fragment of a distal end of themetacarpus from a sheep were found.

Dimensions of each specimen are shown intable 1.

The majority of remains were those of domesticcattle. At least two of these animals were represented.All the lower jaw teeth (the last milk molar, the firstmolar and the germ of the last molar) most probablyoriginated from the same right lower jaw belongingto a 24-month to 30-month old animal (Habermehl,1975:85), whereas the third premolar from the upperjaw was rather worn out and belonged to an older,full-grown animal. There were no repeated elementsamong the remains of the post-cranial skeleton,suggesting that there was more than one animal; allthe remains corresponded either to a young animalthat was not yet fully grown (to which the distalepiphyses of a radius and a shinone belonged), or toa fully grown animal (from which the thigh bones andthe metacarpus originated). Based on the length of themetacarpus, the withers height could be establishedand, according to the index Matolcsi (1970: 113)provided, it measured 131.2 cm. There are fewarchaeozoological data available for the territory ofMoesia that would make it possible for us to discussthe characteristics of a domesticated animal population,but based on the finds from the neighbouring provincesone may assume that in Roman times, there were localbreeds of smaller size animals in Moesia, inherited toa great extent from the Iron Age, as well as a largerbreed imported from Italy. Thus, on a large samplefrom the Roman Pannonian town of Tac-Gorsium,Bknyi singled out a local breed with a withers heightof less than 120.0 cm, and a larger breed introducedfrom Italy, with a withers height exceeding 125.0 cm(Bknyi, 1984: 28). A metacarpus, based on which

the withers height of the domestic cattles fromRomuliana was estimated, would certainly correspondto the second breed.

The bones of a dog were found only in the centralgrave of the tomb. They belonged to a large-sized breed.The lower jaw was elongated, and the arrangement ofthe alveoli suggested that the premolars were set apartfrom each other, particularly the second and third.The distal part of the shinbone belonged to a sub-adultdog: the line where the distal epiphysis and thediaphysis grew together was visible.

It appears that the remains of a mule were primarilylocated only in the central grave of the tomb. Theyconsisted of a larger number of fragments and isolatedteeth, all of which originated from the same lowerjaw. The teeth, the last milk molar, the second andthird premolar, a fragment of the fourth premolargerm, the first molar and a fragment of the secondmolar, were well preserved (fig. 1, a), but the parts ofthe horizontal (fig. 1, b) and the vertical ramus (fig.1,c) of the jaw showed visible signs of weathering. Theanimal, to which the jaw had belonged, was aboutthree years old; it was less than three and a half yearsbecause, at that age, the last milk molar (D4) wasreplaced by the fourth, permanent premolar (P4)(Habermehl, 1975, 32). In our specimen, D4 was stillfunctional, although it was rather worn out, and partof the crown of the permanent premolar (P4), whichhad grown in the alveoli under the milk D4 tooth, waspreserved. The age of the animal was more than threeyears because the premolars P2 and P3 were not wornout, and they begin to show signs of wear at the ageof three, at the latest (Hillson, 1990, appendix D,after Levin, 1982).

One may conclude that this was a hybrid horsebased on the morphology of the occlusal surface ofthe teeth, according to the distinguishing criteriaestablished by quite a few authors (Davis, 1980;Eisenmann, 1981; Johnstone, 2004). The groove ofthe double loop is deep and V-shaped. In a horse, sucha groove is U-shaped and, in a donkey, it is alsoV-shaped, but shallow. The double loop is roughlysymmetrical, with rounded posterior (metastilid) andanterior (metakonid) parts. The double loop in a horseis asymmetrical, with an angular metastilid and roundedmetakonid. The buccal fold enters the neck of thedouble loop and almost touches its base on M1 (fig. 1,d). In a donkey, this fold does not reach the neck ofthe double loop.

318 VESNA DIMITRIJEVI], ALEKSANDAR MEDOVI]

Table 1.

Canis familiarismandible alveolar length P2-M3 80.3alveouls for M1 length 20.0tibia medio-lateral width of the distal end 22.0

antero-posterior width of the distal end 17.3Mp indet. medio-lateral width of the distal end 8.1Vulpes vulpeshumerus minimum medio-lateral width of the diaphysis 7.9Equus caballus x Equus asinusP2 length 30.4

width 14.2P3 length 28.2

width 15.0M1 length 24.2

width 14.5D4 length 30.7

width 15.3Sus domesticushumerus (foetal) length 25.5matatarsus III medio-lateral width of the proximal end 15.8

antero-posterior width of the proximal end 20.8Cervus elaphustibia minimum medio-lateral width of the diaphysis 30.6Bos taurasP2 length 15.4

width 18.3D4 length 29.8

width 11.3M1 length 27.5

width 14.6metacarpus length 212.2

medio-lateral width of the proximal end 56.7antero-posterior width of the proximal end 33.8medio-lateral width in the middle of the diaphysismedio-lateral width of the distal end 57.0antero-posterior width of the distal end 31.0

centrotarsale medio-lateral width 53.1antero-posterior width 49.1

Ph I abaxial length ~ 49.5Ph I medio-lateral width of the distal joint 26.5Ph II abaxial length 37.2

medio-lateral width of the proximal end 29.4medio-lateral width of the distal end 25.2

Ph II abaxial length 43.6medio-lateral width of the distal end 24.6

Ovis ariestibia medio-lateral width of the distal end 28.2

antero-posterior width of the distal end 21.0Ovis/CapraM2 length 16.7

width 11.6Ph I medio-lateral width of the distal joint 11.8

The mule, the hybrid of a horse, was a favouriteanimal in the Roman world. It was used for riding,pulling a plough or a cart, and for carrying cargo(Clutton-Brock, 1987:98). Among the remains ofhorses from the classical period discovered to date inthe territory of Serbia (Blai, 1995; Gili, 1994; Ne-deljkovi, 1977), the remains of mules have not beenidentified.

The collected animal bones were mostly yellowishwith black spots, originating from organic materials compost or fertilizer from a ploughed field inthe topsoil. The bones were mainly fragmented butrelatively well preserved, without any traces ofweathering that would indicate that they had laid onthe surface, exposed to atmospheric conditions beforethey reached this context. Some specimens showedtraces of plant roots, what may have been becausethey had lain near the surface and the arable topsoil.The shinbone of a red deer differed in colour andphysical-chemical alterations from the other bones.This bone was light brown in colour, and its surfacewas considerably damaged, most probably due to thecorrosive action of a chemical agent.

Except for the fragmented bones from the bottomof the grave pit in the central grave, which werecarbonized, i.e. burned at a relatively high temperature,no traces of fire could be seen on the other bones.

Some bones bore visible traces of the teeth ofcarnivorous animals, probably of a dog: the phalanxof the domestic cattle from layer A, covering thetomb, the two proximal ends of the thigh bone ofcattle, and the distal part of the shinbone of a sheepfrom the central grave in the tomb, as well as thesecond phalanx of cattle from the childs grave. Onone of the thigh bones with the traces of teeth, thereare also traces of an artefact made by a metal blade.

In layers A and B, fragments of the same boneswere found: in layer A, northeast of the tomb, theproximal fragment of a metacarpus from cattle and, inlayer B, a distal fragment of the same bone. Part of amules jaw-bone was also found in layer A, northeastof the tomb, most probably belonging to the same jawas the fragments of the jaw and teeth found in thecentral grave in the tomb; a tooth fragment, found inlayer A in the northeast extension of test-pit 1, alsocame from the same jaw-bone. The second phalanx ofthe cattle, excavated from the central grave in thetomb, also articulates with the first phalanx, excavatedin layer A of the test-pit extension to the southeast.Based on the aforesaid, one can conclude that thelayers A and B were formed most probably through

more recent ploughing activities, and that the animalbones had all originally been in the same layer, i.e.context.

The question arises as to whether the gatheredanimal bones were connected to a funeral rite thattook place immediately after the cremation anddeposition of the ashes of the deceased in the tomb, orin a later period. Perhaps they might have representedthe usual inventory of a cultural layer outside afortification.

Based on the composition of the fauna and theoccurrence of the different fragments of the skeletons,we cannot find a reliable answer to this question,especially because the bones, most probably due toploughing, were dislodged from their initial context,and an unknown part of the sample is missing. Thediversity of the remains does not confirm thehypothesis that they were ritual remains: there wereeight kinds of different animals, some of which wereordinary domesticated farm animals (cattle, sheep,pig), raised for their meat and other products, and theothers were domestic animals that were not primarilyraised for their meat but as traction or load carryinganimals (mule), or as pets or for guarding (dog). Wildanimals were also represented, a red deer and a fox,although it is possible that the bone of a red deer wasfrom another context, considering the taphonomiccharacteristics according to which the bone differedfrom all the other osteological finds. In the case offunerary rites, one would expect a lesser variety either the remains of animals sacrificed as offeringsof food, such as the remains of cattle, sheep or pig, orthose animals that might have belonged to the deceasedperson: those animals the deceased might have usedfor riding during his life, such as mule, or pets, suchas his own dog. However, one cannot exclude thepossibility that all the remains of the animals wererelated to the rite that took place immediately after thecremation and interment of the remains of the deceasedperson in the tomb, but the remains might have beenthe outcome of repeated rituals to commemorate thedeceased.

In addition, the diversity of the available skeletonelements did not indicate that they were linked to afunerary rite: there were fragments of a jaw-bone, i.e.teeth, and different parts of limbs, both proximalfragments, which could be interpreted as the leftoversof food offerings (for example, the proximal fragmentsof the thigh bones of cattle), as well as distal fragments(the metapodial bones, the carpal and tarsal, and thephalanx of cattle, pig, and sheep or goat).

ANIMAL AND PLANT FINDS IN A TOMB IN TEST-PIT 1/05, OUTSIDE THE FORTIFIED IMPERIAL PALACE FELIX ROMULIANA 319

STARINAR LVII/2007.

Archaeobotanical analysis of samples from the tomb in test-pit 1/05During the year 2005, an archaeobotanist from

Novi Sad joined the team of archaeological researchersin Gamzigrad. In the course of archaeologicalexploration conducted in the immediate surroundingsof the southern defence wall of the imperial palace, atomb was found that had originated from the period ofthe tetrarchy (the end of the 3rd and the beginning ofthe 4th century). Several samples of soil, containingcarbonized plant material needed for macrobotanical,archaeobotanical analyses were collected from thetomb, as well as from the cultural layer into whichit had been dug (in the second half of the 3rd century).The manual flotation of the samples (10 litres ofsubstratum per sample) was carried out in the Museumof Vojvodina. For the requirements of the flotationprocess we used a sieve, dia.0.25 mm, to prevent eventhe smallest plant seeds being missed in the tests. Theplant material consisting mainly of carbonized wood charcoal had been drying slowly for several daysin a dry, dark room in order to be checked later undera binocular magnifier, magnifying up to 45 times.

From five samples taken from the tomb, we singledout 133 pieces of carbonized wood larger than onecentimetre. The largest number of finds (93) consistedof the remains of a species of the oak tree (Quercus).The remainder was attributed to a species of mapletree (Acer). The distribution of the finds in the tomb wasuneven. The three samples, excavated from beneaththe mantle of the burial mound, where we had foundthe remains of a pyre (soot, human and animal bones,a gold fibula), contained the remains of both generaeof tree, in which those of oak predominated. We wereable to identify only the remains of oak in the gravepit, whereas the finds of maple dominated in the sampleoriginating from the mantle above the burial mo-und. The composition of the identified generae oftrees fitted in very well with the natural environmentof Gamzigrad.

The natural, potential vegetation of this hilly areaaround Galeriuss palace consists of forests, in whichthe pomegranate oak and Turkey oak (Quercus ceris)are native (Group of Authors, 1983). Other species ofsmaller trees grow in these temperate and radiantforests, as well as many species of shrubs and a largenumber of herbaceous plants, at ground level. Among

the smaller trees and shrubs, we most frequentlyencounter another species of maple, the rowan, wildpear, elm, hawthorn, blackthorn, red dogwood, roseand sumac (Jankovi et al., 1984). On the alluvialdeposits of the Crni Timok River, the potentialvegetation mainly comprises moist and logwood forestof English oak, European ash, alder, willow and poplar.The higher altitudes around Gamzigrad, characterizedby lower average temperatures and a higher level ofhumidity, are covered in mountain beech wood,mountain maple and maple beebread trees, Europeanash, a species of maple, the silver-leaf linden, hazelbushes and gurgling shrubs. The rich forestland ofTimoka Krajina suddenly began to dwindle after theliberation from the Turks, in 1833 (Mihajlovi, 1982).In the beginning, this applied only to the areas offorestland. However, as time went on, the selectivefelling of certain species of trees led to a change in thestructure of the remaining forests. This resulted in thereduction of wooded areas in the Zajear region byabout 35% (data from 1998).

In one of the two samples from the interior of thetomb, which belonged to the habitation layer in whichthe tomb was built, apart from the remains of carbonizedwood from a species of maple, we discovered thecarbonized seed of a cultivated grapevine (Vitis viniferaL. subsp. vinifera) and the tiny fruit of goosegrass(Galium aparine L). In the second sample, we onlyfound remains of a species of oak.

ConclusionThe analyses of the animal and plant remains

discovered in the tomb in test-pit 1/05, were done, first,because they were believed to have been connectedwith a funeral rite. There is no doubt that the fragmentsof carbonized oak and maple are the remains of woodburned on a funeral pyre. However, where it concernsthe other organic finds, the animal bones and teeth, theseed of the grapevine and the fruit of the goosegrass,it is impossible to tell whether they originate from thehabitation layer in which the tomb was dug, or whetherthey are remains that were deposited during the funeralrite. This refers particularly to the animal remains,which, as we ascertained, had been moved postdepo-sitionally from their original location, most probablydue to modern methods of soil cultivation.

320 VESNA DIMITRIJEVI], ALEKSANDAR MEDOVI]

Bknyi 1984 S. Bknyi, Animal husbandryand hunting in Tc-Gorsium, The vertebrate fauna ofa Roman town in Pannonia, Stud.Arch. 8, Budapest1984, 1124.

Blai 1995 S. Blai, Ostaci ivotinjskih vrstasa lokaliteta na trasi auto-puta kroz Srem, u Arheo-loka istraivanja du auto puta kroz Srem, Novi Sad1995, 331346.

Clutton-Brock 1999 J. Clutton-Brock, A NaturalHistory of Domesticated Mammals, London 1999.

Davis 1980 S. Davis, Late Pleistocene andHolocene equid remains from Israel, ZoologicalJournal of the Linnean Society 70, 1980, 289312.

Eisenmann 1981 V. Eisenmann, Etude desdents jugales infrieures des Equus (Mammalia,Perissodactyla) actuels et fossiles, Paleovertebrata 10(34), 1981, 127226.

Gili 1994 D. Gili, Ostaci konja (Equus cabal-lus L.) sa arheolokog lokaliteta hipodrom u Sirmiju-mu, Rad Vojvodjanskog muzeja 36, Novi Sad 1994,8193.

Grupa autora 1983 Grupa autora, Karta pri-rodne potencijalne vegetacije SFR Jugoslavije/ Mapof Natural Potential Vegetation of FSR Yugoslavia(1:1 000 000), Beograd 1983.

Hillson 1990 S. Hillson, Teeth, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 1990.

Habermehe 1975 K.-H. Habermehe, DieAlterbestimmung bei Haus- und Labortiezen, VerlagPaul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, 1975.

Jankovi, Panti, Mii, Dikli, Gaji 1984 M. Jankovi, N. Panti, V. Mii, N. Dikli, M. Gaji,Vegetacija SR Srbije, 1, Beograd 1984.

Johnstone 2004 C. J. Johnstone, A BiometricStudy of Equids in the Roman World, Thesis submittedfor PhD, University of York, Department of Archaeo-logy, York 2004.

Matolsci 1970 J. Matolsci, HistorischeErgorschung der Krpergrsse des Rindes anggrund von ungorishemknochem Knochenmaterial,Zeitschrigt fr Tilrzctung und Zchtungsbiologie,87, 89137.

Mihajlovi 1982 I. Mihajlovi, umarstvo Ti-moke krajine od 1833. do 1979. godine, Zajear1982.

Nedeljkovi 1997 D. Nedeljkovi, Ostaci ivo-tinjskih kostiju sa lokaliteta 80 Sirmijuma (1996),Preliminarni izvetaj, Zbornik Muzeja Srema 3, Srem-ska Mitrovica 1997, 3744.

Petkovi 2009 S. Petkovi, Late Roman Necro-polis of Romuliana, Area South of the FortifiedPalace (Research 20052006), Starinar LVII/2007,Beograd 2009, 251275.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tokom iskopavawa grobnice iz periodatetrahije (kraj 3./po~etak 4. veka) u neposred-noj blizini ju`nog bedema carske palate FelixRomuliana sakupqeni su ostaci `ivotiwa i bi-qaka.

@ivotiwske kosti sakupqene su iz slojakoji je prekrivao grobnicu (ozna~en kao slojA) (tamno-mrka glinovita zemqa sa ostacimasitnijeg gra|evinskog {uta i fragmentimakasnoanti~ke, sredwovekovne i recentne grn-~arije, prose~ne debqine oko 35 cm), iz slojasvetlo mrke zemqe ispod wega (ozna~en kaosloj B), koji ~ini i ispunu grobnice van cen-tralnog groba, zatim tokom iskopavawa cen-tralnog groba u grobnici i de~jeg groba u is-to~nom uglu grobnice.

Otkriveni su ostaci gove~eta (Bos taurus),mule (Equus caballus x Equus asinus), ovce (Ovisaries), ovce ili koze (Ovis/Capra), sviwe (Sus do-mesticus) i psa (Canis familiaris), malobojni osta-ci divqih `ivotiwa jelena (Cervus elaphus) ilisice (Vulpes vulpes), kao i jedna kost ptice.

Najbrojniji su ostaci gove~eta. Zastupqe-ne su najmawe dve jedinke. Na osnovu du`inemetakarpusa izra~unata je visina grebena od131.2 cm prema indeksu koji je dao Matolcsi(1970: 113). Na osnovu ovoga se mo`e pretpo-staviti da ne pripada sitnijoj lokalnoj rasi,nasle|enoj iz gvozdenog doba, ~iji se uzgoj nateritoriji Mezije mo`e pretpostaviti naosnovu podataka iz susednih provincija, ve}krupnojoj rasi uvedenoj iz Italije.

Kosti psa otkrivene su samo u central-nom grobu u grobnici. Pripadaju nekoj ve}ojrasi psa.

I ostaci mule izgleda da su se primarnonalazili samo u centralnom grobu u grobnici.Radi se o ve}em broju fragmenata i izolova-nih zuba koji svi poti~u iz iste dowe vilice.Starost jedinke kojoj je vilica pripadala je

oko 3 godine. Mule, hibridi kowa, bile su omi-qene `ivotiwe u Rimskom svetu. Kori{}enesu za jahawe, vu~u pluga i kola, i za no{ewe te-reta (Clutton-Brock, 1987: 98). Ostaci mule nisudo sada bili otkriveni na nalazi{tima iz an-ti~kog perioda sa teritorije Srbije.

Na osnovu sastava faune i zastupqenostirazli~itih delova skeleta ne mo`e se do}i dopouzdanog odgovora na pitawe da li su saku-pqene `ivotiwske kosti u vezi sa pogrebnimritualom koji se odvijao posle spaqivawa ipolagawa ostataka pokojnika u grobnicu.

S obzirom da su u slojevima A i B prona|e-ni delovi istih kostiju, mo`e se zakqu~iti dasu ovi slojevi formirani postdepoziciono,odnosno najverovatnije savremenom obradomzemqe, da su `ivotiwske kosti delom izme-{tene iz prvobitnog konteksta, i da nepozna-ti deo uzorka nedostaje. Raznovrsnost ostata-ka ne govori u prilog hipotezi da su u pitawuobredni ostaci: zastupqeni su ostaci osam vr-sta razli~itih `ivotiwa, dve divqe (jelen,lisica) i {est doma}ih, od kojih su neke uobi-~ajene sto~ne `ivotiwe gajene zbog mesa i dru-gih proizvoda (gove~e, ovca, sviwa), a druge do-ma}e `ivotiwe koje se primarno ne gaje zbogmesa, ve} kao ivotiwe za vu~u i no{ewe tere-ta (mula), ili kao qubimac ili ~uvar (pas).Kod pogrebnih rituala o~ekivali bismo mawuraznovrsnost ili ostatke `ivotiwa koji suprino{eni kao prilog u hrani, kao {to suostaci gove~eta, ovce i sviwe, ili `ivotiwavezanih za pokojnika, {to bi mogle biti `ivo-tiwa koju je pokojnik jahao, kao mula, ili we-gov sopstveni pas. Raznovrsnost zastupqenihdelova skeleta tako|e ne ukazuje na wihovu ve-zu sa pogrebnim obredom: zastupqeni su delo-vi vilica, odnosno zubi, i razli~iti deloviekstremiteta, kako proksimalni delovi kojibi se mogli tuma~iti kao ostaci ponuda u hra-

322 VESNA DIMITRIJEVI], ALEKSANDAR MEDOVI]

Rezime: VESNA DIMITRIJEVI], Filozofski fakultet,Odeqewe za arheologiju, Beograd

ALEKSANDAR MEDOVI], Muzej Vojvodine, Novi Sad

OSTACI @IVOTIWA I BIQAKA IZ GROBNICA U SONDI 1/05,VAN UTVR\ENE CARSKE PALATE FELIX ROMULIANA

ni (na primer proksimalni delovi butnih ko-stiju gove~eta), tako i distalni delovi (meta-podijalne kosti, karpalne i tarzalne i falan-ge gove~eta, sviwe, i ovce ili koze).

Me|utim, nije iskqu~ena mogu}nost da jedeo ostataka `ivotiwa zaista u vezi sa ritua-lom koji se odvijao neposredno posle spaqi-vawa i polagawa ostataka pokojnika u grobni-cu, i/ili ponovqenih obreda u znak se}awa napokojnika, a da deo ostataka poti~e iz kultur-nog sloja van grobnice.

Biqni ostaci izdvojeni su ru~nom flota-cijom, uz kori{}ewe sita promera 0,25 mm, ipregledani pod binokularnom lupom uve}awado 45 h.

Iz pet uzoraka izdvojeno je ukupno 133 ko-mada ugqenisanog drveta ve}eg od 1 cm. Najve-}i broj nalaza (93) ~ine ostaci jedne vrstehrasta (Quercus). Ostatak nalaza (40) pripisu-je se jednoj vrsti javora (Acer). Raspodela nala-

za u grobnici je neujedna~ena. U tri uzorkakoji su izva|eni ispod pla{ta humke u kojojsu se nalazili ostaci loma~e (gare`, qudske i`ivotiwske kosti, zlatna fibula) zastupqe-ni su ostaci oba roda drve}a, sa tim da u wimadominira hrast. U grobnoj jami identifiko-vani su samo ostaci hrasta, dok su nalazi javo-ra dominirali u uzorku koji poti~e iz pla-{ta iznad humke. Sastav identifikovanihrodova drve}a veoma dobro se uklapa u pri-rodno okru`ewe Gamzigrada.

U jednom od dva uzorka iz unutra{wostigrobnice, koji pripadaju naseobinskom sloju ukoji je grobnica bila ukopana, osim ostatakaugqenisanog drveta jedne vrste javora prona-|eni su jedna ugqenisana semenka kulturne vi-nove loze (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera) i jedanplodi} lepu{e bro}ike (Galium aparine L.). Udrugom uzorku konstatovani su samo ostacijedne vrste hrasta.

ANIMAL AND PLANT FINDS IN A TOMB IN TEST-PIT 1/05, OUTSIDE THE FORTIFIED IMPERIAL PALACE FELIX ROMULIANA 323

STARINAR LVII/2007.

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