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Animal BehaviorChapter 45
2Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
OutlineOutlineNature versus Nurture: Genetic InfluencesNature versus Nurture: Genetic Influences
Nature versus Nurture: Environmental Nature versus Nurture: Environmental InfluencesInfluences LearningLearning
Adaptive Mating BehaviorAdaptive Mating Behavior Female ChoiceFemale Choice Male CompetitionMale Competition Dominance HierarchyDominance Hierarchy TerritorialityTerritoriality Animal CommunicationAnimal Communication
Sociobiology and Animal BehaviorSociobiology and Animal Behavior
Altruism versus Self-InterestAltruism versus Self-Interest
3Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Genetic BasisGenetic BasisBehavior - observable and coordinated Behavior - observable and coordinated responses to environmental stimuliresponses to environmental stimuli
Nature (inherited) versus nurture Nature (inherited) versus nurture (environmental) questions are still (environmental) questions are still debateddebated
Genes influence development of neural and Genes influence development of neural and hormonal mechanisms controlling behaviorhormonal mechanisms controlling behavior
Studies on identical twins separated at birthStudies on identical twins separated at birth
Can be used to determine extent of inherited Can be used to determine extent of inherited behaviorbehavior
Sometimes remarkably similar in preferences, Sometimes remarkably similar in preferences, taste, personality tests, etc.taste, personality tests, etc.
4Nest Building Behavior in Lovebirds
5Feeding Behavior in Garter Snakes
6Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Behavior Undergoes DevelopmentBehavior Undergoes Development
Some behaviors seem to be Some behaviors seem to be stereotypedstereotyped
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP’s)Fixed Action Patterns (FAP’s)
Originally assumed to be elicited by a Originally assumed to be elicited by a sign stimulussign stimulus
Increasingly thought to develop after Increasingly thought to develop after practicepractice
7Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
The Phenomenon of LearningThe Phenomenon of Learning
Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
Gradual strengthening of stimulus-Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response correctionsresponse corrections
Trick-training in birdsTrick-training in birds
ImprintingImprinting
Imitate behavior observed during Imitate behavior observed during sensitive periodsensitive period
Goslings follow any moving object Goslings follow any moving object after birthafter birth
8Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
The Phenomenon of LearningThe Phenomenon of Learning
Song Learning in BirdsSong Learning in Birds
Avian brain is especially sensitive to Avian brain is especially sensitive to acoustical stimuli during a sensitive acoustical stimuli during a sensitive periodperiod
Social experience appears to have an Social experience appears to have an even stronger influence over even stronger influence over development of singingdevelopment of singing
9Pecking Behavior in Laughing Gulls
10Classical Conditioning
11Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Behavior Is AdaptiveBehavior Is Adaptive
Sexual selection - Adaptive changes in Sexual selection - Adaptive changes in females and males that lead to females and males that lead to differential reproductive successdifferential reproductive success
12Raggiana Bird of Paradise
13Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Female ChoiceFemale Choice
Courtship displays help males and Courtship displays help males and females recognize each other for females recognize each other for successful matingsuccessful mating
Good Genes HypothesisGood Genes Hypothesis
Females benefit from selective choice Females benefit from selective choice by securing sperm with good genesby securing sperm with good genes
Run-Away HypothesisRun-Away Hypothesis
Females choose mates on the basis of Females choose mates on the basis of traits that make them attractive to traits that make them attractive to femalesfemales
14Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Male CompetitionMale CompetitionIs access to mating is worth the cost of Is access to mating is worth the cost of competition among malescompetition among malesQuestion is studied by cost-benefit Question is studied by cost-benefit analysesanalyses
Do positive effects (benefits) outweigh Do positive effects (benefits) outweigh negative effects (costs)?negative effects (costs)? If yesIf yes
The behavior is evolutionarily stableThe behavior is evolutionarily stable The behavior will survive or increaseThe behavior will survive or increase
If noIf no The behavior is evolutionarily UNstableThe behavior is evolutionarily UNstable The behavior will decrease or disappearThe behavior will decrease or disappear
15Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Dominance HierarchyDominance Hierarchy
Males and females have separate Males and females have separate dominance hierarchiesdominance hierarchies
Higher-ranking individuals have Higher-ranking individuals have greater access to essential resourcesgreater access to essential resources
Baboons form temporary consort pairs Baboons form temporary consort pairs with femaleswith females
Males may monopolize estrous femalesMales may monopolize estrous females
Or may assist females or form Or may assist females or form friendship groups to secure future friendship groups to secure future matingsmatings
16A Male Olive Baboon Displaying Full Threat
17Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
TerritorialityTerritoriality
Territoriality is protecting an area Territoriality is protecting an area against other individualsagainst other individuals
Red Deer Stags (males) compete for Red Deer Stags (males) compete for groups of hinds (females)groups of hinds (females)
Hinds only mate with one stagHinds only mate with one stag
Harem Master must be large and Harem Master must be large and powerful to fight off challengerspowerful to fight off challengers
Means less body fatMeans less body fat
May be more likely to starve in bad May be more likely to starve in bad times, and have shorter life expectancytimes, and have shorter life expectancy
18Competition Between Male Red Deer
19King Hussein and Family
20Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Animal SocietiesAnimal Societies
Society - a cooperative organization Society - a cooperative organization that extends beyond sexual and that extends beyond sexual and parental interestsparental interests
21The Queen Ant
22Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Altruism versus Self-InterestAltruism versus Self-InterestAltruismAltruism
Behavior that involves a reduction in Behavior that involves a reduction in direct fitnessdirect fitness
Loss may be compensated by an Loss may be compensated by an increase in indirect fitnessincrease in indirect fitness
Inclusive fitness includesInclusive fitness includes
Reproductive fitness of self, andReproductive fitness of self, and
Reproductive fitness of relativesReproductive fitness of relatives
Genetic relatedness may underlie Genetic relatedness may underlie many/most acts of apparent altruismmany/most acts of apparent altruism
23Inclusive Fitness
24Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Communicative BehaviorCommunicative Behavior
Communicative BehaviorCommunicative BehaviorChemicalChemicalPheromones designate chemical signals Pheromones designate chemical signals that are passed between members of that are passed between members of the same speciesthe same species
AuditoryAuditoryFaster than chemical communicationFaster than chemical communicationCan be modified by loudness, pattern, Can be modified by loudness, pattern, repetition, and durationrepetition, and duration
VisualVisualUsed by species active during the dayUsed by species active during the dayContests between males make use of Contests between males make use of threat posturesthreat posturesSaves energy by avoiding fightingSaves energy by avoiding fighting
25Use of a Pheromone
26A Chimpanzee With a Researcher
27Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Communicative BehaviorCommunicative Behavior
TactileTactile
Occurs when one animal touches Occurs when one animal touches anotheranother
Gull chicks peck at the parent’s beak in Gull chicks peck at the parent’s beak in order to induce the parent to feed themorder to induce the parent to feed them
Foraging honeybeesForaging honeybees
Return to the hive and perform a waggle Return to the hive and perform a waggle dance dance
Indicates the distance and direction of a Indicates the distance and direction of a food sourcefood source
28Grooming Among Baboons
29Communication Among Bees
30Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Sociobiology and Animal BehaviorSociobiology and Animal Behavior
SociobiologySociobiology
Applies the principles of evolutionary Applies the principles of evolutionary biology to the study of behavior in biology to the study of behavior in animalsanimals
Assumes individuals derive benefits from Assumes individuals derive benefits from living in a society that outweigh costsliving in a society that outweigh costs
Advantages includeAdvantages include reproductive successreproductive success
Predator avoidancePredator avoidance
Assistance in rearing offspringAssistance in rearing offspring
Finding foodFinding food
31Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Sociobiology and Animal BehaviorSociobiology and Animal Behavior
Societal DisadvantagesSocietal Disadvantages
CrowdingCrowding
Resource allocationResource allocation
Spread of diseaseSpread of disease
32Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
Nest HelpersNest Helpers
Green Wood-hoopoesGreen Wood-hoopoes
One breeding pair per flockOne breeding pair per flock
Other sexually mature members may Other sexually mature members may help feed and protect fledglings and help feed and protect fledglings and protect the home territoryprotect the home territory
Helper is contributing to survival of its Helper is contributing to survival of its own kinown kin
Helper is more likely than nonhelper to Helper is more likely than nonhelper to inherit parental territoryinherit parental territory
33Animal BehavioAnimal Behaviorr
OutlineOutlineNature versus Nurture: Genetic InfluencesNature versus Nurture: Genetic Influences
Nature versus Nurture: Environmental Nature versus Nurture: Environmental InfluencesInfluences LearningLearning
Adaptive Mating BehaviorAdaptive Mating Behavior Female ChoiceFemale Choice Male CompetitionMale Competition Dominance HierarchyDominance Hierarchy TerritorialityTerritoriality Animal CommunicationAnimal Communication
Sociobiology and Animal BehaviorSociobiology and Animal Behavior
Altruism versus Self-InterestAltruism versus Self-Interest
Animal BehaviorEnding Slide
Chapter 45