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Animal Behavior
Chapter 51
Behavior
Animal responds to stimuli Food odor Singing
Ethology
Study of patterns of animal behaviors in nature
Ethology
Proximate causation How the behavior works?? Ultimate causation What is the adaptive value to this
behavior??
Behavioral ecology
Study of the ecological & evolutionary basis for animal behavior
Study of how natural selection shapes behavior
Innate Behavior
Developmentally fixed behaviors Preset behaviors Individuals in a species respond
similarly Geese retrieving eggs
Innate behaviors
Fixed action pattern: Sequence of unlearned behavioral
acts that are unchanged Carried to completion Sign stimulus (key stimulus) Triggers the behavior
Fixed action patternStickleback fish
Innate Behavior Fixed-Action Pattern: Begging behavior of new chicks Raised heads, open mouths, loud
cheeps Sign stimulus: Parent landing at the nest.
Behavior
Taxis: Movement towards or away from stimuli Positive taxis: Towards a stimulus Negative taxis: Away from a stimulus Kineses: +/- nonspecific movement due to stimuli
Migratory behavior
Migration: Long distant change in location
Migratory behavior
Orientation: Following a bearing Navigation: Ability to adjust that bearing
Communication
Signal: Behavior causes a change in
another animals behavior Communication: Reception & response of a signal Auditory, visual,
olfactory(chemical), tactile signal
Courtship
Leads to potential mates Species-specific
Courtship
Bird of paradise
Fruit Fly courtship
Orienting Tapping “Singing”1 2 3
Honeybees
Waggle dance
Pheromones
Chemical signals Animal communicationMating behaviors.Territorial behaviors
PheromonesMinnowsbefore alarm
Minnowsafter alarm
1
2
Pheromones
Learning
Modification of behavior based on experiences
Non-associative learning: Simple No association between two stimuli Between a stimulus & response
Habituation
Loss of responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli.
Imprinting
Sensitive period (critical period) Soon after hatching Important for normal parent/child
behaviors Stimulation necessary for normal
behavior Premies Sexual behavior-mating
Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)
Spatial learning
Memory based on environmental clues
Digger wasps
Learning
Associative learning: Association between two stimulus Stimulus & a response Behavior is modified (conditioned)
through association
Associative learning
Associative learning
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Pairing of two different stimuli Ivan Pavlov Dogs Food, salivate Ring bell at same time Dog learned to salivate with bell
ringing
Operant conditioning
Associate behavioral response with a reward or punishment
Trial & error B.F. Skinner “Skinner box” Rats would bump lever, food came
out Learned to hit lever to get food
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive behavior
Ability of the animal’s nervous system to perceive, store , process
Use information gathered by sensory receptors
Cognitive behavior
Chimpanzee Nuts Bugs
Vervet monkeys and alarm calls
Imprinting
CognitionSpatial learning
Associative learning Social learning
Forms oflearning and
problemsolving
Forging Behavior
Obtaining food at the least expense
Energy efficient Food vs safety Food vs mating Food vs protection
Territoriality
Defends an area Usually excludes members of own
species. Exclusive rights Food, mating
Gannet
Cheetah
Reproductive strategies
Set of behaviors evolved to give maximum reproduction
Food source Nesting sites Members of opposite sex
Mating relationships
(a) Monogamy
(b) Polygyny (c) Polyandry
Jaw fish
Sea elephant
Altruism
Benefits others at the cost of individual