Animal Nutrition

AgriScience 2

Animal Digestion Review

Digestive system types Monogastric Polygastric

Ruminant Digestion

True Stomachs Monogastrics

Stomach Poultry

Proventriculus Ruminants

Abomasum

Questions

1. Are horses nonruminants or ruminants?

2. Do we feed horses large amounts of roughages or concentrates?

3. How do we justify this?

Cecums-The Blind Gut In most animals

Is of very little importance Connected to the large intestine

Very important in horses Contains bacteria, much like a rumen Breaks down roughages and is why horses

consume large amounts of roughages Not as efficient as a rumen

Essential Nutrients

ProteinsPVT

TIM

HALL

Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Mehtionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine

Carbohydrates

Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber Provide energy to animals

Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose

Fats and oils

Only needed in small amounts Found in adequate amounts in most proteins

Vitamins

Are catalysts for other body processes Fat soluble- A, D, E, K, Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12

Minerals

Are a main component of the skeletal system and chemical processes in body.

Major- Ca, P, NaCl Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo

Animal Feedstuffs-Sources of Nutrients

Water

Dry Matter

Organic matter

Ash

Protein Carbohydrates

Vitamins Fats

NFE Crude fiber Cellulose

StarchesComplex sugars

Simple sugars

Roughages Contain more than 18% fiber when dry Dry Forages-Hay, Stover Ensiled forages-Silage Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop

Roughages Two types of plants

Legumes Alfalfa Clovers Soybeans

Non-legumes Corn silage Grasses Grain straw

Concentrates Contain less than 18% fiber when dry Two types

Energy feeds Less than 20% protein

Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat Protein supplements

More than 20% protein Animal proteins Vegetable proteins

Nutrient content of Feeds analysis

Do activity

Ration Characteristics Ration

Feed given to an animal during a 24hr. period

Balanced Ration All the nutrients the animal needs in the right

proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period. Palatable

The food must taste good in order for the animal to eat it

Ration Functions

Maintenance Ration Is used to maintain the life of the animal

Energy for functioning of the body and body organs

These activities are grouped to make up what is called basal metabolism

All rations use some of their energy for maintenance of the animal

If all of the ration is being used for maintenance their will not be energy for any other life processes

Growth Ration Used for growth of animals Help animals become mature

Increase size of muscles, bones, organs, and connective tissues

If an animal does not get a proper growth ration when they are young they will likely not be productive when they become mature

Fattening Ration Extra food in the ration that is not used

for maintenance or growth Stored in the tissues Fat within the muscles is called? Marbling

Production Production is for animals who are feeding

their young Production of milk for young in mammals Eggs for birds such as chickens Wool for sheep Production requires extra nutrients

Reproduction Animal may become sterile if it does not

get enough nutrition What does sterile mean?

Animal cannot be bred In animals already pregnant if there is

not enough nutrition then… Could have an abortion Most of the growth of the fetus takes place

in the last trimester of the pregnancy

Work When do animals do work? Oxen pulling a plow (old days) Horses when they are riden Animals sweat when they work and this

takes extra energy

Developing a Feeding Program

Sampling & Analyzing Feeds

To properly balance a ration you must know the composition of the feed

When getting feeds sampled take a representative sample

Make samples random

Feed Additives Antimicrobial Drugs-

Antibiotics- made from bacteria Chemoantibacterials-chemicals

Anthelmintics- kill parasites Hormones/Hormone-like Miscellaneous-

Life Cycle Feeding Pre-Weaning Grower Finishing Pre-Breeding Gestation Lactation

Developing a Balanced Ration

Dry Matter Basis vs. As-fed Basis

100 percent dry matter Data presented as all moisture is removed

from the feed As-fed Basis

Data collected with average amount of moisture in the feed

Conversions As-fed to dry matter basis

A=B x C Dry matter to as-fed basis

B= A/C Where

A=pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis B=pounds of feed on as-fed basis C=% dry matter in the feed

Balance on Protein Total Protein

Amount of protein in the ration Crude Protein Metabolizable Protein Digestible Protein

Balance on Energy

Balance on TDN Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN

= total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25 times the digestible fat

Balancing Rations- Pearson Square

Steps Draw a square with lines connecting the

opposite corners. Write the % protein need in the center of

the square where the lines cross. Write the feeds to be used and their

crude protein percents at the left-hand corners of the square.

Steps Subtract the smaller number from the

larger along the diagonal lines. Write the difference at the opposite end

of the diagonals. Difference in #’s on the left should equal

the sum of #’s on the right

Steps Divide parts of each feed by the total

parts to find the percents of each feed in the ration. (you will have to take the number you find and multiply by 100 to find the percent)

In other words divide each number on the right by the sum of the numbers on the right.

Pearson Square

14

8.9

45.8

45.8-14=31.8

14-8.9=5.145.8-8.9=36.9 31.8+5.1=36.9

Steps 31.8/36.9=86.2% Corn 5.1/36.9=13.8% Soybean oil meal