ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEMS
ANATOMY Study of the form, shape , and
appearance of the animal.
PHYSIOLOGY Focuses on the function of the cells,
tissues, organs and systems of the body
Systems of the body – skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive
SKELETAL SYTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM Protects the delicate internal organs
and helps keep them properly arranged the body
Bones – hard part of skeleton, made of calcium, phosphorus, and other substances
Cartilage – found at the ends of bones, flexable material that lubricates the joints and cushion shocks.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
Largest system in the body, making up 45% of the body weight of hogs, cattle and chickens.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM Locomotion Circulation Digestion Breathing
MUSCULAR TYPES Voluntary - Controlled by thinking
part of the brain Involuntary – Automatically controlled
by a lower part of the brain
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEMS Made up of nerve tissue that
conducts electrical impulses from the brain to the muscles by way of the spinal cord.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Memory, actions, and reasoning are in
the brain Spinal cord is the main tissue through
which the brain sends and receives messages
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Contain nerves that are connected to
the involuntary muscles and organs Provides for near automatic operation
of the organs
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Includes all of the nerves outside the
brain and spinal cord Muscles action is sent through these
nerves by the brain
RECEPTORS Collect information from the environment
The five sensory receptor types are1. Sight2. Hearing3. Touch4. Taste5. Smell
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Moves blood throughout the
body. Blood is made of plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
BLOOD Plasma – 90% water Glucose, vitamins, minerals, and amino
acids (proteins) Red blood cells - contain hemoglobin
and are made in the bone marrow White blood cells – help fight off
disease Platelets – essential for blood to clot
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PARTS Heart – pump that sends blood
throughout the system Arteries – vessels that carry blood
from the heart Capillaries – small branches from the
arteries that carry blood to the cells Veins – carry blood back to the heart
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory system moves
gases to and from the circulatory system.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONT. Internal respiration – exchange of
gases between the cells and the blood within the body
External respiration – exchanges of gases in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONT. Nostrils – openings near mouth through
which gases enter and leave the body Pharynx – connects the nose area with
the mouth area Larynx – often called a voice box Trachea – wind pipe – connects pharynx
with lungs Lungs – gas is exchanged between
atmosphere and blood
BREATHING Inspiration – Process of taking air into
the lungs Expiration – Process of moving air out
of lungs
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
EXCRETORY SYSTEM Rids the body of wastes from cell
activity Skin Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra
EXCRETORY SYSTEM Skin - Rids the body of waste through
perspiration Kidneys – Filter the blood for wastes
from cells and excess water and minerals
Ureter – Tube that connects the kidney to the bladder
Bladder – stores the urine made by the kidneys
Urethra – tube that carries urine out of the body
Chicken urinary tract No bladder 2 kidneys with ureters to carry the
urinary waste to the cloaca. The uric acid is discharged into the
cloaca and excreted with the feces. The white pasty material in chicken
droppings is considered to be urinary system excretion.
Ruminant and non-ruminant
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Process of breaking down food into
molecules that the body can absorb 2 types – Ruminant and Non- Ruminant
RUMINANT ANIMALS Cattle, sheep, and goats Chew their cud Cud - a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time
NON – RUMINANT ANIMALS Horses, hogs, and chickens Do not chew cud
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Mouth – Food enters the body by
ingestion Esophagus – connects mouth to
stomach Food and water moves by swallowing Stomach – one compartment in non-
ruminants and 4 compartments in ruminants
Small Intestine – absorbs nutrients and water
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS Large Intestine – absorbs water and
makes waste more solid Anus – opening in the body through
which the large intestine expels solid waste
RUMINANTS Rumen – first and largest compartment
– stores a large amount of feed Aids the to help bring feed back to mouth
for rechewing Reticulum – stores food and sorts out
foreign materials Helps prevent hardware disease Contains bacteria to help break down feed
RUMINANTS Omasum – has strong alls that help
break food apart Abomasum – like a non ruminant
stomach Contains gastric juices that mix with feed
and further break it down.
RUMINANTS Can use large amounts of roughages
such at grass, clover and other vegetation
Usually do not need large amounts of expensive grain and other concentrated feeds.
Chicken Digestive System Mechanically Chemically
Chicken digestive tract Beak Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small Intestine Pancreas Liver Caeca
Chicken Digestions Beak – food swallowed with out
chewing Salvia contains a starch reducing
enzyme that begins to break down food.
The oesophagus is a flexible tube that food passes down into the crop.
Chicken Digestion Crop – a pouch at the base of the neck
that stores food. The esophagus continues past the
crop to the proventriculus. In the proventriculus the food is
mixed with acids and more digestive enzymes.
Chicken Digestion Gizzard – strong muscular tube that
has grit to help it grind the food down. Then the food moves into the small
intestine. Here enzymes from the pancreas
break down the protein. Also, bile from the liver breaks down
the fat. Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow
fermentation of the undigested food.
Caeca – a pair of tubes that allow fermentation of the undigested food.
The Large Intestine absorbs water and the last remaining nutrients.
Cloaca or vent is where feces, urine and eggs pass.