Animal & Plant Cell
Cell structure and organization
Living organisms are made up of cells• All animal and plant cells have a nucleusExcept Red Blood Cells do not have nucleusIn animals and plants:- Cytoplasm:
- 70% water- dissolved protein and other chemicals that are used for metabolic reactions
- Membrane:- controls what goes in and out - partially permeable (lets some substances in and out)- strong / flexiable
- Nucleus:- DNA ( 1 long strand of DNA = chromosome)- Chromosomes are easy to see when cells divide
- DNA:- determines the characteristics of the organism- controls all activity in the cell
Nuclear pore
Liver cell under light microscope
Liver cell
Nucleus Nucleolus
Rough EndoplasmicReticulum
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles
Lysosome
Ribosome
MitochondriaRibosome
Function of organelles
• Nucleus – controls / directs cell activity• Nucleolus – condensed DNA• Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration / formation
of ATP• Ribosome – site of protein synthesis(free = for internal) • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – site of protein
synthesis (exported out of cell) *w/ ribosome• Lysosome – membrane bound organelles that
contain enzymes• Golgi Apparatus – site of synthesis of chemicals
required for the cell that are packaged and bud off in vesicles
Plant Cell
Lamella
Plant cell under light microscope
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Lamella
Organelle functions• *Cell Wall (not an organelle):- Rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane. -Protecting the cell to regulating the life cycle of the plant organism. -Made of cellulose (a polysaccharide) / arranged in bundles called
microfibrls.- Helps prevent the cell membrane from bursting by maintaining high
internal pressure due to water uptake.• Chloroplast – Specialized organelle that carries out photosynthesis
due to a pigment called chlorophyll (gives cells a green color) • Plasmodesmata - Small tubes that connect plant cells to each
other, providing living bridges between cells.• Plasma Membrane - Regulate the passage of molecules in and out
of the cells.• Lamella – Junction between cells• Vacuole – large fluid filled space that provide structural support, as
well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.
• Cell Sap: liquid inside the vacuole
Structure *Seen under light Microscope only
Found in Animal Cell
Found in Plant cell
Function of Structure
cytoplasm yes yes Dissolves proteins/ other nutrients for metabolic reactions
nucleus yes yes Controls activities of cell and contains DNA
Cell membrane yes yes Controls what enters and exits the cell.Surrounds and protects organelles and cells contents
Cell wall no yes Made of cellulose – protects cell membrane from bursting
chloroplast no yes Involved in photosynthesis – converts sunlight to metabolic energy
vacuole no yes Store nutrients and water / waste – contains cell sap
Organ system in plants – the leaf
Structure / FunctionStructure FunctionPalisade / spongy Mesophyll
Make sugar from photosynthesis. Spongy cells – have space for gas exchange / Palisade cells – long to maximize surface area for light exposure
xylem Brings water and mineral from roots to the paliades and spongy cells
phloem Carrie sugar made from leaves to other parts of the plant
Epidermis Top / bottom layers of cells that allows sunlight to come through but stops water vapor from leaving the leaf to stop it from drying out.
Stomata Small opening on the lower epidermis that allows gases to move in and out of cells