ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Fish Amphibians Reptiles

Birds MammalsFertilization Int or ext

Development Int or ext

Size of Eggs Small, med., lg

# of Gametes Few or many

Protection Little or much

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSTRUCTURE FUNCTION

1. Testes 2. Seminiferous

Tubules 3. Epididymus 4. Vas Deferens 5. Urinary Bladder 6. Prostate Gland 7. Seminal Vesicle 8. Urethra 9. Penis 10. Scrotum

• 1. produce sperm and hormones• 2. site of spermatogenesis• 3. storage sac for sperm cells• 4. passageways for sperm to urethra• 5. stores urine• 6. produces water and sugar for • 7. sperm cells = semen• 8. passageway for sperm and urine• 9. adaptation for internal fertilization• 10. holds testes outside the body

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSTRUCTURE FUNCTION

1. Ovaries 2. Fallopian

tubes 3. Utering

lining 4. Uterus 5. Cervix 6.Vagina

1. Produces eggs and hormones 2. Passageway from ovary to uterus

site of fertilization 3. Site of embryo implantation –

develops a placenta

4. Adaptation for internal development

5. Bottom of uterus – separates int. from ext.

6. Birth canal – site of int. fert.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE Estrous Cycles – periodic changes in reproductive systems

Ex. Menstrual cycle – monthly changes in the human, female, reproductive

system. Follicle Stage (day 1 to day 12)

FSH is released from the brain Mature egg develops in a follicle Ovary produces estrogen

Ovulation (day 12 to day 14) Mature egg released from ovary

Corpus Luteum Stage (day 14 to day 24) Maintains the uterine lining Produces progesterone

Menstruation (day 24-day 28) Estrogen and progesterone - off Sheds the uterine lining

REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES Male Hormones produced by the testes 1. Testosterone – controls male secondary sexual

characteristics controls sperm cell production Female Hormones produced by the ovaries 1. Estrogen – causes the uterine lining to thicken 2. Progesterone – maintains the uterine lining Female Hormones produced by the Pituitary gland

(brain) 1. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) – stimulates an egg to develop within a follicle and stimulates estrogen production 2. LH (Leutenizing Hormone) – stimulates the development

of the corpus luteum

FEEDBACK MECHANISM

1. System used to regulate hormone levels. 2. Involves two separate glands. 3. The hormones from the first gland stimulate the

second gland to produce its hormones, which in turn, have an effect on the first gland

Ex. Thermostat and Boiler

Pituitary gland and Ovaries

FSH On

FSH Off positive

Brain Ovaries

negative Estrogen Off

Estrogen On)

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Low Estrogen levels – Turns on FSH

Occurs after menstruation – cycle beginsOccurs after birth – cycle begins again

High Estrogen Levels – Turns off FSHOccurs after ovulation – eggs are no longer producedOccurs after fertilization (pregnancy) – implanted

embryo stimulates estrogen production – eggs are no longer produced

Fertility drugs = FSH– causes egg production

Birth control Pills = Estrogen – Shuts off FSH (inhibits egg production)

FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Sperm + Egg Zygote Morula Blastula Gastrula

fertilization cleavage (rapid mitotic division)

Zygote = fertilized egg

Morula = solid ball of cells

Blastula = hollow ball of cells

Gastrula = 3 primary germ layers

ectoderm – outer layer nervous system and skin

mesoderm – middle layer muscles and bones

endoderm – inner layer linings of dig. and resp. systems

LATE DEVELOPMENTStructure Function

1. Uterus 2. Fetus 3. Amniotic

sac 4. Umbilical

cord 5. Placenta

1. Adaptation for internal development

2. Developed embryo 3. Fluid filled sac – used as a

shock absorber 4. 3 blood vessels which connect

the fetus to the placenta 5. Exchanges nutrients, wastes,

and oxygen between mother and fetus by diffusion

BIRD AND REPTILE DEVELOPMENT

Structure Function

1. Shell 2. Chorion 3. Amniotic sac 4. Embryo 5. Digestive

system 6. Yolk sac 7. Allantois

1. Gas exchange 2. Protection – surrounds other

membranes 3. Shock absorber – filled with

fluid 4. Offspring 5. Connected to food source 6. Nourishment for embryo –

contains food 7. Storage sac for oxygen and

wastes