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Animal Science
2012- 2013Red Lodge High School
Academic Honesty
PLAGERISM WILL NOT BE TOLERATED. Paraphrasing or quoting another’s work without citing the source is a form of academic misconduct.
ACADEMIC HONESTY is expected by all students. Presenting others ideas as your own or to permit someone else to use your work without acknowledgement is academic misconduct.
Animal Contributions to Human Needs
Chapter 1
What is the function of Animal Agriculture
Production of food and fiber
Animal Agriculture All societies use domestic animals as a
source of food, consumer products or companionship
Domestic animals supply humans many different things– Food– Clothing– By-products for consumer goods or feed– Power– Research
Animal ContributionsSpecies Primary UsesCattle Meat, milk, hides
Sheep Wool, meat, milk, hides
Goats Milk, meat, hair, hides
Buffalo Draft, milk, meat, hides, bones
Camels, Yaks, Llamas
Packing, riding, draft, meat, milk, hides
Chickens, Turkey, Ducks
Meat, eggs, feathers
Swine Meat, leather
Horses, Donkeys, Mules
Draft, packing, riding, companion animals, occasionally meat
Contribution of Animal Products to the World Diet Animal products comprise ~16% of total
calories and 37% of total protein. 30% of total calories in some developed counties
and 50% of the protein supply less than 20% of protein in some developing
countries. The contribution of animal products to food
supply has increased in most of the world “Livestock Revolution”
From early 70’s through the early 90’s meat consumption in developing countries grew 3x more than in developed countries
Contribution of Animal Products to the World Diet In general, as standard of living
increases, the country tends to have a higher consumption of animal products.
Mechanization largely responsible for increased food production
Mechanization made it possible for fewer farmers to feed more people– 1940 1 farmer fed 11people– 1995 1 farmer fed 94 people
What happens to consumption of animal products with increasing standard of living?Consumption increases
Dietary Recommendations
Sex Age Kcal/day Protein
(mg/day)
Female 25-30 2000 44
Male 25-30 2700 46
Disposable Income Spent on Food
Year Annual Income
Amount Spent on Food
Home Away % total
1960 2,265 301 109 17.8
1970 3,489 380 194 14.1
1980 8,421 818 530 13.8
1985 11,861 991 717 12.6
1990 16,236 1,242 1,013 11.7
1995 19,703 1,320 1,165 11.2
Contributions of Various Food Groups to the World Food Supply
Food Group Calories (%) Protein (%)Cereals 50 45
Roots, tubers, and pulses 8 7
Nuts, oils, vegetable fats 11 4
Sugar and sugar products 8 2
Vegetables and fruits 7 5
All animal Products 16 37
Meat (7) (16)
Eggs (1) (3)
Fish (1) (7)
Milk (5) (10)
Other (2) (1)
World Meat Supply
Majority of the world meat supply comes from cattle, buffalo, swine, sheep, goats and horses
Other sources common to other countries are alpaca, llama, yak, deer, elk, antelope, kangaroo, rabbit, guinea pig, capybara, fowl other than chicken (duck, turkey, goose, guinea fowl, pigeon), and wild game
Role of Animal Products in a Balanced Diet Animal Foods
Provide:– High quality protein– Zinc, Iron, Calcium– Vitamin A, D, E, K,
and B12– Fats and lipids
Plants Provide:–Carbohydrates
(energy)–Vitamins–Minerals–Fats and lipids
Problems with animal products No fiber or roughage Excessive protein possible Carbohydrate deficient but rich in fats Deficient in vitamin C Cholesterol
Animal Contribution to People
Milk is one of the largest single sources of food from animals.
Milk from cattle most common in the United States
Other sources of milk in the world– Buffalo, sheep, goat, alpaca, camel,
reindeer and yak
Animal Production Efficiency Animal production is considered a
resource inefficient practice because it takes more grain to produce a pound of meat than it would to feed a person.– This is true only if feeding animals food
that humans could consume.– Most grains used for livestock production is
not suitable for human consumption– Ruminants consume forages that humans
could not digest
Animal Production Efficiency Animals grazed on land not fit for crop
production 2/3rds of the world is permanent pasture,
range and meadow Of this 60% of the world land mass is
unsuitable for cultivated crop production Animal production does not compete with
human use. Animal intermediaries provide a means to utilize land that would be unproductive for humans
Food Contributions
Conquering Hunger– Increase literacy rates– Reduce poverty– Improve health care– Enhance agricultural production– Improve the total food system
infrastructure
Food Contributions
Eighty-five percent of the world’s population desire food of animal origin in its diet
Animal products more palatable than plants?
Animal products higher class? Consumers tend to increase their
animal products consumption when income increases.
Clothing and Nonfood Wool, hair, hides and pelts are used for
clothing, bedding, housing and carpets. Animal wastes are used for fertilizers Inedible tallow and grease used in soaps and
animal feeds and a source of fatty acids for lubricants and industrial uses.
Fatty acids can be used to produce synthetic rubber, food emulsifiers, plasticizers, floor waxes, candles, paints, varnishes, printing inks and pharmaceuticals
Gelatin from hides, skins and bones used in foods, films and glues
Work and Power
More than half the countries of the world keep animals primarily for work
Most are buffalo or cattle but horse, mules, camels, and llamas are also used for draft purposes.
Twenty percent of the world’s population depends largely or entirely on animals for moving goods.
Work and Power
Animals provide 52% of the cultivation power in developing countries
An additional 26% of cultivation power is provided by human labor
Developed countries use tractor for 82% of their cultivation
Companionship, Recreation and Creativity Many species of animals qualify as
companions where people derive pleasure from them
The contribution of animals as companions is meaningful, though hard to quantify
Many animals are used for recreation – Bull fighting, rodeos and other sports
Human Health Research
Laboratory animals (rats, mice) are commonly used to provide valuable information for improving human life.
Large domestic farm animals are used less often because of cost of maintenance costs.
Farm animals serve as research models for approximately 200 human diseases