Animal Wholesomeness studies

Wilna Jansen van Rijssen PhDGMASSURE23 - 25 November 2015

CONTENTS•Purpose of studies•Animal studies to evaluate input trait from GM crops•Animal studies to evaluate output traits from GM crops

PURPOSE of studies

To confirm the nutritional value of the GM crop

USE OF ANIMAL FEEDING STUDIES: GROWTH PERFORMANCE

• Detection of potentially unintended effects • Broiler studies are standard component of

assessment – safety and nutrition• Rapid growth period when sensitive to

SMALL nutritional or anti-nutritional changes

Best Practices – animals studies – • INPUT TRAITS

• Crop protection against diseases, insect damage, tolerance to herbicides

• OUTPUT TRAITS• Nutritionally enhanced• Reduced levels of toxicants

POULTRY MEAT PRODUCTION

FLOW CHART: GM diet preparations

SEED

Planting/

growing/harvest/ storage

Analysis

Process

Analysis

Formulate diet

s

Manufac

turing diets

Animal/

product

assessment

Data

analysis

Report /sampl

ing retenti

on

LIMITING VARIABILITY - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - NUMBER OF ANIMALS

POULTRY: Diet

•Starter diet•Grower diet•Finisher diet

Best Practices• Production, Handling, Storage, Processing crop• Sampling, analysis• Statistical analysis and interpretation of results

QUALITY CONTROL: Production, Handling, Storage, Processing crop

SOPs / records Planting (planting design, maintenance of plots) Field plots Growing season Agronomic performance Harvesting Transport equipment Grain storage locations Unloading Storage (e.g. storage moisture) Sample Crops processing

QUALITY CONTROL: Sampling (internationally agreed methods)

•Sample lot•Grain sampling (probe)•Hay sampling•Green chopped forage sampling•Pasture sampling•Mixed diet sampling•Handling of samples

QUALITY CONTROL: Analysis

•Analysis of :▫Introduced trait▫Pesticides, mycotoxins▫Nutrients, anti-nutrients▫Toxicants

•Analytical methods:▫Chemical, microbiological

NUTRIENT ANALYSISCrops/grain/Co-products

Livestock type Analyte

Grain: maize, wheat, barley Non-ruminants xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Oilseed meals, soybean, linseed, cottonseed, canola meal, full-fat oilseeds

Non-ruminants xxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Grain: maize, wheat, barley Ruminants xxxxxxxxxxxx

etc

Anti-nutrients in crops

CROP OF PRODUCT ANTiNUTRIENT

Soy bean / soy bean meal Trypsin inhibitors / lectins

Canola / canola mealRapeseed / rapeseed meal

Glucosinolates

Cotton, cottonseed, cottonseed meal

Gossypol, cyclopropenoid fatty acids

MYCOTOXINS

Aflatoxin B1 Fusarenon X

Aflatoxin B2 Deoxynivalenol (DON)

Aflatoxin G1 15- acetyl - DON

Aflatoxin G2 3-acetyl-DON

Ochratoxin A Nivalenol

Citrinin Zearalenone

T-2 toxin Fumonisin B1

HT2-toxin Fumonisin B2

Diacetoxiscirpenol Fumonisin B3

Neosolaniol

ACCREDITED LABORATORIES

•GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES (GLP)▫OECD▫SANAS

• METHODS• AOAC official methods e.g.

STATEMENTS: signed

•Study leader•Members of team•Forms – transfer (chain of custody),

storage, field characteristics, plot plan, field history fertilizers, herbicides

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

•Hypothesis – basic objectives, what to accomplish

•Treatments•Experimental units (pens?)•Measurements•Experimental design•Can the experimental design be analysed

properly?

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS (BLOCKS) NEEDED TO DETECT A TREATMENT DIFFERENCE AT P<0.05

Coefficient of

variation (%)

EXPECTED DIFFERENCE (%)

5 10 15 20 25

2 4 3 2 - -

3 7 3 3 2 -

4 12 4 3 3 2

5 17 6 4 3 3

6 24 7 4 3 3

.

.

30 566 142 63 37 24Randomized complete block design with 2 treatments, two-tailed test of significance at P<0.05, 80% power

PERFORMANCE, CARCASS YIELD, MEAT QUALITYItem GM soybean Control References

(6)

PERFORMANCE

Live weight D0

Live weight D42

Feed intake (kg/bird) & kg/pen)

Feed conversion factor (kg/kg)

CARCASS YIELD (relative)

Live weight/fat/thigh/drum/wing etc

QUALITY

Moisture/protein/fat (breast/thigh

INTERPRETATION

•Non-statistical knowledge should be incorporated

•Design and analysis should be kept simple•Difference between statistical and

practical significance is important

Interpretation of experimental results

▫Researchers with background and training to interpret results

▫Historical data – same lab and other labs

Best Practices – animals studies – output traits•Increased nutrient concentrations•Decreased toxicant concentrations

Case study

•Comparison of performance and carcass parameter when fed diets containing soybean meal produced from GM-soy bean (HIGH OLEIC ACID) control (nearest isoline) or conventional reference soybeans (6 lines)

Poultry meat production

•Nutrient requirements•Understanding of nutrient digestion,

metabolism, intermediary metabolism , nutritional physiology, pathology and nutrient flow and retention in the bird

•Management of broiler performance▫Climate conditions, water quality

Poultry meat productionDiet formulation and processing•Particle size, enzyme supplements, change in starch matrix (e.g. effects on gelatinization of the starch), anti-nutritional factors, including growth promoters etc•Digestibility studies (increased amounts of cellulose or hemicellulose, increase amount of amino acids•Bioavailability studies (digestion, absorption, metabolism•Sensory (organoleptic) evaluation

PERFORMANCE /CARCASS PARAMETERS•GM soybean meal (increased level of oleic

acid) compared with control and references

•Different levels of GM soybean ? •Parameters•Weight gain – feed intake – feed

conversion•Organs and muscle weights as % of

carcass weight•Fatty acid composition of animal fat•Liver enzymes (GOT etc) liver damage etc

CONCLUSION• The results of this study support the conclusion that

there are no differences between the GM meal and the control and the conventional references.

• Therefore the GM meal is equivalent to conventional in the marketplace.

• This study confirms the results from extensive compositional analysis which showed no nutrient and antinutrient differences between the GM and control.

• The data support the conclusion that GM crop is as wholesome and nutritious as the conventional crop on its ability to support rapid growth and equivalent carcass yield

references• International harmonisation of study protocols for livestock and poultry performance

ILSI Best Practices ….animal studies……GM crops…output/input traits, 2007

• VICH (2000) Good clinical practices, VICH GL9 (GCP) Available http://vich.eudra.org/pdf/2000/G109_st7.pdf

• Nutrient requirement of domestic animals - cattle, chickens, etc , National Academy of Science , USA

• Taylor et al (2007) Broiler performance and carcass parameters – diets containing GM soymeal, Poultry Science, 86:26-14