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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular organisms
True tissues.
Heterotrophic nutrition
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion.
Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.
Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Ancestral Protist
segmentation
true tissue
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes:eucoelom
Protostome: schizocoelem
pseudocoelom
Porifera
Cnideria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Mollusca
AnnelidaEchinodermata
ChordataArthropoda
no true tissues
acoelom
Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Calcaria
Class Desmospongia
Purple and yellow tube sponge
Boring sponge
Class Sclerospongia
• No true tissues or organs• No symmetry• No nerves or muscles• Sessile• Reproduce sexually and asexually• Skeletons composed of CaCO3 or SiO2
spicules or spongin• Filter feeders
Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of:
• spongin fibers• calcareous spicules• silica spicules• a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal
structure at all
• A few species of fish• seaslugs • hawks bill and loggerhead turtles
• Can use toxins to ward off predators
• Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals.
• As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
CoralsAnemones
HydraPortuguese Man-Of-War
Stinging LimuFire Coral
True jellyfish Box jelliesSea wasps
Phylum Cnidaria
Stinging cells & 2 stages in life cycle
Radial symmetry
Tissues and organs
Diploblastic
Mouth and digestive cavity (blind sac gut)
9,000 species
Subclass HexacoralliaOrder Antipatheria
Black Coral & Wire Coral
Wire coral
Black coral
Class Anthozoa
“True” Stony Coralslobe
finger
mushroom
Porites rus
Class Anthozoa
Phylum Ctenophora
• Diploblastic• 8 rows or combs of cillia• Colloblasts- adhesive structures• Hydrostatic skeleton• Blind sack gut
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Blind digestive cavity
Bilaterally symmetrical
Thin, simple circulation
Sensory organs at front
Many parasitic
10,000 species
Fig. 33-10
Pharynx
Gastrovascularcavity
Mouth
Eyespots
Ganglia Ventral nerve cords
Class Turbellaria
Flatworm Anatomy
Pseudoceros dimidiatus
Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus
Pseudoceros ferrugineus
Pseudobiceros sp.
Planocera cf. oligoglena
Phylum NematodaRoundworms
Primitive body cavity
Gut & Anus
No circulatory system
Nervous system
Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem
Many are parasites500,000? species
Spaghetti worms
Sabellastarte sanctijosephi
Fireworm
Fan worms (feather duster)
Eurythoe complanata
Christmas tree worm
Spirobranchus giganteus
Lanice conchilega
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
More than 500,000 known species
chitons Snailsnudibranchs
clams SquidOctopusCuttlefishNautilus
Three main parts:
• Muscular foot- for movement• Visceral mass- contains most
of the internal organs
• Mantle cavity- houses gills
Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Opithistobranchia
Cone shell
Triton’s trumpet
Cowery Opihi
periwinkle
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Class GastropodaSubclass Prosobranchia
Phylogeny of Arthropods
Arthropoda
Worm-likeAncestor
Trilobites(extinct)
Annelids(worms)
Onychophorans(worms w/legs)
Chelicerates(spiders)
Crustaceans(lobsters)
Insects(butterflies)
Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles
Most species; 80% are insects
Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow)
Circulatory system with blood, heart
10,000,000? species
Phylum Arthropoda
Banded coral shrimp
Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab
Anemone carrying hermit crab
Crustacea
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Astroidae
Class Ophiuroidae
Class Echinoidae
Class Holothuroidae
Class Crinoidae
Sea stars Brittle stars
Crinoids
Sea urchins Sea cucumbers
Phylum Echinodermata
No circulatory system
No respiratory system
Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion
Simple nervous system, no brain
Water-vascular system
Phylum Echinodermata
Tube feet & associated plumbing
Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food
Water Vascular System
Class Echinoidea: sea urchins
Echinometra mathaei
Colobocentrotus atratus
Echinothrix calamaris
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin
Classification
Phylum Chordata
SubphylumUrochordata
SubphylumCephalochordata
SubphylumVertebrata
tunicates lancets AgnathansFishSharkstetrapods
Characteristics
• Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins• Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth• Possesses 5-7 gills• Spiral valve intestine• Ureoosmotic strategy• Lateral line• No swim bladder• Heterocercal tail• Relatively unchanged (480 mybp)
Sharks, skates, rays, chimera
Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes
Ovipary- eggs enclosed in capsule; eggs are laid and hatched outside the mother
Ovovipary- give birth to young, eggs develop in uterus
Vivipary- give birth to young, placental connection
Attacks on Humans• Most occur in near shore waters• Follow food• Usually mistaken identification or territoriality• Spear fishing
4 methods to minimize the risk of encountering a shark
1. stay away from harbor entrances2. avoid going in the water early in
the morning and late at night3. stay in a large group of people4. if spearing fish, trail fish behind
you
Fins drying in Cape Town, S. Africa
• Cartilage- prevents growth of blood vessels in tissue
• In theory, if it prevents the growth of blood vessels in tumors, the tumors would stop growing.
• Little solid evidence for ingesting over the counter capsules; they’re diluted with sugar or sterilized with ethylene oxide (a human carcinogen)
• Experiments with selacchi, derived from shark cartilage 90 g/day “+” results and FDA approved
• Also, harvesting sharks for unproven cure is detrimental to shark population
Characteristics• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve• Swim bladder• Lateral line• Homocercal tail• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
680 species of fish in the islands' waters.About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Class Osteichthyes
Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Returns to water to breed• Metamorphosis• Some toxic• Estivation-dry and hot• Hibernation- cold
3,500 species
Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
Characteristics
• Cold blooded• Have scales• Amniotic egg• Dry skin• 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
6,500 species
Class AvesClass Aves
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Feathers and wings• Hollow bones• Horny bill• Lungs have air sacks• Hard egg shell
Class AvesClass Aves
Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
Characteristics
• Warm blooded• Have fur or hair• Suckle young• 3 middle ear bones