Movement in Animals

ANIMALS – FORMS AND FUNCTION

All living organisms are made up of tiny structure called cell.

Depending on the number of cell(s), organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.

Animals have different organ systems. Each organ system consists a number of

organs. Each organ is made up of tissues and each

tissue is made up of cells.

Organ system Major organs

1) Digestive system

2) Respiratory system

3) Nervous system

4) Circulatory system

5) Excretory system

6) Skeletal system

7) Muscular system

Mouth, food pipe, stomach, intestine, liver pancreas.

Nose, mouth, windpipe, lungs.

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

Heart, blood vessels.

Kidneys, skin, bladder.

Bones.

muscles

All the organs help the body in carrying the important function of life.

BODY MOVEMENT All animals show movement. Movement help to distinguish between plants

and animals; animals show movement while plants don’t show any movement.

Animals move in different ways like walking, running, flying, crawling, and swimming. Different body parts are used in these acts of moving from one place to another.

EARTHWORMS An earthworm has a long tube-like body. The body is made up of many rings or

segments joined end to end. It has no bone. Muscles present in the body help the body to

elongate and shorten. The body shape is maintained by fluid

present inside the body such skeleton is called liquid skeleton.

EARTHWORMS During movement the earthworm first

extends the front part of the body keeping the remaining part of the body fixed to the ground. Then it fixes the front part and releases the rear part.

It then shorten the body and then pull the rear part forward

EARTHWORMS In the soil the body secretes a slimy

substance which help in movement. During movement the animal is able to keep

its grip on the ground because of the presence of a number of minutes hair like bristles on the under surface of the body.

The bristles are connected to the muscles.

SNAIL A snail is a very slow moving animal. Having

a rounded structure called shell on its back. The shell is outer skeleton and is not made up

of bones. It does not take part in movement from place

to place and cannot move by itself. Snail have a pair of tentacles which bear eyes

at the tips movement in the snail takes place by muscular organ called foot which produces a slimy fluid called mucus

SNAIL When the snail has to move its foot comes

out of the shell through an opening in the shell .

It produces the mucus so that the animal get a smooth surface to walk or crawl.

The muscular foot produces the series of wave like movements that help the animal to move forward the shell is dragged along with the foot.

FISH Fish lives in water. The shape of a fish is like boat it is narrow in

the front (head) and tail and broader in the middle.

This body shape is called streamlined fish has fins and tail which help in swimming

A streamlined body offers least resistance to the flow of water and allows the fish to move in water easily.

Special structures like fins and flexible back bone help in swimming of fish.

Fins provide stability and direction in swimming and prevent the body from rolling thus the fish can swim easily.

Following movement takes place during swimming:- Muscles make the front part curve to one side

and the tail part moves towards the opposite side.

Then the front part and the tail part quickly curve to the other side.

These movement produce a jerk and push the body forward a series of such quick jerks help the fish swim forward.

COCKROACH Cockroaches do not have bones and their

body is covered with hard outer skeleton called exoskeleton meaning skeleton present outside the body .

The cockroach walk, climb and fly in the air they have three pairs of legs which help in walking.

They also have two pairs of wings attached to the breast muscles that help in flying.

BIRDS Birds fly in the air and walk on the ground. Some birds like ducks and swan can swim in

water . birds possess number of features as follows

which help it in flying:- Streamlined body Bones are hollow and light which makes their

body light. They have wings flapping of wings provide

both thrust and lift Strong breast muscles help in flapping of

wings during flight

SNAKES They have long backbone as the body is long. They have many thin muscles connected to each other. Snakes moves very fast by crawling on their bellies special

structure called scales are present on their bodies this scales help in crawling during movement the body curves into many loops each loops gives the snakes a forward push .

Because of the formation of several loops the thrust given by the loops allows the snakes to move forward very fast in a wave like manner

MOVEMENT IN HUMAN BEINGS In human being two system take part in the

movement of different body parts. These two system are :-

1. The skeletal system2. The muscular system.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Besides helping in movement the skeletal

system performs the following job:- It provides shape to body Provides framework which support the body

and keep it upright. It protect the soft internal organ like heart,

stomach and liver. Blood cells are made in the soft substance

bone marrow .present in the large bone

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system consist of bones and

cartilages. The bones are hard structure the cartilages

are soft and elastic and can be easily bend.. A cartilage can be easily be located in the

ear lobe and nose. The framework of the body formed by the

bones and cartilages is called the skeleton.

PARTS OF HUMAN SKELETAL The human skeletal consists of the bones of

the following four body parts:- Skull. Backbone or spine. Ribs. Limbs (hands and limbs).

SKULL The skull is made up of 22 bones . All bones

in the skull are fixed and joined except the lower jaw.

The lower jaw can be moved and it allows us to chew food and to talk.

Bones of the skull protect the brain from injury.

BACKBONE OR SPINE It is made up of 33 small bones called

vertebrae (the small bone that make up the back bone).

The ribcage is joined to these bones. The backbone protects the spinal cord. The backbone runs along our back starting

from the neck . It can be easily located in our body as a hard

bony structure if we run our hand along the centre of our back.

RIBS Ribs are thin , flat curved bones that forms a

protective cage around the organs like heart and lungs in our chest region.

This is called the ribcage. There are 12 ribs consisting of 24 bones

arranged in 12 pairs. The ribs are joined to the backbone at the

back.

LIMBS Human have two pairs of limbs- one pair of

fore limbs or upper limbs (arms) and the other pair of hind limbs or lower limbs (legs).

JOINTS AND MOVEMENTS The place where two or more bones are

joined together are called joints. The bones are held together at the joints by

strong structures called ligaments.

TYPES OF JOINTS There are 3 main types of joints in our body:-1. Immovable joints2. Slightly movable joints3. Freely movable joints

IMMOVABLE JOINTS These joints do not allow any movement. Examples :-1) The joints between the bones of skull.2) Joints between the upper jaw and the rest of

the head.3) Joints in the tooth sockets.

SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS These joints allow very little movement. Examples:- 1) Joints between adjacent vertebrae in the

backbone.2) Joints between the ribs and the breastbone.

FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS These joints allow free movement of the

bones in various direction. Example:- 1) Joints in elbow .2) Joints in knee.3) Joints in the shoulder.4) Joints in the neck.

FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS There are 4 major types of freely movable

joints.:-1) Ball and socket joint.2) Pivot joint.3) Hinge joint.4) Gliding joint.

BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS In this joint the ball like end of one bone fits

into a cup like cavity (socket) of the other bone.

This allows movement in all direction. Example:- 1) joint in hips.2) Joint in shoulder

PIVOT JOINTS Pivot joints allow rotation only. In this joint the rounded surface of the one

bone fits into a ring formed by the other bone, so that one bone is able to rotate over the other in a ring .

Example:-• Joint between the head and neck.

HINGE JOINT This joint allows movement in one direction

only similar to hinge of a door. Example:- 1) Elbow joint between the upper and the

lower arm.2) Knee joint between the thigh and lower leg.3) Wrist joint between the forearm and the

wrist

GLIDING JOINT This joint allows to glide over each other so

that side to side as well as backward and forward movement can take place .

Only slight movement takes place in this joint.

Example:- • Joint between the bones of the ankle

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles are attached to the bones .this

makes it possible for the bones to move at the joints.

Muscular system consist of muscles these muscles help in movement.

Muscles have the property of contraction and relaxation.

It is this property of muscles which is responsible for the movement of bones.

When muscles make themselves shorter (contract) they pull on the bones and move them. Muscles cannot make themselves longer (relax) again on their own.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM They need another muscle closeby to stretch

them. This second muscle does this by shortening (contracting) itself.

The second muscle which stretches the first muscle (biceps) is called the triceps.

If you raise your hand you can feel the biceps getting shorter and harder. The triceps becomes longer and softer when you lower your hand your triceps becomes shorter and harder and biceps becomes longer and softer