DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHENNAI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GE6252 - BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIT – I : ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND MESUREMENT

PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. Define ─ Electric current

Electric current is defined as rate of flow of electric charge

i=dq/dt

Where q is the charge in coulombs. The unit of current is the amphere which is the current that flows when one coulomb of charge is transferred in one second

2. Define ─ Electrical potential

Electrical potential is generally measured between two points and its unit is the volt.

And also define as work done per charge.

V= dw/dq

3. What is meant by resistance?

The resistance of a circuit is the property by which it opposes the flow of current.

This parameter measured in ohms is responsible for energy dissipation.

4. State ohm‟s law and its limitation?

When the temperature remains constant, current flowing through a circuit is directly proportional to potential difference across the conductor.

V α I V = IR

Where „R‟ the constant of proportionality, becomes the resistance when v in volts and I in ampere

Limitations:

1. Ohm‟s law does not apply to a all non- metallic conductors

2. It does not also to non – linear devices such as zener diodes, vacuum tubes etc.

3. Ohm‟s law is true for metal conductors at constant temperature. If the temperature changes, the law is not applicable

5. What is meant by electrical energy?

Energy is the total amount of work done and hence is the product of power and time.

W = pt = vlt = i2rt = v2 /rt

6. State Kirchhoff‟s law

(i) Kirchhoff‟s current law

The sum of the current flowing towards a junction is equal to the sum of the current flowing away from it.

(ii) Kirchhoff‟s current law

In a closed path, the sum of the potential drops is equal to the sum of the potential rises.

7. What are called lumped circuits?

A circuit in which all the circuit elements are physically separable is know as lumped

circuits.

8. Write the equivalent resistance when two resistors are connected in parallel?

9. Give the different forms of expression for electrical power

Power, p = vi

= i2 R

= v2 / R

Where v – voltage i – current R – resistance

10. Define ─ Time period

The time taken to complete one cycle is called the time period of the quantity

11. Define ─ Frequency

The number of cycles occurring per second is called frequency f =1 / T

12. Define ─Amplitude

The maximum value, either positive or negative of an alternating quantity is called amplitude

13. Define ─RMS value

The effective value of an alternating current is that value of steady direct current which produces the same heat as that produced by the alternating current when passed through the same resistor for the same interval of time

RMS value = (area the square curve for one cycle / period) ½

14. Define ─Form factor

It is defined as ratio of RMS value to the average value.

Form factor = RMS value / Average value

15. Define ─ Crest (peak) factor

It is defined as ratio of maximum value to RMS value

Crest (peak) factor = maximum value / RMS value

16. Define ─ Power factor

The power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current

Cos φ = resistance / impedance

Cos φ = real power / apparent power

17. Give the advantage of three phase system.

1. In a three phase circuit, the total power is more nearly uniform unlike in a single phase circuit, where the power varies widely

2. For a given power triangle, a three phase alternator is smaller in size leading to saving in copper and other material

3. Poly phase motors (Induction Motor) are self starting unlike single phase induction motors

4. Polyphase machines have better power factor and efficiency

5. For the same size, the capacity of a poly phase machine is higher

18. Define ─Balanced load

A load is said to be a balanced load, if the power factors and phase currents in the 3 phases are equal.

19. What is the relationship between line and phase values voltages and current in star and delta connected circuits?

For star connection

VL = √3 Vph

IL = Iph

For delta connection

VL = Vph

IL = √3 Iph

20. What are the advantage and disadvantage of PMMC instrument?

Advantages

1. the scale is uniform

2. low power consumption

3. high torque weight ratio

4. error due to stray magnetic losses

Disadvantages:

1. these instrument are useful only for DC not for AC

2. the cost is higher than that of PMMI instrument

21. What is the basic operating principle of a PMMC instrument?

A moving coil that carries the current is placed between two poles of permanent. The core around which the moving coil is wound is suspended, so that it can move freely. When current passed thorough the coil, it produces a strong magnetic field. The permanent magnet also produces magnetic field. The deflecting torque is produced due to the interaction between two fluxes. Since the permanent magnet is fixed the moving coil tends to move and the pointer which is one of the parts of moving coil arrangement also moves.

22. Why cannot a moving coil instrument be used in AC circuits?

The deflecting torque of the instrument reverses if the current reverses. If the instrument is connected to AC, the pointer cannot follow the rapid reversals and the deflection corresponds to mean torque, which is zero. So these instruments cannot be used for AC

23. Mention the two types of M instruments

1. Attraction type

2. Repulsion type

24. Metion the importance of moving coil instruments

1. Low power consumption

2. Their scales are uniform

3. High torque / weight ratio

4. No hysteresis ratio

25. Mention the importance of moving iron instruments

1. It is suitable for the measurement of both AC and DC

2. Less friction loss

3. High accuracy

4. Simple and rugged construction

26. What are types of indicating instruments?

1. Moving coil instrument

2. Moving iron instrument

27. How can ammeter and voltmeter are connected in a circuit? Why?

The ammeter has a low resistance so that when it is connected in series with any circuit, it does not change the current.

The voltmeter has a high resistance and it is so designed that when connected in parallel to the circuit for measuring voltages it does not take appreciable current.

28. What are different torques act upon the moving system of the instruments for good condition?

1. Deflecting torque

2. Controlling torque

3. Damping torque

29. List the measuring instruments you know

1. Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instrument

2. Permanent magnet iron coil (PMMI) instrument

3. Dynamometer type wattmeter

4. Energy meter

30. Why we need damping device in indicating instrument?

Damping device is mainly used to prevent oscillation of the moving system and enable the latter to reach its final position quickly

31. Why the impedance of a voltmeter should be as high as possible?

The impedance of a voltmeter should be as high as possible because voltmeter connected in parallel to the circuit for measuring voltages it does not take appreciable

32. Why the impedance of an ammeter should be as low as possible?

The ammeter has a low impedance so that when it is connected in series with any circuit, it does not change the current.

33. Compare moving coil and moving iron instrument based on any two salient features

Sl.No Moving coil instrument Moving iron instrument

1. Scale is uniform Scale is not uniform

2. High cost Less cost

3. It is used only measurement of DC Measurement of AC and DC

34. Mention any two types of wattmeters

1. Dynamometer type wattmeter

2. Induction type wattmeter

3. Electrostatic type wattmeter

35. What are the coils in the wattmeter?

1. Current coil

2. Pressure coil

36. List the major components of a single phase induction type energy meter

1. Shunt magnet

2. Series magnet

3. Braking magnet

4. Pressure coil

5. Current coil

PART – B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain the construction and operation of PMMC

2. Explain the construction and operation of PMMI

3. Explain the construction and operation of dynamometer type wattmeter with required

diagram.

4. Explain the construction and operation of energy meter

5. Problems in mesh analysis

6. Problems in AC RL, RC, RLC

Optional

7. Problems in nodal analysis

8. Problems in three phase circuit

UNIT – II : ELECTRICAL MACHINES

PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. What is the basic principle of a dc generator?

Basic principle of dc generator is faradays law of electromagnetic induction, whenever a current is moved in a magnetic field; dynamically induced emf is produced in that conductor.

2. What are the basic parts of a dc generator?

1. Magnetic frame or yoke

2. Poles

3. Aramature

4. Commutator, pole shoes, armature windings, inter pole

5. Brushes, ball bearing

3. What is the purpose of yoke in a dc machine?

1. Yoke acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine and provides mechanical support for the poles.

2. It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles. The flux per pole divides at the yoke so that the yoke carries only half the flux produced by each pole.

4. Mention the two different types of armature winding in a dc machines

1. Lap winding

2. Wave winding

5. What is the function of commutator in a dc generator?

The commutator converts the alternating emf into unidirectional or direct emf

6. Write down the emf equation of a dc generator

Eg = PφNZ / 60 A (volts)

Eg – induced emf in generator

P – Number of poles

Z – Total number of conductors in armature

N – Speed in rpm

A – Number of parallel path

Φ – Flux per pole in wb

7. What are the different types of d.c generators?

1. Separately excited dc generator

2. Self excited generator

a) Series generator

b) Shunt generator

c) Compound generator

(i) Long shunt compound

(ii) Short shunt compound

8. Why is the air gap made of as small as possible between the armature and the poles in a dc machine?

The air gap is made as small as possible between the armature and the poles in a dc machine in order to reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path.

9. What is the material used for armature core, field winding, commutator and brushes?

Armature core – laminated silicon steel

Filed winding – copper

Commutator – hard drawn or drop forged copper

Brushes – carbon or graphite

10. Mention the application of a DC series generator

1. Series arc lighting

2. Series incandescent lighting

3. Boosters for lighting

4. Regenerative braking of DC locomotives

11. What is the nature of the current flowing in the armature conductors of a dc motor?

Alternating current is flowing through the armature. This alternating current is converted into dc by using commutator.

12. List out the different types of dc motor

1. Separately excited dc Motor

2. Self excited Motor

a) Series Motor

b) Shunt Motor

c) Compound Motor

(i) Long shunt compound

(ii) Short shunt compound

13. Why is a shunt motor called constant speed drive?

In shunt motor, flux produced by field winding is proportional to the filed current Ish

Here the input voltage is constant and so the flux is also constant. Therefore, DC shunt motor is also called a constant flux motor or constant speed motor.

14. Why series motor cannot be started without any load?

In dc series motor, flux is directly proportional to armature current.

Φ α I

Under no load condition the armature current is very low and flux also be les. By using the formula N α (1/ Φ), here Φ is less the motor speed will be very high. Due to this motor will be damaged. Hence Dc series motor should always be started with some load on the shaft.

15. Define the term “Speed regulation” of a dc motor

Speed regulation = no load speed – full load speed / full load speed

16. Write down the torque equation of a DC motor.

Ta = 0.159 Φ Ia PZ / A

Where Ta Torque in N- m

Φ – Flux per pole in wb

Ia – armature current in A

P – Number of poles

Z – Total number of armature conductors

A – Number of parallel paths

17. Define ─transformation ratio.

The ratio of secondary induced emf to primary induced emf is called voltage transformation ratio denoted by K

E2/ E1 = N2 / N1 = I1 / I2 = K

18. What is all day efficiency of a transformer?

All day efficiency is the ratio of energy (in kwh) delivered in a 24 hours period to the energy (in Kwh) input for the same interval of time

Efficiency (all day) = Output in kwh / input in kwh (for 24 hours)

19. Define ─Voltage regulation of a transformer.

The regulation of a transformer is defined as reduction in magnitude of the terminal voltage, due to load, with respect to the no load terminal voltage.

% Regulation = V no load terminal – V load terminal / V load terminal * 100

20. What are types of transformer based on construction?

1. Core type transformer

2. Shell type transformer

3. Berry type transformer

21. Why is the transformer rating in KVA?

The copper loss depends on current and iron loss depends upon voltage. Hence the total loss in a transformer depends upon volt- ampere only.

22. What are characteristics of an ideal transformer?

1. No winding resistance (purely inductive)

2. No magnetic leakage flux

3. No copper loss and core loss

4. 100 % efficiency

23. What are the different types of single phase induction motor?

1. Split phase Induction motor

2. Capacitor Start Induction motor

3. Capacitor run Induction motor

4. Capacitor start capacitor run Induction motor

5. Shaded pole Induction motor

24. What are advantages of capacitor start capacitor run motor?

1. High starting torque

2. High efficiency

3. High power factor

25. What are the applications and characteristics of capacitor start capacitor run motor?

Application:

1. Compressors

2. Pumps

3. Conveyors

4. Refrigerators

Characteristics:

1. the power factor of the motor is 0.75 to 0.9

2. the efficiency of the motor is 60 to 70 %

26. Is single phase induction motor self starting? Why?

The single phase induction motor is not self starting

When a single phase supply is fed to the stator winding, it produces only an alternating flux one which alternates along one space axis only. Due to this starting torque will be zero. Hence the motor does not rotate.

27. Name the motors used in ceiling fan and lathes? Ceiling fan – capacitor run motor

Lathes – Capacitor start and capacitor run motor.

28. Which type of single phase induction motor is to be selected for driving fans and blowers and why?

Split phase induction motor is used for driving fans and blowers because it requires lesser starting torque.

29. why are centrifugal switches provided on many single phase induction motors?

The centrifugal switches are provided on many single phase induction motor, because, when the motor is running at 75 % of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch connected in the auxiliary circuit operates and disconnects the auxiliary winding from the supply.

PART – B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain the construction and working principle of DC generator.

2. Explain the construction and working principle of DC Motor

3. Explain the construction and working principle of transformer

4. Write the EMF equation of transformer

5. Explain the construction and operation of

(1) Split phase Induction motor

(2) Shaded pole Induction motor

6. Derive the EMF equation of Dc generator.

7. Problems in DC generators, DC motor and transformer

Optional questions

1. Types Dc generator

2. Types Dc motor

3. Speed and torque equation of dc motor

UNIT – III : SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS

PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. Define ─ Forbidden energy gap

The upper most band is conduction band and the loser one is valance band these two bands are separated by a gap which is know as forbidden energy gap.

2. Define ─ semiconductor

A semiconductor material is an element with 4 valance electrons and whose electrical properties lie in between that of insulators and conductors

3. What is an intrinsic semiconductor?

The pure form of semiconductor is know as intrinsic semiconductor

Examples are pure germanium and silicon, which have the forbidden energy gap of 0.72 and 1.1 eV

4. What is fermi level?

At room temperature the maximum energy level occupied by an electron is at the middle of the forbidden energy gap, it is know as Fermi level

5. What is meant by doping in a semiconductor?

Doping is the process by which conductivity of the semiconductor is increased doping means adding an impurity into a pure form of semiconductor to improve its electrical conductivity.

6. What is an extrinsic semiconductor? Give example.

This impure form of semiconductor is called as extrinsic semiconductor

Example: N and P type semiconductor

7. What is P type semiconductor? Give example

When a small amount of trivalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor, P Type semiconductor is formed.

Example for the trivalent impurity is boron, gallium, indium etc

8. Distinguish between intrinsic semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor

Sl.no Intrinsic Extrinsic

1. It is a pure form of semiconductor An impurity or doping is added in the pure semiconductor forms extrinsic semiconductor

2. Number of electrons and holes are equal Number of electrons and holes are not equal because of doping

3. Conductivity poor Conductivity is improved

9. What are minority and majority carriers in a semiconductor?

P type semiconductor:

Holes are majority carriers and electrons are minority carrier

N type semiconductor:

Electrons are majority carrier and holes are minority carrier

10. How is solids classified based on energy band theory? Give an examplefor each

1. Conductor - copper, aluminium

2. Semiconductor - silicon, germanmium

3. Insulator - paper, mica

11. What is meant by energy band?

In case of solids, instead of single levels associated with the single atom, there will be bands of energy level. A set of such closely packed energy levels is called an energy band.

12. What is the effect of doping?

Doping is the process by which conductivity of the semiconductor is increased. Doping means adding an impurity into a pure semiconductor to improve its electrical conductivity.

13. 15.what is a rectifier?

A rectifier convert the ac voltage to a unidirectional (pulsating) voltage.

14. 16. What is cut in voltage?

The forward voltage at which the current through the junction starts increasing rapidly is called as knee voltage or cut in voltage.

15. 17. What are the applications of PN junction diode?

Switches, rectifier, digital system, communication system, clippers and clampers

16. 18. What is a zener diode?

A zener is a special purpose diode that is operated in reverse biased conditions

17. 19. Mention some applications of zener diode.

Voltage regulator, power supplies, square wave generator

18. 20. Define ─breakdown voltage in a zener diode

When the reverse bias voltage across of zener diode exceeds the particular voltage level,

the current increases very sharply. This voltage is called breakdown voltage of zener diode.

19. 23. How does a PN junction behave under forward and reverse biased condition?

Forward biased condition – closed switch

Reverse biased condition – open switch

20. What do you mean by zener breakdown?

This occurs primarily in heavily doped diodes. In these diodes the depletion region is very

small.

When reverse biasing a diode a very strong electric filed exists across the depletion region at near breakdown voltage levels. For an applied reverse bias voltage of 6 volts or less the electric filed is in the order of 2*107 v/m. this very high electric filed breaks covalent bonds and creates new electron hole pairs which increase the reverse current dramatically thus a large reverse current flows

For lightly doped diodes the zener break down voltage is quite high and so breakdown predominantly occurs through avalanche mechanism.

21. What is meant by zener effect?

In a general purpose PN diode the doping is light; as a result of this the breakdown voltage is high. If a P and N region are heavily doped then the breakdown voltage can be reduced. When the doping is heavily, even the reverse voltage is low, the electric field at barrier will be so strong thus the electrons in the covalent bonds can break away from the bonds. This effect is known as zener effect.

22. Give one application for junction diode and zener diode.

Junction diode – rectifiers

Zener diode – voltage regulator

23. Differentiate avalanche breakdown and zener breakdown

Zener breakdown Avalanche breakdown

It occurs in heavily doped diode

It occurs in lightly doped diode

Temperature coefficient is negative

Temperature coefficient is positive

The reverse bias VI characteristics is very sharp in breakdown

The VI characteristics in reverse bias is not sharp

The breakdown voltage decrease if the junction temperature increase

The breakdown voltage increase if the junction temperature decrease

24. What do you mean by ripple factor?

The ripple factor is defined as the ratio of the effective value or rms value of the ac component of voltage or current to the average value of voltage or current.

25. Define ─peak inverse voltage.

This is the maximum voltage with which the rectifier has to withstand during reverse biasing.

26. What is the peak inverse voltage of center tapped full wave rectifier?

PIV = 2Vm

27. What are the functions of voltage regulators?

The voltage regulator circuit is mainly used to maintain a nearly constant output voltage.

28. What is a voltage regulator?

A voltage regulator circuit is used to maintain a nearly constant output voltage

29. What is filter?

A filter circuit is defined as the circuit which removes the unwanted ac component of the rectifier output and allows only dc component to reach the load.

30. What are the different configurations of BJT?

1. Common emitter

2. Common base

3. Common collector

31. Enlist the limitation of bipolar function transistor?

1. It has low input impedance because of forward biased emitter junction

2. There is considerable noise is present in the transistor

32. Define ─transistor biasing

The proper flow of zero signal dc collector current and the maintenance of proper collector emitter voltage during the passage of signal is known as transistor biasing.

33. Why is collector wider than emitter and base?

In transistor, collector region is made physically wider than the emitter and base region because it has to dissipate much greater power.

34. List the applications of BJT?

1. Act as a switch

2. Amplifier

35. How are different junctions of a transistor are biased?

For amplification the emitter base junction should be forward biased and collector base

junction should be reverse biased.

For closed switch, both junctions should be forward biased.

For open switch, both junctions should be reverse biased.

42. List a few biasing techniques for transistor

1. Base resistor method or fixed bias

2. Collector to base bias

3. Voltage divider bias or self bias

36. Give two characteristics of common collector transistor.

1. Current gain high

2. Voltage gain is less than 1

37. Why transistor is called controlled device?

Transistor is also called current controlled device because the collector current controlled by base current.

PART – B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain the operation of PN junction diode and also explain the VI characteristics.

2. Explain the zener diode characteristics and its application.

3. Explain the half wave rectifier with necessary diagram.

4. Explain the full wave rectifier with necessary diagram.

5. Explain the npn or pnp transistor operation in C E, CB configuration

Optional

6. Bridge rectifier

7. Derive the efficiency and ripple factor of half wave and full wave rectifier

UNIT – IV : DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. State demorgan‟s theorem

Demorgan‟s first law:

This law states that the complement of the sum of the variables equals the product of a complement of each variable.

Demorgan second law:

This law states that the complement of a product equals the sum of the complement of each variable.

2. What are universal gates? Why?

NAND and NOR gates are universal gates because, all other gates can be derived from NAND and NOR gates.

3. What is a Flip flop? Where it is used?

The basic digital memory circuit is known as flip – flop. It is a memory device used to store binary digit (bit). The main applications are counters and shit registers.

4. What are the different types of flip flops?

1. RS flip flop

2. D type flip flop

3. T flip flop

4. J K flip flop

5. What is meant by racing in the operation of a flip flop?

This race condition arises when the width of the clock pulse is greater than the propagation delay time of the flip flop

When J= K = 1 and Q is also 1. The next pulse will cause Q to switch to 0, but due to toggling the output will oscillate between 1 and 0. This is called race around condition.

6. State a method to avoid racing problem in JK flip flop?

Race problem is avoided by using two JK flip flop in cascade called as JK master slave flip flop. The clock pulses applied at the master are inverted and applied to the slave. It employs a feedback from the output of the second flip flop to the input of the first flip flop.

7. What are the different types of counters? Or what are the two types of binary counters?

1. Synchronous

2. Asynchronous counter

a. up counter b. Down counter c.Up / down counter

8. What are shift registers?

A shift registers capable of shifting the binary information either to the left or to the right. Logically a shift register consists of a group of cascaded flip flops, with the output of each flip flop connected to the input of the next flip flop.

9. Mention the types of digital to analog converters?

1. Binary weighted resistors DAC

2. R – 2 R ladder

3. inverted R – 2R ladder

PART – B (16 MARKS)

1. Explain the half adder and full adder

2. Explain the flip flop RS, JK,

3. Explain the counter

4. Explain the analog to digital conversion

5. Explain the digital to analog conversion

UNIT – V : FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PART – A (2 MARKS)

1. What is meant by modulation?

Modulation is basically a process of increasing the frequency of the signasl to be transmitted. In the process of modulation, we take a high frequency signal called as carrier signal and vary some characteristics of the carrier signal like amplitude, frequency or phase in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude variation of the message signal.

2. What is meant by modulation and demodulation?

Modulation:

Modulation is basically a process of increasing the frequency of the signal to be transmitted.

Demodulation:

The modulation signal is transmitted from one place to other. In the receiver side, we receive this signal and retrieve the message in it. This process is called as demodulation.

3. What are the types of modulation?

Modulation can be broadly classified into two types based on the nature of carrier signal

1. Sinusoidal modulation 2. Pulse modulation

In sinusoidal modulation, the carrier signal used is a sine signal.

In pulse modulation, the carrier signal used is a pulse signal.

4. Why are AM systems preferred in broadcasting than FM systems?

AM system preferred in broadcasting than FM system because

1. Long distance communication 2. Consumes less power

5. What are the various standards used in TV transmission system?

1. Number of frames per second 2. Number of lines per frame

3. Filed frequency 4. Line frequency 5. Channel width

6. Video bandwidth 7. Sound system

6. What are advantages of optical fibre commutation?

1. Less weight

2. Larger information carrying capacity

3. Less space and easy installation

4. Fibre classes are cheaper.

7. What is packet loss?

Packet loss occurs in communication network mainly due to congestion. When the number

of packet is being transmitted, when reach a node, the volume of data packets may be higher than

the capacity of the node. In such situation some packets are lost. The loss may be due to

hardware, software or transmission media not sufficiently capable to handle large volume of data.

This is called as packet loss.

PART – B (16 MARKS)

1. (i) Show and discuss the block diagram of radio broadcasting and reception

system and explain the function of each block. (10) (ii) Demonstrate on optical fiber communication

(6)

2. (i)Illustrate the circuit diagram of balanced modulator and explain its

operation. (8)

(ii) With a neat block diagram explain the principle of operation of FAX. (8)

3. Discuss any one method for suppressing the unwanted sideband. Support

your answer with the required diagrams. (16)

4. Summarize the principle of Amplitude & Frequency Modulation and its

need. (16)

5. Conclude the usage of satellite for long distance communication with a neat

block diagram basic satellite transponder. (16)

6. Describe in detail with the necessary diagram the microwave and satellite

communication system. (16)

7. Explain in detail the functional diagram of Monochrome TV transmitter and

receiver. (16)

8. (i) Point out a Typical Television video signal, Explain how this is converted

to image on TV screen (10)

(ii). A 10MHz sinusoidal carrier wave of amplitude 10mV is modulated by

a 5KHz sinusoidal audio signal wave of amplitude 6mV. Design and find

the frequency components of the resultant modulated wave and their

amplitudes. (6)

9. Describe with suitable diagram Diode detector for AM signals. (16)

10. Label and explain the radio broadcasting and reception system. (16)