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Announcements
• 1. TEST Friday April 10 • 2. If you are going to be gone for the band trip
the remainder of the week you need to keep up with your notebook using my website.
• 3. QUIZ Corrections
Jefferson’s Presidency
• Essential Question:–How did President Jefferson change U.S.
government, territory, & foreign policy?
The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860)
The election of 1800 was a turning point in U.S. history
This “Revolution of 1800” marked the first time in U.S. history
when one political party transferred power to another
“We are all Republicans.We are all Federalists.”
Jefferson’s inaugural, 1801
Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of dominance
by the Democratic-Republicans
8 yrsGeorge
Washington(1789-1797)
4 yrsJohn
Adams(1797-1801)
8 yrsThomas Jefferson
(1801-1809)
8 yrsJames
Madison(1809-1817)
8 yrsJames
Monroe (1817-1825)
4 yrsJohn Quincy
Adams (1825-1829)
8 yrsAndrew Jackson
(1829-1837)
Federalist Party
Democratic-Republican Party
Democratic Party
If this image captures Jefferson’s vision of an ideal America, what was his vision? What role did Jefferson want the government to play in this ideal America?
Jefferson wanted to reverse Federalist policies by reducing the size and cost of the national government
Jefferson believed the government had grown too large and powerful
He cut the size of the army
He eliminated taxes on whiskey, slaves, and property
He allowed the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire
Focused on paying down the federal government’s debt
Reduce the national government
Restore power to state gov’ts
Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty
Hamilton
Adams
Jefferson
Madison
But, the Federalists did not want to see their policies destroyed by Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans
In the months before leaving office,
President Adams appointed numerous Federalists to become
judges in federal courts(the “Midnight Judges”)
Jefferson opposed these appointments
and ordered his Secretary of State James Madison to
deny some of these judge appointments
One of these potential judges was William Marbury who sued Madison when he was deprived his position
Marbury
Marbury v Madison (1803) was one of the most important
Supreme Court cases in U.S. history
Marbury v Madison (1803)The President of the United States has the power to appoint judges to the federal courts. Usually, the President appoints individuals who are members of his political party or who share his ideas about politics. In 1800, John Adams was President. There was an election that year. Thomas Jefferson, who belonged to another political party, got elected. There were many positions in the federal government that were empty. Before he left office, Adams tried to fill these positions with people who shared his ideas. President Adams appointed 58 new people. He asked his Secretary of State, John Marshall, to deliver the paperwork to these people so they could start their new jobs. Marshall delivered most of the papers. He was in a hurry, so he left some of the papers for the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to deliver. When he came into office, President Thomas Jefferson told Madison not to deliver the papers to some of the people Adams had appointed.
One of the individuals who didn't receive his papers was William Marbury. He sued James Madison and tried to get the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus. A writ is a court order that forces an official to do something. Marbury argued that a law passed by Congress (Judiciary Act of 1789) gave the Supreme Court of the United States the power to issue this writ. If the Court issued the writ, Madison would have to deliver the papers. Then Marbury would become a justice of the peace. The Supreme Court of the United States had to decide the case. The new Chief Justice of the United States was John Marshall. He was the same person who had been unable to deliver the paperwork in the first place!1.Why do you think Jefferson did not want the people Adams appointed to get their jobs?2.If Congress passes a law that conflicts with the Constitution, which one are we required to follow: the law or the Constitution?3.How should the Supreme Court rule: Should William Marbury get the position as a judge or not?
The Supreme Court ruled that President Jefferson’s decision to deny Marbury his judicial appointment did not violate the Judiciary Act or the Constitution
Marbury: Congress created the Judiciary Act to create lower courts with judges!!
Jefferson and Madison: Yes, but the president can appoint (not deny)
whoever he wants!!
The Marbury v. Madison case
established the principle of
judicial review giving the
Supreme Court the power to
declare acts of Congress
unconstitutional
Chief Justice John Marshall served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835
Over three decades, Marshall’s ruling helped strengthen the power of the national gov’t
over the states and protected the rights of citizens
Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
During Jefferson’s presidency, the U.S. population
was growing and people were moving West
From 1800 to 1810, the U.S. grew by two
million people
Kentucky became a
state in 1792
Tennessee was added in 1796
Ohio was added in 1803
Jefferson was worried about French control of New Orleans
and the Mississippi River
Jefferson sent a delegation
to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans
Napoleon wanted to sell all French territories in America to fund his war
In 1803, Congress approved the purchase of Louisiana from
the French for $15 million
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of
the USA
Americans were excited about gaining new western
lands, but the Louisiana Purchase presented problems
Was the purchase constitutional?
Despite his belief in strict interpretation, Jefferson used the
elastic clause to buy itWhat about the
French and Spaniards in New Orleans?
Despite his belief in protecting liberty,
Jefferson did not grant foreigners citizenship
Americans were excited about gaining new western
lands, but the Louisiana Purchase presented problems
What did the USA buy? No one knew what
resources exited in the Louisiana territory
Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
to explore the Louisiana Territory
Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America
Jefferson was widely popular and easily
won the election of 1804
But, Jefferson’s second term was plagued by foreign policy problems
The war between England and France led to more attacks on U.S. trade ships
The British navy impressed more than 1,000 American merchant sailors per year
from 1803 to 1807
Jefferson was frustrated with his inability to get England or France to
stop attacking U.S. ships
In 1807, he ordered an embargo and
banned all U.S. trade with England and France
The embargo failed, merchants smuggled
goods to continue trading with Europe,
and the embargo hurt U.S. trade more than
England or France
Jefferson had to increase the size of
the gov’t and military to enforce the law
Closure Activity: Jefferson’s LegacyJefferson came into office trying to reduce the
size and power of the national government.Did he accomplish his goal? Use your notes and knowledge of Jefferson to complete this chart
Jefferson’s ideal? How Jefferson acted
Interpretation of the Constitution?
Powers of the president?
Size of the army and navy?
Citizenship and rights of the people?
Size of the national government?