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The Periodic TableHow is the periodic table put

together?

What is the Periodic Table?

It is an organizational system for elements.

Periodic Table Song – ASAPscience Periodic Table Song – Meet the Elements

Picture from www.chem4kids.com

Who created it? The quest for a systematic

arrangement of the elements started with the discovery of individual elements.

  By 1860 about 60 elements were known and a method was needed for organization. 

In 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev proposed arranging elements by atomic weights and properties.

The table contained gaps but Mendeleev predicted the discovery of new elements.

Mendeleev’s Table

So how is it arranged?

The genius of the periodic table “is that it is organized like a big grid.

The elements are placed in specific places because of the way they look and act.

If you have ever looked at a grid, you know that there are rows (left to right) and columns (up and down). The periodic table

has rows and columns, too, and they each mean something different.”

quoted from http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pertable.html

Periods = Rows

Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go left to right. When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows is considered to be a different period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.)

quoted from http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pertable.html

Across the Periodic Table

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic periodic table (rows 1-7)table (rows 1-7)

These elements have the same number of valence shells.These elements have the same number of valence shells.

2nd Period

6th Period

Periods = Rows

In the periodic table, elements have something in common if they are in the same row.

All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals.

Every element in the top row (the first period) has one orbital for its electrons. All of the elements in the second row (the second period) have two orbitals for their electrons. It goes down the periodic table like that.

quoted from http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pertable.html

And you got your groups…

The periodic table has a special name for its columns, too. When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group.

quoted from http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_pertable.html

Down the Periodic Table

Family:Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.shell.

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Groups = Columns

The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer orbital.

Every element in the first column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell. Every element on the second column (group two) has two electrons in the outer shell. As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many electrons are in the outer shell.

There are some exceptions to the order when you look at the transition elements, but you get the general idea.

What do all the numbers mean ?

From www.science-class.net

Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals

MetalsMetalsNonmetalsNonmetals

Other than periods and groups, the table is divided

into families.

From www.science-class.net

9.16 WARM UP

What are 3 ways the periodic table is organized? 1. 2. 3.

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9.16 WARM UP

What are 3 ways the periodic table is organized? 1. Atomic number 2. Properties and characteristics 3. Valence electrons 4. State of Matter 5. Metal Properties

Getting to know the families

Groups will discuss each family Find:

3 characteristics 2 common examples

Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Rare Earth Metals, Other Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids, Halogens, Noble Gases

Alkali Metals 120 Alkaline Earth 121 Transition Metals

122 Lanthanides 122 Actinides 124 Metalloids 135

Carbon Family 130 Nitrogen Family 131 Oxygen Family 132 Halogen Family 133 Noble Gases 134 Hydrogen 134

•very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature

•malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity.

•can explode if they are exposed to water

ALKALI METALSALKALI METALS

From www.science-class.net

•metals

•very reactive

•not found free in nature

ALKLINE EARTH METALSALKLINE EARTH METALS

From www.science-class.net

•ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat

•iron, cobalt, and nickel, are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.

TRANSITION METALSTRANSITION METALS

From www.science-class.net

•many are man-made

RARE EARTH ELEMENTSRARE EARTH ELEMENTS

From www.science-class.net

•are ductile and malleable

•are solid, have a high density,

OTHER METALSOTHER METALS

From www.science-class.net

•have properties of both metals and non-metals

•some of the metalloids are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators

METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS

From www.science-class.net

•not able to conduct electricity or heat very well

•very brittle

•Do not reflect light.

NON-METALSNON-METALS

From www.science-class.net

•"halogen" means "salt-former" and compounds containing halogens are called "salts"

•exist in all three states of matter

HALOGENSHALOGENS

From www.science-class.net

•do not form compounds easily

•Happy/Inert Elements (Full outer Happy/Inert Elements (Full outer shells)shells)

NOBLE GASESNOBLE GASES

From www.science-class.net

Trends

Trend 1. Electron Configuration

Top has fewer electrons, bottom (NE corner) has the most

Electrons increase as you move across and down

2. Trend in Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius: Atomic Radius:

The size of the atom as determined by the boundaries of the valence e-. Largest atomic species are those found in the SW corner since these atoms have the largest n

3.Trend in Ionization Potential

Ionization potential: Ionization potential:

The energy required to remove the valence electron from the atom.

Largest toward NE corner of PT since these atoms hold on to their valence e-

the tightest.

4. Trend in Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity: Electron Affinity:

The energy release when an electron is added to an atom.

Most favorable toward NE corner of PT since

these atoms have a great affinity for e-.

(Likelihood to gain an electron)

Trends on a graph

2. Atomic Radius & Z: Largest toward SW corner of PT2. Atomic Radius & Z: Largest toward SW corner of PT

3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT

5. Trends with Metals

Becomes less metal-like from left to right

More metallic from top to bottom

Secret Words

Saying is “_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ happy.”