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AnnouncementsSept. 29, 2006
Test results are in. Answer Key posted on course web site. You can pick up error sheets after class
today.
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Exam 1 summary
Mean 40.0
A (6) B (6)
The “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico is caused by:
a) Not enough nutrientsb) Sharksc) Good farming practicesd) Too many nutrientse) Over-fishing
•Fertilizer carried into aquatic ecosystems.
•Increase aquatic plant growth rate.
–Lowered oxygen concentrations.
A (9) B (9)
A good hypothesis will:
a) Be as general as possibleb) Be testable and falsifiablec) Be developed in isolationd) Both a and b
A (21) B (21)Mullerian mimicry is when a harmless species is protected because it looks like a poisonous or dangerous species.
a) Trueb) False
Batesian Mimicry: defenseless species (mimic) is protected from predation by its resemblance to a species that is dangerous
fly (bee mimic) bumble bee
Mullerian Mimicry: 2 or more distasteful or harmful organisms resemble each other
A (26) B (26)
The cowbird is an example of a species native to Illinois that has detrimental impacts on other birds by acting as which of the following:
a) Predatorb) Mutualistc) Competitord) Parasite
Nest Parasitism
Common Yellow-throat
Adult cowbirds don’t build nests
Cowbird
A (15) B (15)
The field and laboratory experiments designed to investigate deformities in amphibians indicated that:
A) Parasites alone could cause the observed deformities
B) Chemicals alone could cause the observed deformitiesC) Chemicals combined with parasites increased the
likelihood of deformitiesD) both a and cE) both b and c
However, on form A, answer C) was scored as correct while on form B, D) was scored as the correct answer.
A (15) B (15)
The field and laboratory experiments designed to investigate deformities in amphibians indicated that:
A) Parasites alone could cause the observed deformities
B) Chemicals alone could cause the observed deformitiesC) Chemicals combined with parasites increased the
likelihood of deformitiesD) both a and cE) both b and c
So, if you answered C) or D) for question 15, and it is marked “incorrect” on your score sheet, see us!
A (47) B (47)
Amino acids, peptides, and proteins are all essential organic molecules that are composed of:
A) SulfurB) CarbonC) NitrogenD) Phosphorous
Everyone got this question correct (it was not included on the score sheet).
51. (extra credit)
The name of your professor is:
51. (extra credit)
The name of your professor is:
Andy Suarez
Lecture Objectives:
1. Understand both primary and secondary succession2. Learn the characteristics of the major biomes
Types of Ecosystems I & II
Recurring Themes…Terrestrial vs. Aquatic
Type of ecosystem influenced by: rock/soil type temperature precipitation producers/consumers surrounding ecosystems time
Succession - communities proceeding through predictable changes through time
Two types of successionPrimary - begins with total lack of organisms, bare mineral surface
Secondary - begins with destruction or disturbance of existing ecosystem
Primary takes longer than secondary
Biomes - climax communities with wide geographical distributions
Terrestrial biomes primarily influenced by: Precipitation:
total amount per year seasonal distribution form (rain, snow)
Temperature: range of temperatures seasonal patterns
Other factors: soil type, wind, fire, etc.
Precipitation and temperature influenced by latitude, longitude, and altitude
Aquatic Biomes Occupy the largest part of the biosphere
two thirds of the Earth is covered by oceans
Marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria produce large portion of world’s oxygen and consume large amounts of CO2
Differ by salt concentration: freshwater saline
Aquatic Biomes
Aquatic biomes primarily influenced by:Light penetrationType of bottom substrateWater temperatureDissolved materials
Pelagic Marine Pelagic - open water environment
Euphotic zone where all photosynthesis occurs Upper layer where suns rays penetrate
Primary producers are phytoplankton Small, microscopic algae and bacteria Nutrient concentration extremely important in determining
productivity
Phytoplankton consumed by zooplankton, consumed by crustaceans and fish, consumed by larger fish
Biomes: Pelagic Marine (cont.)
Benthic Marine Benthic - bottom
Several types: coral reefs, mangrove swamps, abyssal Type determined by substrate, temperature and depth
Benthic Marine Coral reefs
•Require shallow, clear, warm water•Coral is a sessile animal that excretes a hard, exoskeleton
•Animals have symbiotic relationship with algae•One of most diverse and productive biomes on earth
Benthic Marine Mangrove swamps
•Occur in warm, shoreline areas, with low wave action•Important nursery area for shrimp, fish
Benthic MarineAbyssal ecosystem
Deep, no light; depend on organic matter from above
Estuary Shallow, partly enclosed area
where salinity changes with tides
Very productiveNutrients from riversLight penetration
Important nursery areas for crustaceans and fish
Freshwater - lakes Three main habitats
Littoral Zone: shallow areas with rooted submergent and emergent plants
Pelagic Zone: deeper areas of open water
Benthic Zone: Bottom
Freshwater - lakes Productivity determined
by depth, temperature, nutrients Oligotrophic lakes = low
productivity nutrient poor, often cold
and deep Eutrophic lakes = high
productivity nutrient rich, often warm
and shallow
Freshwater - lakes Oxygen concentration determines kinds of animals
present Biological oxygen demand = amount of oxygen used by
decomposers As summer progresses in eutrophic lake, oxygen (O2)
levels decline
Rivers and Streams Characterized by running water
Attached algae main producerMany nutrients come from input of terrestrial
organic matterIn large rivers, floodplain important source
of nutrients, spawning habitat for fish
Biomes: Freshwater – rivers (cont.)
Points to know,
1. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? What are the steps in the succession process?
2. What factors affect the type of ecosystem that will develop?
3. Know the characteristics of the major terrestrial biomes.
4. Aquatic biomes can be categorized by several axes:1. Marine, Freshwater, or Estuary
2. Benthic, Pelagic, Littoral
5. What are some differences between lakes/ponds and rivers/streams?