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PsychPortal-D2L integrationHas started, but not finished!
Exam 2 is next Wednesday (2/29)PsychPortal deadlines Monday – Master Quiz Tuesday – Learning Curves (seven of ‘em)
VI. Sleep and Dreams
VI. Sleep and Dreams
How do you know someone is asleep?
VI. Sleep and DreamsA. Types and stages of
sleep1.EEG activity
a.Beta activity 13-40 Hz b.Alpha activity 8-12 hzc.Delta activity 1-4 Hz
Faster -----------Slower
VI. Sleep and Dreams
A.Types and stages of sleep2. Stages of sleep are defined by EEG
a. Stage 1 = alternating periods of alpha and other activity
b.Stage 2 =alpha rhythms GONE, theta waves present, occasional sleep spindles and K-complexes
c. Stage 3 = a few Delta wavesd. Stage 4 = mostly Delta wavese. REM (AKA paradoxical) sleep
Assessing Sleep Stages
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
Stage 1: AlphaStage 2: Theta waves (5‐8 Hz)Stage 2 : Sleep Spindles
a. Sleep Stages 1‐2
Theta Waves
Slow large‐amplitude, delta waves (1‐4 Hz)
b. Sleep Stages 3‐4
c. REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)Following stage 4, cycle moves towards stage 1 againStill asleep, but brain resembles awake‐aroused state. Low‐ amplitude, fast beta waves (15‐40 Hz)
Sleep and Dreamsc. REM (AKA paradoxical) sleep
1. after ~90 minutes, person is obviously asleep, but the EEG resembles waking
2. Eyes dart rapidly back and forth (hence the name Rapid Eye Movement).
3. Dreams of a narrative story-like style tend to occur during REM sleep.
90‐Minute Cycles During SleepWith each 90‐minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases
and the duration of REM sleep increases.
What is Sleep Good For?1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
Sleep helps memory
Stickgold 2005
Improvement after sleep: Nighttime sleep Also daytime nap
What is Sleep Good For?1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
4. Sleep Improves Daytime Function: Too little sleep associated with cognitive and emotional problems, poorer immune function
AccidentsFrequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
Spring Fall
1. Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall or stay asleep.
2. Narcolepsy: Excessive sleepiness and sleep attacks at inappropriate times (while working, talking, standing up…)
3. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep. Many adverse health effects.
Sleep Disorders
Test you Sleep IQ!
When people sleepwalk, they are experiencing a dream that they are
walking.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 1
Most people report dreaming in black and white.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 5
Most dreams are about sex
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 0
Some people require as few as 4 hours of sleep a night to feel well rested.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 7
More than half of American adults have suffered from insomnia in the past year.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 9
During sleep your brain and body rest
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 10
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are effective in treating sleep problems
such as insomnia.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SDIQ 13
Resting in bed with your eyes closed cannot satisfy your body’s need for
sleep.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SIQ 4
Snoring is not harmful as long as it doesn’t disturb others or wake you up.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SIQ 5
Everyone dreams nightly.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SIQ 6, SDIQ 8
Most people don’t know when they are sleepy.
A. TRUEB. FALSE
SIQ 8
Why do we dream?
1. Wish Fulfillment: Freud suggested dreams provide a psychic safety
valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. Royal road to the unconscious!
2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.
Why do we dream?3. Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping
brain with stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Newborns thus need more sleep.
Why do we dream?
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep.
When deprived of REM, subsequent REM Rebound.
End of Consciousness
Sensation and Perception
One TwoThree Four
Five!Senses working
Overtime!
I. Overview
A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristicsB. Perception: making complex interpretations
I. Overview
A. Sensation: awareness of simple characteristicsB. Perception: making complex interpretations
Top Down Versus Bottom Up Processing
Bottom Up: the sensory features create the perception No Expectations or Experience
necessary
Top Down: Higher level mental processes based on our experience and expectations influence the perception
Bottom‐up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up through levels of
processing in the brain to give us the percept
Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an “A.”
Top‐Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher‐level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
Other Examples of Top Down Processes
Proof reading trouble
Cna You Raed This?Aoccdrnig to rseerach at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh?
Other Examples of Top Down Processes
Proof reading trouble Deciphering Lyrics Excuse me while I Kiss this guy ? Excuse me while I Kiss the sky !
Those alleged hidden messages in songs…Another One Bites the dust…tsud eht setiB enO rehtonA… And many more!
Hidden Messages?
Some claim that musicians insert these messages to influence us (e.g., promote satanic views!)Think skepticallyWithout top-down processing (i.e., knowing
what it’s supposed to say), we can’t decipher itNo evidence it has any effect when played
forward OR backward
Other Examples of Top Down Processes
Proof reading trouble Deciphering Lyrics Excuse me while I Kiss this guy ? Excuse me while I Kiss the sky !
Those alleged hidden messages in songs…Another One Bites the dust…tsud eht setiB enO rehtonA…No empirical support that subliminal and
especially backwards messages have any impact
