ANNUAL REPORT1994-95

J 0 Headqu ric s Goc

front coverOn the road from Panaji to the National Institue of

Oceanography stands a monumenl depicting navigationalinstruments used by the explorer Vasco da Gama a reminder that

expertise in oceanic exploration has been a large factor in shapinghuman history

In this day and age as we look to the oceans to enhance depletingland resources, we are reminded of the continuing need for

excellence in the field of oceanography

Published by:Director, NIO, Goa

Compilation, Layout 8c Production:Publication & Reprography Section

Printed at:Tata Press Ltd., Mumbai

Acknowledgements:We, Ehrlich Desa & S.R. Bhat, arethankful to Drs. S.W.A. Naqvi, B.Nagender Nath, S.R. Shetye, C.S.Murty, Elgar Desa & M.V.M. Wafar forall their help in preparation of thisreport. Our thanks to Rosy Thomas ScS.P. Sharma for the editorial assistanceand to A.Y. Mahale, Christina Ribeiro& V.M. Date for word processing, dtp& design assistance. The idea for thecover was given by R.R. Nair.

CONTENTS

• Director's Report

R&D Contributions• Contract Services• Coastal Environment• Engineering, Technology

& Techniques• Offshore Processes & Resources• Bilateral Programmes• Data, Information & Scientific

Services

Appendices• Cruise Programmes

• Seminars/Workshops/Meetings/Training

• Awards & Honours

• Council Members &Staff on Committees

• Deputations Abroad

• Visitors & Lectures

• Manpower & Budget

• Publications

• Staff List

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Director'sReport

The focus of our Institute -now in its 30th year- continues to be the developmentof a coherent organisation aimed at excellence in ocean research and service toindustries. In the first two decades of its establishment, much effort went intoconsolidating research capabilities and in gaining basic understanding of theprocesses in the seas around us. The last few years have allowed us to capitaliseour knowledge into much needed revenue by offering a variety of services tocoastal industries. The period 1994-95 saw the Institute undertake a widerange of assignments of scientific and social importance.

The reportage of these activities is in a format that takes into account the manyaspects of the Institute's functioning that were discussed at several ResearchCouncil meetings during the year. These centred on the changing economicscenario in the country and the resulting imperative to reorient our researchprogrammes, to focus them, and to bias them at least partially, to industry. Theultimate objective being self financing that would permit autonomy of thoughtand action. This also entails a revisit of the original charter objectives, a processthat has been ongoing for a while now.

We are reporting the year's activities under four major headings: ContractServices; Coastal Environment; Engineering, Technology & Techniques; OffshoreProcesses & Resources.

Highlights

Contract Services

During the year we had a reasonable external cashflow of Rs. 867 lakhsfrom contract projects. Over 15% of this came from coastal industries, witha majority of the projects related to environmental impact assessments forconstruction of jetties and laying of pipelines for effluent discharge. A oneday "NIO - Industry Meet" was organised, and feasible suggestions fromindustry are being implemented.

Coastal Environment

We demarcated and evaluated rip currents along the beaches of Goa, to helpthe Govt. of Goa develop safe recreational facilities. We found that themagnitude and direction of longshore current change considerably with tidecausing rip currents to shift position over a tidal phase. High waves, steepforeshore slope and strong longshore currents are found to be the mainfactors favouring rip currents at many places particularly during the south-west monsoon.

We continued monitoring our seas and estuarine systems throughenvironmental impact assessment studies. This exercise also formed part ofour involvement in the Department of Ocean Development's "Coastal OceanMonitoring and Prediction System" (COMAPS). We examined the waters offMormugao, Dabhol, Nagapattinam, Pipavav and the stretch between Ratnagiriand Mangalore, and found that by and large our coastal waters were still

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environmentally healthy. These baseline studies are becoming increasinglyimportant as the number of coastal industries increase, and the few "hotspots" along the coast are now being studied for their long term secondaryeffects on the marine environment.

Numerical model results simulating tidal circulation in the Mandovi-Zuariestuarine network, showed that tidal propagation in this system is a 'diffusivewave' type and not a "shallow water wave" type.

A bottom mixed layer was observed in the inner-shelf off the central eastcoast of India between Machilipatnam and Madras, thinning southwards.The thick mixed layer in the north was associated with relatively cold waters(26.4°C) suggestive of bottom layer formation through current veering.

Our search for marine organisms with bioactive drug potential, led to theidentification of two plants. One showed reverse transcriptase activity andthe other indicated strong potentiation of oxytocic activity. This year anotherfour analogs of active cyclic hydroxamic acid derivative were synthesizedand sent for biological evaluation. Among a batch of extracts sent to theIndian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, four have beenreported to possess pesticidal activity.

Marine archaeological explorations off Dwarka and Poompuhar continued.Airlifting explorations at Bet Dwarka revealed late Harappan pottery and alarge quantity of ceramic ware datable to late Harappan and early historicalperiod. These were collected from onshore and intertidal zones, suggestive ofa protohistoric settlement. An ancient harbour near a natural ridge wasexplored at Dwarka, and it appears that this 300 m long ridge was used forsecuring ships.

Engineering, Technology & Techniques

An Integrated Data Acquisition System (IDAS), a complete LAN based system,for the research vessel uSagar Sampada" was commissioned. The IDAS isnow logging test data from geophysical and meteorological systems. It is userfriendly, permits an integrated data sharing approach and has the benefit ofusing locally available computers.

An yeast strain and a thraustochytrid, were found to breakdown long chaincarbon fractions of crude oil C20-C30, and a bacterial strain producing over600 mg/1 of polymer, showed strong surfactant activity against crude oil.We continued our efforts in using micro-organisms for biosurfactantproduction, oil spill degradation and pollution control. The isolated bacterialstrains were found to degrade over 90% of aliphatic and 50% of aromaticfractions of crude oil. They were capable of degrading pure aromaticcompounds such as naphthalene and anthracene, but the activity appearedto be plasmid mediated, with a size ranging around 2.25 kb.

Our search for antifouling substances revealed a promising candidate plant.Extract from this plant is effective against four diatoms and seven species offouling bacteria. Experiments of mild steel in concrete containing variousproportions of flyash and gold tailings showed a reduction in the corrosionrate in the concrete mix containing 20% of this mineral waste. The chance tostudy long term corrosion effects serendipitedly presented itself with thecollection of iron, lead and brass items from a ship-wreck off Minicoy. Asexpected iron was in a poor state of preservation with heavily corrodedferrous oxide layers while the lead and brass items were intact.

Acoustic multipath arrivals measured during an acoustic transmissionexperiment conducted in the Arabian Sea were utilised to estimate the verticalsound speed, and oceanographic parameters.

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Offshore Processes & Resources

The dominant mechanisms (wind, temperature and salinity) that control the3-D circulation and the mean state of the Indian Ocean were studied with adiagnostic model. The model reproduces the known major current systems inthe western Indian Ocean when the horizontal eddy viscosity coefficient variedfrom 5x107 to 109 cm2s-1. Reproducing the winter season's northward coastalsurface current feature would require further fine tuning of the model.

Analysis of surface currents in the western equatorial region revealed thepresence of multiple mesoscale eddies with clockwise and anticlockwiserotations.

Extensive observations were made on N20 concentrations and on the dualstable isotopic composition of N20 in the Arabian Sea and the eastern tropicalNorth Pacific. In the sub-oxic waters of these regions; both δ15N and δ18Oincreased linearly with decreasing N2O concentrations likely reflecting theeffects of denitrification. Results suggest that the ocean could be an importantsource of isotopically heavier N2O to the atmosphere.

The joint Indo-FRG studies on particle flux showed a strong correlation betweenwind speeds over the sea and amounts of particulate matter produced andtransferred to the deep in the Arabian Sea. A similar role can be attributed toriver derived material in the Bay of Bengal.

Under the Joint Global Ocean Flux Studies (JGOFS), two multi-sediment trapsand mooring and a surface buoy were designed, fabricated, and deployedduring two cruises. Preliminary results show that the flux of material out ofthe photic zone ranges between 300 and 1000 mg m-2 day-1. The chemicalmeasurements in the Arabian Sea revealed that of the organic matter producedin the upper 60 m, more than 90% appears to remineralise between 60 and300 m.

High resolution shallow seismic records collected over the Cauvery basinrevealed the occurrence of gas-charged sediments in the Late Quaternarydeltaic sediments in the form of gas pockets. These records also showedcharacteristic structures such as valley cuts and slumps in the lower slopeareas.

Our studies on a set of closely spaced magnetic profiles in the Arabian Seaenabled an updated identification of the seafloor spreading magnetic anomalies24 through 20 in the sparsely mapped southeastern part of the Arabian Sea.The east-west trending magnetic anomalies were found to be consistentlyright laterally offset along numerous fracture zones that extend eastwardsup to the base of the western slopes of the Laccadive Ridge. The Deep SeaDrilling Project (DSDP) site 221 was observed to be located on a reverselymagnetized oceanic crust between anomalies 22 and 21. The presence ofadditional unidentifiable normal magnetic events suggests a possibly relativelycomplex spreading pattern in the vicinity of the Laccadive Ridge duringanomalies 24 and 23.

On the outer western continental shelf, "the Fifty Fathom Flat", a drownedcarbonate platform of late Quaternary, Halimeda bioherms and aragoniticfaecal pellet dominated sediments were discovered. This platform is uniquebecause a carbonate depositional environment prevailed until Early Holocenein spite of its proximity to a major siliciclastic tidal embayment. Echogramsrevealed buried pinnacles between 62 and 38 m and exposed 2 to 14 m highpinnacles on the platform. This is the fourth discovery of Halimeda biohermsin the world oceans formed during the Quaternary.

A collaborative study with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, New Yorkallowed us to reconstruct the history of the Red Sea Outflow (RSO) over the

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past 27,000 years from a radiocarbon-dated high resolution stable carbonisotope record of benthic foraminifera from the inner Gulf of Aden. Resultsreveal that the Red Sea was vigorously flushed for ~2,000 years before anabrupt monsoon intensification caused the cessation of deep water formationfrom 15,500 to 7,300 yr BP. In conflict with previous reports, we find thatmonsoon intensification occurred in phase with the northern hemispheresummer insolation increase, implying that the continental albedo exerted anegligible dampening effect on the monsoon since 15,000 yr BP.

The nodules site area in the Central Indian Ocean mapped by the Institute,was accepted by the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea BedAuthority in 1987. The country will relinquish 50% of the claimed area in3 stages. 20% was relinquished in 1993, and our geological group havepresented the second report for relinquishment of 10% to the Department ofOcean Development. This second report has taken into account detailed surveysconducted from MV AA Sidorenko.

The latest surveys used a deep tow system 'ABISSAL' and include over 440hours of video data along 1086 line km. Over 50,000 still photographs werealso taken. With this increase in data, the factors considered in this secondrelinquishment have increased in complexity, and ease of mining the noduleshas now entered as a parameter. In this context underwater photography ofthe area revealed low density nodule coverage where on previous cruises,sampling estimates had shown high abundance. This seems indicative ofburied nodules with possible consequences in environmental disturbance duringmining.

About 50 tonnes of high grade nodules (Cu + Ni + Co > 2%) were sent to sisterCSIR laboratories (Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneshwar and NationalMetallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur) for metal extraction studies.

We have reported ferromanganese micronodules from the surficial and coresediments of the Bengal Pan. Their occurrence is unique as they are from ahigh terrigenous sediment input region. The micronodules are Mn-rich, withtodorokite being the dominant mineral phase. It appears that a highsedimentation rate is not a limiting factor for the formation of micronodules.

Data and InformationThe Indian National Oceanographic Data Center (INODC), produced its firstCD-ROM containing all available data collected by Indian scientists over thelast three decades. This allows us to make INODC data available to the entirecommunity of oceanographers - nationally and internationally, in a compactform.

Indicators• Our research output this year has been satisfying with 118 publications in

visible widely read journals.

• Some of our staff members have been recognised with awards for theirmeritorious contributions to Science.

- Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi was elected Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences.

- Shri Sridhar Iyer received the CSIR Young Scientist Award in Earth,Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences for his significant research onvolcanogenesis in the Indian Ocean.

- Dr. Rajiv Nigam was awarded the Krishnan Gold Medal for his significantcontributions in micropalaeontology.

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- Dr. D. Gopala Rao received the 1992-93 National Mineral Award from theMinistry of Mines, Govt. of India for his outstanding contributions in AppliedGeology & Geophysics.

- Dr. S.R. Rao received the Gupta Foundation Award for outstanding workin marine archaeology and his worldwide movement for the preservationof the underwater cultural heritage of man.

- Nine staff members earned their doctorates.

• During the year we organised three international workshops/trainingprogrammes, and a few national and in-house meets and conferences.

• Dr. Karl Banse, Professor at the University of Washington, visited us from15 January to 11 March, 1995. My colleagues from biology, chemistry, physicsand geology, all benefitted greatly from having him stay with us.

TributeGaveshani ("Researcher" in Sanskrit), our first research vessel was acquiredin December 1975. In her 19 years of service (until 1994), she completed 246cruises, the last being off the east coast, before she went into dry dock in July1994. She accidentally caught fire on 26 August, 1994 during refit andmodernisation, was declared unserviceable and disposed off on 19 December,1995.

Though no longer with us, this 68.5 m medium range vessel has left unfadableimpressions on our minds with the significant role that she played in theInstitute's development. May we soon get a worthy replacement.

The year ahead looks interesting and challenging. The partial reorientation thisyear is an important step in our final goal of focussing only on projects that arescientifically exciting, financially viable, or with industrial/societal applications.Enter the New Year !

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Ehrlich Desa

R & DContributions

ContractServicesDuring the year we took up 50new externally funded projects. 38of these were for industry (24 forservices and 14 consultancies), 3were internationally funded (1 byGEC and 2 by US India Funds), and9 were funded by scientificdepartments of the Govt. of India.The combined external cash flow(ecf) from these was Rs. 867.5lakhs, an increase of more than60% over the previous year (1993-94) and was about 80% of thefunds received from CSIR(Rs. 1082.8 lakhs). Fig. 1 belowdetail the disciplinewise efforts ofthe Institute and the externalfunding that these effortsattracted.

This year, we attempted to viewrequests for our services from anholistic point of view. We,therefore, spent some more timein integrating the collection ofdata, its analyses andinterpretation. This allowed us toprogress in providing anenvironmental status report to anEnvironmental Impact Assessment(EIA) statement.

broader exposure permitted aperspective of the bigger coastalindustrial scenario and thecumulative effect of discharges intothe coastal environment. We arecommitted, as a result of this, tothe predictive modelling of thecoastal environment so that wecan advise the relevant Ministriesof possible adverse effects offuture industrialisation.

A large proportion of our effortswent into providing services tocoastal industries, about 15% ofthe ecf came from such activities.Services and consultancies toindustries are satisfyingexperiences for scientists as theyprovide a window whereby openended research translates not onlyto a useful activity for society butalso to some measure of economicgain.

This last step would require thatwe provide a higher level ofintegration in our services,perhaps involving some of oursister laboratories, so that industrycan view us as a one-stop pointwhen seeking EIA clearances.Being a national laboratory werepresent on the Ministry ofEnvironment & Forests panels toreview industry requests forenvironmental clearances. This

Over half of the services renderedwere for EIA studies and thereminder were divided betweenengineering and geological surveys;the consultancies split up as 71,22 & 7% for EIA, engineering andgeological surveys respectively. Thelocations of the surveys are shownin Fig. 2, and industries served arelisted in the Table. The largestnumber of services and surveyswere concentrated in the Gulf of

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FUNDING SOURCES CSIRGovt. Deps.IndustriesInter-Agencies

INTER-AGENCIES

ContaminationBiofouling

INDUSTRIES

GOVT. DEPTS.

Tech. ServicesPhysicsInt. disciplinaryGeologyBiologyOcean Engg.InstrumentationChemistryArchaeology

EIAEngg. ServicesPipeline/BathymetricSurveys

Fig. 1. Funding sources anddisciplinewise efforts.

Kutch area, a point which needs tobe monitored more closely throughthe COMAPS programme funded bythe Department of OceanDevelopment.

An analysis of the services andconsultancies rendered to industryhas led to the followingconclusions:

• The rush of new coastalindustries highlights the needto build up a data bank,especially of some target areas,and use it for validation of apredictive coastalenvironmental model.

• These target areas should formpart of the COMAPSprogramme, enablingcontinuous, regular andrigorous monitoring as an aidto the environmental protectionschemes of littoral states.

• New areas of EIA statementand risk analysis should bepursued to allow a thoroughappreciation of possible impactsin the coastal zone.

• We should strive to identifypartners in otherenvironmental areas so that webecome a one-stop point formarine environmental matters.

• EIA studies and consultanciesare a big enough component ofthe ecf to be formed into aseparate identity perhaps evena business entity.

• Engineering earnings havecome mainly from pipelinerouting and engineeringparameters for designs ofdiffusers, single buoy mooring,jetties etc. Earnings can beenhanced in this area if weventure into actual designwork, and symbiotic jointventures may be a good way tocommence such a new avenue.

As our understanding of thecoastal circulation patternsimproves, the data collected forthe various sponsored projectswill serve as validation datafor predictive physical models.

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Fig. S. Locations of contract services.

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Fig. 3. Environmental data collection for coastal and nearshore projects.

List of Projects undertaken

Title Sponsoring Agency

A. Sponsored1. Environmental Impact Assessment (Physical,

Chemical, Biological)• Wave measurements off Navinal, Gulf of Kutch• Hydrochemical, hydrobiological and toxicological

studies in the marine environment• Assessment of impacts of proposed LPG import

terminal near Navlakhi on marine ecology• Evaluation of chemical and biological quality in the

marine environs off Nagapattinam (TN coast) forconstruction of jetty

• Oceanographic studies for laying pipeline for thedischarge of treated effluents into the sea

• Release of wastewater from Gandhar PetrochemicalsComplex in the Gulf of Khambhat and marineenvironmental impact assessment

• Marine environmental impact assessment forproposed jetty at Jogeshwar

• Environmental impact assessment for the captivejetty at Pipavav, Gujarat Metdist's copper smelterand refinery project

• Oceanographic observations off Pydibheemavaramfor laying the pipeline for the effluent and selectpipeline route into the sea at Pydibheemavaramfor disposal

• Detailed marine environmental impact assessmentfor the refinery complex at Moti Khavdi, Gujarat

• Hydrochemical, hydrobiological and toxicologicalstudies in the marine environment off GethulaChodavaram, Poosapatiraga Mandal, Vizianagaram

• Evaluation of the chemical dispersants (phirex-crudex) for their suitability to Indian marineenvironment

• Evaluation of chemical and biological quality in themarine environs off Dabhol for construction of jettyat Vashishthi estuary

• Oceanographic and environmental impactassessment studies for the disposal of effluents offMangalore

2. Engineering• Engineering studies for water intake, effluent

disposal and sediment transport at Nagapattinam• Directional wave measurements off Nagapattinam

• Marine outfall studies in sea off Mangalore

• Environmental parameters for the construction ofa LNG jetty at Dabhol

3. Surveys• Bathymetric and seabed surveys for submarine

pipeline, jetty and single marine point offPillaipermalnallur

M/s Adani Port Ltd., AhmedabadM/s Cheminar Drugs Ltd.,HyderabadDharamsi Morarjee ChemicalsLtd., MumbaiDyna Makowski PowerCompany, Madras

Godavari Agro Corporation,HyderabadIndian PetrochemicalsCorporation Ltd., Baroda

Indian Petrochemicals CorporationLtd., BarodaMetmin Finance and Holdings Ltd.,New Delhi

M/s Polyolefins Industries Ltd.,Secunderabad

Reliance Group of Industries,MumbaiM/s Stilbene Chemicals,Secunderabad

M/s Dolphin Offshore Enterprises(India) Ltd., Mumbai

Dabhol Power Company, Mumbai

BASF India Ltd., Mumbai

Dyna Makowski Power Company,MadrasDyna Makowski Power Company,MadrasMangalore Refinery PetrochemicalsLtd., MangaloreDabhol Power Company, Mumbai

Dyna Makowski Power Company,Madras

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Title Sponsoring Agency

2. Engineering• Design of diffuser for the disposal of effluents off

Ranpur• Site selection for diffuser and route alignment for

submarine pipeline for effluent disposal for MRPL• Support service for Reliance Petroleum Complex,

Motikhawdi, Jamnagar

3. Surveys• Bathymetric and seabed parameters for submarine

pipeline route off Dahej

Finolex Industries Ltd., Ratnagiri

Mangalore RefineryPetrochemicals Ltd., MangaloreReliance Petroleum Ltd., Mumbai

Gujarat Alkalies andChemicals Ltd., Baroda

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• Ground truth surveying by direct sampling for Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicalssubmarine pipeline route off Dahej Ltd., Baroda

• Survey for the development of captive port at M/s Sanghi Industries Limited,Kort creek Hyderabad

• Geophysical studies at Mormugao Harbour Mormugao Port Trust, Goa• Bathymetry, shore profiles and littoral drift Anna University,

measurements for laying pipeline for drawing Madrasseawater for desalination plant near Tuticorin,Tamilnadu

• Beach erosion due to natural streams at Majorda, Department of Tourism, GoaGoa

B. Consultancies1. Environmental Impact Assessment (Physical,

Chemical, Biological)• Rapid environmental impact assessment for waste Engineers India Ltd., Gurgaon

water release from the proposed refinery at Tuticorin• Environmental impact assessment of accidental Engineers India Ltd., Gurgaon

spillage of petroleum products at pipeline crossingsof water bodies (Haldia - Budge-Budge pipeline)

• Environmental impact assessment of accidental Engineers India Ltd., Gurgaonspillage of crude oil at pipeline crossings of waterbodies (Jorhat-Numaligarh pipeline)

• Release of treated wastewater from a phosphoric Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicalsacid Complex in the Gulf of Khambhat and Ltd., Barodamarine environmental impact assessment

• Environmental impact assessment of accidental Indian Petrochemicals Corporationspillage of refined petroleum product at pipeline Ltd., Barodacrossing of water bodies (Dahej-Roza Tankaria-Baroda pipeline)

• Rapid marine environmental impact assessment Multi Mantech International Pvt.due to Indo-Gulf Copper Smelter at Lakhigam Ltd., Ahmedabad

• Impact of treated waste water disposal on the Oil & Natural Gas Corporation,fisheries of Tapi river estuary, Hazira Mumbai

• Marine environmental impact assessment of Reliance Petroleum Ltd., Mumbaiproposed product loading jetty of Reliancenear Sikka

• Hydrobiological survey for the discharge of treated SPIC Petrochemicals Ltd., Madrasindustrial effluents into the sea

• Hydrobiological studies off Ranpar (Golap), near Finolex Pipes Ltd., RatnagiriRatnagiri for suggesting marine disposal of effluentsduring monsoon season

CoastalEnvironment

The coastal environment of India,,comprising of estuaries, shelf andcontinental slope, is subjected topressures from human activities.NIO's efforts in this area cover avariety of activities ranging fromassessment of the impact ofdevelopment schemes todeciphering conditions that existedalong the coast in the distant past.Though most of the projects werecarried out using expertiseavailable within the institute, afew involved collaborative effortswith other CSIR and academicinstitutions.

Waves entering the lagoon were<0.2 m high. Currents within andaround the lagoon, predominantlyinduced by tides, were weak,especially in the southern part ofthe lagoon (<0.8 cm s-1). So thepossibility of southward transportof sediments is negligible. Duringdredging, the suspended sedimentload was of the order of 7 mg/1-1

along the navigation channel nearthe jetty.

It was observed that afterdredging, the sediments resettlewithin 20 m from the dredger(Fig. 4). A numerical model basedon convection-diffusion showedthat the efficiency of the dredgingoperation could be increased if thedisposal site was shifted to 400 mwater depth (about a kilometrefrom the reef).

Similar studies were conducted inthe Cochin Harbour to assesspossible effects of the proposeddeepening of navigational channel.Results indicate that the dredging

Environmental Impact Assessmentstudies have been carried out at anumber of sites along the coast.Two representative studies, one onthe effect of an industry, and theother one of a harbourdevelopment are described below.

Fig. 4. Percentage spreading (contour values) of disposed sediment nearthe disposal location (current velocity = 0.8 m s -1).

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Effect of Petrochemical Complexof the fishery of Amba estuary

This study is based onexperimental trawling in the Ambariver estuary before and after theestablishment of a petrochemicalcomplex at Nagothane. The wastewater from this complex isreleased after treatment through asub-surface outfall.

Trawling was carried out over astretch of 30 km. The catch ratewithin the estuary varied from 0.6to 255 kg hr-1 (av 24 kg hr-1)with a decrease in the yield fromthe mouth of the estuary (av 63.9kg hr-1) to the upstream location

• Environmental ImpactAssessment • CoastalDevelopment • Monitoring ofPollution • Nearshore Ecosystems• Coastal and Estuarine Dynamics• Biomedical Potential• Marine Archaeology

Environmental ImpactAssessment

(av 10.7 kg hr-1). A total of 49species of fishes, 16 species ofprawns, 7 species of crabs and 1species of lobster were identified.The number of species graduallyincreased from the upstreamsegment (8) to the downstreamend (18). Quantitative andqualitative evaluation of the postoutfall collections with those of thebaseline data revealed negligibledifferences. Our observationsconfirm that compliance withprescribed norms for waste watertreatment will render little harmto the marine environment, evenfor fragile ecosystems that have agood degree of bio-diversity.

The movement of dredged materialinside the Kavaratti lagoon, acoral atoll in the LakshadweepArchipelago, during dredging anddisposal was studied.

Impact dredging in lagoons andharbours

caused only a localised impact andthe dredged site reverted back toits original state within a shortduration.

It was also observed that dredgingcaused release of nutrients andmetals into the overlying watersalong with suspended sediments.Though the change was greatestduring dredging, the suspendedparticulate matter and nutrientsreturned to ambient values within2 hours, leaving behind increasedconcentrations of heavy metals inthe water column. The heavymetals tend to remain in thewater column for an extendedperiod once they are released fromsediments. This behaviour may beattributed to the varying degree ofmobilization of metals.

Coastal Development

The Institute is often requested toexamine the feasibility of takingup development projects in thecoastal zone. Examples of twosuch projects during 1994-95 aregiven below.

Oceanarium

A feasibility study was undertakento predict the effects ofestablishing an oceanarium on thecoast of Madras. Six sites wereexamined, each being evaluatedwith respect to the biological andenvironmental impacts, and therisks arising out of pollution, seaerosion and cyclones.

Based on a techno-economicanalysis, a site was recommended.A conceptual plan with a layoutfor inshore and offshorecomponents of an oceanarium,marine biosphere and marine landcomplex was prepared togetherwith cost estimates.

Swimming zones in Goa

A study was initiated in 1993-94to demarcate rip currents alongthe beaches of Goa to determinelocations safe for swimming.Breaking wave heights were foundto be higher at all beaches fromMay to September. Waverefraction showed relatively strongwave activity at Mandrem,northern part of Harmal, southernpart of Calangute, Sinquerim,Majorda and Benaulim duringsouthwest monsoon and fairweather period. The beaches on

the southern part of Harmal, partsof Calangute and Candolim, andsouthern part of Colva showedrelatively strong wave actionduring the northeast monsoon.

Field studies confirmedconcentration of wave energy aspredicted by a theoretical waverefraction model (Fig. 5). Stronglongshore currents and ripcurrents were observed at theseplaces. The magnitude anddirection of longshore currentschange considerably with tidecausing the rip currents to shiftlocation. High waves, steepforeshore slope and stronglongshore currents are the mainreasons for the occurrence of ripcurrents at many places along theGoa beaches during the southwestmonsoon. Permanent rip currentzones were identified.

Monitoring of Pollution

An important activity of NIO inthe coastal zone is monitoring thewaters along the coast to detectsignatures of pollution. Suchprogrammes are often sponsoredby government agencies and amajor long-term project NIO is

working on is the "Coastal OceanMonitoring and Pollution Systems"(COMAPS) sponsored by theDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentCDOD), Government of India, NewDelhi. The findings of the studiescarried out from differentlocations along the coast of Indiaunder COMAPS and otherprogrammes are summarisedbelow.

Dhabol (Maharashtra)

Dissolved oxygen values offDhabol indicate that the area iswell oxygenated and low BOD5indicate a clean, healthyenvironment. Dissolved oxygen,cadmium, lead and mercuryconcentrations in seawater showedno significant variations and arewell within acceptable limits anddo not pose threat to theenvironment. An examination ofthe concentrations of the sedimentquality parameters (pH, sodium,potassium, chloride, sulphate,cadmium, lead and mercury)indicates a balance in complexreactions involving adsorption,flocculation and other geochemicalprocesses in the sediment. In

Fig. 5. Wave refraction between Bogmalo and Betul duringsouthwest monsoon.

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WAVE PERIOD = 8 s WAVE DIRECTION = 238° W.R.T. NORTH

general, the water quality asevaluated from the variousphysico-chemical parameters, bothat the surface and near thebottom indicates that the coastalwaters off Dabhol are clean andhealthy.

Bhayandar & Thane creeks alongthe wrest coast

The average primary andsecondary production of Thane saltpans were 951 mg C m-3 d-1 and1.7 g wet wt m3 d-1 respectivelywhile the corresponding values forBhayandar salt pans were av. 649mg C m3 d-1 and av 1.4 g wet wtm3 d - 1Species diversity ofphytoplankton was higher atThane than at Bhayandar whilereverse trend was observed forzooplankton. In general, theplankton characteristics indicated2 to 16 times higher productionpotential in the salt pans ascompared to the creekenvironment.

Concentration of metals off thewest and east coasts

Concentration of metals in watersclose to the shore were measuredin different estuaries and alongthe open coast. The observedconcentrations at differentlocations vary from 20 to 90ng 1- ' . Concentration of arsenic(arsenate and arsenite) in theMandovi and Zuari estuaries wasfound to be higher during thesouthwest monsoon than in otherseasons, suggesting a terrestrialsource of arsenic.

Monitoring studies in MormugaoHarbour area indicate its waters,in general, to be healthy.Variations noticed in themonitored parameters were withinacceptable limits. Dissolved Cd, Pband Hg concentrations showed nosignificant variations. The smallvariations noticed during themonsoons can be attributed toleaching from surficial sediments.The concentration of metals insediments were within permissiblelimits except for a few occasionalhigh values of some metals,probably arising from discharge ofheavy metal containing effluents,mining rejects and ore dumps intothe harbour during loading andunloading operations. Drainagefrom land could also be partialcontributor. The concentrations ofvarious organochlorlne pesticideswere considerably low and withinacceptable limits.

The regular hot spot monitoring inVisakhapatnam Harbour andKakinada Bay, continued. Tracemetals in surficial sediments ofthis area revealed positivecorrelations between Cu, Zn, Pband Cd indicating common sourcesof domestic and industrialdischarge. The lack of correlationsbetween Co and Ni with othermetals indicate discrete sources.Discharges from electroplatingindustry is the cause for tnheobserved high concentration of Cr.

Nearshore EcosystemsCorals, mangroves and benthichabitats in the Gulf of Kutchregion were found to be severelyaffected largely by humaninterferences. Bio-diversity andproductivity processes wereconsequently observed to be belowoptimal level. Any furtherdevelopmental activities in thisarea may result in near extinctionof biota in intertidal and shallowsubtidal biotopes. At other sitesalong the coasts of south Gujarat,Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu andAndhra Pradesh, the coastalecosystems were found to be innatural ecological balance with anassimilative capacity comparableto that of other such ecosystemsin the tropics. Strategies forenvironmental management withsite specific suggestions andrecommendations were formulated.

Coastal and EstuarineDynamicsOne of our major responsibilities isto evolve an understanding ofmarine processes operating incoastal waters. A number of basicresearch problems, involving bothobservations and theory, constitutean important fraction of the workcarried out at NIO. Describedbelow are a few of the studiesaddressed during the year.

Mandovi-Zuari tidal circulation

A numerical model was developedto simulate tidal circulation in theMandovi-Zuari estuarine system.The simulation results agreed withfield observations made duringApril 1993 (dry season) andAugust 1993 (wet season).Analysis of the results from themodel suggests that tide

propagates in the Mandovi-Zuarias a "diffusive-wave" and not asthe classical shallow-water wave.Amplitude of the diffusive waveremains unchanged over adistance of about 40 km becauseviscous damping is cancelled byamplification due to estuarinechannel convergence. Only at theupstream end is this balancealtered, possibly by fresh waterinflux that dampens the tidalamplitude rapidly. The Mandovi-Zuari is typical of the manynarrow, shallow estuaries foundalong the entire Indian coastline.Insights gained on the circulationin Mandovi-Zuari, therefore, willbe helpful in understanding flowpattern in other estuaries also.

Dynamics of the East India CoastalCurrent (EICC)

This current reverses its directiontwice a year. It flows northwardfrom March to September andsouthward during the rest of theyear. Analytical and numericalmodels were used to understandthe driving mechanism of thiscurrent. The computer simulationstudy helped to define thecontribution of different forcingfunctions (Ekman suction over theBay, local and remote alongshorewinds, and equatorial effects)during different months of theyear in the driving of EICC.

Tidal circulation in the Gulf ofKutch

The Gulf of Kutch has become ahub of rapid industrialdevelopment along the west coastof India in recent years. Theproximity of vast stretches ofuninhabited land to the navigablesea has attracted many industriesrequiring transport of rawmaterials as well as finishedproducts, and large volumes ofwater for their industrialprocesses and waste disposal.These have put pressures on themarine environment. Efforts havebeen made to understand thecirculation in two such areas,along the southern coast of theGulf of Kutch, at Positra for theconstruction of a jetty and atVadinar for a Single Buoy Mooringand marine outfall. Off Positra,the currents (Fig. 6) associatedwith the semi-diurnal tides (from3.0 m during spring and 1.5 mduring neap) attain a maximumspeed of 85 cm s-1 near thesurface during ebb, with the floodcurrents being weaker. The

20

Fig. 6. Stick plot of currents off Positra.

currents at the bottom which tendto be negligible due to frictioncreate strong vertical shear.During ebb, the surface currentsflow in the NNE direction andbottom currents in the NEdirection causing directional shearas well. Off Vadinar, the semidiurnal tidal currents attainmagnitudes of 80 cm s-1 at 5 mlevel and 40 cm s-1 at 20 m level.The currents at the surface duringflood are in the NEE direction andebb in a SWW direction. The areais fairly sheltered from open-seawaves. The significant waveheights vary between 0.16 m and0.99 m with a maximum waveheight of about 1.5 m. Wavetransformations due to refractionand current-wave interaction areconsiderable.

Transport of inorganic nutrients

Studies on the transport ofinorganic nutrients throughBeypore estuary showed that thesewere directed towards the estuaryduring February-May and towardsthe sea during the rest of theyear. Highest river transport ofnutrients occurred during Juneand July, the peak monsoonperiod. The amount of nitrate-Nflushed out into the Arabian Seathrough the Beypore estuaryduring June-July was about 13.7tons d- ' . The corresponding valuesfor nitrite-N, ammonia-N andphosphate-P a r e : 0.40, 1.20 and0.61 tons d-1 respectively. Nutrientfluxes at different cross-sectionsduring different months of theyear indicate retention andutilization in the 5 to 10 kmstretch from the river mouth.

Measurements of Ca, Mg and B inGouthami-Godavari estuarineregion revealed that thedistributions of these elements areregulated largely by salt waterintrusions. Concentrations of these

elements increased from the freshwater end to the sea end. Ca andMg showed conservative behaviourduring mixing in monsoon whereasboron was removed within theestuary.

Dispersion in coastal water

The rate of dispersion is animportant parameter used indesign of systems involvingdisposal of effluents in the marineenvironment. Generally, this rateis estimated at any location ofinterest using data collected atthat location. An attempt wasmade to summarize results ofmany such estimates into acomprehensive scheme applicableto the coastal regions of India.

Using current velocity as a key,mixing criteria and transportcapacity of 15 sites along the westand east coasts of India weredetermined. An interesting resultthat emerged from the analysis ofthe flow field of these sites wasthe relationship between peakvelocity at mid-depth and averagedepth-mean velocity (over tide).Irrespective of the site and theseason, this relationship wasconsistent and hence will be usefulto obtain depth-mean velocity frommid-depth peak, or vice versa.

Oceanographic and environmentalparameters off the Tuticorin coastwere studied with specialreference to their capacity forassimilating waste. The studiesshowed that the coastal flow wasweak with current speeds veryoften less than 10-12 cm s-1. Theflow was mainly unidirectional andalmost parallel to the shore, withan onshore drift of the surfacelayers under the influence ofprevailing winds. The coastalwaters were homogenousthroughout the year.

A similar study was conducted inthe coastal waters off Mangaloreusing dye and float methods. Theflow was relatively weak and moreor less parallel to the coast, witha maximal velocity of less than1.0 m s-1. The coastal waters werewell-mixed throughout the year.Studies indicated reasonably gooddilution and dispersalcharacteristics, suggesting that thecoastal waters are capable ofreceiving reasonable quantities ofwaste water.

Horizontal eddy diffusioncoefficient (Kx) computed for thecoastal waters of Visakhapatnamin the month of October was

3.0 x 104 cm2 s-1. From thecurrent measurements,longitudinal dispersion coefficientfor Visakhapatnam harbour wasestimated to be 1.83 x 105 cm2 s-1

These coefficients will be useful inestimating the effluent dispersaland pollution modelling.

Temperature, conductivity as wellas current speed and directionrecorded at seven stations in theinner shelf off the central eastcoast of India (water depth 50 m)during August-September 1988suggested the formation of BottomMixed Layer (BML) betweenMachilipatnam and Madras. Thedepth of the layer varied uptoabout 28 m, and was thicker innorth than in south. Thicker BMLis associated with cooler watersuggesting BML formation throughcurrent veering. Comparison of thealongshore velocity field with theisopleths of eddy viscosityindicates that the eddy viscositymaximum in the thermocline couldbe due to the large vertical shearof the alongshore velocity. Theeffect of vertical mixing on athermal wind balanced field hassuggested development of aninterior double Ekman Layer. Thisaccounts for the double cellcirculation.

Biomedical PotentialThis programme which aims atdeveloping drugs from marinesources is being carried out incollaboration with Central DrugResearch Institute (CDRI),Lucknow and 8 other laboratoriesin India. The project has thefollowing components :

Screening of extracts from marineorganisms for biological activity,isolation and characterisation ofthe active principles of theextracts and synthesis of simpleactive principles and theiranalogues for biological evaluation.

Twenty-two new extracts ofmarine flora and fauna were sentfor detailed screening. Fractions oftwo mangrove plants, eachshowing antiarrythmic andantibacterial activities, werescreened to confirm previousindications of activity. Fourextracts were also found to havepesticidal activities. Six syntheticanalogues of S Benzoxazolinonewere sent to American CynamideCompany for testing of pesticidalactivity.

21

Following are the details ofchemical investigation of somemarine organisms :

Seaweed (NIO-33)

Besides the halogenated terpenoidsand compounds derived fromcarotenoids, three sterols(cholesterol, fucosterol and 7-ketocholesterol) were isolated from itslipid fraction. Gel permeationchromatography of its butanol andaqueous fractions yielded galactitol(a reduced sugar C6H14O8) as amajor metabolite.

Seaweed (NIO-38)

Several compounds includingsterols, fatty esters and twobromo-compounds with molecularions at 584, 582 and 444 and 442have been isolated.

Sponge (NIO-180)

Chromatographic separation of thechloroform-soluble fraction yieldedergosterol, ergosterol peroxide (22E)-ergosta-6 22(23)- diene 5-, 8-epidioxy-3B-ol and another sterolderivative with M+ 428. Pattyacid, nonadecanoic acid and itsester, methyl nonadecanoate havealso been isolated.

Sponge (NIO-445)

Apart from the peptides and newheteroaromatic acids reported lastyear, a new simple alkaloid,B-Carboline has been isolated andits structure established from IR,UV, NMR and MS data.

Mangrove (NIO-447)

Crude methanolic extract of thisplant exhibited marked in vitropotentiation of histamine as wellas oxytocic-induced contractionwhen tested on guinea pig ileumand rat uterus respectively. Thecrude extract was also found to becytotoxic to vero cell lines andpesticidal. The cytotoxic activitycould not be confirmed onfractionation.

Follow-up investigations locatedthe principle in the watersoluble fraction. Further,fractionation on XAD resin, TLCmonitoring followed by bioassaytests yielded a ninhydrin positivecompound responsible for oxytocicactivity. Preliminary tests showedthat it is an amine.

Chloroform-soluble fraction showedtotal inhibition, whereas butanoland water-soluble fraction showedpotentiation, water-soluble fractionshowing the highest activity.

Soft Coral (NIO-488)

Extracts of this soft coral fromOkha region yielded two purecompounds batyl alcohol and 5, 8(9) cholestadiene 3 B-ol.

Marine Archaeology

The interest of the Institute inarchaeology in the coastal zonehas been increasing. Describedbelow are the programmes takenup during the year.

Archaeological exploration offDwarka

Offshore explorations at BetDwarka revealed a protohistoricsettlement at about 300 m from

the present shoreline. Airlifting inthis area revealed late Harappanpottery datable to 1600-1500 BG.A large quantity of ceramic warescollected onshore and fromintertidal zones is datable to LateHarappan and Early historicalperiod (200 BC to 700 AD). One ofthe potsherds was inscribed inLate Harappan script and hasbeen provisionally read as 'baga'meaning 'create'. The prominentshapes in the Late Harappanpottery are convex-sided bowls,jars and dishes. Offshoreexplorations at Dwarka have alsobrought to light some stonestructures including bastions, wallsand anchors.

An important discovery is theancient harbour where ships were

Fig. 7(b) Fig. 7(c)

Fig. 7. (a) Artistic view of ancient Dwarka, (b) Single holed object (base of mast orflag post?) and (c) Triangular stone anchor found in Dwarka Waters.

22

Fig. 7(a)

anchored near a 300 m longnatural ridge with holes made in itfor securing the ships. At the footof this ridge, stone anchors oftriangular and prismatic shapewere found. The ridge has a1.5 - 3 m vertical seaward face. Avertical cut is seen at two points.At a gap of 12 m there aredressed stone blocks suggestingsome construction. The ridgecontinues again taking a landwardturn and dips towards a largechannel which must have been theancient mouth of Gomati river,about 1.3 km seaward of thepresent shore. Among otherrecently found antiquities mentionis made of a couple of coppervessels, stone door sockets andlarge spheroid stone bases ofmasts of boats, besides scores ofstone anchors of secondmillennium BC.

Onshore excavations at BetDwarka island revealed stonestructures of protohistoric period.A large number of columella werecollected from one of the trenches.A few late Harappan sherds werealso found.

Offshore exploration atPoompuhar

In collaboration with theDepartment of Archaeology,Government of Tamil Nadu,exploration of the intertidal zoneat Poompuhar was undertaken totrace the structural remains ofEarly historical period.

An important find is a brickstructure exposed in excavationduring the lowest low tide. Thedimension of the structure is2 m x 45 cm with five courses ofbrick structure. Two 1.5 mdiameter terracotta ringwells inthe intertidal zone at Vanagiri,which was a suburb ofPoompuhar, were also exposed.

Diving between Vanagiri (1 kmsouth of present river Kaverimouth) and Nayakankuppan(about 5 km north of Poompuhar)showed a large number of stoneblocks, a few of them welldressed, suggesting that thesemight have been used for sometype of construction.

Geophysical surveys in deep waterindicated one big and two small

objects in a north-south directionat a distance of 140 m. Thefollowing observations were madeby divers at this place :

The bigger object is about 40 mlong, 20 m wide and 1-3 m high.The centre of the object isdepressed by one metre andcovered with a thin layer of sand.The wall thickness of this objectvaries from 3 to 6 m with about140 m circumference.

Two smaller objects lying to thenorth of the bigger object at adistance of 40 m have a 10 minter distance in east-westdirection. These objects are invery disturbed condition. Thecircumferences of these vary from20-25 m with height of about 2 m.A few dressed blocks have alsobeen sighted.

A number of lead ingots wereexposed and five were retrieved. Afew ingots bear symbol D and acrown of Dutch empire on obverseand reverse. About 75% of shipportion is covered with sand asconfirmed by metal detector. Onecopper object belonging to rudderportion was also retrieved.

23

Engineering, Technology& Techniques

• Coastal Engineering• Instrumentation• Biotechnology• Biofouling and Corrosion• Satellite and Acoustic• Monituring

Coastal Engineering

During the year data on seabedsediments were collected for designparameters for the construction ofa jetty Dabhol, and a suitablepipeline route for crude transportof the ESSAR Refinery at Vadinar.Data was also collected for acaptive port at Kharo Creek forSanghi Industries.

In a similar study, off Karwar forthe Naval Authorities, data on1350 lkm echo-sounding, 620 lkmside scan sonar and magnetics and1850 lkm of shallow seismics wascollected. Seismic studies showed10-40 m thick sediment on thePrecambrian crystal basement.Sonographs depicted the areaiextent of rock outcrops off themainland promontories andoffshore islands. Magnetic studiesindicated intrusive bodies buried35-100 m below the seabed. Usingthese data we found suitablelocations for the alignment ofbreakwater structures and afavourable anchorage site forshallow and deep draught vessels.

Modelling of' offshore dynamicsystems

The autoregressive algorithm isformulated based or. least squareserror method and optimal modelorders were selected. Thecomparative study betweenautoregressive and FPT methodsconfirms the selection of anappropriate sampling rate to obtaina better statistical representation.The study suggests a betterstatistical representation of seawaves from the time series with 2or 2.5 Hz sampling rate. The studyalso shows that the autocorrelation lag is directly related tothe sampling rate of the timeseries.

Shoreline changes

A minor meandering stream on thebeach front of an up-market

tourist resort at Majorda, Goa,which transforms into a majorbeach erosion culprit eachmonsoon, was the subject of aninvestigation. In order to suggestremedial measures, acomprehensive observationprogramme comprising of monthlybeach profiling at five stations,wave-refraction, longshore and ripcurrents, stream characteristics,water table and sedimentdistribution was conducted. Theresults of this study led to thefollowing remedial options:

• An underground pipeline toshunt the stream to the sea.

• A beach cut to shunt the streaminto the sea.

• Pumping out flood water duringthe monsoon.

The most economical solution ofshunting the stream directly to thesea (Fig. 8) is being tried out. andbeach profiles changes with thecoming monsoon are beingmonitored.

Fig. 8. Erosion due to a stream at Majorda beach (a) and effect of remedialmeasures (b).

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Major seasonal shoreline changesalong Thaneer Bhavi and Chitrapurbeaches in Mangalore were studied.Significant loss of beach materialfrom the backshore to the lowwater level, with steep cuts upto2.5 m at many places — wereobserved during the monsoon.Compensating depositing tendencieswere noticed in postmonsoonDeriod.

A self recording meteorologicalstation was designed, fabricatedand installed within a month for asponsor who needed to monitorenvironmental parameters prior tothe construction of an offshorejetty at Dhabol, Maharashtra. Thestation remained in continuousoperation during the entire studyperiod (70 days).

Our earlier land basedmeteorological stations are beingredesigned with a state-of-the-artdata logger and additional sensorsof solar radiation and humidity fora sponsored requirement of threeunits to be installed on the coastalresearch vessels of Department ofOcean Development.

Developmental work on anultraviolet spectroradiometer and aradio controlled sea surfaceskimmer has been initiated.

An Integrated Data AcquisitionSystem (IDAS) was installed onboard the DOD research vesselSagar Sampada. The IDAS has beenin operation for six months logginggeophysical, meteorological andother ship data. The meteorologicaldata comes from our in-housedeveloped weather station. TheIDAS software was written to workin a windows environment.

Two bacterial strains (a phosphatesolubilizer and a nitrogen fixer)were able to degrade >90% of thealiphatic and >50% of aromaticfractions of Bombay High crude oil(BHC). They also degrade purearomatic compounds such asnaphthalene (80%) and anthracene(55%). The degradation activityappears to be plasmid mediatedand the size of the plasmid rangedfrom 2 to 25 kb.

Some of the marine microbes werefound to breakdown long chain

carbon fractions of crude oil viz.C20-C30 (Fig. 9). Three species ofphotosynthetic microbes showedability to degrade 50-70% of crudeoil, of which 40-95% was with longchain carbon viz. C16-C30, One ofthe bacterial strains produced over600 mg 1-1 of polymer whichshowed strong surfactant activityagainst crude oil

Eighty per cent of the microbialisolates from the water-oil mixturesamples collected by the CoastGuard soon after the oil spill inthe Andaman Sea (due to thecollision of the oil tankers MaerskNavigator and Sanko Honour in1993) exhibited growth on lightIranian crude oil. Penicillia sp. andAspergilius niger were the mostactive among the filamentousfungi, while Candida sp. andRhodotorula sp. among the yeastspecies. Among bacteria white,pink and red cocci actively grewon the crude.

Two fungal species isolated frommarine flora produce alkaline

Fig 9. Gas chromatographic pattern ofBHC (A) after degradation bybacteria and yeasts.

thermostable xylanase enzymes,which are useful in the paper andpulp industries.

Promising substitutes for thecurrently used toxic chemicalshave been isolated from naturalplant compounds. Extracts from aterrestrial plant screened for thepurpose were found to inhibit thegrowth of twelve bacterial isolatesand four diatom species of thefouling community to varyingdegrees. The plant appears to be apotential source of natural biocidefor control of fouling.

Profiles of lipids in microfoulingmaterial developed on aluminiumpanels immersed in sea water,exhibited biomarker characteristicsfor assessing the development ofmicro-organisms. The predominanceof acetone mobile polar hpids(AMPL) over phospholipids (PL)implies an abundance of microalgaein the initial stages of colonisation.The subsequent increase in PL anddecrease in AMPL/PL ratiossuggest the dominance of bacteria.Analysis of lipid classes thereforeprovides an useful technique formicrofouling characterisation.

Test panels of mild steel, copper,cupro-nickel and brass wereexposed at Dona Paula (Goa) tostudy the extent of corrosionduring different seasons. Thecorrosion rates varied by a factorof 3-4, being the highest duringmonsoon and the lowest duringpostmonsoon. The rates duringthe monsoon season for mild steel,copper, cupro-nickel and brasswere 3.12, 0.19, 0.12 and 0.11mpy respectively.

The corrosion behaviour of mildsteel in concrete containing various

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Instrumentation

BiotechnologyMicro-organisms for pollutioncontrol

Biofouling and Corrosion

The genetic structure of a flat fishCynoglossus macrostomus(Norman) and a white fishLactarius lactarius (Schneider)from Goa was studied using starchgel electrophoresis at 12 and 18enzyme loci respectively. Geneticvariation was very high in the C.macorostomus population comparedto lactarius. Significant deviationsfrom the Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium and heterozygotedeficiencies were found at onelocus. Significant deviation usuallyindicate the presence of mixedpopulations.

Biochemical genetics

proportions of mineral wastessuch as flyash and goldtailingswas studied by potentiodynaxnicmethods. The proportion ofmineral wastes replacement variedbetween 0 and 20% with a 5%increment of cement. Maximalreduction in the corrosion ratewas observed in the concrete mixwith 20% of mineral wastesreplacement of cement. Thecorrosion rate and polarisationresistance of control specimen andthe specimen with 20% flyash andgold tailings was 0.285 mpy,35.08 KΏ-cm2 and 0.127 mpy,83.5 KΏ-cm2 respectively. Theaddition of these mineral wasteswere found to reduce the corrosionrate of embedded steel in concreteespecially for seawater exposure.

An opportunity to assess thecorrosion behaviour over long timescales of iron, lead and brasscame our way with the collectionof three samples from shipwrecksoff Minicoy. The corrosion rateswere in the order ofiron>lead>brass. The depositionlayers consisted of ferrous oxideon iron, magnesium carbonate andargonite minerals on lead, andfelspar and chalcocite on brass.

Satellite & AcousticMonitoring

Seatruth for validation of satellitederived parameters

Collection of surface oceanographicand meteorological data includingSST, wind speed and direction, seastate/waves, air temperature andatmospheric pressure from theArabian Sea, Bay of Bengal andthe equatorial Indian Ocean usingresearch vessels as well as shipsof opportunity is continued.Several multiparameter TOGAdrifters were deployed in theIndian Ocean and a vast amountof met-ocean data, includinginformation on surface currents,has been acquired and sent toNRSA, Hyderabad for validation ofsatellite derived parameters, underthe D0D sponsored MARSISProgramme.

Acoustics for meso-scale features

The data collected during the 10day acoustic transmissionexperiment (ATE-93) is beinganalysed to determine meso-scalefeatures in the north IndianOcean. The first step was a qualitycontrol of the data by matchingobserved acoustic arrival signalswith expected arrival times from

computed simulations. This wasfollowed by introducing correctionsto the arrival times to account forvariations in transceiver positions.These corrected arrival times werethen used to determine soundspeed profiles in a layered oceanusing a generalised inverseoperator.

Synoptic profiles of severaloceanographic parameters were

then prepared (Fig. 10). Theseprofiles corresponded to 6 hourlyaverages of the parameters of themedium, and indicate that ourinversion techniques provided anaccurate picture of the oceaninterior.

We now hope to use the stochasticinversion methodology to study thedominating factors affectingmesoscale variability.

-300.00

-1140.00

-1480.00

-1820.00

-2160.00

-3500.00

0.00 677.89 1355.78

Range 10- 1 (km)

2033.79 2711.55

- - - Reconstructed -----Assumed

( c )

Fig. 10. Ocean acoustic simulation experiment (a) reference profiles, (b) dynamicmodes and sound speed perturbation and (c) sound speed perturbationprofiles assumed and reconstructed (m s-1)

26

Offshore Processes &Resources

• Global Change• Biogeochemistry • Geology &Geophysics of the ContinentalMargins • QuaternaryPaleoclimates & Upwelling• Dynamics of the Tropical IndianOcean • Polymetallic Nodules

During the year several aspectswere studied to understandprocesses operating in the IndianOcean and also to delineateresource potential of offshoreregions.

The oceans exert an importantinfluence on Earth's climate. Tothis end, "Global Change" studiesfocussed on understanding present-day chmatic trends (using physicaland chemical oceanographic tools)and past climatic fluctuations(employing sedimentological,geochemical and micro-paleontological techniques).

As a part of the research inphysical parameters affectingclimate, the upper ocean thermalstructure, heat content and heatadvection rates have beendetermined for the Bay of Bengal.SST studies indicated ateleconnection between WesternBoundary Current, ENSO andIndian monsoon. The weatherparameters at the ocean-atmosphere boundary were studied(from satellite and SSMI data),with an emphasis on thevariability arising from monsoondynamics.

Diagnostic models have beendeveloped to study the threedimensional oceanic circulationpatterns in Arabian Sea, Bay ofBengal and Equatorial IndianOcean using cruise and satellitedata.

The biogeochemical cychng ofgreenhouse gases such as C02 wasstudied as information on theirfluxes across the air-sea interfacewill help in deciphering theinfluence of marine organisms onatmospheric chemistry and in turnthe climate. The studies haveshown that the Bay of Bengal is asink and Arabian Sea is a sourcefor atmospheric C02.

Geological and geophysical studieshave helped in delineating three

major offshore lineaments in theBay of Bengal; offshore extensionof granulite belts of the east coast;gas charged sediments in offshoreCauvery basin; shelf edge barrierreefs and sand ridges in thewestern continental margin. LatePleistocene and Holocene sea-levelchanges were found to influencethe formation of shef edge barrierreefs, sand ridges, growth ofHalimeda bioherms and theaccumulation of carbon andsulphur on the Indian continentalmargins.

Paleochmatic records fromsediments have revealed that theIndian Ocean monsoon varied inshort (77 years) and very long(100 ky) time scale frequencies. Itwas also found that, following anabrupt intensification 15,500 yearsago, the evolution of monsoon hasbeen in phase with insolationchanges.

Exploration for living and non-living resources continued in thecurrent year. Studies on phyto andzooplankton groups were carriedout in connection with JGOFS andother environmental projects and arelation between their distributionwith monsoon upwelling wasexamined.

Bulk sampling for metallurgicalstudies and deep-sea photographyfor regional surveys were themajor tasks of PolymetallicNodules Project.

Global ChangeUpper ocean thermal structure andheat content of the Bay of Bengal

Mean rates of heat advection werecomputed for different seasons,utilising the data set collected atfour stations in the waters offVisakhapatnam during 1989-90and 1993. An analysis of thethermal structure revealed sub-surface temperature inversions inthe month of October. These seemto be a permanent feature in thisregion. During winter andpostmonsoon seasons, goodcorrelations were noticed betweentotal heat loss and wind stress;

SST and heat content, on diurnalscale.

Mean fields of heat budgetparameters over the Bay of Bengalduring postmonsoon have beenobtained utilising the surfacemarine meteorological datacollected on board RV Gaveshaniand ORV Sagar Kanya during theperiod 1983-85 (September-November). SST was above 28°Cthroughout the Bay of Bengalexcept in the northern Bay. Veryhigh SST (30°C) off Sri Lankacoast, resulted in high heat loss.The net heat exchange becamenegative (-100 to -120 W m-2) inthe region and high and positive(120 W m-2) south of Andamans.Maintenance of high temperaturein the southern Bay could be dueto the heat transport from thenorth to the south duringpostmonsoon season.

SST charts for the Bay of Bengalduring February-May for the years1987 and 1992 (El-Nino Years),1988 & 1993 (La-Nina Years)have been prepared. A large scalenortheastward flow associated withthe Western Boundary Current(WBC) was noticed in February1987. By March, the entiresystem shifted to the central Bayof Bengal.Very warm waters(>31°C) were noticed in the region7-9°N, 88-92°E during April 1987.During February 1992, WBC couldnot be identified from SST pattern,but appeared slightly away fromthe coast during 3-9 March 1992.Warm waters (>31°C) wereobserved in the zone 10-12°N, 86-89°E. No systematic large scaleflow towards the northeast wasobserved during February/Marchof 1988/1993. This study suggestssome teleconnection between WBC,ENSO and monsoon rainfall whichare being investigated further withintensive data sets.

Interannual variability in thermalstructure and upper ocean heatcontent (with respect to 27°Cisotherm, HC 27) along Madras-Port Blair route were studied forthe years 1991-1995 using XBTdata of the Indian TOGA XBTProject. It was found that duringwinter (December-February), thenear surface isothermal layer isdeep (~75 m) with a temperature

27

of 27.5°C and is embedded withinversions of 0.8°C magnitude.During summer (April/May), thislayer is shallow with temperature> 30°C. During August (monsoonseason), the isothermal layer iscooled to 28°C and deepened toabout 60-65 m. Large amplitudevertical excursions in thethermocline, probably caused byeither propagating waves ormesoscale eddies, are noticedduring August. The heat contentdistribution (Fig. 11) shows thatthe available HC 27 after monsooncooling is related to the post-monsoon weather disturbances.Results are being furtherinvestigated with other data sets.

Interannual variability of thermalstructure for August werecompared with the latest LevitusClimate Atlas of the Bay ofBengal. This indicates a strongshear zone between 86° and 89°Eduring August 1991 with thestretching of isotherms resultingin decrease of mixed layerthickness at 88°E and increase at89°E. This dome-like structureshifted towards the western partduring August, 1994 indicatingthis to be permanent feature inthe Bay of Bengal during monsoonseason.

Meteorological studies using SSMI

A comparison of Special SensorMicrowave Imager (SSMI) derivedprecipitation with the INSATderived estimates shows that the

A number of indicators whichpointed to a good monsoon overIndia during 1994 were identified.They are (i) negative SST anomalyin eastern equatorial Pacific Oceanduring pre-monsoon months, (ii)shift of Outgoing Long-waveRadiation (OLR) negative anomalyareas from 160°E- 160°W to130°E - 160°E in the equatorialPacific Ocean, (iii) development ofa positive OLR anomaly in thesoutheastern Indian Ocean, (iv)stronger circulation over the Asianmonsoon region in May (asindicated by the 200 hPastreamline analysis) and (v)stronger easterlies between 180°and 160°W (at 850 hPa).

Mansoonal activity andcyclogenesisIn an ongoing project for studyingthe atmospheric processes overthe Indian Ocean with specialreference to monsoon dynamics,satellite data, for a period of fouryears commencing from January1988 have been used. Theobjective is to estimate air-seaexchange of fluxes during the

period and its impact on climate infollowing years over the Indiansubcontinent. Satellite derived out-going longwave radiation is alsoused for locating convectiveregions over the Indian Oceanwhich could support the signaturesobserved from air-sea exchange offluxes.

As the first step, weekly SSTvalues of 1988 were retrievedfrom satellite data. The valueswere then averaged for 1° latitudeand 1° longitude grids for theentire Indian Ocean (25°N to 25'Sand 40°E to 120°E) for uniformity.Similarly, retrieval of values ofwind speed, water vapour andliquid water over the entire IndianOcean from the SSMI wereretrieved.

The software required for theabove purpose was developedinhouse and made operational.Initial results obtained from SSTmaps for the year 1988 are asfollows:

• both the Arabian Sea and theBay of Bengal are cooler thanthe rest of Indian Ocean duringwinter,

• the Bay of Bengal is generallywarmer than the Arabian Sea insummer,

• the distribution of SST over theArabian Sea in summerindicates the presence ofmonsoon winds having very lowvalues near the Somali coast, as

Fig. 11. Relation between heat content (wrt 27°C) and cyclonic activity in the central Bay of Bengal.

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SSMI depicts the broad features ofprecipitation over the Indian Oceanquite well. But the absolute values,in general, are lower than theINSAT values. Further, it is seenthat the Bay of Bengalprecipitation is almost two tothree times greater than theArabian Sea values.

Indian monsoon in 1994

a result of wind induceddivergence. The warm waternear the west coast of India isbeing pushed to the south withthe advancement of monsoonand

• the SST distribution during Julyresembles a typical monsooncirculation. Somali upwelling ismore conspicuous with a wellmarked cell of cold water. Boththe seas experience low SSTvalues during this month. LowerSST close to the west coastimplies the commencement ofupwelling process. In the south,the warm water havingoriginated from the Pacific, isdistinguished as a tongue fromits cooler background.

The reflectance of a wind-roughened sea surface whichforms a noise in remote sensing inoptical channels was studied and amodel was developed to computedirectional properties of seasurface reflectance for any givensolar elevation and wind speed.

Circulation

To understand the dominant,mechanisms that control the 3-dimensional circulation and tosimulate the mean state of theocean (on monthly and seasonalscales), a diagnostic model ofcirculation has been developed forthe Arabian Sea and the westernequatorial Indian Ocean. Theforcing parameters used as inputsare monthly mean wind,temperature and salinity. Themodel has been used to study itssensitivity to different eddyviscosity coefficients (which arenot parameterised in the model).A model solution was found to besensitive to low values ofhorizontal and vertical eddyviscosity coefficients. The modelreproduced fairly accurately the3-D circulation when thehorizontal eddy viscositycoefficient varied from 5 x 107

cm2s-1 to 109 cm2s-1. It reproducedall the major current systems inthe western Indian Ocean, viz.,(i) south equatorial current(observed during all seasons),(ii) equatorial counter current,(iii) equatorial undercurrent,(iv) north equatorial current(during winter season),(v) eastward equatorial jet (duringtransition seasons) and (vi) themonsoon drift current (duringsummer season). The steady, localforcing used in the model failed toreproduce the northward flowing

coastal surface current along thewest coast of India during thewinter indicating that unsteady,remote forcings may beresponsible for the large scalecirculation along this coast.

Surface circulation from GeosatAltimeter

Surface circulations off Somaliaand western equatorial IndianOcean have been studied utilisingthe Geosat Altimeter data for theSW monsoon (August-September)of 1988. The analysis revealed thepresence of multiple mesoscaleeddies with clockwise andanticlockwise senses of rotation.During August, the prime eddy orthe Great Whirl was located at9.5°N, 53.5°E off northern Somaliaand the southern gyre centered at3°N, 51.5°E off southern Somalia,both with clockwise rotations. Itwas noticed that by September thesouthern gyre weakened but theprime eddy persisted. Nearmeridional flows were noticed inthe equatorial region. During thesame month, a strong, narrow(100 km) jet-like flow directedsouthward was noticed. Thesecirculation features were generallyin agreement with the dynamictopography derived from thehydrographic data collected fromthe region on board ORV SagarKanya. during the same period.

Air-sea exchange of CO2

The tropical oceans are widelyregarded as sources ofatmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).Computations of pCO2 in surfacewaters based on total CO2 and pHmeasurements during two seasons(pre-southwest and northeastmonsoons), however, revealed thatthe northern Bay of Bengal is asink for atmospheric CO2.Considerable seasonally in pCO2distribution was observed, withgenerally lower levels occurringduring the northeast monsoon(Fig. 12). Inverse correlationsbetween pCO2 and salinity werenoticed during both the seasons,implying that the oceanic sink wasrelated to massive freshwaterdischarge into the Bay.

The first high-precisionmeasurements of total alkalinitywere made in the Arabian Seausing a spectrophotometrictechnique. Relatively low valueswere observed in the depth range

Fig. 12. pCO2 and salinity at seasurface.

250-700 m in the oxygenminimum-zone. Total alkalinitydecreased towards the south(Fig. 13) providing evidence forthe increasingly higher dissolutionof skeletal calcium carbonate inthe north. Computations of pCO2from the observed total carbondioxide and pH data reinforce theview that the Arabian Sea is asignificant source of atmosphericcarbon dioxide.

Fig. 13. N-S variations of totalalkalinity.

Biogeochemistry

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A model involving chemicalabsorption has been developed forevaluating the CO2 exchangecoefficient under turbulentconditions. It shows that thecontribution of bubbles becomessignificant at wind speedsexceeding 3.6 m s-1 increasingsharply at 6 m s-1. At 10 m s-1

for example, the contribution ofbubbles is nearly 50% greaterthan that under smooth surfacecondition.

Foraminiferal studies

Sixteen species of living planktonicforaminifera were identified fromthe planktonic tows collectedduring the late summer monsoonin the south-eastern Arabian Seabetween 3 and 15°N latitude.Among them Globigerinoides ruberand Globigerinoides sacculifer weremost abundant species, whileGlobigerina bulloides was veryrare. The population density ofplanktonic foraminifera rangesbetween 31 and 185 specimens10-3m-3 The low absolute numbersof planktonic foraminifera aresimilar to the numbers from thenon-upwelling areas in the ArabianSea. The absence of non-spinosespecies such as Globorotaliamenardii and Neogloboquadrina,dutertrei indicates low nutrientlevels in this area at the fag endof summer monsoon.

Geology & Geophysics of theContinental Margins

Bay of Bengal

Intra plate deformation

Two types of deformation affectingthe oceanic basement andoverlying sedimentary columnwere identified in distal BengalFan region. They were noticed onthe seismic reflection profilesacross the zone of deformedoceanic lithosphere of age 90-60Ma between the Afanasy Nikitinseamounts and the NinetyeastRidge. The first type ofdeformation is recognised by along wavelength anticlinical rise of2 0 0 - 2 5 0 km with a throw of 2 to3 km and the latter typecharacterised by a series ofdifferent vergence reverse stepfaults of 5 to 10 km. Further, afault controlled diaper like featureassociated with negative free-airgravity has also been mapped inthe deformation zone.

Offshore lineaments

Three major lineaments have beendemarcated in Cauvery, Krishna-Godavari and Mahanadi offshorebasins. They are interpreted aspossible extension of onshorelineaments located along 80.77°Eand 85°E longitudes. Thesestructural lineaments trending inNW-SE or W-E directions could berelated to the offshore extensionof the rift-related Gondwanagrabens. A subdued magnetic

anomaly zone was delineatedbetween Madras andVisakhapatnam which might haveevolved during the Cretaceousperiod of normal magnetic polaritybetween 118 and 84 Ma BP.

Magnetic data of the easterncontinental margin of India (ECMI)helped in demarcating the offshoreextension of the granulite belts ofeast coast of India and theirpossible link to those of the EastAntarctica (Figs. 14 & 15). Short

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Fig. 15. Distribution of granulite belts over the east coast of Indiaand Enderby Land of Antarctica (zones 1, 2, and 3).

so:

N

15:

10-

5'-

wavelength and high amplitudenegative magnetic anomalies wereidentified between Kakinada andChilka lake suggesting that thecoastal geology associated withgranulite facies rocks extendsfurther offshore.

Magnetic data along three coastparallel profiles over theinnershelf (30-50 m water depth)off Mahabalipuram recorded shortwavelength and high amplitude(200-700 nT) anomalies. Two NE-SW trends were delineated, one offPalar river and other south offMahabalipuram. Folded and faultedmagnetic basement is recordedbeneath the Mahabalipuram shelf.The Palar river is associated witha faulted basement.

Using the integration of multibeamSwath bathymetry, gravity andmagnetic data, high resolutiongeophysical studies have beencarried out over a 55 km longsegment of the Central IndianRidge (CIR), north of Vemafracture zone in the Indian Ocean(Fig. 16). Mantle BouguerAnomaly (MBA) computed in theregion represented the variation inthe along axis crustal thickness.The well defined Rift valley withsteep walls together with MBAvariation suggests thepredominance of tectonic processover magnetic activity during thepresent stage of the evolution ofthe ridge segment. These studiesrevealed the finer scalesegmentation of the CIR andtectonic evolution of the CIR overthe past 3 Ma.

Fig. 16. Morphometric features determined from the integrated multibeam swathbathymetric and magnetic data over a segment of CIR. Green colouridentified magnetic anomalies, yellow colour - seamounts and :::-rift valleys.

while the eastern and westernparts of the bay consists of sandysediments (2.9 to 3.05 ) Inter-relationships of size statisticalparameters and the CM diagramof the bay sediments suggest amechanism of slow depositionfrom quiet water. Montmorilloniteis the predominant clay mineralfollowed by kaolinite and illitereflecting the geology of the sourcearea. Montmorillonite in the baysediments is mainly controlled bythe energy conditions of thedepositional environment. Kaoliniteenrichment at the drainagechannel entrance is due topreferential settling of kaolinite inlow saline water.

Organic matter

Earlier studies of the sediments ofthe Arabian Sea showed thathigher accumulation of organiccarbon on the slopes of theArabian Sea is mainly due toenhanced preservation resultingfrom the strong mid-depth oxygenminimum zone. Recently, theorganic carbon distributions in thesediments of the Bay of Bengal,where a weaker oxygen minimumzone prevails, showed thatpreservation of organic carbon ispoor on the slopes of the Bay ofBengal in comparison to theArabian Sea slopes. This findingalso supports the preservationtheory.

Arabian Sea

Seafloor spreadingA set of closely spaced marinemagnetic profiles enabledidentification of the seafloorspreading magnetic anomalies 24through 20 in the hithertosparsely mapped southeastern partof the Arabian Sea. The east-westtrending magnetic anomalies areconsistently right laterally offsetalong numerous fracture zonesand extend eastwards up to thebase of the western slopes of theLaccadive Ridge. The DSDP site221 was observed to be located onthe reversely magnetized oceaniccrust in between the fairly wellrecognisable anomalies 24 and 21.Presence of additionalunidentifiable normal magneticevents possibly suggest arelatively complex spreadingpattern in the vicinity of theLaccadive Ridge during theinterval of anomalies 24 and 23time.

Shelf edge barrier reefsA detailed analysis ofechosounding and side scan sonar

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Gas charged sediments

High resolution shallow seismicdata collected during cruise 245 ofRV Gaveshani over offshoreCauvery basin, in general, indicateclear uniform bedding reflectors ofQuaternary deltaic sediments inthe northern part of the basinwhereas the southern part showsan irregular topography withvalley cuts and slumps in theslope region. The rate ofsedimentation of about 2.9 m/1000 years during Holocene isinferred from the seismic data.The records also show somechaotic signatures/acousticmaskings associated with gaspockets in the upper slope regions.They further show acousticturbidity, acoustic wipeouts andgas domes in the lower sloperegions which are interpreted asgas charged sediments. Theacoustic maskings in associationwith gas pockets in the upperslope deltaic sediments (LatePleistocene) are interpreted to begas charged and formed bybiological origin, whereas theacoustic turbidity characteristics inseismic records of the lower sloperegions are interpreted to be dueto gases of thermogenic origin.

Sedimentary processes in KakinadaBay

The sediments of Kakinada Bayare predominantly silty clays witha mean range between 2.9 to7.8. Northern, central andsouthern parts of the Bay consistof finer sediments (5.5 to 7.7 phi),

data collected from the westernmargin of India has revealed thepresence of prominent shelf edgereefs, concentrated mostly on thecentral and the southern parts.The reefs are 1-12 m high and 0.1to 2.6 km wide (av. 700 m) andoccur between 85 and 140 mdepth. Morphologically they maybe classified into simple andcomplex types. The former aresingle and broad or narrow (av.width 350 m), while the latter aregenerally massive (av. width 950m) with superimposed multi-peaks.This reef system, more than 1000km long, trends NNW-SSE, i.e.,parallel/subparallel to the presentday shoreline. It is surmised thatcoral/algal reef growth commencedwith the advent of latestPleistocene and Holocenetransgression probably over afavourable topography andcontinued until early Holocene.Subsequently, rapid sea level riseled to the drowning of reefs. Theshelf edge reefs, therefore, arepart of relict submerged barrierreef system and reflect theshallow water conditions duringthe late Pleistocene/earlyHolocene.

Sand ridges

The morphology, distribution andprobable origin of submerged sandridges on the western continentalshelf of India have been studiedusing echosounding, side scansonar and high resolution seismicreflection profiling supplementedby sampling. The data revealedwell defined, broad, linear 7 to 8rows of lithified submerged ridgeson the middle and outer shelfbetween 75 and 100 m waterdepth. They are 0.5 to 10 kmwide, 1.5 to 10 m high, severaltens of km long and are a few kmapart. They are often separated bylong, narrow paleo lagoonal-likedepressions. Some of the ridgesare well rounded with smoothsurfaces and steep leeward flankswhile others appear to haveundergone transformation withsuperimposed bed forms, sandwaves and reefs. The ridges aremostly parallel to and representmaribund type sand ridges on theshelf. It appears that the sandridges were formed as coastaldunes along the then existingshoreline. They must havedeveloped during a period of stillstand or slow sea level rise ofearly Holocene transgression.Their absence on the inner shelfcould be due to either erosionduring Holocene transgression ordue to recent sedimentation.

Late Quaternary Halimedabioherms

The Fifty Fathom Flat is adrowned carbonate platformlocated on the outer continentalshelf of the western India. It isunique because the carbonatedepositional environment prevaileduntil Early Holocene despite itsproximity to a major siliciclastictidal embayment. Echogramsrevealed buried pinnacles between62 and 38 m and exposed 2 to 14m high pinnacles on the platform(Fig 17). These occur as narrow tobroad mounds (bioherms) inseismic profiles and as linearridges and massive structures insonographs. The petrographicstudies on the limestones andassociated sediments indicate thatHalimeda and crustacean faecalpellets are abundant componentswith minor echinoids, mollusksand benthic foraminifers. Thelimestone ages (8400-9200 yearsBP) lie within the same age limits(10400-8300 years BP) as thesurficial sediments.

Fig. 17. Echogram depicting pinnacleson the carbonate platform.

It is suggested that the growth ofthe Halimeda bioherms on theplatform occurred between 13,700(?) years BP and 8,300 years BPfrom the nutrients brought by theriver run off and shelf edgecurrents. The absence of LateHolocene and modern carbonatesmay be due to the combinedinfluence of climatic change,upwelling and neotectonic activityat about 9000 years BP. Halimedabioherms produced abundantaragonite mud. Deposit feedingCrustaceans and otherinvertebrates subsequentlyexcreted these muds as faecalpellets. The platform thus containsfaecal-pellet dominated sediments.

This is the fourth occurrence ofHalimeda bioherms in the worldoceans so far recorded whichformed during the Quaternary. Theother three are modern biohermsfrom the Great Barrier Reef, JavaSea and Nicaraguan Rise. Therelict bioherms on the westernshelf of India serve as an ancientanalogue for the above.

Fine-grained sediments

Fluvially derived fine-grainedsediments (clay minerals andamorphous material) are mostly(90%) deposited in the nearshoreand continental margins and asmall amount (about 10%) istransported to the deep sea.Distribution and dispersal of fine-grained sediments on continentalmargins depend on hydrodynamicconditions and depositionalprocesses (Fig. 18). A knowledgeon the fate of fine-grainedsediments is not only of scientificinterest but also helps tounderstand the transportpathways of pollutants (toxicmetals and organic materials)which are being carried by fine-grained sediments.

One hundred and fifty-six surficialsediments from the westerncontinental margin of India atdepths between 17 and 2000 mwere investigated for claymineralogy (<2 mu m fraction of thesediments). The study indicatedthat there are three characteristicclay mineral assemblagesreflecting three principal sourcesof sediments (Indus Province,Deccan Trap Province and GneissicProvince). The source sedimentsare distinct all along the innershelf but admix one to the otheron the outer shelf and slope. TheIndus derived sediments aretransported by a southerly surfacecurrent to the outer shelf ofSaurashtra and on the continentalslope from Saurashtra to Goa andadmix with the clays transportedfrom the hinterland. Bypassing offine-grained sediments occur onthe carbonate platform due tohigher energy conditions. Cross-shelf transport processes dominatein the southwestern continentalmargin between Goa and Cochin.

Organic carbon-sulphurrelationships: depositionalenvironments

Three cores, two from westerncontinental margin and one fromeastern continental margin ofIndia were analysed for carbon-sulphur relationship. In the

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Fig. 18. Synthetic map showing the sources of sedimentsand their transport directions.

western margin, during Holocene,organic matter accumulated bynormal settling from overlyingwaters and sulphur throughdiagenetic sulphide formation.During Late Pleistocene, loweredsea levels resulted in the additionof sulphides and organic matterthrough slumping in the centralwestern margin and in highterrestrial organic flux in thesouthwestern margin. In theeastern continental margin,besides normal settling of organicmatter and diagenetic sulphideformation, the peninsular riverscontributed substantial amounts ofterrigenous organic matter anddetrital pyrite during LatePleistocene. The terrestrialcontribution drastically reducedduring Holocene due to higher sealevel.

The grouping of data points on thecarbon-sulphur (C-S) diagram forall the cores demarcate threefields, viz. high sulphur, normalorganic carbon and sulphur, andhigh organic carbon-low sulphur(Fig 19). This allowed us toestablish and understand therelative importance of variousfactors such as slumping,terrestrial input and type oforganic matter responsiblefor the resultant organiccarbon-sulphur relationships.The examples investigated inthe present work evidentlydemonstrate that in additionto the chemical environments,the C-S relationship is alsoinfluenced by sedimentaryprocesses.

Fig. 19. Organic carbon-sulphur plot showing the fields ofhigh sulphur, normal organic carbon and low sulphur.Cores WM, and WM2 are from western continentalmargin and EM1 from eastern continental margin ofIndia. Unit I - Holocene sediments & Unit II - LatePleistocene sediments.

Quaternary Paleoclimates &UpwellingA 1.15m long core collected from20 m water depth off Karwar,west coast of India was studied toreconstruct the paleomonsoonalprecipitational history during therecent past with fine timeresolution using foraminifera as aproxy. The variation inparameters indicating salinity(where run-off depends on riversdue to monsoonal precipitationover catchment area) emphasizesthe abundance of mean proloculussize of Rotalidium annectens whichis inversely proportional tosalinity. These parameters showconsiderable fluctuations in thecore (representing about 450years) indicating variations inpaleomonsoons in a cyclic manner(around 77 years).

When these fluctuations werecorrelated with known climaticcycles affecting the earth'sclimate, there appeared to exist apossible link with the Gleissbergsolar cycle of around 80+or -10 years.

Long-range radiolarian transferfunctions are derived by Imbrieand Kipp's method for theestimation of Sea SurfaceTemperature (SST), salinity andpotential primary productivityduring southwest monsoon seasonin the tropical Indian Ocean forthe last 10 million years (Ma).

33

The paleoestimates of SST inAugust and salinity in July/Augustwere made using fossil radiolariafrom the Late Miocene sedimentsfrom the Neill Island (Andamans).The study suggests that SST inAugust fluctuated within 1.3°C(27.2-28.5°C) for the last~9.0-5.0 Ma around theAndamans. The SST-peaksassociated with salinity-troughssuggest higher precipitation duringwarmer periods at ~8.5, 7.5, 6.0,and 5.0 Ma. A consistent loweringtrend of salinity (spring season)from ~9.0-5.0 Ma suggests thatthe monsoon originated prior to~9.0 Ma and has strengthenedsince then.Paleo estimates of the SST inAugust and salinity in July-Augustshowed cyclic fluctuations within2°C (26.25-28.25°C) and 0.35 ppt(34.4-34.75 ppt) respectively at~100- and ~400-kiloyears (ka) ina Quaternary sediment core (SK-69/1) from the equatorial centralIndian Ocean. The 100 and 400-kacycles in SST and salinitycorrespond to the Milankovitch'sEarth's orbital eccentricity cycles.The eccentricity minima, areassociated with SST-peaks andmaxima with SST-troughssuggesting differential solarinsolation on equator in the last0.2-1.4 Ma BP.

The Late Quaternary rain-rate ofthe depositional flux 230Thex hasbeen reconstructed from asediment core from Central IndianBasin. Substantially large fluxes of230Thex when compared to thetheoretical water columnproduction flux occurred duringHolocene and preceding interglacialperiods, whereas little or nodeposition occurred during LastGlacial Maximum (LGM). The230Thex suggests that the core siteacted as preferred sink for 230Th.The 230Thex is considered to be theresult of focussing of younger230Th rich eroded sediments.

Red Sea outflow

Sedimentary records from the RedSea showed that its waterexchange with the Indian Oceanvaried greatly in the past due tochanges in global sea level andregional climate, but thechronology of these changes is notprecisely known. In a collaborativestudy with the Lamont-DohertyEarth Observatory, New York, thehistory of the Red Sea Outflow(RSO) over the past 27,000 yearsfrom a radiocarbon-dated high-resolution stable carbon isotoperecord of benthic foraminifera

from the inner Gulf of Aden wasreconstructed (Fig. 20). Resultsreveal that, following the period ofsuppressed RSO due to shallowBab-el-Mandeb sill 24,000-18,000yr BP, the Red Sea was vigorouslyflushed for ~2,000 years beforean abrupt monsoon intensificationcaused the cessation of deep waterformation from 15,500 to 7,300yr BP. In conflict with previousreports, we find that the monsoonintensification occurred in phasewith the northern hemispheresummer insolation increase,implying that the continentalalbedo exerted a negligibledampening effect on the monsoonsince 15,500 yr BP.

Fig. 20. Plot showing delta13C and delta18O inCibicidoides versus Age.

Dynamics of the TropicalIndian OceanJGOFS-India programme

Two cruises aboard ORV SagarKanya were undertaken duringApril 1994 and February 1995 asa part of Indian NationalProgramme under Joint GlobalOcean Flux Study (JGOFS).

Low values of primary productionwere observed throughout easternand central Arabian Sea in April1994. Chlorophyll a values werealso low. The subsurfacechlorophyll a maximum observedwas caused by the accumulation ofphytoplankton biomass andincrease in cellular pigmentcontent due to photoadaptation andwas invariably located at the topof the thermocline. Turnover ratewas found to vary from 2-25days. Chlorophyll a values rangedfrom 7.6 to 16.6 mg m-2 in April.

The phytoplankton cellconcentrations were never morethan 25000 cells 1-1 t any depth.The depth of maximumconcentration of phytoplanktoncells did not often match with thatof chlorophyll a. Diatoms weremost dominant. In contrast,

primary production andchlorophyll a values increased(12.8 to 26.7 mg m-2 ) duringFebruary 1995 due to effects ofwinter cooling.

Studies on zooplankton standingstock in relation to export offluxes in the Arabian Sea alongthe continental margin and openocean during April 1994 andFebruary 1995 showed thatbiomass in the upper mixed layerremained high in both seasonswithout much north-southvariability. Along coastal stations,biomass was highest in south inApril indicating an early remoteforced upwelling. The maximumbiomass observed during night was160 ml/100 m3 in the upper 20 m.

Zooplankton stratification

Mesozooplankton samples werecollected with a multiple planktonnet of 200 micron mesh size(Hydrobios). Five strata (i.e. from1000-500, 500-300, 300 to belowthe thermocline, through thethermocline and from thethermocline layers) were sampledin the open ocean during day andnight to assess the diurnal verticalmigration and flux.

The uppermost isothermal layeralways had the highest density ofzooplankton (10-106.67 ml/100m3) and thermocline layer rankedthe next (2.86-61.53 ml/100 m3).

There was no appreciable dielvariation or diurnal verticalmigration in the open ocean. Indeeper oxygen depleted layers(1000-500 & 500-300 m) of thecentral Arabian Sea, the biomasswas very poor, 0.4 to 1.60 ml/100 m3 and 0 to 5.00 ml/100 m3

respectively. The uppermostisothermal layer always had thehighest density of zooplankton(10-106.67 ml/100 m3) and thethermocline layer ranked the next(2.86-61.53 ml/100 m3). All alongthe central Arabian Sea, atintermediate depths, the post-larvae of the caridian prawns andmyctophids frequented. At thesurface, thaliaceans, mostlybelonging to Salpida - Pageaconfederata were seen in stringsof abundance. Sexual forms werereleased by the asexual formswhich dominated the area. At15°N, in the central Arabian Sea,large patches of dead myctophidswere seen at the surface over awide area and unidentifiedfloculent matter in threadformation was also noticed.

The samples collected duringvarious JGOFS and other cruises

34

were sorted and the results arepresented below.

Hydromedusae

Thirty-four species belonging to 22genera were recorded. Blackfordiavirginica and Ostroumoviainkermanica were common. Therewas a general decrease in speciesdiversity in the inshore stations,the region which received largequantities of sewage and industrialeffluents.

Samples from 10 cruises of FORVSagar Sampada collected during1985-88 were analysed.Hydromedusae were present in244 out of 305 samples. Fifty-eight species belonging to 22families were recorded. Thehighest density and maximumspecies diversity was noticed inthe southern region. Dominant andabundantly occurring species ofthis region,viz. Liriope tetraphylla,Solmundella bitentaculata, Cytacistetrastyla, Rhopalonema velatum,Crossota alba and Aequorea conicawere found in swarms. Tworecords of medusae - Euphysoranormani and Hybocodonatentaculata from the Arabian Seawere also reported.

Amphipoda

The validity of a curious amphipodspecies Oxycephalus longipesremained uncertain ever since itserection by Spandl (1927) fromthe tropical Atlantic (5°27'N and20°41'W) in a vertical haul of800-0 m. The original record ofthis species was done based onjuvenile females (11-12 mm long)of unique characteristics.

From two vertical hauls (200-0m) of zooplankton samplescollected from the Indian Ocean,one from the southwest Bay ofBengal (09°10'N and 85°13'E) andthe other from the southeastIndian Ocean (9°S and 104°59'E)two adult females of 19.50 mmlength were recorded. The presentrecord forms the first from theIndian Ocean and the secondrecord from the world oceans. Asin the case of Rhabdosoma minor,a rare oxycephalid species of thegenus Rhabdosoma, the male of 0.longipes remains an enigma.

Copepoda

The distribution of Galanoidescarinatus was studied from theIndian Ocean because of the closeassociation with upwelling in theepipelagic as well as in the deeperlayers. This involved the analysisof copepods from the HOE as well

as from the deeper watercollections of ORV Sagar Kanya.Calanoides carinatus was found tobe abundant along the Arabiancoast as well as in the northernArabian Sea during July, which isthe period of intense upwelling.The species was also investigatedin relation to physical, chemicaland biological properties whichrevealed its association with lowtemperature and high nutrients.The species is restricted to thedeeper layers in the westernArabian Sea during non-upwellingmonths. This species was notobserved in deeper collectionsfrom the area adjacent to IndianPeninsula. Species ofCentraugaptilus and Pachyptiluswere encountered from1500-1000 m.

Ostracods

Species composition of ostracodswas studied from FORV SagarSampada and 0RV Sagar Kanyasamples. Euconchoecia aculeatewas the most abundant in theepipelagic realms. Cypridinadentata was also occasionallyfound in swarms. Alacia aiata,Bathyconchoecia sp. andConchoecia daphnoides werepresent in deep water collections.

Ichthyoplankton

Ichthyoplankton samples from 217stations along the west coast ofIndia were analysed to assesstertiary recruitment. Myctophidae,Gonostomidae, Gobiidae andBregmacerotidae were found to bethe dominant groups. Serranidae,Carangidae and Scombridae, theeconomically important groupswere also well represented inmany of the stations. Fish larvaecollected off Lakhgam (21°40'Nand 72°30'E) were also analysed.During the premonsoon period,species diversity was greater atthe mouth of the Narmada river.Offshore areas of the river mouthshowed a minimum speciesdiversity during pre and post-monsoon periods. In all the areas,different species of Gobiidae werethe dominant group. They arelocal breeders but are noteconomically important.Economically important groupssuch as Clupeidae and Engraulidaewere also found at almost allstations.

Decapoda

Studies on the decapod larvae ofthe estuarine and coastal areas ofthe north Kerala coast haveshown dominance of larval stages

of commercially important prawnssuch as Metapenaeus, Penaeus,Parapenaeopsis, Penaeopsis andTrachypenaeus. Their abundancein Chaliyar riverine systems(Calicut) and neighbouring areasshows the seed potential of thearea.

Descriptions on early larval stagesof a deep water prawn, Aristeusalcockii have been made fromsamples collected from the centralArabian Sea.

Microzooplankton studies

Numerical abundance andcomposition of microzooplankton(200 mu m) were studied for thefirst time from the Arabian Sea.Protozoans were dominantcomprising 51 to 91% andconsisted of ciliates, flagellates andsarcodines. Their abundance washigher in the upper (100 m) watercolumn. Maximum abundanceduring winter monsoon (April)season when phytoplankton waspoor and bacterial numbersincreased and this indicated amicrobial loop.

Polymetallic NodulesMost of the shipboard work of theproject during the period 1994-95was carried out on the Russianvessel MV Akademik AleksandrSidorenko chartered byDepartment of Ocean Development.

Bulk sampling of nodules formetallurgical studies

During the first phase of charter(March to July 1994), comprisingof four cruises, more than fiftytonnes of high grade nodules(Cu+Co+Ni>2%) were collected(Fig. 21) and sent to sisterlaboratories - NationalMetallurgical Laboratory,Jamshedpur and RegionalResearch Laboratory,Bhubaneshwar to meet theirrequirements for pilot scalemetallurgical extractionexperiments.

Deeptowed photographic andacoustic surveys

After the allotment of 150,000 sq.km of area in the Central IndianOcean Basin to India by the UnitedNations in 1987, the second phaseof intensive work that includeddetailed seabed mapping withmultibeam acoustic system,followed by seabed videography,was initiated. These were to collect

35

During these four cruises,underwater video data of 440hours along 1086 line km and52,295 still photographs wereobtained. Some interesting resultsindicate that the nodules are notexposed in the locations wherethey were sampled earlier. Theextent of their burial was higherin the plain areas due to highersediment accumulation than thosenear the seamounts. Sedimentthickness of 0-75 m was observeddepending on the geographiclocation and proximity to thetopographic high, whereas therock outcrops with Fe-Mnencrustation are exposed at fewlocations.

Many types of deep-sea fauna andsedimentary features created bybenthic activity were noticed in anumber of places. Prominentamong them were faecal coils,

tubes, trails, burrows, mottling,and bioturbation. Mottling andbioturbation were intense in thenorthern parts of the basin.

Forty-five sediment cores of variedlength (1-6 m) were retrievedfrom the seafloor during the abovecruises. Further investigation ofthe cores is in progress and wouldhelp in reconstructing thepaleoenvironment andunderstanding the sedimentaryprocesses in the formation ofnodules.

Rare earths analysis andmineralogical studies of nodule

nuclei, Fe-Mn oxides andencrusting layers offerromanganese nodules andcrusts revealed that nodule nucleiand the alumino-silicate phasehave little influence on the Ceanomaly. Ce anomalies arecontrolled by the amorphousmineral phase - FeOOH.nH2O andCe is chemisorbed onto ironoxyhydroxides which areepitaxially intergrown withdelta-MnO2 Evidences of preferentialoxidative scavenging of Ce intonodules by Fe-hydroxide colloidalfloes are found.

Bulk chemistry of surfacesediments from the Wharton Basinseems to be controlled byauthigenic phillipsite, manganesemicronodules and biogenic apatite/fish bone and debris.

Ferromanganese micronodules inBengal fan sediments

Ten surface sediments and threesediment cores from across themiddle fan region of the Bay ofBengal reveal the presence offerromanganese micronodules(Fig. 23). Both botryoidal andspheroidal forms are present andtheir abundance was found to behigher in the eastern region of thebay. Their abundance decreasesdown the length of the core.Todorokite is the main manganesemineral phase in the micronodulesand the other associated mineralphases are quartz, feldspar andphillipsite. These micronoduleshave high Mn. (19.20-32.13%)low Fe (1.20-1.83%), Ni (0.10-1.14%), Zn (0.10-0.30%) and Co

36

Fig. 21. Bulk sample of nodules.

detailed information ontopographic variations, sedimentcover and nodule distributions, tobe eventually used to relinquishparts of the pioneer area as perthe guidelines laid down in UNConvention. Seabed mapping usingmultibeam bathymetry systeminstalled on ORV Sagar Kanya wascompleted between 1989 and1992. An underwater camerasystem "ABISSAL" installed on AASidorenko was used (Fig. 22) and4 cruises forming the secondphase of charter were undertakenbetween August 1994 and Jan1995.

Fig. 22. An underwater camera system "ABISSAL".

Fig. 24. Largest phillipsite crystal.

Fig.23. Surficial distribution and spatial abundance offerromanganese micro-nodules in the Bay of Bengal

(0.01-0.04%). It is suggested thatthe remobilised Mn from deeperlevels precipitated in the uppersurface of the sediment column.Their presence in Bengal fansediments suggests that the highrate of sedimentation is not alimiting factor for the formation ofmicronodules, although it mightaffect their growth.

The occurrence of the largestphillipsite crystal (21 x 10 x 8 mm)reported to date was found as thenucleus of a diagenetically formedferromanganese nodule (Fig. 24).Considering the rate of accretion,the nucleus appeared to have beengrowing since the last 4.5-5 my.Originally surfaced as a rockfragment from Late Miocene

volcanism, this nucleus must havealtered to phillipsite underalkaline, silica-undersaturated, lowtemperature conditions throughthe length of the Neogenesedimentary hiatus.

37

BilateralProgrammes

Indo-USDetermination of theenvironmental, biological andbiochemical parameters thatcontrol macrofouUng of surfaces inIndian waters

The duration of pelagic life of thelarvae of fouling organismsprovides a vital input indeveloping models to predictpatterns of macrofouiing. Theinfluence of biotic and abioticfactors on one of the major foulingorganisms in Indian waters -Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia:

Thoracica) was studied. Therearing experiments showed thattotal naupliar duration at 30°Cdecreased with increase in salinityand food concentration. Such atrend was not evident at 20°C.Laboratory studies on grazing rateand metamorphosis success underdifferent larval density is inprogress.

Studies on antifouling properties ofselected bioactive substances frommarine organisms of the IndianOcean

Temporal variations in theantimicrobial activity of Irciniaramosa (order Dictyoceratida) wasevaluated using fouling bacteria.The activity was higher duringwarmer months indicatingtemporal differences. Metabolitesof the bacteria associated withsponge did not exhibit anyantibacterial activity. The extracthad no effect on the growth of thebacteria associated with spongeand those in the immediateenvironment. The extract wasmore effective in its antibioticstested against gram negativebacteria.

To develop a cryo bank of thelarvae of fouling organisms,cryopreservation prospects ofBalanus amphitrite nauplii wereexplored. Effects of differentcryoprotectants di-methyl sulfonide(DMSO), glycerol (GL) andethylene glycol (EG), influence ofend temperature (-20, - 3 0 , - 4 0& -50°C) and the effect oftransferring to liquid nitrogen

(-196°C) from these endtemperatures on the post-thawsurvival were made. The larvaewere increasingly susceptible tocryoprotectant concentrations.Equilibration of larvae for 15 min.at 5°C with the cryoprotectantsrevealed that GL was least toxic.EG at 3 to 4 M concentration didnot cause marked increase insusceptibility with the lengtheningof equilibration period up to 2 hrs.However, the same was not truewith DMSO and GL. The post-thawobservation from different end

temperatures revealed thatsurvival rate decreases withincrease in cooling temperatureand none of the larvae revivedwhen thawed from -50°C (Fig.25). The post-thaw survival withEG (2M) as cryoprotectant rangedfrom 86% (-20°C) to 56% (-40°C).The larvae that were transferredto liquid nitrogen from differentend temperatures revealed betterpost-thaw survival from -40°C(36%). EG also proved to be betterthan DMSO and GL as acryoprotectant (Fig 25).

38

Fig. 25. Post thaw survival of Balanus amphitrite nauplhcryopreserved with different protectants. (A) correspondsto survival from different end temperatures, (B)corresponds to survival from - 190°C (transferred from

20° to - 50°C).

• Indo-US • Indo-German• Indo-Dutch

Nitrogen cycling in sub-oxic waters

Nitrous oxide in oceanic oxygendeficient zones

Extensive observations of N2Oconcentrations and of the dualstable isotopic composition of N2Ohave been made in the ArabianSea and the Eastern TropicalNorth Pacific (ETNP). The stableisotopic composition of N20 wasdetermined by a new method thatrequired only 100 nmol of N2O persample analysis. Theseobservations includeddeterminations across the oxic/sub-oxic boundaries that occur inthe water columns of the ETNPand the Arabian Sea. In the sub-oxic waters of the studied regionsthe values of delta 15N and delta 18Oincreased linearly with oneanother with the decreasing N2Oconcentrations (Fig. 26)presumably reflecting the effectsof denitrification. Results obtainedsuggest that the ocean could be animportant source of isotopicallyenriched N2O to the atmosphere.

biological, chemical and physicalprocesses. Particulate matter inthe oceans can be placed undertwo categories: suspended fineparticles which do not settleeasily and those which are largerbut settle faster. The most directmethod available for sampling thesettling particles is the particleinterceptor trap commonly knownas sediment trap.

Particulate matter fluxes to thedeep Arabian Sea and the Bay ofBengal are being measured withmoored sediment traps by NIOand the Hamburg Universityunder a joint Indo-FRGprogramme since 1986. Thesestudies have shown that in theArabian Sea, a strong correlationexists between wind speeds overthe sea and amount of particulatematter produced and transferredto the deep sea. Studies in theBay of Bengal on the other handindicate the possible role of river-derived material in particleproduction and fluxes to the deepsea. Furthermore, freshwater

Fig. 26. Plot of stable isotopic composition of nitrogen andoxygen of N2 O) in various environments.

Indo-GermanParticle flux studies

Lithogenic particles derived fromcontinental sources and biogenicdetritus produced mainly in thephotic zone are the chiefcontributors to the accumulation ofdeep sea sediments. Transportationpathways of these particles fromtheir point of origin to finalresting place in the oceans arecomplex involving various

input in the northern Bay ofBengal affects the efficiency of thecarbonate pump by shifting thebiological community in the photiczone from carbonate producers tosilica producers.

During January 1995, a cruise ofORV Sagar Kanya (SK-98) wasorganised to retrieve and redeploythe sediment trap moorings in theArabian Sea. The main objective ofthe continuing sediment trapstudies is to monitor the

interannual variability in particlefluxes on a decadal scale. A newmooring was deployed near 19°Nand 64°E latitude to study lateraladvection and transportation ofmaterial from the continentalmargins.

Flux of material sinking out of theeuphotic zone was measured bydeploying free-drifting sedimenttraps under JGOFS Programme.For this purpose, two multi-sediment traps with six cups wereprocured and a mooring andsurface buoy were designed andfabricated indigenously. Thefloating traps were deployed for 3days in April 1994 (cruise 91,ORV Sagar Kanya) and for 8 daysin February 1995 (cruise 99, ORVSagar Kanya). Preliminary resultsshow that the flux of material outof the photic zone ranges between300 and 1000 mg m-2 day - 1 withhigher fluxes during the NEmonsoon compared to theintermonsoon period. Fluxes in thenorthern Arabian Sea were higherthan in the central Arabian Sea.

Indo-DutchContaminants in the marineenvironment: their fate in theabiotic and biotic compartmentswith emphasis on the biologicalresponses (biomarkers) oforganisms

This project was funded by theCommission of the EuropeanCommunities, Brussels, Belgium.The main objectives of the projectare:

(a) To evaluate the distributionpatterns of some selectedcontaminants, primarilyorganochlorine pesticides andpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)in the marine environment.

(b) To develop biological markersin marine species either asindicators of exposure to toxicchemicals or as predictors of theadverse consequences of thatexposure at the molecular,biochemical and physiological level.

(c) To measure the extent ofgenetic damage (in the DNAstrands) due to exposure toorganic contaminants.

DNA damage as an indicator ofpollution

The effects of various genotoxicchemicals on the integrity of DNAof seastars was measured by thelevel of double strandedness of the

39

macromolecule. The integrity ofDNA was estimated with variousspecies of seastars along differenttransects in the North Sea,indicating the extent of pollutioninto three clusters such as (i) Thehighly polluted area (coastal andestuarine zones) with low integrityof DNA (27-43% integrity), (ii) themoderately polluted area with

medium integrity of DNA (49-64%integrity) and (iii) less pollutedarea with high integrity of DNA(70-87% integrity).

In-vitro studies showed that theincrease in concentration ofcongeners of PCBs such as CB-28,CB-52, CB-77 and benzo (a)pyrene greatly affect DNA

integrity of seastars (of pristinearea) and calf thymus.

The levels of contamination of 18congeneres of highly persistantpolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)were determined in zooplanktonfrom the Arabian Sea.

40

Data, Information &Scientific Services

• Data and Information• Computer• Library• Training• Publication & Public Relations

Data and Information

Data acquisition

During the year sea surface datafrom 1110 stations andoceanographic parameters from725 stations under the MARSISSea Truth and NationalProgramme respectively wereacquired. More than 1000 datasets for chlorophyll a and nine CDROMs containing global data setson temperature, salinity, oxygen,phosphate, nitrate and silicate forthe period 1900-1992 wereacquired from WDC-A/US NODC,Washington. Six TOGA CD-ROMcontaining in-situ and numericalmodel data sets for the year 1985to 1990 were acquired from TOGAData Centre.

Data dissemination

Remote sensing images wereinterpreted to decipher sedimenttransport behaviour and overallsediment balance of northernMaharashtra coast. The errors inthe surface heat fluxes andclimatological heat fluxes obtainedfrom classical ship observationswere compared. A ComprehensiveSeasonal Chlorophyll a Atlas ofthe Northern Indian Ocean wasprepared. Time series stationinventory for RV Gaveshani andORV Sagar Kanya (1990-93) werepublished. More than 40 userrequests for data records wereattended to.

Computer

About 725 lkm of multichannelseismic reflection data of westerncontinental margin of India wasprocessed using NORESEISsoftware.

A model for tides and tidalcurrents in the Gulf of Cambayusing irregular grid finitedifference technique and a marinespatial data base for the project

for "Applications of GIS to SeafloorMapping of EEZ" are beingdeveloped.

Library

During the year 255 books and154 technical reports were addedthus raising the holdings to 22208books and 6943 reports. Wecontinued to receive 224 journals,102 being gratis or on exchange.

The literature search service onASFA CD-ROM and photocopyingfacilities were extended to allusers. Selective dissemination ofinformation on current contentsand abstracts on diskettes wasalso provided.

The institute continued to sendinputs to ASFA data base. Morethan 800 references on MarineSciences were analysed and addedto this data base. At the requestof Food and AgriculturalOrganisation (FAO), two morelibraries of College of Fisheries,Mangalore and Central Institute ofFishery Technology, Kochi wereidentified as national ASFA inputcentres.

Training

For outside agencies

Five Naval Officers from NavalHeadquarters, New Delhi wereexposed to techniques in PhysicalOceanography from 9-19 May.Five M.Tech students fromKarnataka Regional EngineeringCollege, Surathkal were givenpractical training in MarineStructures in July 1994.

A research scientist fromSt. John's Newfoundland, Canadavisited the Institute in September,1994 to familiarize with pollutionand toxicology related work of theInstitute. Familiarization insampling techniques for pesticideresidue analysis in the marineenvironment was imparted totrainees of Chemical Research andEnvironmental Needs Programmeof Commonwealth Science Council,London in October, 1994.

A training programme onEnvironmental Management wasorganised from 24 October to 23November for six participantsfrom Administration of UnionTerritory of Lakshadweep,Kavaratti.

Two MCA students fromBerhampur University worked forsix months from 8 July 1994under the project "Integrated DataAcquisition System for a researchvessel".

From the Water ResourcesDevelopment Training Centre, 21trainee officers were given first-hand information on the ongoingwork related to Ocean Engineeringin December, 94.

For NIO staff at otherorganisations

Shri Luis Mascarenhas attendedcourses on "Glass apparatus forelectrochemical research" from18-19 April and "Advances inscientific and industrial glassblowing" from 20-22 April, 94 atCECRI, Karaikudi.

Dr. M.K. Antony attended theninth training course onManagement of ResearchProgrammes at CSIR, New Delhifrom 6-17 June.

Shri Fernando Vijayan attended acourse on deepsea bed mining atnT, Madras.

Shri L.V.G. Rao underwent acourse on "Management of R & Din Science and Technology" at theAdministrative Staff College,Hyderabad.

Publication & PublicRelations

Besides bringing out the variouspublications, viz. Annual Report,NIO Bulletin, Technical and CruiseReports, various technical andgeneral queries were also attendedto during the year.

The Institute observed an 'OpenDay' to commemorate the CSIRFoundation Day on 26 Sept., 94.

41

Fig. 27. Shri Eduardo Faleiro. UnionMinister of State for Chemicals,Fertilizers, Electronics & OceanDevelopment delivering theinaugural address. Seated on thedais (from left) are: Dr. EhrlichDesa. Director, NIO, S/Shri SimonD'Souza, Ashok Naik Salgaonkar,MIAS. Govt. of Goa, Dr. J. V.Prasada Rao, Jt. Secretary, DODand Dr. S.A.H. Abidi. Director,DOD.

The Institute and the Departmentof Ocean Development (DOD)jointly organised an exhibition on'Oceans' at Vasco-da-Gama, Goafrom 23-30 July to bring anawareness, particularly among thestudent community, about OceanScience ir. India and its importancefor human development. Quiz andessay writing competitions werealso held.

The Institute celebrated itsFoundation Day on 18 January,1995. The Foundation Day lectureon ''Scientific research andgovernment support" wasdelivered by the well knownnuclear scientist Dr. RajaRamanna.

Fig. 28. Shri Eduardo Faleiro showsinterest in the AQUAZEPP anunderwater scooter used by MarineArchaeologists.

Fig. 29. Dr. Satish Shetye conductingthe quiz.

42

Fig. 30. Students going through theexhibits.

Fig. 31. The Institute during theFoundation Day celebrations.

43

Cruise ProgrammesAppendix I

During the year, ORV Sagar Kanya completed nine cruisesof which three were in the Arabian Sea under theIndo-German collaborative programme for particle fluxstudies, two in the eastern continental margin forgeophysical studies and the remainder in the Arabian Seafor sea truth data collection under the National RemoteSensing Programme and for acoustic studies.

The Russian Vessel AA Sidorenko was chartered for 11cruises. Eight cruises were for bulk sampling of nodules anddeep-tow surveys in the Central Indian Basin and the

remainder for geophysical studies in the western continentalmargin, NE Arabian Sea and Southern Bay of Bengalincluding Andaman Back Arc Basin. Cruise participationwas extended to many universities apart from CSIR sisterlaboratories.

RV Gaveshani undertook only three cruises, one in theAndaman Sea for physico-chemical and biological studiesand the other two in the eastern continental margin forgeophysical work.

Internal participation

Cruise DatesNo.

Chief Scientist(Port - from/to)

Area Objectives Participantsfrom otherOrganisations

ORV Sagar Kanya

91 12 Apr. to 12 May 94

92 23 May to 9 Jun. 94

93 28 Jun. to 16 Jul. 94

94 28 Jul. to 21 Aug. 94

P.M.A. Bhattathiri Arabian Sea(Mormugao-Mormugao)

C.S. Murty Eastern Arabian(Mormugao-Mormugao) Sea

G.C. Bhattacharya Southern Laxmi(Mormugao-Mormugao) Basin

C.K. Gopinathan Eastern(Mormugao-Mormugao) equatorial Indian

Ocean

To study the processes control-ling time varying fluxes of carbonand associated biogenic elementsunder JGOFS (Indo-GermanProgramme).

To conduct CTD survey to mapacoustic characteristics andgenerate baseline information fora 3-D tomographic study.

To acquire underway gravity,magnetic and bathymetric dataalong regional profiles and swathbathymetric data over someselected bathymetric features.

Physical oceanography andmarine meteorology.

10

44

7

6

Cruise DatesNo.

Chief Scientist(Port - from/to)

Area Objectives Participantsfrom otherOrganisations

Fig. 33. Cruise tracks of ORV Sagar Kanya(Cr. 95 to 100)

95 1 Sep. to 25 Sep. 94A & B

96 12 Oct. to 28 Oct. 94

97 26 Dec. to 31 Dec. 94

98 3 Jan. to 21 Jan. 95

99 3 Feb. to 4 Mar. 95

P.V. Sathe(Mormugao-Mormugao

K.S.R. Murthy(Mormugao-Madras)

L.V. Subba Raju(Bombay-Mormugao)

M.V.S. Guptha(Mormugao-Mormugao)

M. Madhupratap(Mormugao-Mormugao)

100 10 Mar. to 13 Apr. 95 M.V. Ramana(Mormugao-Visakhapatnam)

Central andNorthernArabian Sea

Eastern continen-tal margin of India

Bombay-Goaroute

Arabian Sea andBay of Bengal

North ArabianSea

Northern Bay ofBengal

To collect the sea truth data for 2validation of satellite data underthe National Ocean Remote SensingProgramme and to study thePersian Gulf and other highsalinity water masses.

To collect bathymetric. 1magnetic and gravity data.

To check ship performance and 1the geophysical instruments onboard after drydocking.

To study the particulate flux sink- 5ing to the ocean floor throughsediment trap moorings at pre-selected stations under the Indo-German collaborative programme.

To study the winter cooling effects 7on the physical, chemical andbiological processes under theJGOFS.

(i) To map the extent of 13Mesozoic anomalies and sedimentoverburden thickness,

ii) to map the geomorphology of the'Swatch of no ground' using swathbathymetry or hydrosweep data,

(iii) to study the paleoenvironment/climates and the depositional historysince Pleistocene through deepsea coringoperations and

(iv) to study the structure of NinetyeastRidge along 9°N lat. by deploying fourocean bottom magnetometers.

45

1

1

farewell to...Our Institute's first unique all weatheroceanographic research vessel Gaveshani

Gaveshani was the country's first oceanographic research vessel. After reconstruction froma self-propelled hopper vessel at Garden Reach Workshop, Calcutta, she was commissionedon 31 December, 1975. On completion of 217 scientific cruises she was decommissioned inOctober 1989 only to be recommissioned in July 1991 after renovation.

Medium sized, Gaveshani was equipped for all-weather oceanographic research. Most of thelaboratories on board and living accommodation were airconditioned.

ContributionsGaveshani enabled the Institute tc successfully carry out extensive surveys for offshore oilfields, mineral deposits, monitoring oil pollution and developmental activities of thecontinental margins. It was she who put India on the world map for deep sea mining witha successful haul of polymetallic nodules from the depths of the Indian Ocean. Herparticipation in Monsoon Experiments for collection of oceanographic and meteorologicaldata earned her a Certificate of Appreciation from the India Meteorological Department(IMD). During her tenure, onboard research opportunities were provided to many researchand academic organisations.

She visited Malaysia, Sri Lanka. Mauritius and Seychelles. She carried out surveys of theEEZ of Sri Lanka and Seychelles under bilateral programmes.

The Institute will remember her services as a pioneer in the cause of Indian Oceanography

Cruise DatesNo.

Chief Scientist(Port - from/to) Area Objectives

Participantsfrom otherOrganisations

RV Gaveshani

244 24 Mar. to 11 Apr. 94 T. Balasubramanian(Cochin-Madras)

Andaman andNicobar Islands

To collect data from the near-shore regions for physico-chemi-cal and biological oceanographicstudies.

245 13 Apr. to 11 May 94 K.S.R. Murty(Madras-Visakhapatnam)

EEZ of easterncontinental marginof India

To collect bathymetric magneticand shallow seismic data.

246 20 May to 9 Jun. 94 K.S.R. Murty(Visakhapatnam-Visakhapatnam)

EEZ of the eastcoast of India

To collect magnetic andbathymetric data.

48

1

CruiseNo.

Dates

MV AA Sidorenko

Chief Scientist(Port - from/to)

Area Objectives Participantsfrom otherOrganisations

1 29 Mar. to 30 Apr. 94

2 5 May to 5 Jan. 94

3 9 Jun. to 8 Jul. 94

4 12 Jul. to 8 Aug. 94

5 19 Aug. to 17 Sep. 94

V.K. Banakar(Mormugao-Mormugao)

Central IndianBasin

Bulk sampling of nodules

A.B. Valsangkar

P.S. Rao(Mormugao-Mormugao)

R. Mukhopadhyay(Mormugao-Mormugao)

R. Sharma(Mormugao-Mormugao)

Central IndianBasin

Deep-tow survey in nodule area

6 24 Sep. to 23 Oct. 94 M. Sudhakar(Mormugao-Mormugao)

7 6 Nov. to 6 Deo. 94 Ch.M. Rao(Mormugao-Mormugao)

8 10 Dec. 94 to19 Jan 95

V.K. Banakar(Mormugao-Mormugao)

9 27 Jan. to 23 Feb. 95 A.L. Paropkari(Mormugao-Mormugao)

Central westerncontinental marginof India andnorth easternArabian Sea

To collect sediment cores andgeophysical data from thewestern continental margin.

2

1

1

49

1

CruiseNo.

Dates

10 25 Feb. to 18 Mar. 95

Chief Scientist(Port - from/to)

K.S. Krishna(Mormugao-Madras)

Area Objectives Participantsfrom otherOrganisations

Southern Bay ofBengal betweenthe AfanasyNikitinSeamount & theNinetyeast Ridgebetween 11 #S &7CN

(i) Investigations of seismicreflection images of northernextension of Afanasy NikitinSeamount, (ii) estimation of thecrustal-shortenir.g of the IndianPlate and Ciii) to collect sedimentsfrom the Bengal fan.

11 19 Mar. to 13 Apr. 95 Ch.M. Rao(Madras-Mormugao)

Andaman BackArc Basin in theBay of Bengal

To study the processes,structure. tectonics andhydrothermal activity in theBack Arc region.

Participation of other organizations

RV Gaveshani

Cr. 245 - R. Nagendra (Anna Univ., Madras)

ORV Sagar Kanya

Aditi Pant and Narayan Dessai (NCL, Pune), MM. Sarin, Shyamlai, R. Rangarajan, P.K. Patra and T.K.Sunil (PRL, Ahmedabad)

M.U. Gheewala (CMC, Bombay) and Joji Abraham, Jojy Abraham, V.B. Biju, V.B. Binu & Tony George(Cochin Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Cochin)

S.C. Nagrath, G.C. Bhattacharya, S.S. Nagrale, S. Devadoss, H.R. Mahajan & P.K. Gupta (India Meteorol.Dept.), Lt. Cdr. K.S. Venugopal & K.M. Hussain (Dept. of Naval Oceanogr. and Meteorol , New Delhi), V.S.Naidu (Natl. Remote Sen. Agency, Hyderabad) and Naresh Kumar Gupta (Kurukshetra Univ.)

Lt. A.K. Paluskar & L.C. Gurjar (Indian Navy)

Tushar Malwankar (CMC, Bombay)

Rajesh Patil (CMC. Bombay)

Holger Breul, Sandra Krause, Christian Meyer, Stephen Reschke & Jorg Tiemann (Univ. of Hamburg.Germany)

Aditi Pant (NCL, Pune) and M.M. Sarin, R. Rangarajan, P.K. Patra, T.K. Sunil,S. Venkataraman & Manish Dixit (PRL, Ahmedabad)

B. Ashalatha (NGRI, Hyderabad), R. Iyengar, L. D'Cruz, Ajay Dhar & Praveen Gawali (Indian Instt. ofGeomagnetism, Bombay), S.Y.S. Pavanaputra & Lucy Grey (Andhra Univ.), S. Ramesh (Madras Univ.), R.Pradeep Kumar (Kerala Univ.), Sanjay Chatterjee (Jadavpur Univ.), S.C. Pathak & A.K. Choubey (JabalpurUniv.) and Rajesh Patel (CMC, Bombay)

MV AA Sidorenko

Cr. 2 - Prepcom Trainees: K.O. Boamah (Ghana), K.A. Kadi (S. Arabia)

Cr. 3 - J.P. Srivastava (NML, Jamshedpur)

Cr. 4 - M.K. Ghosh (RRL. Bhubaneshwar)

50

Cr. 91

Cr. 93

Cr. 94

Cr. 95

Cr. 96

Cr. 97

Cr. 98

Cr. 99

Cr. 100

Seminars/Workshops/Meetings/Training

Appendix II

Seminar

Seminar on Ocean and Industry-Realities and Expectations organised bythe Society of Ocean Scientists andTechnologists was held from 25-S6October. A total of 70 participantscomprising scientists, engineers,technologists, managers of recreationalfacilities and shipping attended anddiscussed or. (i) the existing industrialdevelopments connected with the sea,GO India's progress in the ocean sectorand (iii) application of newtechnologies for the development ofindustries connected with the sea.Several scientific papers on the themewere presented.

Workshops

• Indo-US Workshop on "OceanTrophic Dynamics" was held during22-26 August, under Indo-UScollaborative project. Five expertsfrom USA spoke on molecularprobes for metabolism, nutrientcycling, molecular approach to viralinteractions, scagrass and mangroveecosystems, etc.

• A Workshop on "The Bay of Bengaland the Monsoon", sponsored by theDepartment of Ocean Development,New Delhi was held during 21 -22September.

• A National Workshop funded by theDepartment of Ocean Developmentand Department of Science andTechnology on "State-of-the-art -Techniques for Studying Marine andFreshwater Fungi" was jointlyorganised by the Goa University andNIO at Goa University from 5-8October. A total of 22 participantscomprising subject experts, research& post doctoral fellows and staff ofvarious colleges & universitiesattended. A manual on the State-of-the-art - Techniques for StudyingMarine and Freshwater Fungireleased.

• A National Workshop on "ComputerAided Taxonomy for Marine Biota-1

jointly sponsored by the Departmentof Ocean Development andDepartment of Biotechnology wasorganised by Biomformatic Centre,NIO, from 9-11 November. Subjectexperts (about 20) on taxonomyand biology of marine prawns andcorals from various organizationsalongwith computer and information

professionals from the Centre forDevelopment of Advanced Computing(CDAC), Pune attended. Modalitiesfor developing computer aidedtaxonomic identification system(CATIS) for marine biota wasdiscussed.

An International Workshop on"Global Oceanographic DataArchaeology and Rescue" (GODAR) -was held from6-9 December.

The objective of the Workshop(project operated by IOC) was tchelp locate- and rescueoceanographic data in danger ofbeing lost thereby assisting the IOCMember States of the Indian Oceanregion in establishing animplementation plan for suchoperations. Thirty-three scientistsincluding about a dozen from abroadparticipated in the workshop.

• Dr. S.K. Joshi, Director General,CSIR inaugurated the Workshop onDecember 6. In his address, hestressed the need for free exchangeof data and information among theoceanographic community for thebenefit of all. He said that NIO hasboth, the expertise andinfrastructural facilities to serve asResponsible National OceanographicData Centre for the Indian Ocean.He also emphasised that in additionto the rescuing of old data, all thedata currently being collected shouldbe regularly deposited at the DataCentre.

A "Brain Storming Session onMarine Biotechnology" sponsored bythe Department of Biotechnologywas organised to identify importantand emerging areas of research. Thesession was inaugurated by Dr. S.N.Dwivedi. Emeritus Scientist, NIO on16 January. Dr. John George,Director, Dept. of Biotechnology inhis keynote address explained theimportance and genesis of thesession. Dr. E. Desa, Director,presided over the session. The majortopics discussed were (i) Marinebiomedicals. (ii) Industrialchemicals enzymes and usefulproducts from marine algae,bacteria & other species' (iii)Production of toxins fromorganisms, (iv) Diseases diagnostics/'biofouling/tissue and cell culture and(v) Marine pollution/waste disposal.The session was attended by 20resource persons.

The National Environmental ScienceAcademy (NESA) organised its XthAnnual Congress jointly with theNTO from 8-10 March. The Congresswas inaugurated by His ExcellencyV. Gopala Ramanujan, Governor ofGoa, while Prof. M.G.K. Menon. aneminent scientist, gave the key-noteaddress. Dr. E. Desa, Director, NIOpresided over the function. Prof.V.P. Sharma, President cf the XAnnual NESA Congress gave theintroductory remarks and Dr. K.C.Bose, President of NESA ExecutiveCommittee spoke about NESAactivities.

Fig. 37. Dr. S.K. Joshi, Director General, CSIR, delivering inaugural address.Seated on dais are (L to R): Dr. R.M.S. Bhargava, Dr. Sydney Levitus,Dr. I. Oliourine and Dr. E. Desa.

51

A one day Workshop on NIO -Industry was organised on 29March. The workshop was intendedto provide a common platform forindustries/sponsors to have opendialogues with the institute enablingit to provide better' services. Theworkshop was attended by theManaging Directors & SeniorExecutives of various reputesindustries and agencies.

Meetings• The first meeting of the DOD

Working Group on seatruthcollection under MARSIS Phase IIprogramme was held on 23November. The work under theproject, both surface meteorologicaland oceanographic data collectionthrough special cruises and buoydeployment was reviewed.Procurement of specialisedequipments, viz. the ADCP (Acoustic:Doppler Current Profiler) andDirectional Wave Track MooredBuoy System was recommenced. Asubcommittee to discuss seaWiFSvalidation plans under the seatruthcollection in optical channels wasalso formed.

• The Second Meet of the Heads of theCSIR Libraries was field from 1-3February, 1995. Forty delegatesfrom 34 laboratories participated.

Training

• An International trainingprogramme on ASFA InputMethodology was organised from 6to 10 March in collaboration withIOC/FAO for countries intending tojoin ASFA as a bibliographic datainput centre. Participants were fromLithunia. Poland, Ukraine, Africa,India and Philippines. Resourcepersons from FAO, Belgium andIndia (NIO) conducted the training.

• A national training programme onZooplankton Methodology wasconducted as a prelude to theestablishment of the proposed"Centre of Excellence forZooplankton Research" at theRegional Centre of NIO, Kochi.Twenty research students from 11universities representing 9 States,were trained. The trainingprogramme included lecture classeson different aspects of eco-biology ofzooplankton. The practicals andshipboard training covered variousmethods in the collection,preservation and analysis ofzooplankton and interpretation ofthe data.

Fig. 38. One day NlO-Sponscrs Interaction.

Fig. 39. Prof. B.L.K. Deekshitalu presiding over the function. Seated on the diasare (L to R): Dr. E. Desa, Prof. T. Vishwanathan. Prof. Karl Banse.Dr. Naresh Kumar and Shri M.P. Tapaswi.

Fig. 40. Participants of the Internationa! training programme on ASFA InputMethodology.

52

Awards & HonoursAppendix III

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi has been elected Fellowof the Indian Academy of Sciences,Bangalore. Endowment of this honour isin recognition to his extensivecontributions towards the understandingof the biogeochemical cycling in theocean and its implication on oceanproductivity and climate.

Dr. D. Gopala Rao received the NationalMineral Award for the year 1992-93(Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India) forhis outstanding contributions in the fieldof Applied Geology & Geophysics.

Shri Sridhar lyer has been honouredwith CSIR Young Scientist Award for theyear 1994 in Earth, Atmosphere, Oceanand Planetary Sciences for hissignificant volcanic finds the intra-plate regions of the Central Indian OceanBasin.

Dr. S.R. Rao renowned Archaeologistwas honoured with the Award of theGupta Foundation (1994) for hisoutstanding contributions in Archaeologyand his worldwide movement for thepreservation of the underwater culturalheritage.

Dr. Rajiv Nigam won the Krishnan GoldMedal - 1994 for his significant,contribution in micropaleontology. Hisstudies enhanced knowledge on sea levelchanges and paleomonsoon. This awardwas instituted by the Indian GeophysicalUnion in honour of Dr. M.S. Krishnan,the former Director General of GeologicalSurvey of India. Dr. Nigam is the 28threcipient, of this prestigious award.

Ph.D.

Shri K.A. Kamesh Raju

Shri B. Nagender Nath

Title of the thesis University Guide

Marine geophysical studies overa part of the Central Indian Basin,Indian Ocean

Rare earth element geochemistryof ferromanganese nodules,crusts and sediments of theIndian Ocean

Goa University, Goa

Goa University, Goa

Shri R.R. NairNIO, Goa

Shri R.K. NairNIO, Goa

Ms. Maheswari Nair Study of arsenic and relatedparameters along the Centralwest coast of India

Goa University, Goa Dr. R. Sen GuptaNIO, Goa

Shri G. Narayana Swarny Dispersion characteristics ofIndian coastal waters at selectedsites

Cochin University ofScience & Technology,Cochin

Dr. P.G. KurupCochin University& Dr. J.S. Sastry,NIO, Goa

Shri V. Ramaswamy Lithogenic fluxes to the ArabianSea and Bay of Bengal

Goa University, Goa Shri R.K. NairNIO, Goa

Shn C. Revichandran Studies on the dynamics andsuspended sediment transport inthe Azhikode estuary (south-westcoast of India)

Cochin University ofScience & Technology,Cochin

Dr. P.G. KurupCochin University

53

Title of the thesis University Guide

Shri Y.K. Somayajulu Some aspects of simulation studieson the propagation of sound inthe Arabian Sea

Goa University, Goa Dr. J.S. SastryNIO, Goa

Shri M. Sudhakar Geostatistical analysis of polymetallicnodule data from Indian Ocean anda comparative study with PacificOcean deposits

Indian School of Mines(ISM), Dhanbad

Dr. T. MajumdarISM &Shri R.R. Nair,NIO, Goa

Shri A.K. Suryavanshi Chloride induced corrosion of steelin concrete

University of Manchester, Dr. J.D.U.Institute of Science and ScantleburyTechnology (UMIST), UMIST,Manchester Manchester

• Dr. A. Suryanarayana was awardedRaman Research Fellowship for theyear 1994-95 (CSIR).

• Dr. Pratima Jauhari received awardfrom the Department of OceanDevelopment for writing sciencebook in Hindi entitled "Sagar Talpar ek Khan Bahudhatvik Pindo ki".

• Dr. Anil Chatterji received firstprize for writing a science article,entitled "Bharatiya Raj Kenkra aurUske Neele Rakta ka Rahasya", atthe 16th scientific and technicalcompetition organised by theKendriya Sachivalaya HindiParishad Kendra (March, 1995).

• Drs. Sayeeda Wafar and BabanIngole won the gold and silvermedals respectively for their bestpaper presentation in English andHindi respectively at the Xth AnnualCongress of National EnvironmentalScience Academy held at NIO(March, 1995).

54

Council Members &Staff on Committees

Appendix IV

Councils

Research Council

(August 1994 - July 1997)

Dr. S.Z. Qasim (Chairman)Member, Planning CommissionYojana Bhavan, Parliament Street,New Delhi - 110 001

Shr. K.K. AroraGroup General ManagerInstitute of Engineering & OceanTechnologyOil & Natural Gas CorporationP.B. No. 123Panvel - 410 221

Shri K.R. SacharDirector (T & OS)Shipping Corporation of India Ltd.Discovery of India Building11th Floor, Nehru CentreDr. Annie Besant RoadMumbai - 400 018

Dr. P.K. RudraChairmanConsultancy Development CentreInternational Trade TowerNehru PlaceNew Delhi - 110 019

Prof. V.S. RajuDirectorIndian Institute of TechnologyHauz Khas RoadNew Delhi - 110 016

Dr. S.A.H. AbidiDirectorDepartment of Ocean DevelopmentMahasagar Bhavan, CGO ComplexLodi RoadNew Delhi - 110 003

Dr. George JohnDirectorDepartment of BiotechnologyCGO Complex, Block 2, 7-8th FloorLodi RoadNew Delhi - 110 003

Dr. Dilip BiswasChairmanCentral Pollution Control BoardParivesh Bhavan,East Arjun NagarNew Delhi - 110 032

Dr. H.K. GuptaDirectorNational Geophysical Research InstituteUppal RoadHyderabad - 500 007

Prof. K.S. ValdiyaJawaharlal Nehru Centre for AdvancedScientific ResearchIndian Institute of Science CampusBangalore - 560 012

Shri S. GopalanDevelopment AdvisorMinistry of Surface TransportParivahan BhavanSansad Marg,New Delhi-110 001

Shri M.B. GoswamiScientistPlanning Coordination DivisionCouncil of Scientific & IndustrialResearch, Anusandhan Bhavan,Rafi MargNew Delhi- 110 001

Dr. E. DesaDirector, NIODona PaulaGoa - 403 004

Dr. M.D. Zingde (Secretary)Scientist-in-chargeNIO Regional CentreSea Shell Building, VersovaMumbai - 400 061

Dr. M. Dileep Kumar (Local Secy)Scientist, NIO, Goa

Management Council

(August 1994 - July 1997)

Dr. E. Desa (Chairman)Director, NIO, Goa

Dr. R.N. SinghScientistNational Geophysical Research InstituteUppal RoadHyderabad - 500 007

Dr. Vijaykumaran NairScientistRegional Research LaboratoryIndustrial Estate P.O.Thiruvananthapuram - 695 019

Shri L.V.G. RaoScientist 'F', NIO, Goa

Dr. (Mrs.) Lata RaghukumarScientist, NIO, Goa

Dr. M. Dileep KumarScientist, NIO, Goa

Dr. P. ChandramohanScientist, NIO, Goa

Shri CM. DiasSr. F & AO, NIO, Goa

Shri M.R. Rajan Pillai (Secretary)COA, NIO, Goa

55

Membership of Committees

(a) International Committees

• Dr. E. Desa

- Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange - Ocean Chapter

- WG-II JGOSS-Joint IOC/WHO WorkingCommittee, Group of Experts on"Operations and TechnicalApplications"

- Oman-India Pipeline Project, Texas,USA.

• Shri R.R. Nair

- Indian Ocean Planning Group (IOPG)of JGOFS

- Editorial Board, Marine Geodesy(Taylor & Francis), Washington

• Dr. A.B. Wagh

- Editorial Board, InternationalJournal of Biofouling (HarwoodAcademic Publishers), UK

• Dr. A.H. Parulekar

- Consultative Group on Deep SeaSampling (SCOR); Focal Point forIndian Ocean

- Expert Group on Marine Biomass -Commission for the Conservation ofAntarctic Marine Living Resources.

• Shri L.V.G. Rao

- Chairman, International BuoyProgramme for Indian Ocean WMO/IOC

• Dr. A.G. Untawale

- Executive Council, InternationalSociety for Mangrove Ecosystem(ISME), Japan

- Editorial Committee, AquaticConservation: Marine andFreshwater Ecosystems (JohnWiley), England

- Expert Committee for identificationof Mangrove germplasm centres inAsia, Pacific and Africa, ITTO

• Dr. D. Gopala Rao

- International Committee to study theocean-continent boundary lithosphere(ILP)

- International Network of Scientistson Ocean Drilling Programme

- Inter Ridge Programme, ICSU

• Dr. D. Chandramohan

- Editorial Board, Journal of MarineBiotechnology (Springer Verlag),Netherlands

- National representative for MarineBiotechnology

• Shri J.S. Sarupria

- National Coordinator forInternational Oceanographic Data/Information Exchange Committee(IOC/UNESCO)

• Shri M.P. Tapaswi

- Group of Experts on MarineInformation Management of IOC

• Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi

- International Evaluation of JGOFS

- JGOFS/IGAC Task Team forBiogeochemical Ocean AtmosphereTransfer

• Dr. R. Nigam

- Co-ordinating Scientist, IPAGES-II ofIndian Programme of IGBP

• Dr. S.R. Shetye

- Indian Ocean Panel on Coastal OceanAdvanced Science & TechnologyStudies (COASTS), IOC

- IOC Group of Experts on GlobalOcean Sealevel Observing System

- Co-ordinator, IOC-UNEP-WMO-PilotProject on Sealevel Changes andAssociated Coastal Impacts in theIndian Ocean

• Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar

- Implementation Panel, TropicalOcean & Atmosphere - GOOS/GSCO/OLIVER

(b) National Committees

• Director (Dr. E. Desa)

- Task Force for Examining CZMPlans for all Coastal Stretches of theCountry, Ministry of Environment &Forests, Govt. of India

- Coastal Protection & DevelopmentAdvisory Board, Water Resources,Govt. of India

- Governing Council and GoverningBody, National Institute of OceanTechnology, DOD, New Delhi

- Executive Council, Goa University

- Board of Studies in ComputerScience, Goa University

- Board of Studies, EngineeringCollege, Goa

- Editorial Board, Indian Journal ofMarine Sciences

• Dr. A.B. Wagh

- Expert Group on Water Transportconstituted by the Science AdvisoryCouncil of Prime Minister

• Shri L.V.G. Rao

- Programme Coordinator for WOCE(Implementation of IOCprogrammes)

- Steering Committee on RemoteSensing for Ocean Development(MARSIS)

• Dr. V.N. Sankaranarayanan

- Board of Studies in School ofEnvironmental Studies, CochinUniversity of Science & Technology

- Board of Studies, Mariculture,School of Marine Sciences, CochinUniversity of Science & Technology

• Dr. A.H. Parulekar

- National Expert, Committee onMangroves, Corals & Wetlands,Ministry of Environment & Forests,Govt. of India

- Research Council, Central MarineFisheries Research Institute (ICAR)

- Expert Committee for AntarcticStudy Centre, DOD, New Delhi

- Expert Committee on Ocean Part ofthe Coastal Zone, DOD, New Delhi

- Expert Committee on Marine LivingResources, DOD, New Delhi

- Expert Committee on Drugs &Pharmaceutical Forum, MarineLiving Resources, DOD, New Delhi

- Editorial Board, Indian Journal ofFisheries

• Dr. A.G. Untawale

- Fellow, National Academy of Science

- Editorial Board, Conservation ofBiodiversity in India, Min. ofEnvironment & Forests

56

Editorial Board, Indian Journal ofMarine Sciences

- Expert Committee on Bay of BengalFan Studies, DOD, New Delhi

- Governing Council of IndianAssociation of Sedimentologists

• Dr. D. Chandramohan

- Expert Group on "MarineEnvironment and Coastal Zone" forformulation of IX Plan Programmesof DOD

- Doctoral Committee of variousuniversities

• Dr. D. Gopal Rao

- Board of Post-Graduate Studies inMarine Geology and Geophysics,Cochin & Mangalore Universities

• Dr. A. Rajendran

- National Steering Committee, JGOFS

- Editorial Board, Indian Journal ofMarine Sciences

• Dr. N.H. Hashimi

- Board of Post-Graduate Studies inMarine Geology and Geology,Mangalore University,Mangalagangotri

- Board of Studies in Geology, ShivajiUniversity, Kolhapur

• Dr. C.G. Naik

- Board of Studies in Chemistry, GoaUniversity

• Dr. R. Nigam

- Executive Council, PaleontologicalSociety of India

• Dr. S. Raghukumar

- President, Association of Micro-biologists of India, Goa Chapter

- Council, Mycological Society of India.

57

Deputations AbroadAppendix V

Countryvisited

Duration Description

MeetingsDr. S.W.A. Naqvi U.S.A. 24 Apr.-6 May The DS-JGOFS Arabian Sea Planning Meeting at

Atlanta and visit to Scripps Institution ofOceanography, La Jolla.

France 8 -13 Feb. 95 Evaluation of international JGOFS programmeand participation in the First InternationalJGOFS Science Symposium.

Dr. E. Desa France 23-30 May First Joint Global Ocean Observing System(J-GOOS) at Nantes, Paris.

France 5-13 Jul. 27th Session of the Executive Council of Inter-governmental Oceanographlc Commission (IOC).

Drs. E. DesaN. BahulayanD. Gopal Rao

Dr. S.R. Shetye

Russia

Italy

6-14 Dec.

14-18 May

First Meeting of the Indo-Russian Sub-workingGroup on Science and Technology Co-operation inOceanology.

Meeting of the Indian Ocean Panel, WorldClimate Research Programme.

France 31 J a n . - 3 Feb. 95

Dr. S. Prasanna Kumar South Korea 18-20 Oct.

Fourth Session of the IOC Group of Experts onGlobal Sealevel Observing System (GLOSS).

Implementation Panel Meeting of Tropical OceanGlobal Atmosphere - (TOGA-TAOA)

Shri M.R. Nayak

Dr. A.B. Wagh

U.S.A. 30 Oct.-4 Nov. Meeting on World Ocean Circulation Experimentat the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

U.S.A. 18-21 Nov. Meeting of Antlfouling Contractors, Office of theNaval Research, U.S. Navy & visit to fieldstations at Honolulu and Florida.

Dr. A.G. Untawale Japan 3 - 5 Dec. Council Meeting of the International Society forMangrove Ecosystem (ISME).

58

Countryvisited

Duration Description

Workshops/Conferences

Dr. M. Veerayya andShri P.K. DineshKurnar

Belgium 30 Apr.- 12 May International Colloquium on OceanHydrodynamics and First Workshop on COASTS(Coastal Ocean Advanced Science and TechnologyStudy).

Dr. Ch.M. Rao Sri Lanka 16 - 84 Jan. 95 To attend the second South Asian GeologicalCongress and Chaired one of the sessions inMarine Geology.

Dr. S.R. Shetye Belgium 14-18 May Indian Ocean Panel meeting on World ClimateResearch Programme.

Shri V. Ramaswamy Japan 7 - 8 Nov. Seminar on JGOFS Data Management at JapanOceanographic Data Centre, Tokyo.

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi The 13-18 Feb. 95Netherlands

To present an invited overview on chemicaloceanography of the Arabian Sea at theWorkshop on 'Arabian Sea'.

TrainingShri V. Ramesh Babu U.K. 25 Mar. - 30 Oct. At the Institute of Marine Studies, University of

Plymouth, under British Govt. Technical Co-operation Training Programme (TCTP) in ClimateChange.

Shri Antony Joseph U.K. 10 Jan.-31 Mar. 95 For training programme under sealevel changeclimatology at Proudman OceanographicLaboratory, U.K.

Dr. M.R. Ramesh Kumar U.K. 25 Mar.-Mar. 95 At the University of Bristol under British Govt.Technical Co-operation Training Programme(TCTP) in Climate Change.

Mrs. S. Sardesai Singapore 18-22 Jul. Training on TOC (Total Organic Carbon) Analyserat Shimadzu (Asia Pacific) Ltd.

Dr. X.N. Verlencar U.K. 17 Sep. Marine environment management study at the(for 3 months) Development and Project Planning Centre,

Bradford.

Shri A.M. Almeida USA 3 - 9 Dec. For equipment training

Presentation of Paper/Invited LecturesDr. V.N. Kodagali Australia 4 - 8 Jul. To present a paper at the Pacific Congress on

Marine Science and Technology.

Dr. S.M. Gupta Japan 20-25 Oct. To present a paper at the 7th InternationalRadlolarian-Paleontologists Conference.

Shri R. Sharma Japan

DiscussionsDr. R.M.S. Bhargava U.S.A.

26-29 Oct.

16-26 May

To deliver an invited lecture on "Developmentof manganese nodule resources in the CentralIndian Basin" at the Techno-OceanSymposium at Kobe.

To discuss the collaborative work betweenNational Oceanographic Data Centers of India &US at US-NODC, Washington.

Shri J.S. Sarupria U.S.A. 23 May- 14 Oct. For discussion on oceanographic datamanagement and biological data analysis at theUS-NODC.

59

Countryvisited

Duration Description

Cruise participation on boardforeign vesselsDr. S.W.A. Naqvi

Shri G. Nampoothiri

Dr. V.S.N. Murty andShri Y.V.B. Sarma

Singapore & 15 Sep. - 10 Oct.Muscat

Male 16 J a n . - 3 Feb. &8-13 Mar.

Singapore 20 Jan. - 13 Feb.

US - JGOFS Arabian Sea Expedition.

For location and retrieval of the met-ocean TOGADrifters from the coasts of Maldivian Islands.

First Visakhapatnam-Singapore XBT cruise underTOGA programme.

FellowshipsAt Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, KyotoUniversity, Japan on Monbusho Fellowship(Japanese Govt. Fellowship).

For studies at CCIW, NWRI, Ontario, Canada onRaman Research Fellowship.

To Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and MarineResearch post-doctoral under CEC Fellowship.

DBT Associateship.

Under post-doctoral (Marie-Curie) FellowshipProgramme offered by DST (India) - CEC(Brussels).

60

Dr. T.V. Raveendran Japan Apr.

(for 18 months)

Dr. A. Suryanarayana Canada 18 Jun.-17 Sep.

Dr. V.N. Kodagali Germany Dec. 94

(for one year)

Dr. N. Ramaiah U.S.A. Oct. - Sep. 95

Dr. S.M. Karisiddaiah Germany Nov. - Apr. 95

Visitors & LecturesAppendix VI

8-23 Aprl

• Prof. T. Yoshinari, WoodsworthCentre for Laboratories andResearch, New York StateDepartment of Health, Albany, N.Y.,USA to participate in Cruise 119 ofSagar Sampada.

20 April

• Prof. L. Egghe. Limburgs UniversitairCentrum, Diepenbeck, Belgium andDr. R. Rousseau, KatholiekeIndustriele Hogescnool West-Vicanderen, Belgium.

18 August,

• Prof. Sunirmal Chanda, Division ofPalynology & Environmental Biology.Bose Institute, Calcutta, deliveredlecture on "Environmentalbiopollution : cause and remedy".

18 October

• Prof. John Cullum, University ofKaiserslautern, Germany, deliveredlecture on "Linear chromosomes ofStreptomyces consequences forgenetic instability and variability".

6 December

• Dr. James R. Hein, GeologicalSurvey, U.S. gave a lecture on"Manganese and iron mineralisationof the modern ocean basin are

paleoceanographic implication".

8 December

• Prof. Yasuhiro Sugimori, School ofMarine Science & Technology, TokaiUniversity Japan gave lectures on"Satellite remote sensing of oceanicenvironment and ocean dynamics"and "Ocean colour and primaryproduction from satellite remotesensing".

12-16 December

• Drs. C.R. Murthy and J. Bull,Canadian Water Research Institute,Ontario, Canada.

14-16 December

• Prof. V. Ramanathan, Director,Centre for Clouds, Chemistry andClimate, Scripps Institution ofOceanography, USA.

15 January-11 March

• Prof. Karl Banse, Professor ofBiology, University of Washington,USA. A series of lectures on"Processes of plankton production inthe Arabian and Laccadive Seas"were organised with a view todiscuss the data so far collected,their implications and guidelines for

future work. Prof. Banse alsoassisted in critical evaluation ofscientific papers.

19 January

• Dr. Raja Ramanna, Director of theNational Institute of AdvancedStudies, Bangalore.

16-18 January

• Prof. Houmb and Prof. Olaf Sveggen,Oceanor, Norway visited on 16-18January and again on 2-3 March fordiscussion on Data Buoy Project ofthe Dept. of Ocean Development.

ADF Dept., Govt. of Maharashtraand Shri J.P. Dange, Commissionerof Fisheries, Maharashtra State,Mumbai.

27 February• Prof. V.K. Gaur, Distinguished

Scientist & Chairman of theTechnical Advisory Board (TAB),CS1R reviewed the progress underacoustics.

20 March• Dr. Amit Tandon. Post-doctoral

Fellow, School of Earth and Ocean

Fig. 42. Felicitation to Prof Karl Banse. On his right are Dr. E. Desa andDr. A.H. Parulekar.

Sciences, University of Victoria.Canada, gave a lecture on "Gent-McWilliaam's parameterisation ofmeso-scale eddies".

22-26 March

• Dr. David Farmer, Institute of OceanScience, Sydney, Canada andpresently the Chairman of SCOR-WG96 delivered a lecture on "Theuse of acoustical methods in thestudy of upper ocean processes -bubble clouds and Langmuircirculation".

23 March

• Dr. Paul Sacks, University of Quebecgave a lecture on "Late Paleozoictectonic analysis of the laureatia -Gondawana collision".

27-28 March• Prof. A. Masuda, Dept. of

Chemistry, University of Electro-

61

23-24 January

• Dr. Rolp Payet, Asst. Director, Headof Pollution Control, Division ofEnvironment, Ministry of ForeignAffairs and Mr. TerenceCoopooswamy, Manager, Centre forS &T Agency for Standard - Science,Energy & Technology. Seychelles.The areas of possible technicalassistance by NIO were explored.

24 January• Dr. Jonathan Bull, Southampton

University, U.K. gave alecture on "Inraplate deformation ofthe Central Indian Ocean Basin".

2 February• Dr. Satish Singh, University of

Cambridge, U.K. gave a lecture or."Imaging of the crusts and uppermantle".

14 February

• Shri T. Balaraman,. PrincipalSecretary (ADF), Agriculture and

communications, Japan visited anddelivered a lecture on "Rare earthelements geochemistry": (i)Lanthanide tetrad effect and (ii)Isotopic composition of Cerium.

Fig. 43. Dr. S.R. Rao (on the right) explaining about archeological collection toDr. Raja Ramanna, former chairman of Atomic Energy Commission andpresently the Director, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore.

62

Manpower & BudgetAppendix VII

ManpowerThe staff as on 31 March 1995comprising 220 scientists, 281technical & 154 administrativepersonnel totalled 655.

Others (8)Elect./Instrum (13)Ocean/Struc. Engg. (13)

Chem. Oceanogrs. (32)

Phys. OceanogTs. (42)

Geol. Oceanogrs. (54)

Biol. Oceanogrs. (58)

Fig. 45. Disciplinewise deployment ofscientific staff.

Fig. 46. Average age.

63

Fig. 44. Categorywise distribution of staff.

Scientific

Technical

Administration

BudgetDuring the year the financial allocation(Budget) from CSIR was Rs. 1082.8lakhs and the external cash flow (ecf)from contract services Rs. 867.5 lakhs.The budget allocation as well as ecfthus rose by 10% and 60% over theprevious years respectively.

Salaries and allowances

Chemicals and consumables

Equipments

Other capital expenditure

Maintenance

Fig. 47. Expenditure break-up (Rs. in lakhs).

Fig. 48. NIO Budget vis-a-vis externalcashflow for the last three years.

64

NIO Budget Ext. cashflow

1082 80

981.21

867.50

691.78

400.6

536.86

PublicationsAppendix VIII

Papers in refereed journalsAnand, N.M., S. Mandal, V. Sanil

Kumar and B.U. Nayak, 1994. Realtime wave measurements and wavehindcasting in deep waters. Indian J.Mar. Sci., 23(4):184-186.

Ansari, Z.A. and A.H. Parulekar, 1994.Meiobenthos in the sediments ofseagrass meadows of Lakshadweepatolls, Arabian Sea. Vie Milieu,44(3/4):185-190.

Ansari, Z.A., R.A. Sreepada,A. Kanti and E.S. Gracias, 1994.Macrobenthic assemblage in the softsediment of Mormugao Harbour,Goa, central west coast of India.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 23:225-231.

Antony, Joseph and Ehrlich Desa,1994. An evaluation of free andfixed vane flowmeters with curvedand flat bladed savonius rotor. J.Atmosphere and Oceanic Technology,American Meteorological Society,11(2):525-533.

Banakar, V.K. and Pratima Jauhari,1994. Geochemical trends in thesediments and manganese nodulesfrom a part of the Central IndianBasin. J. Geol. Soc. India.. 43:591-598.

Bhattacharya, G.C., A.K. Chaubey,G.P.S. Murthy, K. Srinivas,K.V.L.N.S. Sarma andV. Subramanyam, 1994. Evidencefor seafloor spreading in the LaxmiBasin, northeastern Arabian Sea.Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett.,125:211-220.

Bhattacharya, G.C., G.P.S. Murthy, K.Srinivas, A.K. Chaubey,T. Sudhakar and R.R. Nair, 1994.Swath bathymetric investigations ofthe seamounts located in the LaxmiBasin, eastern Arabian Sea. Mar.Geod., 17(3):169-182.

Bhosle, N.B., A. Tulaskar andA.B. Wagh, 1994. Electron transportsystem activity of the microfoulingmaterial: relationship with biomassparameters. Biofouling, 8:1-11.

Bhosle, N.B., L. Evans and R.J.G.Edyvean, 1994. The effect ofcathodic polarisation onmonosaccharide composition ofAmphora coffeaeformis, a marinefouling diatom. Biofouling, 8:71-79.

Bhosle, N.B., S.S. Sawant, A. Garg andA.B. Wagh, 1995. Isolation andpartial chemical analysis ofexopolysaccharides from the marinefouling diatom Navicula subinflata.Bot. Mar.,38:103-110.

Chakraborty, B., 1995. Studies on 120°asegmented circular array formultibeam multifrequency

bathmetr ic application. J. SoundVibration, 179(1).1-12.

Chakraborty, B., 1994. Application ofmultiplicative array techniques formultibeam sounder systems.Acoustica, 80:573-575.

Chakraborty, B. and K.K. Dey, 1994.Optimal estimation of ship's attitudesfor beam pattern corrections in acoaxial circulation array. Mar.Geod., 17(4):223-236.

Chandramohan, P., B.U. Nayak,V. Sanil Kumar andK.C. Pathak, 1994. Beach processesbetween Mulgund and Shiroda, westcoast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,23:102-104.

Chandramohan, P., V. Sanilkumar, B.U.Nayak and N.S.N. Raju, 1994.Surfzone dynamics along the southKarnataka coast between Bhatkaland Ullal, west coast of India. IndianJ. Mar. Set, 23:189-194.

Chandramohan, P., B.U. Nayak andN.M. Anand, 1994. Crest breakingtime-lapse approach to measurebreaker angle. J. Waterways, PortCoast. Ocean Eng., Washington, D.C.,120(3):318-324.

Chandramohan, P. and B.U. Nayak,1994. A study for the improvementof the Chilka lake tidal inlet, eastcoast of India. J. Coastal Res.,Washington, D.C., 10(4):909-918.

Charyulu, R.J.K., Ch. Kesava Rao andM. Dileep Kumar, 1994. Assessmentof water quality and the relatedinstrumental techniques. MAEER'SMIT Pune Journal, (Special issue onwater), III(9&10):127-134.

Chatterji, A., Z.A. Ansari,B.S. Ingole, R.A. Sreepada,A. Kanti and A.H. Parulekar, 1994.Effect of lunar periodicity on theabundance of crabs from Goa coast.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 23:180-181.

Chauhan, O.S., 1994. Influence ofmacrotidal environment on shelfsedimentation, Gulf of Kachcnh,India. Cont. Shelf Res.,14(13/14):1477-93.

Chauhan, O.S., A.R. Gujar and Ch.M.Rao, 1994. On the occurrence offerromanganese micronodules fromthe sediments of Bengal Pan: a highterrigenous input region, India.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 128:563-573.

Dineshkumar, P.K., K. Saraladevi andV.N. Sankaranarayanan, 1994.Cochin backwaters: an introductionto the system, prior studies,historical trends and futureimplications. Indian J. Environ.Protection, 14:98-102.

Pondekar, S.P., 1994. Goa coast oilspill. Marine Pollution Bulletin,28(11):646.

George, M.D., M.D. Kumar,S.W.A. Naqvi, S. Banerjee,P.V. Narvekar, S.N. D'Souza andD.A. Jayakumar, 1994. A study ofthe carbon dioxide system in thenorthern Indian Ocean duringpremonsoon. Mar. Chem., 47:243-254.

Ghosh, A.K. andR. Mukhopadhyay, 1995. Largephillipsite crystal as ferromanganesenodule nucleus. Geo-Marine Letters,15:59-62.

Gopala Rao, D., K.S. Krishna, A.I.Pillipenko, V. Subrahmanyam, V.I.Dracheva and N.F. Exon, 1994.Tectonic and sedimentary history ofthe Argo Abyssal plain, easternIndian Ocean. AGSO J. AustralianGeol. & Geophys., 15:165-176.

Goswami, S.C., 1994. Shoaling ofsergestid shrimp Acetes johni(Crustacea Decapoda : Sergestidae)associated with swarming ofgammarid amphipods. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 23:115-116.

Goswami, S.C., 1994. Distribution ofPleuromamma spp. (Copepoda-Calanoidea) in the northern ArabianSea. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 23:178-179.

Gupta, S.M. and Pratima Jauhari,1994. Radiolarian abundance andgeochemistry of the surface-sediments from the Central IndianBasin. Inferences to AntarcticBottom Water Current. Cur. Sci.,66(9):659-663.

Guptha, M.V.S., Mohan Rahul and A.S.Murlinath, 1994. Living planktonicforaminifera during the late summermonsoon period in the Arabian Sea.Mar. Geol, 120(3/4):365-371..

Guptha, M.V.S., Mohan Rahul and A.S.Murlinath, 1994. LivingCoccolithophorids from the ArabianSea. Rivista Italiana de Paleontologiae Straligrafia, Milan, Italy, 100(4): 1-20.

Harkantra, S.N. and A.H. Parulekar,1994. Soft sediment dwelling macro-invertebrates of Rajapur Bay, centralwest coast of India. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 23(l):31-34.

Ingole, B.S., L. Krishna Kumari, Z.A.Ansari and A.H. Parulekar, 1994.New record of mangrove clamGeloina erosa (Solander, 1786) fromthe west coast of India. J. BombayNatu. Hist. Soc., 91(2):338-339.

Ingole, B.S. and A.H. Parulekar, 1995.Biochemical composition of Antarcticzooplankton from the Indian Oceansector. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 24:73-76.

Jagtap, T.G., A.G. Untawale and S.N.Inamdar, 1994. Study of mangroveenvironment of Maharashtra coastusing remote sensing data. Indian J.Mar. Sci., 23:90-93.

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Jauhari, P. and N.H. Hashimi, 1994.On the surficial sediments of thefresh water Nalni Lake, KumaunHimalaya, India. Proc. Indian Natl.Sci. Academy, Part A, 60(5):675-682.

Jayasree, V. and A.H. Parulekar, 1994.Sinularia mauriatiana - a newspecies of soft coral (Coelenterata :Octocorallia) from Mauritius. Zool.Medelelinger, 68:127-133.

Jayasree, v. and A.H. Parulekar, 1994.Occurrence and distribution of softcorals (Octocorallia : Alcyoceas) fromthe Andaman & Nicobar Islands. J.Bombay Natu. Hist. Soc, 90:69-73.

Kamat, S.Y., S. Wahidulla,L. D'Souza, C.G. Naik,V. Ambiye, D.S. Bhakuni, SudhaJain, A.K. Goel and R.C. Srimal,1995. Bioactivity of marineorganisms: Part VH - Effect ofseaweed extract on central nervoussystem. Indian J. ExperimentalBiology,32:418-422.

Kapil, A., Shalini Sharma andS. Wahidulla, 1994. Leishmanicidalactivity of2-Benzoxalinone from Acanthusillcifolius. Planta Medica,60, 187-188.

Karisiddaiah, S.M. and M. Veerayya,1994. Methane-bearing shallow gas-charged sediments in the easternArabian Sea: a probable source forgreenhouse gas. Continent. ShelfRes., 14:1361- 1370.

Khandeparker, D.C., A.C. Anil and K.Venkat, 1996. Larvae of foulingorganisms and macrofouling at NewMangalore Port, west coast of India.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 24:37-40.

Kodagali, V.N., 1994. Contrast inmanganese nodule distribution oneither side of 79°E fracture zone inCentral Indian Basin. Mar.Georesources and Geotechnology,12:131-141.

Kodagali, V.N. and M. Sudhakar, 1993.Manganese nodule distribution indifferent topographic domains of theCentral Indian Basin. Mar.Georesources and Geotechnology,11:293- 309.

Krishna Kumar, V., 1994. An overviewof thermal pollution with specialreference to Indian coastal waters.Ecology,9(4):6-9.

Krishna Kumar, V., P. Vethamony andG. Narayana Swamy, 1994.Preliminary investigations ontransient erosion at Kalpakkambeach, east coast of India during1990. Mahasagar, 27(1):41-45

Kunte, P.D., 1994. Sediment transportalong Goa-North Karnataka coast,western India. Mar. Geol., 118(3/4):207-216.

Kunte, P.D., 1995. Worldwide databasesin Marine Geology :A review. Mar. Geol., 122:263-275.

Kunte, P.D., 1994. Potential usage ofremote sensing data in studying thebehaviour of shore drift alongKerala coast, India. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,38(6):613-624.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 1994.Analysis of space borne data forcoastal zone information extractionof the Goa coast, India, Ocean andCoastal Management, 22(3): 187-200.

Lamboy, M., V. Purnachandra Rao, E.Ahmed and N. Azzouzi, 1994.Nannostructure and significance offish coprolites in phosphorites. Mar.Geol., 120:373-383.

Madhupratap, M. and P. Haridas, 1994.Description of Acartia southwelliSewell 1914 and Acartia sarojus sp.from India and status of thesubgenus Euacartia Steuer 1923.Hydrobiologia, 292/293:67-74.

Madhupratap, M., S.R. Shetye, K.N.Y.Nair and S.R. Sreekumar Nair, 1994.Oil sardine and Indian mackerel :their fishery, problems and coastaloceanography. Cur. Sci.,66: 340-348.

Mehta, P., A.N. Kadam, S.N. Gajbhiyeand B.N. Desai, 1994. Petroleumhydrocarbon concentration inselected species of fish and prawnfrom northwest coast of India.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 23(2): 123-125.

Menezes, M.R., 1994. Geneticrelationships among three species ofthe genus Sardinella (Clupeidae).Mahasagar, 27:29-39.

Menezes, M.R. and S.Z. Qasim, 1994.Biochemical genetics of some Indianfishes. Indian J. Fish., 40(3):18-32.

Menezes, M.R., S. Naik andM. Martins, 1993. Geneticdivergence in the Indian mackerelRastrelliger kanagurta (Cuv) fromthe coastal waters of PeninsularIndia and the Andaman Sea. IndianJ. Fish., 40(3): l l -17.

Mohandas, C. andM. Chandrasekaran, 1994.Continuous synthesis of alphaamylase by immobilized Bacilluspolymyxa. Indian J. Expt. Biol.,32:912-913.

Mukhopadhyay, R. and R. Batiza, 1994.Basinal seamounts and seamountchains of the Central Indian Ocean:probable near-axis origin from thefast-spreading ridge. Mar. Geophy.Res., 16(4):303-314.

Muraleedharan, P.M., M.R. RameshKumar and L.V.G. Rao, 1995. A noteon poleward undercurrent alongsouthwest coast of India. Cont. Shelf.Res., 15:165-184.

Nair Shanta, P.A. Lokabharathi,D. Chandramohan, 1994. Culturable,heterotrophic bacteria from theeuphotic zone of the Indian Oceanduring the summer monsoon.Oceanologia Acta, 17:63-68.

Nair, S.R.S., C.T. Achuthankutty andJ.P. Rogan, 1995. Comparison oflive adult Artemia and Squid meaton the growth of penaeid shrimpMetapenaeus dobsoni (Miers). Proc.Indian natl. Sci. Acad., B61(6):419-422.

Naqvi, S.W.A., 1994. Denitrlficationprocesses in the Arabian Sea. Proc.Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet Sci.).103:279-300

Naqvi, S.W.A., CD. Charles and R.G.Fairbanks, 1994. Carbon and oxygenisotopic records in benthicforaminifera from the northeasternIndian Ocean: Implication of glacialto interglacial atmospheric CO2changes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,121:99-110.

Naqvi, S.W.A., D.A. Jayakumar, M.Nair, M.D. Kumar and M.D. George,1994. Nitrous oxide in the westernBay of Bengal. Mar. Chem., 47:269-278.

Nath, B.N., I. Roeladts,M. Sudhakar, W.L. Pluger and V.Balaram, 1994. Ce-anomaly variationin ferro manganese nodules andcrusts from the Indian Ocean. Mar.Geol., 120:385-400.

Nigam, R. and N. Khare, 1994. Effectsof river discharge on the morphologyof benthic foraminiferal test. J. Geol.Soc. India, 43(4):457-463.

Nigam, R. and N. Khare, 1994. Signalsof the change on monsoonalprecipitation at around 2,000 yearsB.P. in a sediment core off centralwest coast of India. Curr. Sci.,66(3):225-228.

Nigam, R. and N. Khare, 1995.Significance of the correspondencebetween river discharge andproloculus size of benthicforaminifers in paleomonsoonstudies. GeoMarine Letters, 15:45-50.

Nigam, R., D.V. Borole andN.H. Hashimi, 1994. Study ofsubsurface sediments from northernIndian Ocean: Oceanic responses toclimatic changes. Jour.Paleontological Soc. India, 39:1-4.

Pankajakshan, T., Y. Sugimori and M.Akiyama, 1995. Surface heat fluxesfrom satellite observations: a casestudy in the North West Pacific. J.Atmos. Oceanic. Technol.,12(5):1071-1086.

Parameswaran, P.S., B. Das and S.Y.Kamat, 1994. Halogenatedterpenoids from the brown algaPadina tetrastomatica (Hauck).Indian J. Chem., 33B: 1006-1008.

Pattan, J.N., S. Colley and N.C. Higgs,1994. Behaviour of rare earthelements in coexisting manganesemacronodules, micronodules andsediments from the Central IndianBasin. Mar. Georesources andGeotechnology, 12:283-295.

Prasanna Kumar, S., T.V. RamanaMurty, Y.K. Somayajulu,

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79aE ]

P.V. Chodankar and C.S. Murty,1994. Reference sound speed profileand related ray acoustics of the Bayof Bengal for tomographic studies.Acoustica, 80(2): 127-137.

Prasanna Kumar, S., G.S. Navelkar,T.V. Ramana Murty and C.S. Murty,1994. Acoustic propagation within asurface duct in the western Bay ofBengal. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 23:236-238.

Prasanna Kumar, S., G.S. Navelkar,T.V. Ramana Murty, Y.K.Somayajulu and C.S. Murty, 1994.Chemical absorption of acousticenergy due to an eddy in thewestern Bay of Bengal. J. Pure andApplied Ultrasonics,16(l): l-5.

Raghukumar, C. S. Raghukumar, C.Chinnaraj, D. Chandramohan, T.M.D'Souza and C.A. Reddy, 1994.Lactase and other lignocellulosemodifying enzymes of marine fungiisolated from the coast of India. Bot.Mar., 515-523.

Raghukumar, S., Sumita Sharma, C.Raghukumar, V. Sathe-Pathak and D.Chandramohan, 1994.Thraustochytrid and fungalcomponent of marine detritus: IV.Laboratory studies on decompositionof leaves of the mangroveRhizophora apiculata Blume. J.Expt. Mar. Biol. and Ecol., 183:113-131.

Ramaiah, N., 1994. Some aspects ofmicrobiological characteristics in thenearshore waters of Mumbai. IndianJ. Mar. Sci., 23:75-81.

Ramaiah, N. and V.R. Nair, 1992.Distribution of decapod larvae in theMumbai harbour - Thana Basseincreek regions. J. Indian Fish. Ass.22:21 32.

Ramaiah, Neelam, N. Ramaiah,D. Chandramohan and V.R. Nair,1995. Autotrophic and heterotrophiccharacteristics in a polluted tropicalestuarine complex. Estuar. Coastaland Shelf Sci., 40:45-55.

Ramana, M.V., V. Subrahmanyam, K.S.Krishna, A.K. Chaubey, K.V.L.N.S.Sarma, G.P.S. Murty, G.S. Mittal andR.K. Drolia, 1994. Magnetic studiesin the northern Bay of Bengal. Mar.Geophy. Res., 16:237-242.

Ramana, M.V., R.R. Nair, K.V.L.N.S.Sarma,T. Ramprasad, K.S. Krishna,V. Subrahmanyam, Maria D'Cruz,C. Subrahmanyam, John Paul, A.S.Subrahmanyam and D.V. ChandraSekhar, 1994. Mesozoic anomalies inthe Bay of Bengal. Earth and Planet.Sci. Letters, 121:469-475.

Ramana, M.V., V. Subrahmanyam,K.V.L.N.S. Sarma and B.T.V.Seshavataram, 1995. Marinemagnetic studies over a lost wellheadin Palk Bay, Cauvery Basin. J. Geol.Soc. India, 45:201- 208.

Ramaswamy, V. and R.R. Nair, 1994.Fluxes of material in the ArabianSea and Bay of Bengal - sediment

properties. Computers andGeosciences, 20(10): 1447-1453.

Sawant, S.S., K. Venkat andA.B. Wagn, 1994. Cathodicprotection of mild steel and copperin deep waters of the Arabian Seaand Bay of Bengal. Indian J. Chem.Tech., 1:279-282.

Sawant, S.S., C. Venugopal and A.B.Wagh, 1994. Corrosion inhibition bysome organic compounds on mildsteel in synthetic and natural seawater. Corros. Prev. & Control,4(1):14-18.

Shailaja, M.S. and S.Y.S. Singbal, 1994.Organochlorine pesticide compoundsin organisms from the Bay ofBengal. Estuarine, Coastal and ShelfScience, 39:219-226.

Sharma, P., D.V. Borole andM.D. Zingde, 1994. 210Pb based traceelement fluxes in the nearshore andestuarine sediments off Mumbai,India. Mar. Chem., 47:227-236.

Sharma, R., 1994. Quantitativeestimation of seafloor features fromphotographs and their application tonodule mining. Mar. Oeoresourcesand Geotechnology, 11:311-331.

Shetye, S.R., A.D. Gouveia and S.S.C.Shenoi, 1994. Circulation & watermasses of the Arabian Sea. Proc.Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planet.Sci.), (Special Issue: Biogeochemistryof the Arabian Sea), 103:107-123.

Shyam Prasad, M., 1994. Australasianmicrotektites in a substrate: a newconstraint on ferromanganese crustaccumulation rates. Mar. Geol.,116:259-266.

Somayajulu, Y.K., T.V.R. Murty, S.P.Kumar and C.S. Murty, 1994.Simulation studies related to acousticpropagation in the Arabian Sea.Acoustic Letters, 17(9):173-183.

Soundalgekar, V.M. andT.V. Ramana Murty, 1994. Heattransfer in flow of an elastico-viscous fluid past a semi-infiniteplate with variable temperature. J.Braz. Soc. Mechanical Sci.,XVI(l):22-26.

Subba Raju, L.V. and K.S. Krishna,1995. Establishment of gravitystations and inference of crustalthickness around Marmugao Harbourand NIO. J. Geol. Soc. India,45:317-321.

Subrahmanyam, A.S., K.S.R. Murthy,M.M. Malleswara Rao, S.Lakshminarayana,K. Venkateswarlu andT.C.S. Rao, 1994. A two stageevolution of Visakhapatnam-Paradipshelf, east coast of India frommagnetic studies. Proc. Indian Acad.Sci. (Earth & Planet. Sci.), (SpecialIssue: Biogeochemistry of theArabian Sea), 103:17-26.

Subrahmanyam, B., V.S.N. Murty andL.V.G. Rao, 1994. Short termvariability of surface heat budget ofthe east central Arabian Sea during1992. Mahasagar, 27:79-87.

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trap studies. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.(Earth Planet. Sci), 103:189-210.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., andA.A. Fernandes, 1994. Variability ofsurface meteorological parametersover the Arabian Sea. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 23:8-13.

Rao, C.K., S.W.A. Naqvi,M.D. Kumar, S.J.D. Varaprasad,D.A. Jayakumar, M.D. George andS.Y.S. Singbal, 1994. Hydrochemistryof the Bay of Bengal: possiblereasons for a different water columncycling of carbon and nitrogen fromthe Arabian Sea. Mar. Chem.,47:279-290.

Rao, Mohana K. and T.C.S. Rao, 1994.Holocene sea levels ofVisakhapatnam shelf, east coast ofIndia. J. Geol. Soc. India, 44:685-689.

Rao, P.S., A. Mascarenhas,A.L. Paropkari and Ch.M. Rao, 1994.Organic carbon and sulfurrelationships in sediment cores fromthe western and eastern continentalmargins of India. Mar. Geol.,117:227-236.

Rao, V.P., M. Veerayya, R.R. Nair, P.A.Dupeuble and M. Lamboy, 1994.Late Quaternary Halimeda biohermsand aragonitic faecal pelletdominated sediments on thecarbonate platform of the westerncontinental shelf of India. Mar.Geol, 121:293- 315.

Rattan, Praveen, Z.A. Ansari and R.A.Sree Pada, 1994. Ecology ofheterotrichous ciliate Fabrea salinafrom salterns of Mumbai coast,India. Tropical Ecology, 35(2):285-294.

Reddy. N.P.C., B.P. Rao andK. Mohana Rao, 1994. Seasonalchanges in suspended sediment loadin the Gouthami-Godavari estuary.Mahasagar,27(l):47-53.

Reema Thampi, Praveen Rattan and A.Chatterji, 1994. Respiratorymetabolism in Oreochromismossambicus Peters under differentenvironmental conditions. Pak. J.Mar. Sci., 3(1):9-13.

Riaux-Gobin, C., M.V.M. Wafar and B.Klein, 1993. Production primairepotentielle microphytobenthiqued'une slikke de nord Bretagne:stratification verticale. J. Exp. Mar.Biol. Ecol., 169:215-231.

Santhakumari, V. 1994. A study ofmedusae from Andaman and Nicobarwaters. J. Zool. Soc. Kerala,3(l):37-43.

Sarma, K.V.L.N.S., M.V. Ramana, G.P.S.Murty,V. Subrahmanyam, K.S. Krishna,A.K. Chaubey, M.M. Malleswara Raoand S.L. Narayana, 1994.Application of inversion techniqueson marine magnetic data - Andamanshelf. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 44:73-78.

Sathe, P.V. and R. Vaithiyanathan,1994. Total reflectance of wind-roughened sea surfaces: Directional

Subrahmanyam, V., K.S. Krishna,G.P.S. Murty, D. Gopala Rao, M.V.Ramana and M. Gangadhara Rao,1994. Structural interpretation ofthe Konkan basin, southwesterncontinental margin of India, basedon magnetic and bathymetric data.Geomarine Letters, 14:10-18.

Tapaswi, M.P., 1994. Validation ofdatabase designs on Ranganathan'sNormative Principles ofClassification. Lib. Sci. Doc. Inf.Studies, 31:199-207.

Tripati, Sila and S.R. Rao, 1994.Tamralipti: the ancient port of India.Studies in History and Culture,2(l):33-38.

Valsangkar, A.B. and N.V. Ambre,1995. Geochemistry of calcareous :

sediments from the S.W. CarlsbergRidge: evidence for deeper carbonatecompensation depth. Indian J. Mar.Sci., 24:1-7.

Veerayya, M. and A.S. Muralinath,1994. Sediment movement on thecontinental shelf off Mumbai, India.Continent. Shelf Res., 14:1689-1700.

Venkat, K., A.C. Anil, D.C.Khandeparker and S.S. Mokashe,1995. Ecology of ascidians in themacrofouling community of NewMangalore Port. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,24:41-43.

Vethamony, P., 1995. Wave attenuationcharacteristics of a tethered floatsystem. Ocean Engineering,22(1):111-129.

Yamazaki, T., R. Sharma andK. Tsurusaki, 1994.Microtopographic analysis of cobalt-rich manganese deposits on a mid-Pacific seamount. Mar. Georesourcesand Geotechnology, 12(l):33-52.

Zavialov, P.O. and V.S.N. Murty, 1995.Estimation of eddy diffusivitycoefficient of heat in the upperlayers of equatorial Arabian Sea.Indian J. Mar. Sci., 24:177-185.

Papers in proceedingsand books

Achuthankutty, C.T., 1994. Penaeidprawns and their culture inmangrove areas. In: Conservation ofMangrove Forest Genetic Resources:A Training Manual, Sanjay V.Deshmukh and V. Balaji (Eds.),Centre for Research on SustainableAgriculture for Rural Development,Madras, 393-395.

Anand, N.M., B.U. Nayak, S.S. Bhat andV. Sanil Kumar, 1994. Directionalwave measurements and modelling.In: Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas and B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID,CSIR, New Delhi, 366-377.

Ansari, Z.A. and S.A.H. Abidi, 1994.Impact of aquaculture on coastalmarine environment. In:Environment and Applied Biology,V.P. Agarwal, S.A.H. Abidi, R.K.Sharma and M.D. Zingde (Eds.),Society of Biosciences,Muzaffarnagar, India, 31- 40.

Ashok Kumar, K., S.G. Diwan and P.Chandramohan, 1994. Surveytechnology for ocean engineeringapplications. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar, V.V.Agadi, V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi, 1-21.

Bhosle, N.B., 1994. Some aspects ofmicrofouling and corrosion ofmaterials in the tropicalenvironment. In: MonsoonBiogeochemistry, V. Ittekkot andR.R. Nair (Eds.), SCOPE/UNEPSonderbund, Hamburg, 157-185.

Bhosle, N.B., S.S. Sawant, A. Garg andA.B. Wagh. Carbohydrate metabolismin suspended and attached cells of amarine fouling diatom, Navicula sp.In: Recent Developments inBiofouling Control, M.F. Thompson,R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini andM. Fingerman (Eds.), Oxford & IBHPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,27-36.

Chakraborty, B. and H.W. Schenke,1994. Studies of high resolutionarray processing algorithms formultibeam bathymetric applications.Proo. International Symposium onMarine Positioning (INSMAP-94),University of Hannover,311-320.

Chandramohan, P., V. Sanil Kumar andB.U. Nayak, 1994. Measurement andprediction of tides for Gopalpur port,

Orissa. Proc. Indian NationalConference on Harbour and OceanEngineering (INCH0E-94), CWPRS,Pune, D73-D82.

Chandramohan, P., B.U. Nayak and V.Sanilkumar, 1994. Numericalmodelling of nearshore wavetransformation. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 389-399.

Chatterji, A., 1994. Crabs. In:Biodiversity Information Kit,produced by WWF, India - GoaDivision and the InternationalInstitute of Rural Reconstruction,3-6:2.

Chavan, Viswas and R.A. Sree Pada,1995. Geographical informationsystem in marine biology, way ofsustainable utilization of livingresources. In: Remote Sensing andGeographical Information System forEnvironmental Planning, I.V.Muralikrishna (Ed.), Tata-McGrawHill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi,675-679.

Desa, E.S., R.G.P. Desai andB.A.E. Desa, 1994. Monte Carlosimulation of diffuse attenuationcoefficient in presence of nonuniformprofiles. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar, V.V.Agadi, V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi, 705-710.

Desa, E.S., B.A.E. Desa, E.J. D'Sa andR.G.P. Desai, 1994. Spectralirradiance measurements using anovel spectroradiometer. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi,V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi. 588-595.

Desa, E.S., B.A.E. Desa, R.G.P. Desai; and T. Suresh, 1994.

A fast scanning high resolution in-water spectroradiometer. Proc.OCEANS, 94, III - 333-336.

Desai, R.G.P. and E. Desa, 1994.Integrated data acquisition systemfor coastal research vessel. In:Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas and B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID,CSIR, New Delhi, 538-546.

Fernandes, A.A., A.M. Almeida,R. Vaithiyanathan andP. Vethamony, 1994. Determinationof wave direction using an orbitalfollowing buoy. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 378-388.

Gaur, A.S., Sundaresh, P. Gudigar andS. Tripati, 1994. Protohistoricceramics of Dwarka and BetDwarka. In: The Role of Universitiesand Research Institutes in MarineArchaeology, NIO, Goa, 165-171.

Gopinathan, C.K., 1994. Solar pond-based rural development programme

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Goswami, S.C. and U. Goswami, 1994.Suitability of mangrove swamps ofGoa for aquaculture. In: Proc.National Workshop on Impact ofCoastal Aquaculture onEnvironment, Tuticorin,118-121.

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Hagen, R., B. Chakraborty and H.W.Schenke, 1994. Preliminarybackscatter results from thehydrosweep multibeam system. Proc.International Symposium on MarinePositioning (INSMAP-94), Univ. ofHannover, 355-364.

Haridas, P., M. Madhupratap and S.Ohtsuka, 1994. Pseudocyclopslakshmi, a new species(Pseudocyclopidae : Calanoidea :Copepoda) from the Laccadives,India. Proc. Symposium Biol. Sci.,Washington, 107:151-163.

Ingole, B.S., Z.A. Ansari and R.A.Sreepada, 1994. Aquaculturepractices and the coastal marineenvironment. Proc. Seminar onOcean & Industry - Realities &Expectations, P.S. Srivastava (Ed.),Society for Ocean Scientists &Technologists,93-99.

Jagtap, T.G., 1994. Mangrovecommunities. In: BiodiversityInformation Kit, produced by WWF,India - Goa Division and theInternational Institute of RuralReconstruction, 4-3:6.

Janakiraman, G., R. Venkatesan andV.S. Rajaraman, 1994.A new design concept for nodulemining system. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, Sushi!Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 800-806.

Jiyalal Ram, M. and S.N. Gajbhiye,1994. Impact of water pollution onphytoplankton and zooplankton inVeraval creek. Proc. Symp. onEnvironment, held at NCL, Pune, 74-75.

Jiyalal Ram, M., Neelam Ramaiah,Pratik Mehta, L. Krishna Kumariand vijayalakshmiR. Nair, 1994. Phytoplanktonpigments & primary productionaround the oil fields offMaharashtra. In: Environment andApplied Biology, V.P. Agarwal,S.A.H. Abidi, R.K. Sharma and M.D.Zingde (Eds.), Society of Biosciences,Muzaffarnagar, India, 263-276.

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Kodagali, V.N. and B. Chakraborty,1994. Performance appraisal ofmultibeam system - hydrosweep atdifferent seabed provinces. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 335-346.

Kunte, P.D., 1994. GeographicInformation System inOceanography: status, hurdles andprospects. In: Remote Sensing andGeographical Information System forEnvironmental Planning,I.V. Muralikrishna (Ed.), Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., NewDelhi, 575-579.

Kunte, P.D., 1994. GeographicInformation System and MarineBiology. In: National Workshop onDatabases and Networking in MarineBiology, V. Chavan, D.Chandramohan and A.H. Parulekar(Eds.), Bioinformatics Centre, NIO.Goa, 76-83.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 1994.Application of remote sensingtechnology for studying littoralsediment dynamics. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 472-478.

Kunte, P.D. and B.G. Wagle, 1994.Sediment balance study along shorezone of the Maharashtra, India — acase study using remote sensing. In:Remote Sensing and GeographicalInformation System forEnvironmental Planning,I.V. Muralikrishna (Ed.), Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., NewDelhi, 410-414.

Loka Bharathi, P.A., B.A. Ortiz-Conde,S. Nair, D. Chandramohan and R.R.Colwell, 1994. 5SrRNA sequencesand fatty acid profiles of colourlesssulfur oxidising bacteria. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N'. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 940-948.

Mandal, S. and G.J. Lyons, 1994. Onthe system identification modelling ofoffshore dynamic systems. Proc.Indian National Conference onHarbour and Ocean Engineering(INCHOE-94), CWPRS, Pune, A13-A22.

Mandal, S., G.J. Lyons, andJ.A. Witz, 1994. Autorregressivespectral analysis of crane vesselmotions in sea water. IndianNational Conference on Harbour andOcean Engineering (INH0E- 94),CWPRS, Pune, 121-130.

Mascarenhas, A., A.D. Gouveia and R.Sitaraman, 1994. Preliminary resultsof an oilspill risk analysis for theMumbai High region. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.) PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 876-883.

Mokashe, S.S., A.S. Tulaskar,K. Venkat and A.B. Wagh, 1994.Antimicrobial properties of poriferanspecies from Indian waters. In:Recent Developments in BiofoulingControl, M.F. Thompson,R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini andM. Fingerman (Eds.), Oxford & IBHPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,263-268.

Mukhopadhyay, R. andN.H. Khadge, 1994. Growthconstraints of Indian Ocean seamounts. In: Space Applications inEarth System Science, IndianGeophys. Union, 30:100-106.

Murthy, V.S.N., B. Subrahmanyam andL.V.G. Rao, 1994. Seasonalvariability of sea surface thermalflow of the Bay of Bengal derivedfrom NOAA-AVHRR during 1994.Proc. 15th Asian Conference onRemote Sensing, Bangalore, II:G-6-l-G-6-6.

Nair, R.R., P.S. Rao and V.N. Kodagali,1994. Multibeam mapping of theexclusive economic zone of India. In:Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas and B.N. Desai (Eds.) PED, CSIR,New Delhi, 327-334.

Nair, V.R. 1995. Environmental impactassessment and its importance inaquaculture. Proc. Natl. Symposiumon Electrochemistry in MarineEnvironment, Madras, 107-113.

Nayak, M.R., V.B. Peshwe and S.B.Tengali, 1994. Development ofdrifting buoys. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar, V.V.Agadi, V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi, 630-636.

Pankajakshan, T. and Y. Sugimori,1994. Accuracy of surface heatfluxes from observations ofoperational satellite. In: Remote

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Parulekar, A.H., 1994. Marine Biologyand Computerization. In: NationalWorkshop on Databases andNetworking in Marine Biology,Vishwas Chavan, D. Chandramohanand A.H. Parulekar (Eds.),Bioinformatics Centre, NIO, Goa, 1-6.

Pathak, D. G. Ranade and T. Sudhakar,1994. Use of sparker signal toclassify seafloor sediment. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 460-465.

Patil, B.T., M.R. Gajendragad, G.Ranganna, A.B. Wagh and T.Sudhakaran, 1994. Impact ofbiofouling on corrosion resistance ofreinforced concrete. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 429-439.

Peshwe, V.B. and E. Desa, 1994.A temperature profiler. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi,V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi, 596-603.

Prasanna Kumar, S., T.V. RamanaMurty, Y.K. Somayajulu and C.S.Murty, 1994. Acoustic propagationin the presence of a sub-surface coldcore eddy in the Bay of Bengal - acase study. Proc. Pacific OceanRemote Sensing Conference,Australia, 185-192.

Prasanna Kumar, S., Y.K. Somayajulu,R.V. Ramana Murty, G.S. Navelkar,A.K. Saran, A.M. Almeida and C.S.Murty, 1994. Preliminary results ofan acoustic tomography experiment(ATE-93) in the eastern Arabian Sea.In: Proc. 2nd European Conferenceon Underwater Acoustics, L. Bjorno(Ed.), European Commission,Luxembourg, Denmark, Vol. II:1081-

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Raghukumar, C. andS. Raghukumar, 1994. Investigationson fungal parasites of marine algaein India - An appraisal. In: RecentAdvances in Phycology,A.K. Kashyap and H.D. Kumar(Eds.), Rastogi Publication, India,39-50.

Ramaiah, N. and D. Chandramohan,1994. Bacterial bioluminescence inmarine pollution assessment. In:Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas and B.N. Desai (Eds.) PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 967-980.

Rao, S.R., 1994. Marine archaeologicalexplorations of Byramgore reef ofLakshadweep in the Indian Ocean.In: The Role of Universities andResearch Institutes in MarineArchaeology, NIO, Goa, 67-69.

Rao, S.R., S. Tripati, A.S. Gaur,P. Gudigar, Sundaresh andK.H. Vora, 1994. Underwaterarchaeological exploration of Dwarkaand Somnath - Results of 1992survey and problems to attend. In:The Role of Universities andResearch Institutes in MarineArchaeology, NIO, Goa, 113-119.

Sabnis, M.M., M. Jiyalal Ram and R.Sengupta, 1994. Studies of somemajor and minor elements in thepolluted Mahim estuary. Proc.Symposium on Environment, NCL,Pune, 75-76.

Sanil Kumar, V., S. Mandal,N.M. Anand and B.U. Nayak, 1994.Spectral representation of measured

shallow water waves. Proc. IndianNational Conference on Harbour andOcean Engineering (INCHOE-94),CWPRS, Pune, A23-A32.

Saraladevi, P. Venugopal andV.N. Sankaranarayanan, 1995.Organic matter and sedimentcharacteristics of some estuaries ofnorth Kerala. Proc. 7th KeralaScience Congress, Palakkad, 113-114.

Saran, A.K., G.S. Navelkar, A.M.Almeida, S.R. More, P.V. Chodankarand C.S. Murty, 1994. Acousticambient noise recorder. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.) PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 615-624.

Sarkar, A., 1994. Occurrence anddistribution of persistent chlorinatedhydrocarbons in the seas aroundIndia. In: The Oceans: Physical-chemical Dynamics and HumanImpact, S.K. Majumdar, E.W. Mulla,G.S. Forbes, R.F. Schmalz and AssadA. Panah (Eds.), PennsylvaniaAcademy of Sciences, Chapter28:444-458.

Sarupria, J.S. and R.M.S. Bhargava,1994. New technology for ocean datamanagement. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar, V.V.Agadi, V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi, 893-900.

Sarupria, J.S. and R.M.S. Bhargava,1994. Numerical databases inmarine biology. In: NationalWorkshop on Databases andNetworking in Marine Biology,Vishwas Chavan,D. Chandramohan andA.H. Parulekar (Eds.), BioinformaticsCentre, NIO, Goa, 45-53.

Sawant, S.S. and A.B. Wagh, 1994.Studies on antifouling properties ofsome natural products from Goa.In: Recent Developments inBiofouling Control, M.F. Thompson,R. Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini andM. Fingerman (Eds.), Oxford & IBHPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,275-282.

Sawant, S.S. and A.B. Wagh, 1994.Comparative account of macrofoulingecology at Vijaydurg harbour andMusakazi-Jaitapur Bay, central westcoast of India. In: RecentDevelopments in Biofouling Control,M.F. Thompson, R. Nagabhushanam,R. Sarojini and M. Fingerman (Eds.),Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi, 417-428.

Sabitha Sebastian, Usha Nandini, K.K.Balachandran, Thresiamma Joseph

and V.N. Sankaranarayanan, 1995.Distribution and behaviour offluoride in Azhikode estuary. Proc.7th Kerala Science Congress,Palakkad, 116-118.

Sharma, R., 1994. Technologicalchallenges for manganese nodulemining. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar,

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V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Das andB.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 807-816.

Sharma, R., M. Sudhakar and S.D. Iyer,1994. Distribution of manganesenodules, rocks and sediments in theCIB: factors influencing performanceof the mining system. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 817-826.

Sheeba, P., K. Saraladevi, T.Balasubramanian and V.N.Sankaranarayanan, 1995. Chl. aparticulate organic carbon andsuspended load from the man-groveareas of Cochin waters. Proc. 7thKerala Science Congress, Palakkad,87-89.

Shenoi, S.S.C., A.D. Gouveia and S.R.Shetye, 1994. M2 tidal currents onthe shelf off Goa, west coast ofIndia. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar, V.V.Agadi, V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR. New Delhi, 415-427.

Somayajulu, Y.K., T.V.R. Murty, S.P.Kumar and C.S. Murty, 1994.Simulation studies related to acousticpropagation in the Arabian Sea. In:Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas and B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID.CSIR, New Delhi, 428-443.

Sonawane, A.V., A.R. Gujar andK. Sriniwas, 1994. Vibrocoringtechnique in the nearshore placerexploration. In: Ocean Technology:Perspectives, Sushil Kumar, V.V.Agadi, V. Kesava Das and B.N. Desai(Eds.), PID, CSIR, New Delhi, 695-704.

Sundaresh, A.S. Gaur, S. Tripati and P.Gudigar, 1994. The coins ofTranquebar-Poompuhar coast,Tamilnadu. In: The Role ofUniversities and Research Institutesin Marine Archaeology, NIO, Goa,173-176.

Suryanarayana, A. and G. NarayanaSwamy, 1995. Modelling aspects ofcoastal transport related to marinepollution. Proc. Fourth NationalSymposium on Environment, held atBARC at Anna University, Madras,277-281.

Tapaswi, M.P., 1994. Databasedevelopment for coastal ecosystems:A model. In: A Training Manual,S.V. Deshmukh and V. Balaji (Eds.),M.S. Swaminathan ResearchFoundation, India & InternationalTropical Timber Organization, Japan,357-367.

Tapaswi, M.P., 1994. Bibliographicdatabases in marine biology. In:National Workshop on Databases andNetworking in Marine Biology,Vishwas Chavan, D. Chandramohanand A.H. Parulekar (Eds.),Bioinformatics Centre, NIO, Goa,40-44.

Tripati, S., P. Gudigar and A.S. Gaur,1994. A preliminary study of

shipwrecks on the east coast ofIndia-Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. In:The Role of Universities andResearch Institutes in MarineArchaeology, NIO, Goa, 75-76.

Tulaskar, A.S., A.C. Anil and A.B.Wagh, 1994. Biochemical compositionof microfouling assemblages at twostations in the Zuary estuary. In:Recent Developments in BiofoulingControl, M.F. Thompson, R.Nagabhushanam, R. Sarojini and M.Fingerman (Eds.), Oxford & IBHPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,21-26.

Untawale, A.G., 1994. Coastal sanddune vegetation. In: BiodiversityInformation Kit, produced by WWF,India - Goa Division and theInternational Institute of RuralReconstruction, 3-10:p.2.

Untawale, A.G., 1994. Mangroves. In:Biodiversity. Information Kit,produced by WWF, India - GoaDivision and the InternationalInstitute of Rural Reconstruction, 4-S:p.2.

Untawale. A.G. and C.R.K. Reddy,1994. Seaweed technology for Indiafor the twenty-first century. In:Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas and B.N. Desal (Eds.), PID,CSIR, New Delhi, 901-905.

Valsangkar, A.B. and N.V. Ambre.1994. Relationship between size andgeochemistry of polymetallic nodulesfrom the central Indian Ocean basin:factors influencing performance ofmining system. In: OceanTechnology: Perspectives, SushilKumar, V.V. Agadi, V. Kesava Dasand B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID. CSIR,New Delhi, 827-841.

Varkey, M.J., 1994. Mean turbulentproperties in the thermocline layerof the Bay of Bengal. Proc. IndianNational Conference on Harboursand Ocean Engineering, 1:A1-12.

Veerayya, M. and V. Subrahmanyam,1994. Geomorphology and shallowstructure of the Direction Bank offMumbai, western continental marginof India: its implications for offshoreexploration. Proc. Indian NationalConference on Harbours and OceanEngg., CWPRS, Pune, D53-62.

Veerayya, M., M.V. Ramana, M.C.Pathak and O.S. Chauhan, 1994.Surflcial geology off Karwar, centralwest coast of India: its implicationfor offshore developmental activities.Proc. Indian National Conference onHarbours and Ocean Engg., CWPRS,Pune, D63-72.

Vethamony, P., R. Vaithiyanathan, A.M.Almeida, K. Santanam, L.V.G. Rao,Abhijit Sarkar, Raj Kumar, R.M.Gairola and B.S. Gohil. Geosataltimeter derived sea surface windspeeds and significant wave heightsfor the north Indian Ocean and theircomparison with in-situ data. In:Ocean Technology: Perspectives,Sushil Kumar, V.V. Agadi, V. KesavaDas & B.N. Desai (Eds.), PID, CSIR,New Delhi, 495-506.

NIO/TR-2/95. Fernandes,A.A., Y.V.B. Sarma andH.B. Menon. Directional spectrum ofocean waves at Duck, NorthCarolina, USA from arraymeasurements using phase/time/pathdifference methods.

Ramesh Kumar, M.R., E.C. Barrett andM.J. Beaumont, 1995. Air-seainteraction studies over the tropicalIndian Ocean during severalcontrasting monsoon years usingsatellite data. Remote Sensing Unit,Dept. of Geography, University ofBristol, Bristo, U.K., 57 pp.

Suryanarayana, A. and C. Raj Murthy.Some aspects of coastal transportmodelling related marine pollution.Technical Report, CCIW, NWRI,Canada.

Book Review

Kamesh Raju, K.A., 1994. Geology ofBangladesh with a contribution by K.Hiller, Gebruder BorntranserShittgart, 160 pp., Earth ScienceReviews. 36:262-263.

Parulekar, A.H., 1994. Large marineecosystems: stress, mitigation andsustainability. Kenneth Sherman,Lewis M. Alexander & Barry D. Gold(Eds.) (AAAS Press, Washington,D.C.). Indian J. mar. Sci., 23:67-68.

Atlas

Sarupria, J.S. and MargaritaE. Conkright, 1994.A Comprehensive SeasonalChlorophyll a Atlas of the NorthernIndian Ocean was prepared. TheAtlas contains 99 seasonaldistribution charts at eight standarddepths and in five water columns. Italso contains data summary in15 tables, Ref. No. 1, October, 1994.

Data Products

Sarupria, J.S., R. Lasitha and KavitaSingh. Inventory: Time Series StationInventory forR.V. Qaveshani and ORV SagarKanya (1990-93) were published.Ref. No. 3102, May, 1994.

Sponsored project reportsNIO/SP-l/94. Zingde, M.D.,

V.R. Nair, R.V. Sarma andA.N. Kadam. Environmental impactassessment of accidental spillage ofcrude oil at pipeline crossings ofwater bodies (Haldia-Baraunipipeline).

NIO/SP-2/94. Rao, T.C.S., D.P. Rao andK.S.R. Murty. Oceanographic studiesfor the discharge of treated effluentsinto sea off Pydibhimavaram.

NIO/SP-3/94. Singbal, S.Y.S., M.D.Rajagopal, S.P. Fondekar, S. Kaisary,K. Sawkar, A. Sarkar, R. Nagarajan,C. Dias, Analia Mesquita and B.Fernandes. Environmental impactanalysis and assessment ofprevailing pollution in the MormugaoPort and suggestions for measuresfor improvement.

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Bakus, G.J., M. Wright, B. Schulte, F.Mofidi, M. Yazadandourt, D. Custeo,S.W.A. Naqvi, T.G. Jagtap, J.I. Goesand C.G. Naik.. 1994. Coral ReefEcosystem (India and adjacentislands with bibliography), Oxfordand IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi, 150pp.

Chatterji, Anil, 1994. The Horse-shoeCrab — a. Living Fossil, ProjectSwarajya of Cuttak, 144 pp.

Santhakumari, V., 1994. Food Fishesfrom the Sea, Petambar PublishingCompany, Educational Publishers,New Delhi, 60 pp.

Technical reports

NIO/TR-6/94. Charyulu, R.J.K.,B. Subrahmanyam and G.E.Nampoothiri. On processing of winddata collected from moving ships.

NIO/TR-7/94. Kunte, P.D. Prospectiveview of worldwide marine geosciencerelated databases.

NIO/TR-8/94. Suryachandra Rao, A.,A.J. Luis, B.P. Lambathe, S.M.Pednekar, M.S.S. Sarma, V.V.Gopalakrishna and V.S.N. Murty.Report on variability of surfacemeteorological fields and oceansurface mixed layer depth, along atransect in the Bay of Bengal duringsouthwest monsoon seasons of 1991-93.

NIO/TR-9/94. Rao, S.R. andK.H. Vora. Marine archaeologicalexplorations in Lakshadweep waters.

NIO/TR-1/95. Prasad T.G. andN. Bahulayan. Mixed layer depthand thermocline climatology atlas ofthe Arabian Sea and Western IndianOcean.

Vora, K.H. and Cesar Moraes, 1994.Pipeline crossing across ManoriCreek, Bombay: Advantages ofmarine acoustic techniques in routeselection. Proc. Indian NationalConference on Harbour and OceanEngineering, CWPRS, Pane,E71-E82.

Wafar, M.V.M., Coral reef surveys inIndia. Proc. Seventh InternationalCoral Reef Symposium, 139-142.

Zingde, M.D. and M.M. Sabnis, 1994.Pollution induced tidal variability inwater quality of Mahim estuary. In:Environment and Applied Biology,V.P. Agarwal, S.A.H. Abidi, R.Sharma and M.D. Zingde (Eds.),Society of Biosciences,Muzaffarnagar, India, 277-298.

Zingde, M.D., 1994. Environmentalimpact assessment of disposal ofliquid waste through marine outfall -A case study. In: Environment andApplied Biology, V.P. Agarwal,S.A.H. Abidi, R. Sharma and M.D.Zingde (Eds.), Society of Biosciences,Muzaffarnagar, India, 41-66.

NIO/SP-4/94. Nair, R.R., N.H. Hashimiand M.C. Pathak. Bathymetric andseabed studies for proposedsubmarine pipeline route off Dahej.

NIO/SP-5/94. Nair, R.R., N.H. Hashimiand M.C. Pathak. Bathymetric andseabed surveys off Chitrapura,Mangalore.

NIO/SP-6/94. Parulekar, A.H., S.N.Harkantra, P. Chandramohan.Report on feasibility studies forestablishing an oceanarium nearMadras along Tamil Nadu coast.

NIO/SP-7/94. Almeida, F. Bathymetricand geophysical studies for layout ofeffluent disposal pipeline off Gandher(Dahej) in Gulf of Khambhat.

NIO/SP-8/94. Rao, T.C.S., D.P. Rao andK.S.R. Murty. Oceanographic studiesfor laying HDPE pipeline of G.Chodavaram, Vizianagaram District.A.P.

NIO/SP-1/95. Rao, T.C.S., A.H.Parulekar, V.V. Sarma and Z.A.Ansari. Hydrochemical,hydrobiological and toxicologicalstudies in marine environment offGethula Chodavaram, VizianagaramDistrict, A.P.

NIO/SP-2/95. Parulekar, A.H. and S.G.Prabhu Matondkar. Biological qualityand fishery survey of marineenvirons of power project site atDabhol.

NIO/SP-3/95. Singbal, S.Y.S. and M.D.Rajagopal. Evaluation of chemicalquality of the waters and thesediment off Dabhol.

NIO/SP-4/95. Singbal, S.Y.S. and A.Sarkar. Evaluation of organochlorinepesticide in the sediments along thewest coast of India.

NIO/SP-S/95. Rao, T.C.S., et al.Bathymetry, shore profile andalongshore current measurementsfor laying pipeline to draw sea waterfor desalination plant at Naripalyanand Thirumughan, T.N.

NIO/SP-6/95. Rao, T.C.S., et al. Reporton hydrochemical, hydrobiologicaland toxicological studies in themarine environment ofPydibhimavaram, Srikakulam Dist.,A.P. for M/s Cheminar Drugs Pvt.Ltd., Hyderabad.

NIO/SP-7/95. Rao, T.C.S., et al. Reporton hydrochemical, hydrobiologicaland toxicological studies in themarine environment ofPydibhimavaram, Srikakulam Dist.,A.P. for M/s STILBENE ChemicalsLtd., Secunderabad.

NIO/SP-8/95. Swamy, G.N., M.K.Antony, A. Suryanarayan, et al.Coastal oceanographic studies offMangalore for liquid effluentdischarge of the proposed JESCOSteel Plant.

NIO/SP-9/95. Singbal, S.Y.S. and S.P.Fondekar. Evaluation of chemicaldispersants Phirex and Crudex.

NIO/SP-10/95. Chandramohan,P. Engineering design data for theconstruction of deepsea berth atGopalpur Port, Orissa.

NIO/SP-11/95. Chandramohan,P. Rapid marine environmentalimpact assessment of proposed singlepoint mooring, cooling water intake,effluent pipeline and construction ofjetty for the 300 MW DynaMakowski Power Plant atPillaiperumaluallur, T.N.

NIO/SP-12/95. Nair, R.R. and M.C.Pathak. Bathymetric and seabedsurveys in the Kharo Creek,Kachchh.

NIO/SP-13/95. Gaur, A.S. Marinearchaeological explorations offPoompuhar, 1995.

NIO/SP-14/95. Nair, R.R. and F.Almeida. Geophysical studies ofdouble banking operations area,Mormugao harbour.

NIO/SP-15/95. Nair, R.R. and F.Almeida. Geophysical studies ofmultipurpose cargo berths area (5A/6A), Mormugao harbour.

Rao, L.V.G., P. Vethamony, Y.V.B.Sarma, P.M. Muraleedharan, G.Nampoothiri, K. Santanam and R.Vaithiyanathan, 1994. Wave studiesof Navinal, Gulf of Kutch duringsouthwest monsoon 1994, sponsoredby Adani Port Ltd., Ahmedabad.

Untawale, A.G., T.G. Jagtap andRajkumar, 1994. First report onoffshore facilities and their impacton marine environment for ESSARRefinery at Vadinar, sponsored byESSAR Refineries Ltd., Mumbai.

Zingde, M.D., S.N. Gajbhiye and A.N.Kadam, 1994. Continued monitoringof Amba estuary, sponsored byIndian Petrochemicals CorporationLtd., Nagothane.

Zingde, M.D., K. Govindan, M.M. Sabnisand R.V. Sarma, 1994. Marinedisposal of waste water fromproposed industries at Hazira,sponsored by Gujarat IndustrialDevelopment Corporation,Ahmedabad.

Zingde, M.D., V.R. Nair, R.V. Sarma,A.N. Kadam, P.D. Gore and M.A.Rokade, 1994. Release of treatedwaste water from phosphoric acidcomplex in the Gulf of Khambhatand marine environmental impactassessment, sponsored by GujaratAlkalies and Chemicals Limited,Baroda.

Zingde, M.D., K. Govindan, M.M. SabnisR.V. Sarma, P. Sharma and M.A.Rokade, 1995. Environmental impactassessment of accidental spillage ofcruide oil at pipeline crossings ofwater bodies (Viramgam-Chaksu-Panipet pipeline), sponsored byIndian Oil Corporation Ltd.,New Delhi.

Zingde, M.D., V.R. Nair, R.V. Sarmaand A.N. Kadam, 1996. Release ofwaste water from Gandhar

Petrochemicals Complex in the Gulfof Khambhat and marineenvironmental impact assessment,sponsored by Indian PetrochemicalsCorporation Ltd., Vadodara.

Environmental studies off Positra -circulation studies, sponsored byTCL, Mithapur.

Environmental impact assessment ofdeepening the navigational channelin Cochin harbour area, sponsoredby Cochin Port Trust.

Environmental impact assessment ofMangalore, sponsored by JESCO,Bangalore.

Environmental impact assessment ofMangalore, sponsored by MRPL,Bangalore.

Environmental impact assessment ofMangalore, sponsored by BASF,Mumbai.

Environmental impact assessment ofTuticorin.

Environmental impact assessment ofChavara. National Instt. of OceanTechnology, Madras.

MV Sea Transporter oil spill and itsenvironmental impact assessment,sponsored by Department of OceanDevelopment, New Delhi.

On hydrobiological survey for thedischarge of treated industrialeffluents into the sea offThiruvattiyur, near Madras,sponsored by SPIC Petrochemicals,Madras. (NIO/Con-2/94).

Studies on ambient dynamics in relationto the site selection for variousmarine facilities at/off Vadinar,Gujarat, sponsored by ESSAR,Mumbai.

Popular ArticlesMurty, K.S.R., 1994. How stable is the

South Indian Shield? Sci. & Tech.Magazine, The Hindu,26 Oct. 1994.

Tapaswi, M.P., 1994. Vaidgyanicniyatkalikanchya jagat. (The Worldof Scientific Journals in Marathi)Granthaparivar, 10(2):9-10.

Tapaswi, M.P., 1995. 21st centurychallenge for the library andinformation professionals. IndianLibrary Association. XL All IndiaLibrary Conference,5-8 January, 1995, Souvenir, V.R.Navelkar and M.P. Tapaswi (Eds.),Goa University Library, Goa.

Wahidulla, S., 1994. Bioactivesubstances from marine organisms.NIO Bulletin,16(3):5-7.

Other PublicationsAntony Joseph, Peter Foden and Kevin

Taylor. An experimental evaluationof flow-induced errors in a pressuretransducer and some design solutionto improve its performance in a flowfield. Proudman OceanographicLaboratory - Internal Document No.82, March, 1995.

72

Jiyalal Ram, M., 1994. Primaryproductivity, phytoplankton, standingcrop and physico-chemical propertiesof the Antarctic and adjacent centralIndian Ocean waters. ScientificReport - 9th Indian Expedition toAntarctica, DOD, New Delhi, Tech.Pub. No. 5, 115-132.

Ramana Murty, T.V. and R.Mahadevan. Stochastic inversemethod for ocean acoustictomography studies - a simulationexperiment, Ocean EngineeringCentre, IIT, Madras, Tech. ReportNo. 31, March 1994.

Sarkar, A., 1994. Comments onevaluation of dechlorinationmechanisms during anaerobicfermentation of bleached Kraft milleffluents by W.J. Parker, E.R. Halland G.J. Farquhan, Water Research,28(9):2043-2044.

Sarkar, A. Comment on degradation ofpolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin anddibenzofuran contaminants in 2,4,5-

T- by photoassisted iron-catalysedhydrogen peroxide by J.J. Plgnatelloand L.Q. Huang. Water Research,27:1731-1736 (1993). Published inWater Research, 28(12):2582-2594.

Sarupria, J.S., 1994. Management ofbiological data and the Indian NODC.IOC-SOA-NOAA Regional Workshop ofthe Western Pacific GODAR-II. IOCReport No. 100, 10-11.

A special issue of Marine Chemistry,entitled, "Chemistry of the NorthernIndian Ocean", has been publishedby Elsevier Scientific Publishers. Thispublication edited byDrs. M. Dileep Kumar and S.W.A.Naqvi, Scientists of NIO comprisenine papers presented at thesymposium held earlier at NIO on SOAugust, 1992 to felicitate Dr. R. SenGupta on his 60th birthday.

Marine Acoustic Group, 1994. Acousticcorridor: A study for calibration.

Marine Acoustic Group. 1995. Studiestowards development of a new tool

to monitor ocean's interior - oceanacoustic tomography (June-December, 1994).

Ocean acoustic tomography andgeneralised inverse methods. Abibliographic study. DOSS-14, 1995(an update).

National Report for TOGA-TAO: IndianProgram, TOGA-TAO ImplementationPanel Report of the Third MeetingITPO, Publication No. 12, March1995, 9 pp.

Untawale, A.G., 1994. Establishment ofan international network for theconservation and sustainableutilisation of Mangrove ForestGenetic Resources (PD 157/9/Rev2(F)). Final Report of the TravellingWorkshops to Mangrove Forests inSouth and Southeast Asia; Oceaniaand West & Central Africa. Preparedby M.S. Swaminathan ResearchFoundation, Madras, India.Sponsored by International TropicalTimber Organisation, Japan.

73

Staff l ist(as on 31 March, 1995)

Appendix IX

DirectorDr. Desa Ehrlich

A. Headquarters

Physical OceanographyDivisionRemote Sensing Section

Sc. F (Project Coordinator)Shri Rao LVG

Sc. E IIDr. Varkey MJShri Gopinathan CKDr. Shetye SR

Sc. E IDr. Bahulayan NShri Ramesh Babu VShri Sathe PVShri Gouveia ADShri Krishnamacharyulu RJShri Gopalakrishna WDr. Shenoi SCDr. Ramesh Kumar MRDr. Murty Suryanarayana VShri Sarma YVBDr. Vethamony P

Sc. CShri Fernandes AAShri Sarma MSSShri Nampoothiri GEDr. Unnikrishnan ASDr. Muraleedharan PM

T.O. (A)Shri Babu MTShri Selvan Michael GShri Santanam K

STAShri Sundar DamodarShri Valthlyanathan R

JTAShri Gawas Vasant BSLAShri Monteiro Antonio

Sr. StenoSmt. Vaz Sheila

Jr. StenoKum. Alphonso Felecidade

Acoustic Tomography &Coastal Space UtilizationSection

Sc. F (Project Coordinator)Dr. Murty CS

Sc. E IIDr. Swamy GNSc. E IDr. Anthony MKDr. Somayajulu YKDr. Prasanna Kumar SDr. Suryanarayana A

Sc.CDr. Ramanamurty TV

Sc. BShri Saran AKShri Navelkar Gajanan S

T.O. (A)Shri Almeida Michael AShri Krishnakumar V

Chemical OceanographyDivision

Sc. F (Project Coordinator)Dr. Joshi LU

Sc. .E IIDr. Singbal SYSDr. Rajendran ADr. Kamat SY

Sc. E IDr. Naik CGDr. George MDDr. De Souza SNAGDr. Naqvi SWADr. Wahidullah SolimabiShri Rajagopal MDDr. Poi Fondekar SNSmt. D'Silva ClassySmt. Sardesai SugandhaDr. Dileep Kumar MDr. Narvekar PVSmt. Mesquita AMSmt. Kaisary SujataShri Parameswaran PS

Sc. .CDr. D'Souza Lisette MDr. Sarkar AnupamDr. Sawkar KalidasDr. Shailaja MS

Sc. BDr. Shirodkar PVShri Durga Prasad PVSSShri Nagarajan R

T.O. (C)Smt. Das BSmt. Dias CarolineT.O. (A)Shri Fernandes BlascoShri Amal Jaya Kumar D

STAShri Alagarsamy RSmt. Rao Anuragini K

JTAShri Ravishankar R

SLASmt. Date VajayantiShri Bhobe Datta PrasadShri Gauns FotuShri Gilbert MJMJLAShri Dalvi Hanumant S

Geological OceanographyDivision

Sc. F (Project Coordinator)Shri Nair RR

Sc.E IIDr. Rao Madhusudana ChDr. Rao Gopala DDr. Veerayya M

Sc.E IShri Gujar ARDr. Nigam RajivDr. Gupta MVSNDr. Bhattacharya GCShri Subbaraju LVShri Almeida FMSDr. Ramana MVDr. Hashimi NHDr. Paropkari ALDr. Valsangkar ABDr. Karisiddalah SMDr. Wagle BGShri Vora KHDr. Ramaswamy VDr. Rao Purnachandra VDr. Sudhakar MDr. Mukhopadhyay RShri Sharma RahulDr. Banerjee RDr. Jauhari PratimaDr. Pattan JNDr. Nagender Nath BDr. Gupta SMShri Shyam Prasad MShri Rao Prattipati SDr. Borole DVDr. Kamesh Raju KAShri Iyer Sridhar DDr. Chauhan OSShri Mudholkar AVShri Naidu Divakar PDr. Mascarenhas ADr. Subramanyam VDr. Banakar VKDr. Kodagali VNShri Ram Prasad TShri Ranade GHShri Afzalpurkar SDr. Chakraborty B

Sc. CShrl Sree Krishna KShri Chaubey Anil KShri Khadge NHDr. Sarma KVLNSShri Murty GPSShri Pathak Devashish

T.O (C)Shri Kotnala KLShri Pathak MCShri Dias ECA

Sc. BShri Naik Gajanan PShri Ambre NVT.O. (B)Shri Marathe PrakashShri Nanyasl SKShri Muralinath AS

T.O. (A)Shri Sonawane AVShrl Mlslankar PGShri Janakiraman GShrl Phadte GMShri Tata SudhakarShri Venkatesan RShrl Prabaharan NShrl Khedekar VD

74

Shri Gracias DGShri Rao Lingeswara BRShri Gaonkar SSShri Parthiban GShri Pattanshetti SSShri Srinivas KarlapatiShri Walker Gavin AShri Ganesan PShri Sivakholundu KMShri Naik DK

STAShri Fernando VijayanShri Vijayakumar BShri Rajaraman VSShri Prakash Babu CShri Luis RAAShri Gowthaman VShri Sardar Areef ASmt. Desa Maria AnaShrt Prabhu Girish AnandShri Jai Sankar SShri Sivakumar DShri Ramani K

JTAShri Sukumaran NPShri Senthilkumar GShri Moraes Ceasar NRShri Naik Kamlakant L

SLAShri Desai Gajanan

Tech. Gr.IIKum. Fernandes Aida

Jr. StenoSmt. Fernandes Maria GSmt. Sudhakar Alison M

PeonShri Gauns Nani

Biological OceanographyDivision

SC. F (Project Coordinator)Dr. Parulekar AH

SC. E II

Dr. Untawale AGDr. Devassy VPDr. Goswami SCDr. Chandramohan DDr. Bhattathiri PMA

Sc. EIDr. Harkantra SNDr. Achuthankutty CTDr. Madhupratap MDr. Goswami UshaDr. Royan JosephDr. Loka Bharathi PADr. Ansari ZADr. Krishnakumari LDr. Chatterji Anil KDr. Ramaiah NDr. Raghukumar SDr. Raghukumar ChandralataDr. Dhargalkar VKDr. Wafar SayeedaDr. Verlencar XNDr. Menezes Maria

Sc.CShri Nair Sreekumaran SRDr. Wafar MVMShri Ingole BSDr. Prabhu Matondkar SGDr. Jagtap TGDr. Achuthankutty Shanta

Dr. Rathod Vijyakumar PShri Goes Joaquim

Sc. BDr. Mohandas C

T.O. (C)Shri Subramaniam V

STAShri Anantha Sreepada R

JTASmt. Gurrala SheeluSmt. Ramaswamy Philomena

SLAShri Naik Laxman BShri Thalkatnal YSShri Gauns Madhu OShri Sajjad Hussain Mir

Sr. StenoSmt. Afonso Bella

Marine Corrosion & MaterialsResearcb Division

Sc.F (Project Coordinator)Dr. Wagh AB

Sc. E IDr. Bhosle NB

Sc. CDr. Anil ACDr. Raveendran TVDr. Sawant SS

Sc. BShri Venugopal C

T.O. (B)Shri Paneer Selvam

STAShri Krishnamurthy P Venkat

JTASmt. Garg Anita

SLAShri Nagvekar ShyamShri Prabhu N Sitaram

Jr. StenoKum. Subhashini S

Ocean Engineering Division

Sc. F (Project Coordinator)Dr. Nayak BU

Sc.E IIDr. Anand NM

Sc. EIDr. Chandramohan PShri Diwan SGDr. Mandal S

Sc. CDr. Suryavanshi AKShri Ashok Kumar K

Sc. BShri Illangovan DShri Jayakumar SelvamShri Sanil Kumar

T.O. (A)Shri Mandal HCShri Pednekar PS

Shri Pathak KCShri Raju NSN

JTAShri Gowthaman RShri Naik RLShri Mochemadkar MV

SLAShri Naik Ganesh NShri Tari MKShri MoGhemadkar SV

Sr. StenoShri Bhinge RS

Marine Instrumentation &Computer Division

Sc. E II (Project Coordinator)Shri Nayak MR

Sc. EIDr. Desa Elgar SShri Prabhu Desai RGShri Suresh TShri Antony Joseph K

Sc .CShri D'Sa EJShri Mascarenhas Antonio AMQ

T.O. (C)Smt. Peshwe Vani B

Sc. BShri Menezes Andrew AShri Madhan RShri Mehra Prakash

T.O. (B)Shri Tengali Suryakant B

T.O. (A)Shri Chodankar VN

STASmt. Nagvekar Surekha G

JTAShri Prasad MMVShri Vijayakumar Kannojia

Tech. Asst.Shri Madaswamy B

Sr. Fine Mech.Shri Surlekar Manohar

Fine Mech.Shri Rodrigues Dennis

SLAShri Mascarenhas Luis SSmt. Prabhu Beena SShri Ramdasan KSmt. Prabhu Geeta S

Jr. FitterShri Monteiro Robert

KPOShri Dias MathewSmt. Rodrigues AncySr. Mech.(AC)Shri Fernandes Milton

Sr. Mech.Shri Pednekar SS

TurnerShri D'Silva EO

78

FitterShri Fernandes Peter P

Tech. (Inst.)Smt. Vimalakumari Damodaran

Sr. .Tech.Shri Shirgaunkar Anil V

Model Maker (Gr. VI)Shri Kalangutkar Shyam D

Lab. BearerShri Sheikh YacubShri D'Souza Francis

Workshop Asst.Shri Naik Vasudev BShri Sawant Raghunath

Sr. StenoSmt. Veliath Linda

Helper Gr.AShri Jogale Arjun H

WatchmanShri Desai KB

Data & Information Division

Sc. E II (Project Coordinator)Dr. Bhargava RMS

Sc..E IIShri Sarupria JS

Sc. E IShri Reddy Venkata G

Sc.CShri Ghosh Arvind KolliShri Pankajakshan TShri Kunte PD

JTASmt. Lasitha RatnakaranShri Ezhilarasan A

KPOShri Naik Suryakant RShri Prabhu RK

Lab.Att.Shri Dongrekar ST

LDCKumri. Fernandes Terezinha

Helper Gr. AShri Gawde Shivaji

Training DivisionSc. E II (Scientist-in-Charge)Dr. Sumitra Vyayaragnavan R

SLAShri Naik Gurudas A

LibrarianShri Fernandes CajetanJr. StenoSmt. Martins Fatima

Publication & ReprographySectionSc. E I (Scientist-in-Charge)Shri Bhat SR

T.O. (C)Shri Date VM

Shri Sharma SPSmt. Thomas Rosy

T.O. (B)Shri Wahidullah Md

Sr.D/ManShri Punj HD

STAShri Mahale Arun Y

JTAShri Fernandes BrunoSmt. Ribeiro Christalina

SLASmt. Duggal Vijaya

Printing Mech.Shri Naroji Subhash S

Compositor (Gr.II)Shri Moohemadkar MV

TracerShri Akerkar SGShri Uchil RShri Pawaskar PramodShri Javali UdaykumarShri Chavan RLShri Chitari KG

Photo. Asst. (Gr. VI)Shri Sirsat Umesh

Photo.Asst.Shri Karim Shaikh Ali

Lab. BearerShri Parulekar Atmaram S

P.S.Kum. Cardoz Milagrine

ReceptionistSmt. Almeida Shanti

Book BinderShri Sirvoikar Chandrakant

Helper Gr.AShri Gonsalves Graciano Z

Marine ArchaeologySection

T.O.(B)Shri Tripati SilaShri Sundaresh TShri Gaur Aniruddh Singh

Diver Arch.Shri Gudigar Puttaswamy

STAShri Bandodkar Shrinivas N

TracerShri Chitari Satish B

Planning Section

Sc. E I (Project Coordinator)Dr. Dalal SG

ScBShri Sarma PVSSR

T.O.(B)Smt. Singh Kavita

T.O. (A)Smt. Simon Soja

Shri Patil Manohar P

KPOShri Jakhi SPN

Sr. Machine Oper.Shri Pednekar Babuso H

LibraryDoc. Off.Shri Tapaswi MP

Lib. Off. (B)Smt. Oka SH

T.O. (A)Shri Sainekar GH

CataloguerShri Gawas Atmaram K

UDCShri Pereira Edward

Helper Gr. AShri Gauns Dinu P

Ship/Boat ManagementSection

STAShri Reddy Sreenivasulu Ch

Tech. Asst. (Gr. VIII)Shri Rodrigues LucanoBosunShri Garudi RRSr.DeckhandShri Toraskar Namdev BShri Kankonkar PJShri Sasi EKShri Dhayjekar Maheshwar VShri Mandrekar Uday DR

Jr.DeckhandShri Gonsalves Rosario

Engine Dr. Cl. IIShri Kurle PR

PeonShri Arlekar Pradeep

Establishment & GeneralSection

COAPillai Rajan MRSOShri Dalvi MGShri D'Souza Paul SShri D'Silva Peter IShri Duggal RKShri Fernandes TCAsst. (Gen.)Smt. Mascarenhas NancySmt. D'Silva ReginaShri Fernandes AgnelloShri Lourenco Francisco GSmt. Subramaniam SusheelaKum. Shahapurkar MeenaShri Murthy VSSmt. D'Mello VilmaShri Sirvoikar OnuSmt. D'Souza Ana JKum. D'Mello Pia GracindaShri Vernekar RG

76

Hindi OfficerShri Singh Umesh Kumar

Jr.StenoSmt. Korde Vanamala P

Security Asst.Shri James P

UDCSmt. Moohemadkar MamtaSmt. Rego Sacramento MShri Cota Caitaninho

LDCSmt. Upadhye Sushila V

LDC (Hindi)Shri Sawant RR

Lab. SupervisorShri Patil MN

Jr. Garden ChowdharyShri Gawali Dhondu BShri Ali Mohmad

Dr. Cum Mech.Shri Fernandes BernardShri Nadar KasiShri Lourenco PeterShri Chorat BG

Sr. Gest. OperatorShri Shettigar RB

Tech. Gr.IISmt. Joseph Grace

Staff Car DriverShri Martins VasuShri Naik Baboi NShri Shet RPShri Poi RT

JLAShri Goudar RGK

FarashShri Gauns KeshavGuest House Att.Shri Kamat DS

CookShri Godinho Jose

KhalasiShri Lemos CShri Fernandes Aquino

Sr.MaliShri Estrocio Vithoba

MaliShri Kunkolkar DinkerSmt. Shirodkar SusheelaSmt. Shinde AmbubaiShri Sirvoikar ShamuShri Sirvoikar HanumanShri Gaunco Anant MShri Jamal Sahib

PeonShri Gonsalves JosephShri Gauns NanuShri Gauns Digambar

WatchmanShri Gawas PundalikShri Parsekar SBShri Poi NTShri Gatkwad EknathShri Mahale Jaidev GShri Gaonkar HN

Shri Gunjal Daji KShri Kalelkar EknathShri Sebastian BabyShri Kerkar MadhavShri Pereira Rama FShri Nair Sanilkumaran RShri Gaikwad Kashinath S

SafaiwalaSmt. Beg SubhadraSmt. Fernandes Luisa ASmt. Sirvoicar MinaxiSmt. Sirvoicar JaivantiShri Pereira LaxmanShri Khedekar HVShri Satelkar SabajiShri Naik Mahadev HShri Gauns BoduShri Viegas CaitanShri Tang DevichandShri Khade Ramesh MSmt. Braganza MariaSmt. D'Souza Maria QuiteriaSmt. Sapateiro ShantiSmt. Dias Nhali MShri Gauns DattaramSmt. Ratos SantanaShri Gauns MukundSmt. Surlekar S. Sumitra

Finance & Accounts Section

F&AOShri Dias CM

SO(F & A)Shri D'Mello JL

Asst. (Gen.)Shri Fadte SRShri Sreenath JenaShri Ghanti ShivappaSmt. Fernandes MFShri Kurtarkar Ratnakar

Asst.(F&A)Shri Gonsalves John

Jr. StenoSmt. Cardoz Cleta

UDCShri Narvekar Dileep KShri Vijayakumar G

LDCSmt. Fernandes Ita ML

Store BearerShri Gaunco Vasu

Stores & Purchase Section

Dy. SPOShri Ramankutty TKShri Wase RCShri Gopinathan P

SPA(Gr.III)Shri Sanke SGShri Mascarenhas JohnyShri Rao Siva PVShri Chodnekar BL

SPA(Gr. IV)Shri Mujawar YusufSmt. Peshwe MelitaShri Sukumaran AShri Maijakar HarishShri Tardelkar Surendra

SPA(Gr.V)Shri Lopes Craveiro

Shri Hassanawale Ashraf

UDCShri Naik Umesh BShri Verenkar Madan JSmt. D'Costa Edith

Sr.StenoSmt. D'Souza Lucinda V

Record KeeperShri Gad Surya V

Shri Vaz Antonio X

Peon (Higher Gr.)Shri Pereira Peter

PeonShri Martins Dacu

8tore BearerShri Manickam SShri Barreto MahadeoShri Gawas Bhiku

Civil Engineering Section

Asst.Exe.Engr. (Elect.)Shri Kulkarni KB

Asst. Exe.Engr. (Civil)Shri Kubasad RB

Asst.Engr.(Civil)Shri Mathew Chacko P

Tech. Asst.Shri Goudar MGK

Jr. ElectricianShri Mahajan SN

Pump OperatorShri Patil ML

JLAShri Parmar UA

Meter ReaderShri Amaral Jose AN

PlumberShri Karelkar Laxman RC

CarpenterShri Naik Gurudas P

ElectricianShri Cruz RuzarWorks MistryShri John PPShri Krishnaiah KShri Sardesai RB

UDCSmt. Amaral Vijaya A

Helper Gr.AShri Gawas Laxman BShri Gawas Monu GShri Martins Nagesh

KhalasiShrl Kotharkar ShantaShri Jogale Vithal AKhalasi(W/C)Shri Shariff MdShri Vijayan PMasonShri Gawas Mohammad

77

Director's Office

Sr. StenoShri Simon TPJr. StenoShri Khanapuri Mahadev

SLAShri Naik Suresh N

DispensaryRMODr. Bhandari LV

MODr. Netravalkar MGS

Nursing SisterSmt. Menezes Thelma

SisterSmt. Mochemadkar Kanchan M

CompounderSmt. Fernandes Maria Angela

PeonShri Shirodkar Govind

CanteenSLAShri Ribeiro Melwin

Asst. ManagerShri Toraskar DT

BearerShri Dias GhanashamShri Coelho ReginaldoShri Fernandes CeriloShri Varghese ThomasShri Kharde Ramesh T

Asst. HalwaiShri Tervankar Rama BWashboyShri Estrooio FrancisSafaiwalaSmt. Dias Ana Conceicao

B. Regional Centres

Kochi

Sc. F (Scientist-in-Charge)Dr. Sankaranarayanan VN

Sc..E IIDr. Sivadas PShri Josanto VSc. E IDr. Gopalan UKDr. Nair KKCDr. Paulinose VTDr. Devi Lalithambika CBDr. Gopalakrishnan TCDr. Santhakumari VDr. Balachandran TShri Arvindakshan PNShri Rao Kameshwara KSmt. Rosamma StephenSmt. Saramma UPSmt. Jayalakshmy KVSmt. Meenakshi KunjammaDr. Haridas PShri Kesava Das V

Sc. CDr. Devi Sarala KShri Balasubramanlan TShri Dinesh Kumar PKShri Ravichandran CSmt. Joseph Thressiamma

Sc. BDr. Gupta Ranu

T.O.(C)Shri Venugopal P

T.O.(B)Shri Pylee AbrahamShri Mohanan VNShri Raveendran 0Shri Narayanan BT.O.(A)Shri Tony Joseph TShri Balachandran KKShri Kumaran SShri Vijayan PRNLib. Asst.Shri Thampi KE

JTAKum. Nair Maheshwari

Pre. Mech.(Gr.I)Shri Valson TR

SLAShri Nair Sivaraman KKShri Shaji AKShri Sudhakaran TKShri Xavier KP

Sr. Dr. Cum Mech.Shri Chakkapan CP

Staff Car DriverShri John Luis

FitterShri Gopalan K

Jr. DeckhandShri Thankappan K

Jr. Gest. OperatorShri George Thomas

Lab.Att.Shri Peter K.P.

Lab BearerSmt. Geethakumari P.G.

Private SecretaryShri Gopinathan K.K.

Asst.(Gen.)Shri Manoharan VDSmt. Pillai SwarnakumarilShri Sivadasan K

PeonShri Hamza KH

WatchmanShri Kurup PrabhakarShri Prabhakaran KR

SafalwalaSmt. Clara M

Kitchen ClerkSmt. Mary PK

Tea MakerShri P.V. Kannan

Wash BoySmt. Rejani CL

Mumbai

Sc.EII (Scientist-ln-Charge)Dr. Zingde MD

Sc. EIIDr. Nair V i j a l akshmi

ScEIDr. Govindan KDr. Sabnis MMShri Sharma RVDr. Gajbhiye SNDr. Kadam AN

Sc.CDr. Jiyalal Ram MJ

T.O.CA)Shri Sharma PrashantKum. Gore PDShri Mandalia AVShri Rokade MA

STAShri Mehta PN

SLAShri Patel Babu GShri Chauhan Gopal KShri Anirudh RamShri Bagde DSSmt. D'Souza Rosaria

Asst.(Gen.)Shri Tharawal RShri Date AS

Sr.StenoShri Nair PBSmt. Subramanian Geeta

SPA (Gr. IV)Smt. Fernandes Carmina

UDCSmt. Priolkar Alka

Driver MechanicShri Chopra VA

Staff Car DriverShri Dige Anant ShankerShri Sable Baban VShri Sawant Subhash S

Helper Gr. AShri Ilyas Md

WatchmanShri Singh Omkar R

Sc.F (Scientist-ln-Cha.rge)Dr. Rao TCS

Sc.E IIDr. Rao DP

Sc. E IDr. Murthy KSRDr. Sarma WShri Rao Malleswara MMShri Vara Prasad SJDShri Subramanyam AS

Sc.CDr. Sadhuram Y

78

Shri Rao Narasimha TVShri Reddy Purnachandra NShri Rao Prabhakara BShri Rao Mohana K

Sc.BShri Sudarshan RShri Lakshimi Narayana S

T.O.(B)Dr. Devi Padmini

T.O(A)Shri Premakumar MKShri Venkateshwarlu KShri Raju YSN

JTAShri Jawahar Kumar Ch

SLAShri Rao Koteswara AShri Prasad Ranga TVShri Babu Suri A

Dri. Cum Mech.Shri Polichetti N

Lab. Att.Shri Sheik Mustafa B

Sr. StenoSmt. Radhakrishna K

Asst. (G)Shri Rao Ramakrishna Ch

UDCSmt. Rao Syamala

Helper Gr. ASmt. Kondamma N

MaliShri Rao Subbha K

Tea MakerShri Rao Rama D

Wash BoyShri Appala Raju K

Acronyms

Asst. Engr. - Assistant EngineerAsst. Exe. Engr. - Assistant

Executive EngineerAsst. - AssistantGOA - Controller of AdministrationDoc. Off. - Documentation OfficerDr. Cum Mech. - Driver Cum

MechanicF & AO - Finance & Accounts

OfficerFine Mech. - Fine MechanicJLA - Junior Laboratory AssistantJr. Steno - Junior Stenographer

JTA - Junior Technical AssistantJr. Tech - Junior TechnicianKPO - Key Punch OperatorLab. Att. - Laboratory AttendantLDC - Lower Division ClerkLib. Asst. - Library AssistantLib. Off. - Library OfficerMO - Medical OfficerPhoto. Asst. - Photographic

AssistantPre. Mech. - Precision MechanicPS. - Private SecretaryRMO - Resident Medical Officer

Sc. - ScientistSecu. Asst. - Security AssistantSLA - Senior Laboratory AssistantSO - Section OfficerSPA - Stores & Purchase AssistantSr. D/Man - Senior DraughtsmanSr. Steno. - Senior StenographerSr. Fine Mech. - Senior Fine

MechanicSTA - Senior Technical AssistantTech. Gr. II - Technical Grade IITO - Technical OfficerUDC - Upper Division Clerk

79

About the InstituteThe National Institute of Oceanography established in

January, 1966 is one of the forty laboratories of the Council ofScientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), and the only oceanographic

institution in the country. With headquarters at Goa, and regional centresat Kochi, Mumbai and Visakhapatnam the institute carries out oceanographic

research in various disciplines and also offers contract services and consultancieson problems connected with sea and allied domains. It manages oceanographicresearch vessel, Sagar Kanya (owned by Department of Ocean Development).The total manpower of the institute is 655, and the annual budget Rs. 1082 lakhs (1994-95).

The main objectives of the institute are to study physical, chemical, biological, geologicaland engineering aspects of the seas surrounding India, exploration of minerals

from the sea, mapping of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), marinepollution monitoring and design & development of marine instruments.

The institute also carries out studies in Antarctic waters.

Contact

Headquarters

Regional Centres

Scientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional Centre, P. B. No. 1913Vidyaniketan Annex, House No. 41/591 -BProvidence RoadErnakulam, Kochi - 682 018

Scientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional Centre, Sea Shell BuildingSeven BungalowsVersova, Mumbai - 400 061

: 6270419,6263773Grams : Oceanology, MumbaiTelex : 011-78419 NIOB INFax : 022-6270426

Scientist-in-ChargeNational Institute of OceanographyRegional Centre, 176, Lawsons Bay ColonyVisakhapatnam - 530 017

:554180Grams : Ostechlab, VisakhapatnamTelex : 495-580 NIOW INFax : 0891-543595

DirectorNational Institute of OceanographyDona Paula, Goa - 403 004

EPABX : 221322,226253Grams : Oceanology, Panaji

Telex : 0194-316 MGG INFax : 91(0)832-223340

91(0)832-221360e-mail : ocean@bcgoa.ernet.in

ocean@csnio.ren.nic.in

: 360306, 351814Grams : Oceanology, ErnakulamTelex . 885-6399 NIO INFax : 0484-374618

ANNUAL REPORT

(1994 - 95)National Institute ofOceangraphy, Goa - aconstituent laboratory of CSIR.