Overseas Development Institute

Annual Report 1995/96

The Overseas Development Institute is an independent non-governmental centre for development research and a forum for discussion of the problems facing developing countries. Its research programme has three main components: Natural Resources, Human Security and Development, and International Economic Development. There are also networks linking research to practitioners in Agricultural Research and Extension, Rural Development Forestry, and Relief and Rehabilitation.

The Institute also has an information programme of publications, meetings, conferences and library services. ODI works closely with the All Party Parliamentary Group for Overseas Development (APGOOD) providing research and advice to both Houses of Parliament. The Institute regularly advises government, the EU and international organisations such as the World Bank and the United Nations. ODI also briefs journalists and maintains a close relationship with other development NGOs.

As a registered charity, ODI is dependent on outside funds and is supported by grants and donations from public and private sources.

Annual Report 1995/96

ContentsGDI Staff and Council 2Chairman's Report 3

Funding Organisations 4Research 6

Natural Resources Group 6

Human Security and Development Group 12International Economic Development Group 15

Information 20Publications 20Meetings, Workshops and Seminars 24Library 25

Parliament 26

Fellowship Scheme 27

Finance 29

Overseas Development InstitutePortland House Stag Place London SW1E 5DP UK

Tel: +44 (0) 171 393 1600Fax: +44 (0) 171 393 1699Email: odi@odi.org.ukInternet: http://www. oneworld. org/odi/

Register of Companies No. 661818 Registered Charity No. 228248

ODI Staff and Council (at October 1996)Staff

Director John Howell Deputy Director Adrian Hewitt

Research FellowsCharlotte Benson Roger Blench John Borton David Brown Diana Carney Edward Clay Aidan Cox

Jonathan Cox Elizabeth Cromwell Sanjay Dhiri John Farrington Tony Killick Antonique Koning Joanna Macrae

Other Research StaffLaura Jackson Ana Man- Simon Stevens Cathryn Turton Publications & IT Officer Peter GeeAssistant Publications Officer Pippa Leask Fellowship Scheme Susan Amoaten Librarian Graham Hurford Senior Executive Assistant Sheila Field

Support StaffHelen Awan Virginia Ball Caroline Burns Joanne Burrell Zoe Cornell

Zeinab Badawi Robin Coope Lord Desai John Eccles Prof Walter Elkan Prof Michael Faber Christopher Haviland Baroness Jay Lord Judd Richard Kershaw

Patsy de Souza Jane Horsfield Caroline Horwood Ingrid Norton Chris Pescud

Sheila Page Michael Richards Roger Riddell Kate Schreckenberg Gill Shepherd Robert Tripp Jim Winpenny

SecretaryAlien BrownAccountantK J PatelAccounts AdministratorAngela O'BrienIT AssistantHelen CleasbyInformation OfficerSandra CoxAssistant LibrarianMark Perkins

Alison Saxby Nathalie Shellard Sue Squire Eleanor Tipton Adrienne Watson

CouncilChairman Earl Cairns

Sir Timothy Lankester Prof Angela Little Sir Peter Marshall Michael McWilliam Rupert Pennant-Rea John Finder Stanley Please Robert Porter Sir William Ryrie

Prof Jack Spence Dr Frances Stewart Revd Michael Taylor Sir John Thomson Prof John Toye Sir Douglas Wass Julian Wathen Kaye Whiteman Prof Peter Williams

Chairman's ReportThere is growing public and parliamentary interest in the effectiveness of the aid programmes of European Union countries and the European Commission. ODI's work is providing an essential empirical basis for the review of aid priorities and instruments. The Institute has undertaken a wide range of new research initiatives in collaboration with other European research institutes, governments of the member states of the European Union and the European Commission and brought them to fruition in the course of the year. These highlight that ODI has become a major centre of expertise on European assistance to developing countries. ODI's position as a leading authority on trade relations between Europe and developing countries has also been underscored by the completion of a major study of the impact of the World Trade Organisation on the Lome Convention countries.

Last year Sir Peter Leslie, in his final report as Chairman, wrote that I was taking over a flourishing Institute, held in respect throughout the world. I feel we are now even stronger partly because of our European work over the past year and our contributions in the field of emergency assistance. Turnover has risen again and is now approaching £4 million (compared with £3.46 million in 1994/95). Furthermore, after transfers in respect of committed expenditure for the forthcoming office move, a healthy surplus of nearly £25,000 was recorded.

During the year, we looked carefully at our expanding accommodation needs and have decided to move to new offices on the top floor of Portland House, Victoria. We are taking a sub-lease from Booker pic with whom we have had good links over the years. The offices give us much improved facilities in a more central location.

The Council suffered two sad losses during the year with the death of HE Mr Kenneth Dadzie, High Commissioner for Ghana, who had only recently joined the Council, and Professor lan Carruthers who had served on the Council for six years and provided considerable intellectual support to our water resources work. They will be greatly missed. We extended invitations to Sir Timothy Lankester (formerly a Permanent Secretary at ODA and now Director of SOAS) and Mr Christopher Haviland (Managing Director of Barclays Bank Africa, Caribbean, and Middle East operations) to become members of Council. I would also pay tribute to the great contribution of Sir Peter Leslie who chaired ODI through a remarkably successful period of seven years.

C/eUUCairns

Funding Organisations

AcordACTIONAIDAga Khan FoundationArbeitsgemeinschaftKischlicherEntwicklungsdienst(AG-KED)

APRODEV Bank of England Banque Nationale de Paris pic Barclays Bank pic The Barrow Cadbury Trust The British Council British Geographical Survey British Red Cross CAFODCARE International Caribbean Development Bank Centre for International ForestryResearch, Jakarta

Centre for Development Research,Copenhagen

Centre for Development Studies,University of Wales, Swansea

Centre National de la RechercheScientifique, Montpellier

Centre of African Studies, Universityof Edinburgh

China-Europe Centre forAgricultural Technology

Club du Sahel Commonwealth Foundation CPRO-DLO Centre for GeneticResources, Wageningen

Crown Agents The Crucible Group Darwin Initiative, Department of theEnvironment

Deutsche Gesellschaft furTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)

Economic and Social ResearchCouncil

EuronAid European Centre for DevelopmentPolicy Management, Maastricht

European Commission

European Consultants Organization European Court of Auditors Evangelische Zentralstelle furEnttwicklungshilfe

The Finnish Cooperative Centre Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)

Food Studies Group Ford Foundation Forestry Research Programme,University of Oxford

Government of Uganda HealthNet International Institute of Development Studies International Centre forDevelopment Oriented Research inAgriculture, Wageningen

International Federation of the RedCross and Red Crescent Societies

International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD)

International Institute for RuralReconstruction, Philippines

International Livestock Centre forAfrica (ILCA)

International Rangelands Congress International Service for NationalAgricultural Research (ISNAR)

Land and Agriculture Policy Centre,Johannesburg

London School of Hygiene andTropical Medicine

Medecins Sans Frontieres Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Denmark

Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Japan

Ministry for Foreign Affairs,Netherlands

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway Natural Resources Institute (NRI) The Nordic Africa Institute Norwegian Agency forDevelopment Cooperation

The Oppenheimer Charitable Trust

Funding Organisations 5

Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development(OECD)

Overseas DevelopmentAdministration (ODA)

Overseas Development Council OxfamPublic Finance Foundation Regional Community ForestryTraining Centre, Bangkok

Ramboll, Hannemann & H0jlund A/SVirum

Sartal Oy, Tuusula Statistical Office of the EuropeanCommunities (EUROSTAT)

Swedish International DevelopmentAuthority (Sida)

Swiss Agency for Development andCooperation

Swiss Commission for ResearchPartnership with DevelopingCountries

Swiss Development Cooperation

Unilever picUnited Nations Conference onTrade and Development(UNCTAD)

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)

United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization(UNIDO)

United States Agency forInternational Development(USAID)

University of Dar es Salaam University of Wolverhampton Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) The World Bank The World Conservation Union World Institute for DevelopmentEconomics Research (WIDER)

World Vision (UK) World Wide Fund for Nature

(WWF) Zimconsult

ResearchIn the course of the year, ODI established three separate research groups in order to enhance research co-ordination and to respond more effectively to new research opportunities.

• Natural Resources which incorporates four programmes:- Agricultural Institutions- Forestry- Seeds and Biodiversity- Environment

• Human Security and Development which incorporates:- Relief and Disasters Policy programme- Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs)- Food Aid

• International Economic Development covering:- Economic Policies- International Trade- Aid

Natural Resources Group

Agricultural Institutions

The year saw the successful completion of the ODA-supported Rural Resources and Poverty Research Programme (1993-6) and preparatory work for a new three-year ODA supported programme: Partnerships and Policies for Improved NR Management. Both programmes include policy-focused research and dissemination - through the Agricultural Research and Extension Network and the Natural Resource Perspectives series of papers. The focus of policy research in the former programme was on the changing relationship between the state and the users of renewable natural resources; in the latter it will be on improved strategies for the joint management of common pool resources and adjacent private agricultural land. A further element of the programme will identify strategies for the development of local-level seed enterprises. Case study countries will be India, Ghana and Zimbabwe. John Farrington co-ordinated the 1993-6 programme, with participation by Tony Bebbington, Roy Behnke, Diana Carney, Jon Cox, Mary Hobley, Michael Richards, Vanessa Scarborough and Hugh Turral.

Natural Resources 7

Other contributors included:Mrinal Chowdhury, Scott Killough, Lyla Mehta, David Mosse, Carol Kerven, Guillermo Navarro, Alberto Vargas, Paul Appasamy, Vina Vani, V Ballabh, Tushaar Shah, R Prabhakar, Kishore Shah

To date publications include:Bebbington, A. Organizations and Intensifications: Small Farmer Federations, Rural

Livelihoods and Agricultural Technology in the Andes and Amazonia' WorldDevelopment vol. 24 No. 7.

Carney, D 'The Changing Public Role in Services to Agriculture: A framework foranalysis'. Food Policy 20 (6).

Farrington, J. The Changing Public Role in Agricultural Extension.' Food Policy20(6).

Research and Farmers' OrganisationsThe objective of this project, led by. Diana Carney, has been to understand the potential role of formal farmers' organisations in agricultural technology development and transfer in various countries, particularly in the African continent. Case studies were conducted with various partners in: Bolivia, Mali, Zimbabwe, China and South Africa. Overall findings have been that, despite significant potential, few organisations have yet seen this as a priority area of involvement and few currently have the capacity to take on a significant role.

Contributors included (April 95-August 96):Yao Jianfu, Yang Limin, Fang Yan, Ren Jinyang (Research Centre for the Rural Economy, Beijing) Jorgen Delman, Lu Ping, Zong Huilai Zhao Mingtian (China- European Union Centre for Agricultural Technology), Johan van Rooyen (plus students from the University of Pretoria), Steven Giddings (Agricultural Research Council, South Africa), the Rural Foundation (Stellenbosch, South Africa), the Small Grower Development Trust of the South African Cane Growers' Association, Louise Sperling, Jet Proost (WAU), and Rachel Stringfellow and Jonathan Coulter (both NRI)

Inter-organisational Collaboration in Research and Extension in IndiaSupported by the Ford Foundation, this project is examining process- based options for monitoring collaboration between NGOs and government research and extension services in Udaipur District. This project is in its third and final year, and a book is planned for March 1997. The principal researchers are John Farrington, Ruth Alsop, Elon Gilbert and Rajiv Khandelwal, and the principal institutional collaborator is the Udaipur Krishi Vigyan Kendra.

8 ODI Annual Report 1995/96

India Grasslands and Fodder ImprovementJointly with the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute and the Institute for Grassland and Environmental Research (Aberystwyth), ODI is exploring how improvements in fodder technology can best be achieved and disseminated. ODI Associate Tom Farrington is working with the Indo-UK Western India Rainfed Farming Project and the Aga Khan Rural Support Project to develop with IGFRI staff participatory methods of needs assessment and research planning. A survey of fodder seed markets by ODI Research Associates Cathryn Turton and Pari Baumann in 1996 has produced findings likely to have a significant impact on the design of future scientific research.

The Management of Drought-prone UplandsCathryn Turton and Research Associate Anthony Bottrall have completed a study under the ODA Natural Resources Policy Research Programme entitled Towards a new planning framework for development in drought prone upland environments: Experience from India and Africa'. The work is now being summarised in a Natural Resource Perspectives Paper.

Communal Land Tenure in NamibiaA study led by Jon Cox conducted in collaboration with the Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) is examining the evolution of communal land tenure in northern Namibia with particular emphasis on rangeland enclosure, in an effort to identify how governments and local communities can more effectively manage the evolution of local resource control. The effects of privatisation on rangeland output, resource conservation and equity will be studied, and the appropriate role of government and local communities in co-managing tenure reform identified. Contributors are: Roy Behnke (formerly, ODI and now with NOLIDEP in Namibia), Carol Kerven (Research Associate, ODI) and "Wolfgang Werner (Senior Researcher, NEPRU).

Forestry Programme

A Programme of European Union Tropical Forestry Information Consolidation, Networking and DisseminationThe research, funded by the European Commission, has the objective of assisting the EU in its goal of greater complementarity, collaboration, and coherence in the tropical forestry activities of the Commission and the EU member states. The research period is 1996-8 and the main outputs include an EU Forestry Source-book (containing a chapter on each of the member states' tropical forestry activities, and those of the Commission);

Natural Resources 9

a series of EU Tropical Forestry Papers (providing comparative analyses of approaches which have been taken within Europe to solving specific tropical forestry problems); continued production and dissemination of the Rural Development Forestry Network papers and Newsletters, with an expanded network membership in Europe and the developing world; the organisation of workshops and training sessions to provide a forum for discussion and experience-sharing between developing country partners, the Community, and member states (with dissemination of findings through the EU Tropical Forestry Papers series); and establishment of a Tropical Forestry Projects Database, to create a mechanism for the characterisation of EC-funded forestry projects by geographical focus, contribution to national policy objectives, and type of project activity.

The programme manager is David Brown, and the principal researchers include Michael Richards, Kate Schreckenberg, and Gill Shepherd. The programme also involves collaboration with a large number of institutions and individual researchers in the member states of the European Union, the relevant Directorates-General of the EC, and their developing country partners.

Research Associates:Mike Arnold, Thorsten Celander (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Catherine Ghyoot, James Gordon, Helen Groome (EHNE, Spain), Thomas Heindrichs, Paul Kerkhof, Henk Lette (ETC Foundation, The Netherlands), Riita Oksanen (Finnish Training Partners), Prof. Raul Sardinha (Consultadoria, Portugal), Catherine Stoneman, Philomena Tuite.

New Approaches to Survey and Inventory Methods in Tropical Forest ManagementChanges in approaches to tropical forest management over recent years include a far greater emphasis on local people's participation in forest management, and the combining of conservation and biodiversity objectives with those of production. These changes in turn demand a broader set of survey and inventory tools. The research, funded by ODA and the Forestry Research Programme, undertook case studies in forestry projects in the tropics which have experimented with new survey and inventory methods, and made suggestions for future research and implementation directions. The principal researchers were Jane Carter, Robert Dunn, Anna Lawrence, Mary Stockdale and Joe Watts.

Publication:Carter, J. (1996) Recent Approaches to Participator}' Forest Resource Assessment.ODI Forestry Study Guide No. 2. London: Overseas Development Institute.

Participatory Forest Management in South AsiaThe research compiles a series of studies from Nepal and India that

10 ODI Annual Report / 995/96

illuminate different aspects of the theory and practice of participatory forest management. Emphasis was placed in particular on the question of who benefits from these interventions, with analysis of its impact at village level and within government institutions charged with the implementation of these new approaches. Case studies 'were contributed by government, non-government and project staff in these two countries, and also drew on recent work carried out by Mary Hobley in Nepal and India designing new forestry projects. The work was funded by the ODA, Forestry Research Programme, European Commission, and VSO and Research Associates included Peter Branney, Jeff Campbell, Arvind Khare, Yam Malla, B.M.S., Rathore, Eva Wollenberg.

Publication:Hobley, M. (1996) Participatory Forestry: the process of change in India andNepal. ODI Forestry Study Guide No. 3. London: Overseas Development Institute,1996.

Tenure, Access Rights, and Common Property ResourcesThe environmental protection of forests and the protection of livelihoods is dependent on the inter-relationship between the land tenure arrangements found at the forest-agriculture interface, and the tensions which often arise from the anomalies of this fluid transition area. This study, involving Gill Shepherd, was commissioned by ODA to identify issues which most need further research. The study was published to launch the Forest-Agriculture Interface Component in ODA's Natural Resources Systems Programme.

Publication:Shepherd, G., Kiff, L. and Robertson, D. (1996) The importance of Common Property Issues. Tenure and Access Rights in relation to Land-Use Management and Planning at the Forest-Agriculture Interface. NRI.

Seeds and Biodiversity Programme

Louise Sperling joined ODI as a Research Associate in July 1996, to contribute to the on-going work of the Seeds and Biodiversity Programme and to develop research in the area of participatory plant breeding.

Publications:Cromwell, E. (June 1996) Governments, Farmers and Seeds in a Changing Africa.

Wallingford: CABI.Cromwell, E. and Brodie, A. with Southern, A. (July 1996) Germplasm for

Multipurpose Trees: access and utility in small farm communities. London: Overseas Development Institute (also published in Spanish).

Natural Resources 1 7

Seed Regulatory FrameworksThis is the second phase of a project led by Rob Tripp that is examining the conduct of national seed regulatory systems in developing countries and is developing options for regulatory reform. The project featured five country case studies and a workshop held at ODI, in May 1996. Project documentation provided guidelines for reforming the conduct of public- sector plant breeding, variety regulation, and seed quality control. The major partner was the Centre for Arid Zone Studies (CAZS) Bangor (J. R. Witcombe and D. S. Virk.)

Country case studies were:Zimbabwe: J. Rusike (University of Zimbabwe), C. Pasipanodya (independent consultant), T. Musa (independent consultant), N. Mashiringwani (DR&SS). Kenya: K. Njoroge (KARI), L. Kimenye (University of Nairobi), H. Nyangito (University of Nairobi),}. Kipligat (NSQCS). Bolivia-.]. Rosales King (Prosemillas), A. Bojanic, G. Revollo, I. Pavez, and G. Romero (independent consultants). Pakistan: Altaf-Ur- Rehman Rao (University of Agriculture, Faisalabad), Z. Alam and A.R. Saleemi (Enterprise and Development Consulting). Philippines: J. Hernandez and T. Borromeo (Dept. of Agronomy, UPLB), M. Logrono (Institute of Plant Breeding, UPLB).

Local Crop DevelopmentRob Tripp contributed to a comprehensive literature review and annotated bibliography on issues related to farmer- and community-level management of crop varieties and crop genetic resources. The major partners were the Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research (CPRO-DLO), Wageningen (W. van der Heide and W. de Boef) and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.

In-situ Conservation in ZimbabweFunded by the UK Government's Darwin Initiative, with supplementary funding for an end-of-project workshop from GTZ/SADC Small-Scale Seed Supply Project and the Danish Embassies in Harare and Maputo, this project is led by Elizabeth Cromwell and conducted in collaboration with Sorghum Landrace Study, Department of Research & Specialist Services, (Dr Saskia van Oosterhout). From an analysis of field surveys in twelve Districts in Eastern Zimbabwe, the project is examining the economic, cultural and environmental factors that influence the willingness and ability of farmers to conserve a diversity of crops and varieties on-farm. The results are intended to guide the implementation of Article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (i.e. the implementation of on-farm conservation) in the SADC region. The method and results will be presented at a SADC workshop convened by the project in Harare in November 1996.

12 ODI Annual Report 7995/96

Environment Programme

Water PolicyJim Winpenny has contributed to three papers on behalf of the FAO's Land and Water Development Division. The first of these was for presentation at an FAO Regional Meeting in Samoa (The development of national policy and strategies for rural water'). The other two are currently being completed for a proposed conference ('The management of water scarcity' and 'River basin management') under the Global Freshwater Assessment programme. All three are likely to be published by FAO.

Economic Incentives and Environmental Policy in South AfricaThis project was funded by ODA and undertaken in collaboration with the Land and Agriculture Policy Centre in Johannesburg. Three special topics were commissioned: commercial agriculture (Richard Pearce of Wye College), nature conservation (Michael Wells) and water (CSIR, Pretoria). The individual papers are being published by LAPC. A summary of the project has been written by Jim Winpenny for publication as an LAPC Briefing Paper. The findings of the project were presented at a Workshop held in Johannesburg in October 1995.

Tropical Disease and Environmental Change: a Guide to Economic AppraisalThis is a project led by Jim Winpenny and funded by the World Health Organization (WHO) under its Tropical Disease and the Environment programme. Its intention is to produce a book which will review and provide guidance on the economic appraisal of health impacts associated with tropical environmental change. Its prime focus will be on the vector borne diseases of most concern to WHO, including malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, sleeping sickness, and guinea worm.

Human Security and Development Group

Relief and Disasters Policy Programme

A major activity was a study of Humanitarian Aid and Effects within the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda. This Joint Evaluation examined the international community's response before during and after the genocide of April-July 1994, and was supported by over twenty donor organisations and overseen by a Steering Committee composed of representatives of bilateral and multilateral donor organisations, UN agencies and Departments and NGO umbrella

Human Security and Development 13

organisations. The Steering Committee and the Management Group were both chaired by Danida - the development cooperation wing of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The ODI study, which started in January 1995, was published as part of a five report set (available for sale from ODI) in March 1996 and launched at press conferences in London, New York, Geneva and Nairobi. The evaluation has provoked follow-up initiatives at several levels of the international system and, in particular, in the general area of accountability and in ensuring the attainment of acceptable standards of performance by agencies involved in the provision of humanitarian assistance. The study has also provoked debate in areas such as co-ordination and UN reform, donor funding and preparedness measures, early warning systems and evaluation methodology. The core ODI team comprised John Borton (the Team Leader) Emery Brusset and Alistair Hallam.

There were a number of technical specialists including: Steve Collins, Johan Pottier, Danielle de Lame, Andrew Chalinder, Jeremy Shoham, Lisa Lee, Richard Connaughton, Torben Ish0y, John Telford, Franz Goetz, Gill Shepherd, Lindsey Hilsum, Bruce Jones and David Turton

These debates and actions have been followed by the Joint Evaluation Follow-Up and Facilitation Monitoring (JEFF) Network in which John Borton has been playing a central role with support from Sida and Danida. The objective of JEFF is to monitor reactions to the Joint Evaluation and progress in implementing its recommendations in a wide range of fora including the Development Assistance Committee, the UN InterAgency Standing Committee, individual UN agencies, bilateral donor organisations and the NGO community.

Another recent major evaluation of humanitarian assistance was that of the UN's Operation Lifeline Sudan led by Mark Duffield of the School of Public Policy at the University of Birmingham and managed by the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs. Joanna Macrae of ODI was a member of the eight person evaluation team which worked from March until June 1996 and examined seven years of the programme's operation in government and rebel-held territories, and proposed a series of recommendations for reform of international intervention in protracted, conflict-related emergencies. In particular, it proposed the introduction of humanitarian conditionalities on relief aid and clarification of the interpretation of UN specialist agency responsibility with regard to internally displaced persons.

The theme of accountability and evaluation extended through to the work undertaken by John Borton and Alistair Hallam on behalf of the UK Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) between April and October 1996. Here the objective -was to devise a structure and procedures to enable the DEC to grow from its present seven agency membership to

74 ODI Annual Report 7995/96

perhaps 15 to 20 agencies and in the process ensuring greater transparency and accountability to the broadcasters, general public and the disaster-affected population.

Joanna Macrae has been involved in a series of initiatives concerned to examine the links between relief and development assistance, particularly in the context of chronic conflict. Research has included on-going collaboration with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in studies concerning The Role of International Aid in Rehabilitation of Health Services in Situations of 'Post'-Conflict Transition. Fieldwork has been underway in Ethiopia and Cambodia and reports will be finalised in early 1997. With the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs and ACTIONAID, she also co-convened an international meeting at Wilton Park in April 1996: entitled Aid Under Fire. It sought to link current debates regarding the relief-development continuum with those concerning the role of aid in conflict management.

The Relief and Rehabilitation Network (RRN)The RRN was launched in late 1993 and is aimed at relief agency personnel. It has made an important contribution to the debate on accountability and standards over the period. From an earlier focus on food aid and food security related issues, the content of RRN material has altered to include Network Papers on, for example, the management and support of aid workers, and Internet and e-mail resources for humanitarian aid organisations. The Good Practice Reviews remain the flagship of RRN output, an important contribution to the series being that prepared principally by Suzanne Jaspers and Helen Young on General Food Distribution in Emergencies. Other Good Practice Reviews to be published shortly cover the identification and registration of beneficiary populations (prepared principally by John Telford) and emergency seeds provision (prepared by Louise Sperling).

In the second half of 1995 the RRN structure was altered following the appointment of Laura Jackson as a full-time RRN Co-ordinator, the Administrative Assistant's input being increased to a full-time role and John Borton and Joanna Macrae providing support. These alterations enabled greater efforts to be put into increasing the number of publications commissioned, produced and disseminated by the RRN. Greater awareness of the RRN and appreciation of its networking role has resulted in a steady increase in the number of papers submitted for publication. Membership has increased from approximately 180 in June 1995 to 380 in September 1996 to include donor policy personnel as well as UN, NGO, and academic members.

Human Security and Development 15

NGOs and Food Aid

Evaluation of the Bangladesh Population and Health Consortium (BPHC) NGO ProjectRoger Riddell led a ten person team to undertake the evaluation on behalf of the World Bank consortium. It covered the impact of the BPHC NGO project - whose main purpose is to provide primary health and family planning facilities largely to rural communities - as well as addressing issues related to the role of NGOs in health projects in Bangladesh and ways in which donors and NGOs should interact, covering both health delivery issues and wider issues of civil society.

Joint Evaluation of European Union Programme Food AidThis study was commissioned by the Working Group of Heads of Evaluation Services (Development) of the member states and the European Commission. Stage One, which began in February 1993 and was undertaken by ODI, provided a policy profile and analysis of EU programme food aid through a desk-based review of documentation and statistical analysis. Stage Two, launched in October 1994, was financed by the following EU donors: Denmark, France, Germany, the UK and the European Commission. It involved a series of case studies in twelve recipient developing countries. ODI, financed by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, acted as a core group with responsibility for overall co­ ordination and organisation of the evaluation. Edward Clay with Sanjay Dhirl and Charlotte Benson prepared a Synthesis Report, drawing together the main findings of both stages of the research. This will be published in October 1996 and distributed to the Development Committee of the European Parliament, the DAC Working Group of Evaluators, institutional members of EADI in Europe and all evaluation participants. ODI is also currently finalising and distributing the twelve country case studies undertaken as background documents to the Synthesis Report. Copies of the Synthesis Report and background documents will only be available from the Head of Evaluation, DG VIII, European Commission, which is acting as documentation centre for this evaluation.

International Economic Development Group

The research of the Group currently focuses on three broad areas: economic policy, international trade and foreign aid. However, work within these areas continues to broaden, not least because of a rising number of requests for research from a variety of sources. Thus whereas five years ago, most ODI research in these areas was initiated by ODI staff applying for research funds from research-granting bodies, increasingly,

76 ODI Annual Report 1995/96

the Institute is now being asked to undertake commissioned research by international agencies, donor organisations and developing country governments.

Economic Policies

Structural adjustment, conditionality, debt and the role of non­ governmental organisations (NGOs) in development have continued to be the three main economic policy issues addressed, but new areas of activity have opened up. These include work on the future of the Lome Convention and comparative studies of international development experience.

Building on his research conducted in the 1980s, Tony Killick's recent work on the International Monetary Fund (undertaken in conjunction with Graham Bird of the University of Surrey) culminated in the publication of IMF Programmes in Developing Countries: Design and Impact for the Development Policy Studies series.

This has led on to a range of linked research focusing on structural adjustment and conditionality which has included a project on Conditionality and the Improvement of Economic Polices in Developing Countries in which ODI Research Associate Ramani Guaiiatilake participated. The study examines the merits and limitations of making the provision of aid conditional upon certain policy reforms, usually in adjustment programmes. It has included a number of country and regional studies: Ana Marr wrote a paper on south-east Asian economies. The project's conclusions will be published in the Development Policy Studies series in 1997.

Tony Killick has overseen a collaborative research project with the University of Ghana examining recent economic performance. One part of this research led to the 1996 publication produced by a research team from the Department of Economics at the University of Ghana: Exporting Manufactures from Ghana: Is Adjustment Enough? It is hoped to begin a further phase of this project in 1997.

Economic policy papers have been produced by Sheila Page, Antonique Koning and Adrian Hewitt on commercial and multilateral debt issues and on the future of EC-ACP relations in preparation for the Green Paper on Partnership 2000, and, more specifically on future EC-Caribbean relations. Tony Killick prepared papers for the Commonwealth Finance Ministers Meeting, the World Bank and the House of Commons Treasury Committee Inquiry into the Future of the International Monetary Fund on IMF conditionality and debt.

International Economic Development 17

Following earlier work on NGOs and civil society, the ODA commissioned Roger Riddell to undertake an international comparative study of cost-effectiveness. This led to the production of a report Linking Costs and Benefits in NGO Development Projects, dovetailing with similar work carried out within the Human Security and Development Group work by Research Assistant Alistair Hallam on NGOs, cost-effectiveness and emergency initiatives.

Work has recently begun on a collaborative project with the Institute of Developing Economies in Tokyo on The East Asian Development Experience and its Applicability to Sub-Saharan Africa. Sheila Page will be leading this project for ODI which includes local researchers undertaking country studies in Ghana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Sheila Page is also beginning a sectoral study on tourism as part of a joint UK universities' research programme on trade and industry. This study is funded by ESCOR.

International Trade

ODI work on international trade continues to be influenced by the growing role of new international and regional trade agreements, across both the industrialised and developing world. The Institute's work in this area has spread to both the former eastern bloc countries and east Asia. During the year GDI's trade specialists have received a number of requests to analyse the impact of the GATT agreement on both individual and groups of countries. Building on past work in this area, research has been undertaken more recently by Sheila Page and Antonique Koning, on future EU-South African trade relations and their implications for other members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). This research is being done under the imani group in Zimbabwe.

One of the major trade projects has been Sheila Page's research on Regional Trade Groups in the World Economy. Work on the theoretical and data-gathering parts has been completed, culminating in the production of papers on a framework for analysis of regions and measuring the intensity of regionalisation. Two were presented at LINK forecasters' meetings, entitled Analysing Regional Groups among Developing Countries. Subsequent papers linked to this and earlier research have included the Relationship between regionalism and the multilateral trading system, for UNCTAD; The Effects of the Uruguay Round on Ghana, for UNIDO; The Effect of the Europe Agreements with the eastern European countries on Latin America, for the Institute for European Latin American Relations; and The Legal and Economic Possibilities for a Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Mexico, for the EU. Together with Iftikhar Hussain, Sheila Page prepared a report

18 ODI Annual Report 1995/96

on Prospects for Trade and Capital Flows in the Developing Countries: New Sources and Directions for Investment.

Antonique Koning continues to work in collaboration with colleagues from the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM), where she has a joint appointment. Much of this work is on the trade relations of the EU, recent work focusing on EU-ACP trade relations. With Adrian Hewitt and Research Associate, Michael Davenport, she produced an issues paper on Lome Trade Preferences, while this team also produced a report for UNIDO on The Impact of the Uruguay Round on Manufactured Exports from ACP Countries. They also produced an ODI Special Report Europe's Preferred Fanners? The Lome Countries in World Trade.

Aid

Paralleling the 'reappraisal' of foreign aid taking place across many donor agencies, ODI has been involved in a number of initiatives, focusing especially on the implications of the changes taking place in aid policy. Another growth area for ODI research has been NGOs, with a substantial examination of the effects of the aid provided to them.

A major area of research has focused on aid within the European Union. This has been undertaken by John Healey, Aidan Cox and AntoniqueKoning, -with assistance from Ana Marr. Much of this work has been in collaboration with other research institutes. Apart from ECDPM, this has included the following:

The Third World Institute, University of Nijmegen; Developpement des Investigations sur PAdjustement a Long Terme, Paris; Centre Studi Politica Internazionale, Rome; The Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen; the German Development Institute, Berlin; the Scandinavian Institute for African Research, Upsalla; AIETI, Spain; the Institute of Development Studies, Helsinki.

The first project was a Comparative Study of European Union Aid which led to an important source-book and database publication as an ODI Research Study How European Aid Works: A comparison of Management Systems and Effectiveness. This is being followed up by a research project entitled Comparative Study of European Union Aid for Poverty Reduction, co-ordinated jointly by ODI and ECDPM. Following desk studies examining the conceptualisation of poverty, management and experience of ten European donors, six case-studies will be undertaken, with ODI having responsibility for two of these.

Related to this work, the following papers have been produced:The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Management of the EDF (AntoniqueKoning); Aid in the European Union: Management Effectiveness and New

International Economic Development 7 9

Directions (John Healey and Aidan Cox), prepared for UNU/WIDER, Helsinki.

Research has been commissioned by the Evaluation Unit of DG VIII to provide an inventory of EC aid flows and policies, covering all developing countries and CEEC and NIS. The ODI study, principally authored by Aidan Cox and Antonique Koning represents the preliminary phase of a major evaluation of European Commission-managed aid decided by the EU Council of Development Ministers in June 1995. The final report will be revised for wider circulation within the EU and the findings will form the basis of an ODI Special Report on European Community aid early in 1997

Following ODI's Special Report Crisis or Transition in Foreign Aid (edited by Adrian Hewitt), a series of contributions to rethinking aid and the aid relationship have been undertaken. Roger Riddell was commissioned by UNDP's Office of Development Studies to prepare a proposed agenda for researching aid policy issues. This was published as The Future of Aid in their Development Studies series. He also contributed to the debates on the future of aid taking place within Sida, undertaking research on the issue of Aid Dependency. Roger Riddell also prepared a paper on The Future of International Development Cooperation at the request of the Aga Khan Foundation Canada.

Related papers include:The Moral Case for Post-Cold War Development Aid; Major Issues Related to the New Framework for International Development Cooperation, prepared for Nordic conference on aid to Africa (Roger Riddell); and Changes in the EU and UK Aid Programmes: Implications for Developing Countries (Adrian Hewitt), prepared for the EADI General Conference.

The Institute's research in this field has also focused on aid evaluations and evaluation studies. Aidan Cox has participated in a joint research institute (European, North American and Japanese) evaluation of aid effectiveness in Africa, co-ordinated by the Overseas Development Council in Washington DC. As part of this research, a case study of Ghana was commissioned and prepared by Research Associate Ernest Aryeetey. This will be published in Improving Aid to Africa, in 1997. Finally, ODI has been approached by the Commonwealth Secretariat to undertake an evaluation of Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC) to Uganda, both to assess impact as well as to help develop methodologies for undertaking country-based assessments of the Secretariat's technical assistance programmes. This work is being undertaken by Roger Riddell and Research Assistant, Simon Stevens.

20

Information

Publications

Books

The Institute's volumes are published either in association with other publishers or by ODI alone.

IMF Programmes in Developing Countries: Design and ImpactTony Killick (in association with Routledge, September 1995)

Non-Governmental Organizations and Rural Poverty AlleviationRoger Riddell and Mark Robinson (in association with Oxford University Press, November 1995)

Votes and Budgets: Comparative Studies in Accountable Governance in the South edited by John Healey and William Tordoff (in association with Macmillan, November 1995)

Europe's Preferred Partners? The Lome Countries in World Trade Michael Davenport, Adrian Hewitt and Antonique Koning (ODI, May 1996)

Governments, Farmers and Seeds in a Changing AfricaElizabeth Cromwell (in association with CAB, June 1996)

Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource AssessmentJane Carter (ODI, June 1996)

Germplasm for Multipurpose Trees: Access and Utility in Small- Farm CommunitiesElizabeth Cromwell and Angus Brodie with Alison Southern (ODI, July 1996)

Participatory Forest Management in South Asia: The Process of Change in India and Nepal Mary Hobley (ODI, July 1996)

Project Appraisal and Valuation Methods for the EnvironmentPeter Abelson (in association with Macmillan, July 1996)

Structural Adjustment and Environmental Linkages: A Case Study of Kenya Julie Richardson (ODI, July 1996)

Exporting Manufactures from Ghana: Is Adjustment Enough?Amoah Baah-Nuakoh, Charles D. Jebuni, Abna D. Orudro and Yaw Yasante (ODI, August 1996)

Information 2 1

Working Papers

The Working Papers series presents preliminary research findings on current ODI projects.

Series Editor Tony Killick

82: Structural Adjustment and Sustainable Development in Mali: A World Wide Fund for Nature StudyJames Winpenny et al.

83: Structural Adjustment and Sustainable Development in Cameroon: A World Wide Fund for Nature StudyJames Winpenny et al.

84: Regional Integration in Latin America: Is Mercosur a New Approach? Douglas Zormelo

85: Financial Integration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Informal Finance Sector in MalawiC. Chipeta and M.L.C. Mkandawire

86: The Formal Financial Sector in Ghana after the ReformsErnest Aryeetey

87: Financial Integration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study of Formal Finance in TanzaniaMboya S.D. Bagachwa

88: Financial Linkage and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Formal Financial Institutions in NigeriaAdedoyin Soyibo

89: Financial Integration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study of Formal Finance in MalawiC. Chipeta and M.L.C. Mkandawire

90: Financial Integration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Study of Informal Finance in NigeriaAdedoyin Soyibo

91: Planning and Policies on Extensive Livestock Development in Central Asia Carol Kerven et al.

92: Institutional Change within the Forest Sector: Centralised Decentralisation Mary Hobley

22 ODI Annual Report 1995/96

93: Decentralising Forest Management and Conservation in Central AmericaMichael Richards et al.

94: Conditionality and South-East Asian AdjustmentAna Marr '

Briefing Papers

These provide analyses of contemporary development issues. They are available free of charge and are mailed to 5,500 recipients in the UK and overseas.

Series Editor Edward Clay

EU Aid Post-Maastricht: Fifteen into One?, April 1995Developing Countries in the WTO, May 1995NGOs and Official Donors, August 1995Commodity Markets: Options for Developing Countries,

November 1995New Sources of Finance for Development, February 1996 The Impact of NGO Development Projects, May 1996 Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Ghana, July 1996

Natural Resource PerspectivesThese short papers summarise research and are mailed free of charge to 4000 recipients in the UK and overseas.

Series Editor John Farrington

Alley Farming: Have Resource-Poor Farmers Benefited?Jane Carter, June 1995

Management and Supply in Agriculture and Natural Resources: Is Decentralisation the Answer?Diana Carney, June 1995

Recent Trends in Irrigation Management - Changing Directions for the Public SectorHugh Turral, September 1995

Land Reform: New Seeds on Old Ground?Martin Adams, October 1995

The Erosion of Crop Genetic Diversity: Challenges, Strategiesand UncertaintiesRobert Tripp and Wieneke van der Heide, March 1996

A Fresh Look at Agricultural Input RegulationRobert Tripp and David Gisselquist, March 1996

Information 23

Socio-economic Methods in Natural Resources ResearchJohn Farrington, July 1996

Stabilising the Amazon Frontier: Technology, Institutions and PoliciesMichael Richards, July 1996

What Makes a Local Organisation Robust? Evidence from India and NepalMary Hobley and Kishore Shah, July 1996

Development Research Insights

A newsletter of current development research, produced quarterly and financed by the ODA. Published jointly by the ODI and the Institute of Development Studies. This year the following themes were examined: Agricultural Development, Gender, NGOs and Capacity Building, and Privatisation.

Editor Susan Joekes

Development Policy Review

The Institute's journal includes both the results of academic research and contributions from aid agency and other development practitioners. The DPR is published for ODI by Blackwell Publishers in March, June, September and December.

Editor Sheila PageCo-Editors John Farrington, Adrian Hewitt,

Roger Riddell and Jim Winpenny Associate Editor Margaret Cornell

Disasters

The journal of disasters studies and management is published by Blackwell Publishers for ODI in March, June, September and December. Disasters maintains a balance between field reports from relief and development workers, case studies, articles of general interest and academic papers.

Editors David Turton (to September 1995); Charlotte Benson and Joanna Macrae (from September 1995).

Assistant Editor Corwen McCutcheon

24 OD1 Annual Report 1995/96

Meetings, Conferences, Workshops and Seminars

IMF Programmes in Developing CountriesTony Killick, ODI, September 1995

The Swedish Aid Programme and its Future DirectionsPierre Schorl, Deputy Minister Foreign Affairs and Minister for International Development Cooperation, Sweden, October 1995

Working with the Poor: NGOs and Rural Poverty AlleviationRoger Riddell, ODI, and Mark Robinson, IDS, January 1996

Saving the Children: Children and WarJoan Lestor MP, Shadow Minister for Overseas Development, February 1996

People at the Centre of Global ChangeJames H Michel, Chair, Development Assistance Committee, OECD, February 1996

ODA: New Aims and PrioritiesBaroness Chalker of Wallasey, Minister for Overseas Development, Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, February 1996

The Maastricht Treaty, The Lome Convention and the Future of European Union Aid

Steffen Smidt, Director General, Directorate General for Development (DG VIII), The European Commission, March 1996

Whose Disaster Is It Anyway? The World Disasters Report 1996

Peter Walker, Director of Disaster and Refugee Policy, International Confederation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, May 1996

The State of World Population 1996Dr Nafis Sadik, Executive Director, United Nations Population Fund, May 1996

Forestry Study Guide Launch, Recent Approaches to Participatory Forest Resource Assessment

Jane Carter, ODI, June 1996

Caring for the Future, The Report of the Independent Commission on Population and Quality of Life

Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo and Baroness Williams, Independent Commission on Population and Quality of Life, June 1996

Information 25

The UK and the Commonwealth Benefit or Burden?The Rt Hon David Howell MP, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, July 1996

The Human Development Report 1996Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, United Nations Development Programme, July 1996

Briefing on Aid for Directors of NORADOne day event held at ODI, November 1995

West African Long-Term Perspectives Study (WALTPS)In collaboration with the Club du Sahel, OECD, March 1996

Socio-Economics Methodologies WorkshopTwo-day event with ODA, April 1996

Structural Adjustment, the Environment and Sustainable Development

Half-day seminar with the World Wide Fund for Nature, May 1996

Reforming Regulatory Frameworks for Small Farmer Seed Supply

Three-day workshop, May 1996

NGO Capacity Building and Effectiveness, Development Research Insights Seminar, Sponsored by ODA, June 1996

The World Food Summit: UK Public ConsultationWith the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, and sponsored by ODA, July 1996

Library

GDI's library has some 20,000 publications, and currently receives around 400 periodicals covering economic and social development, aid, finance and foreign trade. The library provides an essential resource to the Institute's research staff and also includes important research collections, which can be consulted by prior appointment on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays from 10a.m. to 5p.m. The library's database contains about 40,000 records of books, working papers, grey literature and articles from journals held in the library's periodicals collection.

26 OD1 Annual Report 1995/96

Parliament

For eleven years, the All Party Parliamentary Group on Overseas .Development (APGOOD) has received advice, and organisational and research support from ODI. This year, the Group's most consistent activity continued to be focused on the issue of Africa's multilateral debt. They were pleased to find that some of their recommendations had been adopted by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and ultimately by the G7 Lyon Summit and later in Washington by the World Bank and the IMF.

Meetings ;

What in the World is Going On? (Development and International Coverage on TV). Michael Ignatieff and the Third World and Environment Broadcasting Project.

After the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing: Next Steps. Baroness Chalker of Wallasey, Minister for Overseas Development. Organised with the All Party Parliamentary Group on Population, Development and Reproductive Health

Europe's Preferred Partners? The Lome Countries in World Trade.Adrian Hewitt, Antonique Koning and Michael Davenport

An Agenda for Poverty Eradication and Reform: The Role of the United Nations Development Programme. Gustave Speth, Administrator of the UNDP. Organised with the UN Parliamentary Group

Development Cooperation 1995. James H. Michel, Chair, Development Assistance Committee, OECD

Challenges Confronting the African Development Bank.Omar Kabbaj, President, African Development Bank

The International Response to the Rwandan Genocide.John Borton, ODI and Niels Dabelstein, Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Chairman of the Steering Committee for the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda

Caring for the Future: Report of the Independent Commission onPopulation and Quality of Life. Monique Begin and Paul Harrison

The Future of HTV/AIDS Policy. Baroness Chalker of Wallasey. Organised with the All Party Parliamentary Group on AIDS.

The World Bank. James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank

APGOOD OfficersChair: Sir Jim Lester MPDeputy Chair: John Battle MPJoint Secretaries: John Denham MP and Peter Luff MPTreasurer: Rt Hon Sir John Stanley MP

27

Fellowship Scheme

Under the Fellowship Scheme, young postgraduate economists are recruited to work for two years in the public sectors of countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. Since the inception of the Scheme 33 years ago, over 430 Fellows have been placed in a total of 25 countries. The more recent countries to join the Scheme include Tonga (1993) and The Gambia (1994).

The purposes of the Scheme are twofold:

- to provide governments with high calibre staff, at junior professional level, as technical assistance in economics where gaps in local expertise exist;

- to provide recent postgraduate economists with practical work experience in a developing country.

Most Fellows are assigned to government ministries where they work as economists or planning officers. Some Fellows are assigned to public corporations, central banks and marketing boards, and occasionally Fellows have worked as economic statisticians.

In the 1996 98 selection round, 16 Fellows have been allocated positions: 2 to the Caribbean, 8 to Africa and 6 to the Pacific. There are presently 38 Fellows in post, 20 of whom are in Africa, 12 in the Pacific and 6 in the Caribbean. Their assignments are listed below. A booklet on the ODI Fellowship Scheme may be obtained from the Programme Officer.

Fellows in post at August 1996BarbadosDaniel Hanson, Caribbean Development Bank, 1994 96

FijiColleen Savage, Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Tourism and Civil

Aviation, 1994-96Emma Tompkins, Mineral Resources Department, 1994 96 Paul Barbour, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, 1995 97 Tracey Lane, Public Enterprise Unit, Ministry of Commerce, Industry,

Trade and Public Enterprise, 1995-97 Felix Naschold, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 1995 97

The GambiaRobert Willis, The National Agricultural Research Institute, 1994-96

GuyanaAndrew Goodland, Ministry of Agriculture, 1994-96 Ulla Kou, Ministry of Health, 1995-97 Paul Ladd, Bank of Guyana, 1995-97

28 ODI Annual Report 7995/96

Natalia Landell-Mills, Guyana Forestry Commission, 1995-97 Zahid Rahman, Ministry of Finance, 1995-97

LesothoCatherine Goodman, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1994-96

MalawiBuddhika Samarasinghe, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, 1995-97

MozambiqueCharlotte Boyd, National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife, 1994-96 Alvaro Piris, Poverty Alleviation Unit, Ministry of Planning and Finance,

1995-97

NamibiaNigel Patching, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 1994-96 Olayinka Ayoade, Ministry of Trade and Industry, 1995-97

Papua New GuineaThomas Baunsgaard, Internal Revenue Commission, 1994-96 Matthew Davies, Department of Finance and Planning, 1994-96 Marc Dobler, Bank of Papua New Guinea, 1995-97 Anthony Madgwick, Department of Finance, 1995-97

Solomon IslandsDiane Ling, Ministry of National Planning and Development, 1994 96 Gabriel Sterne, Central Bank of Solomon Islands, 1994-96

SwazilandNeil McCulloch, Ministry of Finance, 1994-96Piers Haben, Research Department, Central Bank of Swaziland, 1995-97 Jenny Pryke, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, 1995-97 Maria Zappia, Public Enterprise Unit, Ministry of Finance, 1995-97

TongaNirosha Gaminiratne, National Reserve Bank of Tonga, 1995-97

UgandaJan Dehn, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, 1994-96 Karen Gardiner, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, 1994-96 Jasdev Heyer, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, 1995-97 Iftikhar Hussain, Research Department, Bank of Uganda, 1995-97 Judith Scares, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, 1995-97

ZanzibarChristopher Gardner, Ministry of Finance, 1994-96Heather Kindness, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Natural Resources,

1994-96Kate Raworth, Ministry of Trade, Industries and Marketing, 1994-96 Jessica Troni, Commission for Lands and Environment, 1995-97

29

Finance

Balance Sheet Sujmmary31 March 1996 31

Fixed AssetsTangible assetsInvestments (Market Value)

Current AssetsStocksDebtors and cashCreditors and accruals

Net current liabilities

Net assets

Reserves

£

83,111609,472

7,195603,917505,813105,299

878,882

878.882

March 1995£

93,345425,163

13,113757,477795,272(24,682)

493.826

493.826

Income and Expenditure Account Summary

IncomeGrants and project financeInvestmentsDonationsOther operating incomeTotal income

ExpenditureStaff CostsDepreciationResearch expenditure

and other direct costsOther operating expensesMeetings, conferences and publicationsProfessional and audit feesFellowship supplementsTotal expenditureSurplus

1 995/96£

3,876,4842,934

10,38587,379

3,977,182

1995/96£

1,548,59272,793

1,165,924454,513

49,0675,320

561,2263.857,435

119,747

1994/95£

3,366,4282,864

12,11478,474

3,459,880

1994/95£

1,449,71347,765

833,297485,151

33,9606,085

533,6903,389,661

70.219

The accounts were approved by the Council on 25 July 1996.

The complete accounts are available from ODI on request.

30 ODI Annual Report 1995/96

Financial Support for Major Programmes and Projects in 1995/96

Programmes Funder * &

Rural Resources Management ODA ' 356,402 Programme Group

Fellowship Scheme ODA 672,767

Information Programme ODA 150,00World Vision (UK) 5,000Unilever pic 2,000Barclays Bank PLC 1,000

All Party Parliamentary Group on The Barrow Cadbury 21,000 Overseas Development Trust

Rural Development Forestry Network European Commission 47,129

EU Tropical Forestry Information, European Commission 69,863 Consolidation, Networking and Dissemination

Relief and Rehabilitation Network EuronAid 100,248Acord 1,500British Red Cross 2,350

Development Research Insights ODA 16,804

Projects

Economic Planning and Coordination Government of Uganda 76,410 in Uganda

Longitudinal Study of West African Club du Sahel 52,731 Sahel ' The World Bank 15,967

Structural Adjustment and the WWF 31,089 Environment Review of Planning ODA * 39,669 and Policies on Extensive Livestock in Central Asia

Regional Groups in the World Economic and Social 22,641 Economy: The Implications for Research Council Developing Countries

Finance 31

Research and Farmers'Organisations: ODA 42,130 Prospects for Partnership?

Assistance in Implementation of Food and Agriculture 12,285 Agricultural Land Reform Act Organization

Conditionality and the Improvement of ODA 18,858 Economic Policies in Developing Countries

Evaluation of European Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 140,056 Programme The Netherlands Food Aid - Phase II ODA . 72,590

European Commission 72,097

Small Farmer Seed Supply: Regulatory ODA 171,111 Frameworks

Economic Impact of Natural Disasters in ODA 36,500 South East Asia and the Pacific

Seed Security For Small-scale Farmers NRI 26,461

Economic Policies and the Environment ODA 48,514 in South Africa

Evaluation of Sida Supported Sida - 58,490 National Soil and Water Conservation Programme, Kenya

Practical Economics Training for Crown Agents 27,600 Environmental Management, China

ICAR Rainfed Farming Research ODA 118,741 Workshop

Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Ministry of Foreign 331,674 Rwanda Affairs, Denmark

Supporting In Situ Conservation Darwin Initiative, DOE 15,720 in Zimbabwe

New Approaches to Survey and Forestry Research 30,159Inventory Methods in Tropical Programme, UniversityForest Management of Oxford

Commodity Markets: Their Characteristics ODA 15,767 and the Policy Implications

32 ODI Annual Report 1995/96

Foreign Aid Reassessment UNDP

Economic Analysis of Environmental Swiss Development Projects Cooperation

Linking Costs and Benefits of NGO Projects

ODA

12,150

22,212

42,389

Reducing Aid Dependence Sida 16,467

Evaluation of EU Aid: Preliminary Phase European Commission 21,865

Analysis of funding sources for research programmes and projects 1995/96

Foundations & Institutes (7.0Business & Other (2.14%) \

NGOs (2.23%

Other British Government (3.46%)

ODA (43.39%) A

Bilateral Donors (24.92%)

EC (11.61%;

International Agencies (5.20%)