ANNUAL REPORT 2004

If it’s an afterthought, after what?

3 Letter from the Co-Chairmen6 About NTI

10 Nuclear24 Biological34 Chemical38 Communications46 Board of Directors60 Officers and Staff64 Get Involved

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 1

Nuclear Threat Initiative2004 Annual ReportTable of Contents

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Consider these facts:

� As far back as 1993, terrorist organizations were caughttrying to obtain material to make a nuclear bomb.

� The hardest part of making a nuclear weapon is gettingthe nuclear weapons material—plutonium or highlyenriched uranium—to make a bomb. The most likely way aterrorist will get these essential bomb ingredients isthrough illicit purchase or theft.

� Large quantities of nuclear material are at risk in locationsaround the world. In Russia alone, the Cold War legacy ofthe Soviet Union left approximately 30,000 nuclear war-heads and enough highly enriched uranium and plutoniumto make nearly 60,000 more, as well as tens of thousandsof people with weapons or materials knowledge whosejobs were no longer assured. And enough highly enricheduranium to make hundreds of nuclear weapons is scat-tered among more than 100 research facilities in morethan 40 countries.

� Nearly 15 years after the end of the Cold War, the UnitedStates and Russia continue to maintain thousands ofnuclear weapons on hair-trigger alert, increasing the risk itwas designed to reduce by creating an unacceptable riskof accidental or unauthorized launch.

Letter from the Co-Chairmen2004 NTI Annual Report

The threat of terrorism with nuclear, biological and chemical weapons is real, urgent and at our doorstep.

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� The destructive power of biological weapons is enormous,yet opportunities for access to dangerous pathogens areabundant. Large gaps in global infectious disease surveil-lance and response networks leave us vulnerable to diseaseoutbreaks and limit our ability to mitigate the effects of anaturally occurring or deliberate attack.

� Chemical weapons, such as sarin and mustard gas, cansicken and kill, yet at least 61 thousand metric tons of theseweapons have yet to be destroyed. Large stocks of chemi-cal weapons are stored with inadequate security.

We founded NTI in January 2001 because we recognizedthese growing threats from nuclear, biological and chemicalweapons, and that governments were not doing enough toprotect us. We envisioned a new kind of organization thattakes action to reduce these global threats by developing newideas for combating these threats and carrying out directaction projects that show the way. Some examples include:

Eliminating surplus nuclear material. NTI is helping thegovernment of Kazakhstan blend down highly enriched ura-nium at nuclear power plants and research reactors so that itcannot be stolen or diverted for use in nuclear weapons.

Building effective global health surveillance andresponse capabilities. To be prepared against infectious dis-

ease threats—whether from naturally occurring diseases or adeliberate act of biowarfare—NTI is helping to build a regionaldisease surveillance network in the Middle East.

Helping to eliminate chemical weapons. U.S. andRussian chemical weapons destruction efforts are behindschedule because of technological disputes, bureaucraticdelays and a lack of funding. Every day that these weaponsare not destroyed gives another day to the terrorists to try tosteal them. At the Shchuch’ye, Russia site alone, there are1.9 million shells containing enough deadly doses of chemi-cals to kill billions. NTI is working with the Canadiangovernment to build a railroad that will transport chemicalweapons shells slated for destruction from their storage siteto the destruction facility.

Governments have most of the resources and authority toaddress global threats so it is not just what NTI can do thatmatters—it’s also what NTI can persuade others to do. Ourfocus is on leverage. This approach has enabled us to moti-vate governments and private organizations to investadditional resources and take additional action to increaseglobal security.

For example, the International Atomic Energy Agency’swork to help member states strengthen the physical securityof nuclear materials worldwide was vastly underfunded. NTItook action in 2002 to finance this crucial work by contribut-ing to and leveraging additional support for the IAEA’s newlycreated Nuclear Security Fund. NTI’s $1.15 million contribu-tion was immediately matched by the U.S. government andhas helped to leverage over $35 million from more than adozen countries.

NTI has also been able to motivate governments and indi-viduals to take action by raising public awareness about the

We are in a race between cooperation and catastrophe.

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threats posed by nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.We have found creative ways to get the message outthrough new communication channels. In March 2004, NTIcommissioned a short, feature film dramatizing the nuclearterrorism threat. The film draws attention to the gap betweenthe threat of nuclear terrorism and the current pace of workto lock down nuclear weapons and materials.

The terrorists who planned and carried out the attacks onSeptember 11th showed a willingness to kill indiscriminately,limited only by the capacity of the weapons available to them.NTI is committed to reducing these threats now, before theworld suffers a catastrophic attack on innocent lives.

We are in a race between cooperation and catastrophe.We are determined to win this race. But we cannot do it with-out your support and help. Join us in working for a safer world.

Ted TurnerCo-Chairman

Sam NunnCo-Chairman

NTI’s mission is to reduce the risk of use andprevent the spread of nuclear, biological andchemical weapons.

Founded in January 2001, NTI is a global initiative that combines its influentialvoice with direct action projects to catalyzegreater, more effective action by govern-ments, international organizations and otherprivate organizations.

Global Leaders Working Toward a Common MissionNTI brings together global leaders with differ-ent ideological views around a commonmission to take immediate action to reducethe risk that nuclear, biological or chemicalweapons are ever used again.

Co-chaired by philanthropist Ted Turnerand former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn, NTI isgoverned by an international Board ofDirectors with members from the UnitedStates, Russia, India, Pakistan, China, Japan,Jordan, Sweden, France and the UnitedKingdom. Board members include two sittingU.S. Senators, a former U.S. Secretary ofDefense, a member of the Russian Duma, amember of the Jordanian Royal Family, thePresident of the NATO ParliamentaryAssembly, a member of the British House ofLords, a Nobel prize–winning economist, theformer commander of U.S. nuclear strategic

forces and other experts in security issues.Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire HathawayInc., Dr. David Hamburg, President Emeritusof the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Dr.Siegfried Hecker, former Director of Los AlamosNational Laboratory, Dr. Joshua Lederberg,President-Emeritus at the RockefellerUniversity in New York and George Russell,Chairman Emeritus, Russell Investment Groupserve as Advisors to the Board of Directors.

NTI’s staff includes experts in internationalaffairs, nonproliferation, communications,security and military issues, public health andmedicine, who have operational experience intheir areas of specialty.

Leadership and Action to Strengthen Global SecurityNTI provides new thinking by drawing atten-tion to nuclear, biological and chemical risksand by shaping and promoting new conceptsfor risk reduction. Through direct action pro-jects that show the way, NTI creates newpaths for governments and private organiza-tions to take action to prevent the use ofnuclear, biological and chemical weapons.

NTI carries out this work through fourprograms: Russia/New Independent States,Regional, Biological and Communications. NTIhas offices in Washington, DC, USA andMoscow, Russia.

WORKINGFOR

ASAFER

WORLD

ABOUT NTI

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Terrorists seeking nuclear weapons materials may notnecessarily look where there is the most material; theymay go where the material is most vulnerable. The chainof global security is only as strong as the security at theweakest, worst-defended site. That’s why it is neces-sary to lock down nuclear weapons and materialsaround the world.

NTI has used its voice, influence and direct actionprojects to advocate for the creation of a “GlobalCleanout and Secure” initiative to prevent terroristsfrom acquiring the raw material for a nuclear weaponfrom insecure civilian facilities. NTI helped spotlight theneed for this initiative through speeches, in media inter-views and in numerous meetings with seniorgovernment and International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) officials. NTI also commissioned a series of pub-lications by Harvard’s Managing the Atom Project thathighlighted the gaps in nuclear materials security andthe inability of existing government programs to fill thosegaps. NTI took direct action to address this threatthrough several projects, including providing $5 millionin 2002 to support the cooperative removal of highlyenriched uranium (HEU) from a research reactor—twoand a half bombs worth of HEU from the Vinca researchreactor near Belgrade, Yugoslavia. NTI also supported afeasibility study of commercial purchase and blend-down of HEU in Ukraine and an initiative to secure andreduce HEU stocks in Kazakhstan.

Progress:� Following Project Vinca, the United States, Russia

and the IAEA undertook similar operations inBulgaria, Romania, Uzbekistan and the CzechRepublic and announced the development of aschedule, supported in part by an NTI grant to theIAEA, to return all Soviet-origin fresh HEU fuel toRussia by the end of 2005.

� In November 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) created the Nuclear and Radiological ThreatReduction Task Force, launching a comprehensiverisk assessment of radiological and fissile materialsworldwide.

� IAEA Director General ElBaradei urged U.S.President Bush to launch a Global Cleanout initiativeduring a March 2004 meeting.

� In May 2004, U.S. Secretary of Energy SpencerAbraham announced the Global Threat ReductionInitiative (GTRI), combining a number of programspreviously dispersed around the DOE into a singleoffice, identifying $450 million in funding over adecade and setting milestones for reducing risks offissile and radiological materials distributed aroundthe globe.

� In September 2004, Russia and the United Statessponsored the first GTRI Partners’ Conference,gathering nearly 600 representatives from over 90countries. At this conference, Secretary Abrahamannounced a $3 million pledge to the IAEA for GTRItechnical cooperation efforts.

GLOBAL CLEANOUT AND SECURE INITIATIVE

This Vinca critical assembly

research apparatus once operated

on weapons-grade HEU fuel. As a

result of Project Vinca, it has been

converted to proliferation-resistant

low enriched uranium fuel.

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One challenge in stimulating governments to take action is getting leaders to understand that thethreat of terrorism with nuclear, biological and chemical weapons is real. Scenario-based exer-cises help leaders recognize the urgency of working to reduce this threat.

Black DawnIn May 2004, working with 21 organizations from 16 countries, NTI, in partnership with the Center

for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), hosted Black Dawn, anuclear terrorism exercise in Brussels, Belgium. The exercise was designedto help leaders grapple with the challenges associated with preventing ter-

rorist use of a nuclear weapon and the consequences of failing to prevent an attack. More than50 current and former senior European and NATO officials as well as experts from more than nineinternational organizations participated.

An activity of NTI/CSIS’s Strengthening the Global Partnership project, Black Dawn dif-fered from other high-level exercises in that it emphasized prevention rather than response,specifically focusing on actions that European governments and institutions can take to pre-vent terrorists from acquiring and using nuclear, biological or chemical weapons and materials.

NTI/CSIS has been invited to conduct the exercise for officials at NATO Headquarters, forthe NATO parliamentarians and for policymakers and experts in Russia.

Atlantic StormTo illustrate the threats posed by biological terrorism, NTI has joined with other foundation part-ners to support a table-top exercise which simulates a deliberate smallpox attack on the nationsof the transatlantic community. The Center for Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh MedicalCenter organized the Atlantic Storm exercise which simulates simultaneous smallpox outbreaksin several major European cities followed by attacks on the United States. In the exercise, partic-ipants, including former heads of state and senior officials from nine countries, play the heads oftheir respective nations and make decisions under this crisis scenario—debating how limited sup-plies of vaccines would be shared among affected nations and the advisability of closing bordersand quarantining cities.

This exercise aims to foster greater awareness among policymakers and the public about sig-nificant gaps in capabilities to address the bioterrorism threat.

WMD CRISIS SIMULATION

Senator Richard Lugar, an interpreter,

Ambassador Vladimir Lukin and NTI Co-

Chairman Sam Nunn urging the formation

of a global coalition of nations working to

prevent catastrophic terrorism. May 2002.

G8 leaders and guests meeting in

Sea Island, Georgia. June 2004.

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Global disease surveillance enables early detection and rapidresponse of infectious disease outbreaks—whether the out-breaks are naturally occurring or the result of bioterrorism. As apilot project for developing disease surveillance networks andfostering better cooperation among countries in conflict, NTIand Search for Common Ground are advancing the Middle EastConsortium for Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS).

The goal of MECIDS is to improve the ability of nations inthe Middle East to detect and respond to disease outbreaksand bioterrorism. MECIDS brings together public healthexperts and Ministry of Health officials from Israel, Jordan, Egyptand the Palestinian Authority, with advisors from the WorldHealth Organization, the Sandia National Laboratories andother American and European organizations.

As their first project, MECIDS members agreed to establisha surveillance system for food borne disease outbreaks in Israel,

Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, which willenable cooperative detection and management ofan outbreak. The MECIDS food-borne diseasesystem will improve public health for nations in theMiddle East in addition to preparing them to man-age a crisis.

Progress:� MECIDS has created a tight network among senior officials

in the region. In 2002, the relationships formed by MECIDShelped restart a dialogue between Palestinian and IsraeliHealth Ministry officials.

� MECIDS is becoming a model for using concrete projects toestablish relationships among parties in conflict andstrengthen cooperation to reduce regional and global threats.

GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP AGAINSTCATASTROPHIC TERRORISM

MIDDLE EAST CONSORTIUM FOR INFECTIOUSDISEASE SURVEILLANCE

Jordanian Central

Public Health

Laboratory in

Amman. NTI is

exploring options

to include this lab

in a Middle East

infectious disease

regional surveil-

lance network.

NTI invested its resources and influential voice to develop and pro-mote the idea of a Global Partnership Against CatastrophicTerrorism to prevent terrorists from obtaining nuclear, biologicaland chemical weapons and materials. This effort included conven-ing leading experts to shape the concept, presenting keyrecommendations to senior U.S. and Russian government officialsand opinion leaders and focusing international attention on theissue through a 2002 conference in Moscow on the heels of theMay 2002 Bush-Putin summit and prior to the Group of Eight (G8)meeting in Canada.

NTI took action to bolster political support for global threatreduction through its Strengthening the Global Partnership pro-ject with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, toengage a coalition of 21 non-governmental security organiza-tions from 16 countries. Through this coalition, NTI continues tochallenge global leaders to expand their commitments to coop-erative threat reduction projects.

Progress:� In June 2002, leaders from the G8 announced the Global

Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materialsof Mass Destruction with a commitment of $20 billion overten years.

� By the June 2004 Global Partnership summit, an additional13 members had joined for a total of 21 nations plus theEuropean Union.

� In the same year, the United States took advantage of its G8Presidency to advance the idea that the original $20 billionpledge was a starting point that donors should expand upon—a recommendation that had been made by NTI’s Strength-ening the Global Partnership project.

� By the end of 2004, 16 nations plus the European Union hadpledged a total of $19.1 billion.

NUCLEAR

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The Nature

Thedefenseagainstnuclear

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TERRORIST ACQUISITION AND USE OFNUCLEAR WEAPONSThe hardest part of making a nuclear weaponis getting plutonium or highly enriched ura-nium (HEU), the essential ingredients of anuclear bomb. Since these materials are diffi-cult to make, the most likely way a terrorist willget them is through illicit purchase or theft.Acquiring these materials is the most difficultstep for terrorists to take and the easiest stepfor us to stop. By contrast, every subsequentstep in the process of developing a nuclearweapon is easier for terrorists to take andmore difficult to stop.In Russia alone, the Cold War legacy of theSoviet Union left vast quantities of weapons,HEU and plutonium, as well as tens of thou-sands of people with weapons or materialsknowledge whose jobs were no longerassured. In more than 40 countries aroundthe world, there are more than 100 researchfacilities with HEU, some of which is inade-quately secured and vulnerable to theft.

Over the past decade, U.S. and Russianactivities carried out under the Nunn-LugarCooperative Threat Reduction program andrelated programs have made significantprogress in securing and eliminating vulnera-ble weapons and materials in Russia and thenew independent states.

However, less than 50 percent of thenuclear materials and warheads in Russia havehad basic cooperative security upgrades. Atthe 2002—2003 pace, it will take an additional13 years to complete comprehensive security

upgrades for these materials. If it were made apriority, the work could be done in four years.And we have only just begun the task ofsecuring and eliminating vulnerable materialsfrom the more than 100 HEU research facili-ties around the globe. U.S. and Russianofficials have pledged to increase the pacesubstantially both for vulnerable materials inRussia and around the world.

We must deny terrorists the materials theyneed to make a nuclear weapon. The pace ofthis important work must be accelerated andthe scope expanded. While challenging, thiswork is finite and doable.

THE CONTINUING SPREAD OF NUCLEARWEAPONS BY STATES

State nuclear weapons programs pose agrowing danger. Iranian leaders have adeclared policy of developing a domesticnuclear fuel cycle, and they have made con-siderable progress in developing uraniumenrichment capabilities at their Natanz plant,which could be used to manufacture nuclearweapons materials. In November 2004, Iranand a group of member states from theEuropean Union reached an agreement underwhich Iran would temporarily suspend all ura-nium enrichment activities in exchange forguarantees that these states would opposereferral of the Iran nuclear issue to the UnitedNations Security Council and encourage the resumption of talks with Iran on a newtrade agreement.

Some experts are concerned that Iran

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may already be violating this agreement bycontinuing to enrich uranium clandestinely.Negotiations to discuss a long-term solutionare the next step in this process, but it isunclear whether Iran and its EU negotiatingpartners will be able to reach an agreementon the permanent suspension of uraniumenrichment.

The spread of nuclear technology andrelated know-how is also cause for increasingconcern. The exposure of an illicit nuclear trad-ing network centered in Pakistan revealed astunning operation to bypass international con-trols on the dissemination of nuclear weaponstechnology. These transfers were made throughmultiple countries and individuals operating out-side of global export control mechanisms andwere undetected as cargoes entered ports andcrossed borders. This network is believed tohave transferred Pakistani nuclear technology toLibya, Iran and North Korea.

In the case of Libya, the transfersincluded sensitive nuclear weapons designinformation. Since that time, Libya has admit-ted to pursuing a covert nuclear weaponsprogram and has committed to dismantlingthe program. In March 2004, the UnitedStates and IAEA removed 16 kilograms ofHEU from Libya’s Tajura Nuclear ResearchCenter, and plans are in place to convert theHEU-fueled research reactor at the site to lowenriched uranium.

In South Asia, the risk of nuclear usebetween Pakistan and India remains high.These two countries have a history of strained

relations, wars and cross-border terrorism.Both sides continue to expand their warheadstockpiles and delivery systems. At the sametime not enough is being done by either sideto reduce the risks of nuclear use throughconcrete risk reduction or arms reductions. Itis encouraging, however, that both govern-ments have begun a comprehensive dialoguethat can help reduce nuclear tensions and arebeginning to identify risk reduction measuresfor implementation, such as a “hotline”between the foreign secretaries of the twocountries, and an agreement to notify eachother prior to any missile launches.

North Korea has withdrawn from theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, lifted thefreeze on its plutonium-based nuclearweapons program and expelled IAEA inspec-tors who had been monitoring the freeze underthe Agreed Framework of October 1994.North Korea claims to have engineered a num-ber of plutonium-based nuclear weapons andis believed to be enriching uranium for a paral-lel uranium-based nuclear weapons program.The six-party talks, which were set up to miti-gate this diplomatic crisis, have yet toproduce any meaningful progress toward anegotiated solution and have repeatedlystalled because of political tensions amongparticipating nations.

In April 2004, Brazil refused to allow unre-stricted IAEA inspections of its new gascentrifuge enrichment plant, which was underconstruction in Resende. The Brazilian gov-ernment insists that the centrifuges are

“Any use of nuclearweapons, by accident ordesign, risks humancasualties and economicdislocation on a catas-trophic scale. Theproliferation of suchweapons—and theirpotential use, by eitherState or non-State actors—must remain an urgentpriority for collectivesecurity.”

2004 UN High Level Panel on Threats,Challenges and Change

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intended solely for commercial purposes, andthat access restrictions are necessary to pro-tect proprietary information about indigenouslydeveloped centrifuge technology. However,the program raises concerns about a newtype of arms race in which states developcivilian nuclear capabilities under IAEA safe-guards, which can easily be converted later toa nuclear weapons program. The IAEA andthe Brazilian government reached an agree-ment in October, which empoweredinspectors to examine the Resende plant butdid not provide unrestricted access.

UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA REMAIN INCOLD WAR NUCLEAR POSTUREThe risk of nuclear exchange between theUnited States and Russia did not disappearwith the end of the Cold War, and in someways it has become more dangerous. TheUnited States and Russia continue to maintainthousands of nuclear warheads on land andsea-based missiles, ready to fire at a moment’snotice—essentially the same as during theCold War. Russia’s degraded early warningsystems coupled with the large nuclear rapidand accurate strike potential of the UnitedStates provide a continuing incentive forRussia to rely on a “launch-on-warning” capa-bility that is inherently vulnerable to mistakes,accidents and miscalculations. These largemissile forces pose a significant security risk toboth nations of mistaken, accidental or unau-thorized nuclear launch. U.S. and Russiannuclear force size and readiness levels fail to

reflect the fundamentally changed politicalrelations between the two countries. Moreover,we believe that if the United States and Russiatake steps to deemphasize their reliance onnuclear weapons, it would give both nationsmore standing to encourage other nations todismiss the nuclear option.

Strategies for NuclearThreat ReductionReducing the risk of nuclear use—from terror-ists and nation-states—requires a broad set ofcomplementary strategies targeted both atstemming the demand for nuclear weaponsand at denying organizations or states accessto the essential nuclear materials, technolo-gies and know-how. Ultimately, success inreducing global nuclear threats can beachieved only through unprecedented cooper-ation among states. No state acting alone hassufficient authority, resources or influence toassuredly prevent a nuclear attack, especiallyfrom nuclear terrorism.

NTI is working in four strategic areasdesigned to address the most urgent, near-term risks, and to take advantage ofopportunities where a private organization canleverage greater action from governments ona larger scale. These four areas of activity are:

� Securing, consolidating and reducing fissile material;

� Leveraging resources to address nuclearinfrastructure and human capital;

“In the post-9/11environment, to seecountries enrichinguranium and the numberof countries enrichinguranium expanding all thetime is a matter ofenormous concern.”

Mohamed ElBaradei, Director GeneralInternational Atomic Energy Agency

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� Building global cooperation on securitygoals; and

� Generating new thinking on reducingnuclear risks.

SECURING, CONSOLIDATING AND REDUCINGFISSILE MATERIALThe relative ease of obtaining weaponsdesigns and engineering non-nuclear compo-nents makes control over nuclear materialsthe first line of defense for preventing terroristgroups or hostile forces from developing orobtaining nuclear weapons. A globalapproach to removing and securing nuclearmaterials is essential because the chain ofsecurity is only as strong as its weakest link.NTI is working to advance this “GlobalCleanout and Secure” agenda through a num-ber of projects to secure fissile materialsaround the world.Eliminating Civilian Use of Highly EnrichedUranium NTI’s actions to support the removal of vulner-able highly enriched uranium have increasedawareness about the threats posed by thesematerials and have renewed interest inaddressing these threats. NTI is helpingnations move away from routine use of theraw material of nuclear terrorism through arange of projects including the removal oftwo-and-a-half bombs’ worth of weapons-usable HEU from a research reactor nearBelgrade; the creation of a comprehensiveU.S.-Russia-IAEA plan to remove HEU from

Soviet-origin research reactors worldwide;and the permanent elimination of HEU stocksin Kazakhstan. These types of projectshelped spur the creation of the U.S. GlobalThreat Reduction Initiative, announced in May2004. This initiative is also working to repatri-ate U.S.-origin HEU from around the globe.

NTI is filling a critical gap in current effortsto reduce civilian HEU use through a newproject on Low Enriched Uranium FuelDevelopment for Russian Naval Reactors.In partnership with Russia’s Bochvar Instituteand the Nizhny-Novgorod Machinery Construction Plant, NTI is supporting thedevelopment of low enriched uranium coresfor Russia’s fleet of nuclear-powered ice-breakers. The reactors that power these shipscurrently use HEU. Moreover, they form thebasis for a proposed new fleet of floatingnuclear power plants, which would be used toprovide energy in remote locations, and whichRussia plans to export to many nations.

Converting existing icebreakers to useLEU fuel, and incorporating LEU-based reac-tor designs into floating power plants, wouldsignificantly reduce future requirements forthe manufacture, handling and long-distanceshipping of HEU fuel. This design project mayalso support the conversion of certain morechallenging types of HEU-powered researchreactors.

Disposing of Russian Highly Enriched UraniumNTI is working to accelerate the elimination ofdangerous stocks of excess Russian highly

“We bear a special responsi-bility for the security ofnuclear weapons and fissilematerial, in order to ensurethat there is no possibilitysuch weapons or materialswould fall into terroristhands…Building on ourearlier work, we announcetoday our intention toexpand and deepen cooper-ation on nuclear securitywith the goal of enhancingthe security of nuclearfacilities in our two coun-tries and, together with ourfriends and allies, aroundthe globe.”

Joint Statement by President George W. Bush and

President Vladimir V. PutinFebruary 24, 2005

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 15

enriched uranium to a pace commensuratewith today’s threats. In support of this goal,NTI commissioned a joint U.S.-Russian studyof options for Accelerating Highly EnrichedUranium Blend-Down in Russia. The studyanalyzes 12 options for accelerating the elimi-nation of HEU no longer required for militarypurposes, evaluating a range of relevant tech-nical and economic issues. The results of thisstudy will be released in 2005 and areintended to catalyze official negotiationsbetween the United States and Russia to stepup their efforts to blend down stocks ofexcess HEU.

This project builds on the success of the1992 U.S.-Russian HEU PurchaseAgreement, which is transforming 500 metrictons of Russian HEU from dismantledweapons into LEU fuel for U.S. nuclear powerreactors. The United States and Russia willcontinue to dismantle additional nuclearweapons, in response to the 2002 StrategicOffensive Reduction Treaty and the ongoingdownsizing of Russia’s nuclear weaponsinfrastructure. This will create large additionalstocks of excess HEU. NTI’s study will lay thegroundwork that could help governmentsensure that these materials are rapidly con-verted to LEU, which cannot be used to makea nuclear weapon.

LEVERAGING RESOURCES TO ADDRESSNUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMANCAPITALAs Russia seeks to cut its nuclear weapons

workforce in half over the next few years, itmust close or convert facilities at ten nuclearsites and eliminate 35,000 jobs. Many of thepeople who hold those jobs have access tonuclear weapons material or information use-ful to terrorists seeking nuclear capabilities. A transition to sustainable civilian employ-ment is critical to avoiding dangeroustemptations to sell access or informationbefore jobs are lost. Reducing the total popu-lation of workers—at all levels—with access tosensitive materials or facilities will require adiversity of techniques beyond those cur-rently in use. Small business creation, jointventures with Russian high-technology firmsand worker transition programs offer newopportunities to mid- and lower-level facilitypersonnel, often neglected by existing redi-rection efforts but potentially valuable tounauthorized insiders or outsiders seeking toacquire weapons or materials.

Working closely with governments andothers involved in this complex pursuit, NTIhas identified pilot projects in Russian closednuclear cities that can be replicated else-where, specifically in the nuclear cities ofSarov and Snezhinsk. NTI’s $1 million invest-ment in the Fund for Development ofConversion Companies has supported newand growing businesses in Sarov, home to aclosing nuclear weapons manufacturing plantand a shrinking nuclear weapons design insti-tute. This project has already created newjobs for former nuclear employees, and one-third of the funds have been repaid, freeing

The Importance of Presidential Leadership

In February 2005, Russian President VladimirPutin and U.S. President George W. Bush metin Bratislava, Slovakia and showed they arebeginning to take personal charge andresponsibility for progress on this urgent work,pledging enhanced cooperation to:� strengthen security upgrades of nuclear

facilities;� return highly enriched uranium from U.S.

and Russian designed research reactorsand convert the reactors to low-enricheduranium fuels;

� share best practices to improve security at nuclear facilities around the world; and

� enhance emergency response capabilitiesto deal with a nuclear or radiological incident.

For these commitments to turn intoresults, there must be continued directengagement by both presidents, an increasedmeasure of reciprocal transparency on boththe U.S. and Russian side and an enhancedeffort to foster a true partnership.

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them up for reinvestment in new businesses.NTI is also Building Capacity of SarovLabsby providing funds to improve their marketingand program management capabilities.SarovLabs is a contract-research organizationthat employs former weapons scientists andseeks to engage in contracts from clients inthe West and Russia. Through these types ofprojects, NTI is strengthening nuclear securityby reemploying personnel with knowledge ofsophisticated weapons design and materialshandling practices.

BUILDING GLOBAL COOPERATION ONSECURITY GOALS Current physical security arrangements atmany nuclear facilities around the world areinadequate to address the international com-munity’s most pressing security threat—terrorists seeking to acquire plutonium orhighly enriched uranium for a crude nuclearweapon. The Physical Protection Convention,which requires IAEA member states to securenuclear materials during international trans-port, is designed to address this threat, and acurrently proposed amendment seeks tostrengthen it and broaden its scope. However,even with the adoption of this amendment,security gaps will remain.

In the absence of comprehensive, bindingglobal standards for the protection of nuclearmaterials, an effective near-term strategy forimproving security would be for nuclear facilityoperators to adopt voluntary global securityand accounting best practices.

To begin a process for defining thesepractices, NTI hosted a series of workshopsin 2004 through its project on Global BestPractices for Nuclear Materials Manage-ment. Hosted in partnership with the Instituteof Nuclear Materials Management, the work-shops provided an open forum for informationexchange among 90 nuclear materials profes-sionals from 36 countries. The workshopsoffered a unique opportunity for operationalexperts from government, industry andresearch venues to meet with colleagues fromother nations for discussions at a rich level oftechnical detail.

Drawing on the workshops, NTI is work-ing with the Institute to create a documentthat could form the basis for voluntary globalbest practices. NTI plans to host a secondset of Global Best Practices Workshops infall 2005, to advance this work. Ultimately,the collection, documentation and sharing ofglobal best practices could help form thebasis for raising nuclear materials manage-ment standards to better meet the modernthreats from terrorists and others seekingweapons of mass destruction.

GENERATING NEW THINKING ON REDUCINGNUCLEAR RISKSNearly 15 years after the end of the Cold War,the United States and Russia continue tomaintain thousands of nuclear weapons onhair-trigger alert. These weapons pose a sig-nificant security risk to both nations ofmistaken, accidental or unauthorized nuclear

Cylinders containing warhead-derived

nuclear fuel from Russia are unloaded in

the United States. Since 1993, the United

States and Russia have worked coopera-

tively to recycle bomb-grade uranium from

dismantled Russian nuclear warheads into

fuel used by American power plants to

produce electricity. The bomb-grade

uranium material is diluted in Russia until

it becomes suitable for use as fuel in com-

mercial nuclear power reactors. As of

2004, more than 9,000 warheads have

been eliminated. Today 50 percent of U.S.

nuclear power plant fuel comes from

former Soviet weapons—enough to power

one in 10 light bulbs.

The formerly secret Russian nuclear city of

Snezhinsk has a population of 48,300.

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 17

launch. To advance the global effort to reducethe risk of nuclear use, the United States andRussia—the two nations with the largestnuclear stockpiles—must lead in deemphasiz-ing the role of nuclear weapons. That’s whyNTI is a strong advocate for change in U.S.and Russian nuclear policies.

In June 2004, NTI Co-Chairman SamNunn delivered a speech to the CarnegieInternational Non-Proliferation Conferencecalling on the Presidents of the United Statesand Russia to reduce each country’s relianceon nuclear weapons and end their nation’sCold War nuclear force postures by removingall nuclear weapons from hair-trigger alert. If both the United States and Russia can takethis step, they can dramatically reduce thechance of an accidental, mistaken orunauthorized launch and deemphasize the role of nuclear weapons in their political andmilitary relations.

In December 2004, Nunn proposed thatthe President of the United States and Russiamake a joint commitment to:� Engage in a process with the goal of

removing all U.S. and Russian nuclearweapons from a quick launch posturecapable of launch within minutes.

� Reduce the number of warheads on hair-trigger alert from several thousand toseveral hundred, as an intermediate step.

� Initiate a dialogue with other nuclearweapon states to de-emphasize globallythe importance of nuclear weapons bydeveloping a standard against maintaining

weapons on quick launch status. Bold and determined presidential leadership—in the United States and Russia—is essentialto bringing about any significant changes innuclear policies and force structures.

In addition to public advocacy, NTI isexploring options for removing weapons fromhair-trigger alert through two studies commis-sioned from Russian experts, including aprominent Russian academic and three retiredRussian generals with experience developingRussia’s nuclear strategy and maintaining itsstrategic nuclear forces. NTI is also develop-ing similar proposals with U.S. experts.

Reducing the quick launch nuclear pos-ture of both the United States and Russiawould be a major step forward in reducingnuclear threats and set an example for othernuclear powers.

Nuclear Security Culture: The Human Factor

As Russian nuclear facilities cut back onstaff, the work habits and skills of those whocontinue to steward Russia’s enormousnuclear weapons and materials stockpile arecritical to maintaining security in the face oftoday’s threats. A decade of U.S.-Russiancooperation to upgrade security equipmentat nuclear facilities in Russia reveals thathardware is only as good as the people whooperate it, and that a weak security culturein Russia limits the effectiveness of purelyequipment-based assistance.

With support from NTI and others, theUniversity of Georgia’s Center forInternational Trade and Security produced adetailed analysis of Russian approaches tonuclear security, with a focus on “thehuman factor”—the attitudes and habits ofthe personnel charged with maintainingsecurity at nuclear facilities. This report,published in English and Russian, offersboth a critique of Russia’s attention to thehuman factor and recommendations forimprovement. These lessons are applicablenot only in Russia, but also globally,because weak security cultures exist inmany nations.

Accelerating Highly Enriched UraniumBlend-Down in RussiaTo analyze options for accelerating the rate atwhich highly enriched uranium is transformedinto safe forms for ultimate use in civilian powerplants beyond the current rate of 30 metrictons per year to up to 60 metric tons per year.Facilities and Institutes of Russian Ministry ofAtomic EnergyMoscow, RussiaUp to $2,000,0002002—2005

Consolidating and Blending Down HighlyEnriched Uranium in KazakhstanTo contribute to the security, consolidation andblend-down of all remaining highly enriched ura-nium in Kazakhstan, located at nuclear powerand research reactors, so that it cannot bestolen or diverted for use in nuclear weapons.Institute of Nonproliferation, Almaty, Kazakhstan;Ulba Metallurgical Plant, Ust-Kamenogorsk,KazakhstanUp to $2,000,0002002—2005

Russian Research Reactors Scoping StudyTo initiate planning for the removal of highlyenriched uranium fuel from research facilities inRussia to more secure locations in the country. Central Research Institute of Management,Economics and InformationMoscow, Russia $60,0002004—2005

NTI Projects Approved orOngoing in Fiscal Year 2004

18 N T I

SECURING, CONSOLIDATING AND REDUCINGFISSILE MATERIAL

Strengthening IAEA Programs to SecureVulnerable Nuclear MaterialTo support the expansion of IAEA programsto secure vulnerable nuclear materials world-wide and to support the IAEA’s ability toleverage additional financial contributions forthis program. International Atomic Energy AgencyVienna, Austria$1,150,000 2002—2005

Removing Highly Enriched Uranium from SerbiaTo contribute to the removal of poorlysecured highly enriched uranium from theVinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences by sup-porting the decommissioning of its researchreactor and management of remaining spentnuclear fuel.International Atomic Energy AgencyVienna, AustriaUp to $5,000,0002002—2005

Planning to Secure and Remove HighlyEnriched Uranium from Soviet-SuppliedResearch ReactorsTo evaluate security, safety, regulatory, trans-portation and cost issues associated withremoving fresh and spent highly enriched ura-nium fuel from 24 poorly secured researchreactors in 17 countries, and to develop acomprehensive plan to achieve it.International Atomic Energy AgencyVienna, Austria$260,0002002—2004

Low Enriched Uranium FuelDevelopment for Russian Naval ReactorsTo develop low enriched uranium fuel forRussian civilian icebreakers and future floatingnuclear power plants to replace highlyenriched uranium fuel at risk of theft and diver-sion. This project will provide the basis for adecision to convert HEU-powered icebreakersand to design floating power plants to usenon-weapons-usable fuels.Bochvar All-Russia Research Institute ofInorganic MaterialMoscow, Russia$500,000 Approved 2004

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 19

LEVERAGING RESOURCES TO ADDRESSNUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND HUMANCAPITAL

Development of Conversion CompaniesTo contribute $1 million to an existing Russianrevolving loan fund, known as the Fund forDevelopment of Conversion Companies,established to create permanent, commer-cially viable civilian businesses in the closednuclear city of Sarov, and provide sustainableemployment for former weapons personnel.Fund for Development of Conversion CompaniesSarov, Russia$1,000,0002002—2006

Promoting Sarov Konversia FundTo assist the Fund for Development ofConversion Companies expand its capabilitiesby developing a strategy and mechanism forattracting new donors and investors.Fund for Development of Conversion CompaniesSarov, Russia$50,000 Approved 2004

Building Capacity at SarovLabsTo assist SarovLabs in becoming a self-sustaining, commercial contract researchorganization that employs former weaponsscientists by contributing to the cost of pro-ject management and marketing support.SarovLabs, Sarov, Russia$450,000 Approved 2003

Strategic Planning for SnezhinskTo engage local and institute leaders from theclosed nuclear city of Snezhinsk in strategicplanning to support two key missions of thecity over the next five years: downsize thenuclear weapons facility and staff and securethe remaining nuclear materials at the site.The Eisenhower InstituteWashington, DC, USA$230,400 2003—2005

BUILDING GLOBAL COOPERATION ON SECURITY GOALS

Strengthening the Global PartnershipTo develop a constituency among and beyondthe Group of Eight (G8) leading industrialnations for threat reduction programs withRussia, focusing on their respective nationalsecurity communities, through partnershipswith 21 security organizations from 16nations. This project promotes the effectiveand timely implementation of the G8 GlobalPartnership Against the Spread of Weaponsand Materials of Mass Destruction, agreed toin June 2002, along with pledges totaling $20billion to support nonproliferation projects, ini-tially in Russia, over the next decade.Center for Strategic and International StudiesWashington, DC, USA$3,208,5082001-2004$477,728 for 2005

Global Best Practices for NuclearMaterials ManagementTo sponsor a series of workshops that bringtogether select groups of nuclear materialsprofessionals from government, industry andresearch venues around the world to sharebest practices for securing and accounting fornuclear weapons materials.NTI In cooperation with the Institute of NuclearMaterials ManagementNorthbrook, IL, USA Up to $500,0002003—2004Up to $500,000 for 2005

Reducing Nuclear Dangers in South AsiaTo sponsor international workshops withexperts from India, Pakistan and the UnitedStates to examine pathways to nuclear esca-lation in South Asia and to develop measuresto prevent those scenarios from occurring.The project will develop risk reduction mea-sures that will be shared with leaders in Indiaand Pakistan for their consideration for imple-mentation.The Henry L. Stimson CenterWashington, DC, USA$501,6742002—2004

India, Pakistan and the Global Nonproliferation SystemTo convene a series of workshops in India andPakistan that explore how the United States,India and Pakistan might strengthen theiradherence to global nonproliferation normsand practices, and build an international con-sensus around a new understanding of Indiaand Pakistan’s relationship to the internationalnonproliferation system.The Henry L. Stimson CenterWashington, DC, USA$325,000 2004—2005

Establishing Nuclear Risk ReductionCenters in South AsiaTo establish a non-governmental task force ofIndians, Pakistanis and U.S. experts todevelop candidate models for the operation ofnuclear risk reduction centers in South Asiawith the final report provided to the govern-ments of India and Pakistan. Center for Strategic and International StudiesWashington, DC, USA$210,000 2003—2004

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Capacity-Building for Future Leaders inIndia, Pakistan and ChinaTo hold a two-week workshop in Nathiagali,Pakistan, for young Chinese, Indian andPakistani journalists, academics and govern-ment officials that will focus on nuclear,biological and chemical weapons threats andcooperative strategies for reducing them. Regional Center for Strategic StudiesColombo, Sri LankaUp to $165,000 2004

Cooperation on CounterterrorismTo initiate and expand a joint initiative betweenthe U.S. National Academy of Sciences andthe Russian Academy of Sciences with spe-cial focus on new efforts to collaborate onscience and technology solutions for sustain-ing nuclear materials security cooperation,removing obstacles to U.S.-Russian threatreduction programs.Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia;National Academy of SciencesWashington, DC, USAUp to $800,000 2002—2004

U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Working GroupTo establish U.S.-Russian working relation-ships, to reinvigorate the U.S.-Russianconsensus on nonproliferation objectives andapproaches, and to create and identify sharedinterests and cooperative strategies for pre-venting the spread of weapons of massdestruction.Belfer Center for Science and InternationalAffairsJohn F. Kennedy School of GovernmentHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA$497,500 2002—2004$150,000 for 2005

U.S.-Russian Dialogue on Strategic IssuesTo develop practical, timely policy proposalsfor consideration by U.S. and Russian govern-ments through a series of dialogues thatbrings officials from both countries together inneutral, informal settings to examine new andevolving issues related to arms control andnonproliferation.Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceWashington, DC, USA$492,424 2002—2004

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 21

Modeling Russia’s Power Development PlanTo develop models of national and multina-tional nuclear fuel cycle concepts, with anemphasis on nonproliferation, economics andfuture excess weapons materials disposition.Kurchatov InstituteMoscow, Russia$49,755 2003—2005

Report on the Human Factor and Security Culture To update, translate, publish and distribute theUniversity of Georgia’s preliminary report on“The Human Factor and Security Culture:Challenges to Safeguarding Fissile Material inRussia.”Center for International Trade and SecurityUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA$31,0002003—2004

Overcoming Impediments toCooperationTo develop and promote practical means ofovercoming obstacles to U.S.-Russian coop-eration on reducing threats from nuclear,biological and chemical weapons. Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia; National Academy of Science Washington, DC, USA$200,000 2004—2005

Global Partnership and Submarine DismantlementTo examine the efficacy of existing coordinationefforts among programs to eliminate prolifera-tion and environmental risks associated withdecaying Russian submarines and to makerecommendations for improving coordination. Monterey Institute of International StudiesCenter for Nonproliferation StudiesMonterey, CA, USA$20,000 2004

Security Council Resolution 1540 —Defining Implications and AdvancingImplementationTo convene a symposium that will analyze anddiscuss processes for implementation of UNSecurity Council Resolution 1540. This reso-lution, adopted in April 2004, calls uponstates to establish domestic controls to pre-vent the proliferation of nuclear, biological andchemical weapons and their means of deliv-ery. The symposium will involve the UNSecretariat and senior diplomatic representa-tives of many nations, particularly thoseserving on the Security Council.McGeorge School of Law University of the PacificSacramento, CA, USA$50,000 2004—2005

22 N T I

“Nuclear Asia” ConferenceTo foster discussion and the development ofnew ideas to address Asian nuclear securityconcerns facing the international community.The “Nuclear Asia” Conference took place inMarch 2004 and brought together academic,government and non-government expertsfocusing on Asian security and foreign policyissues.National Bureau of Asian ResearchSeattle, WA, USA$10,000 2004

Combating Criminal Use of Weapons ofMass DestructionTo support the activities of the United NationsInterregional Crime and Justice ResearchInstitute in the field of terrorism prevention,with particular attention to the illicit traffickingand criminal use of nuclear, biological, chemi-cal and radiological materials and weapons.United Nations Interregional Crime andJustice Research InstituteTurin, Italy$50,000 2004—2005

Allies ConferenceTo develop coordinated approaches for bring-ing India and Pakistan into the practice ofglobal nonproliferation norms, through anAllies Conference that brings together expertson South Asia and government officials fromseveral nations.The Brookings InstituteWashington, DC, USA$35,000 2004—2005

Developing Tools to Prevent the Accidental Launch of Nuclear Weapons To study organizational and technical mea-sures that could be adopted by Russia andthe United States to reduce the risk of acci-dental or unauthorized use of nuclearweapons. The study will examine means toprevent erroneous launch of nuclear weaponsinitiated by early warning systems and toincrease the decision-making time taken bythe country’s leadership.Center for Strategic Nuclear ForcesProblemsMoscow, Russia$32,258 2004

A Strategy for Nuclear SecurityTo create and promote a new, internationalnuclear nonproliferation strategy. NTI fundsfacilitated a global discussion and critique ofthe draft strategy, the presentation of an inter-nationally-vetted document to the U.S.Government, and the promotion of the strat-egy in the runup to the NuclearNonproliferation Treaty Review Conference inthe spring of 2005.Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Washington, DC, USA$200,000 2004—2005

GENERATING NEW THINKING ON REDUCINGNUCLEAR RISKS

Promoting Responsible Nuclear Stewardship in IndiaTo promote responsible government policiesand practices related to the safety and secu-rity of nuclear weapons and materials in India,by developing educational materials for policy-makers and by facilitating meetings betweennuclear experts in India and other nations.The Delhi Policy GroupNew Delhi, India$230,000 2003—2006

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 23

Deemphasizing the Role of NuclearWeaponsTo produce a report with practical proposalsfor removing U.S. and Russian nuclearweapons from high alert and a follow-onreport that explores options for the creation ofa new multilateral arms control regime.School for International Security and WorldPolitics at the Institute of U.S.A. and CanadaStudies in MoscowMoscow, Russia$71,728 2004

Managing Threat Reduction ProgramsTo examine the concept of creating a seniorWhite House position for weapons of massdestruction threat reduction to improve strate-gic, budgetary and programmatic coordinationacross different government agencies. Center for Strategic and International StudiesWashington, DC, USA $19,953 2004—2005

Ballistic Missile Defense and NuclearStability in AsiaTo assess the impact of ballistic missiledefense on the strategic interactions and sta-bility among India, Pakistan, China and Taiwan. Center for International Security andCooperation, Stanford UniversityPalo Alto, CA, USA$150,000 Approved 2004

Public-Private Partnership in Support ofGlobal CleanoutTo develop a concept paper on public-privatepartnerships in support of global cleanout offissile materials, examining the possibility ofintegrating the capabilities of federal agen-cies, non-government organizations and theprivate sector with financial assets that canbe generated from future down-blending andcommercial sale of surplus highly enricheduranium.Haselwood Enterprises, Inc. Oak Ridge, TN, USA;Edlow International Company, Washington, DC, USA$50,000 2004

BIOLOGICAL

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 25

The potential destructive power of biologi-cal weapons is enormous, yet the opportunityfor access to dangerous pathogens can befairly routine and inexpensive. Moreover, theknowledge and expertise to obtain or preparebioweapons are increasingly available, and thepotential for exploitation is embedded in thevery scientific and technological advancesthat hold promise for improving health andpreventing disease.

An attack with a bioweapon could producean infectious disease epidemic that wouldsicken and kill large numbers and persist over aprolonged period as contagion spreads. Unlike

other types of attack, there would likely be norecognizable event or immediate casualties,and no physical location where damage is con-centrated. In the absence of an announcementor a fortuitous discovery, authorities may remainunaware that a biological attack has happeneduntil days or weeks have passed and victims

begin to appear in physicians’ offices and hos-pital emergency rooms.

Biological weapons are relatively easy toproduce and inexpensive. They can inflict sig-nificant damage in small quantities and in theabsence of sophisticated delivery mecha-nisms. Pathogens suitable for bioweaponscan be easily concealed and transported, andmany are found in nature, as well as in gov-ernment, university and industry laboratories.Information about how to obtain and preparebioweapons is increasingly available on theInternet and in open scientific literature.Moreover, bioweapons activities can be easilyhidden within legitimate research laboratoriesor pharmaceutical sites.

The idea of a “dual-use dilemma” hasemerged because the same technologies andmaterials that are used for research to benefitsociety can also be used by terrorists to makebiological weapons.

The biological threat challenges tradi-tional ways of thinking about prevention,deterrence and response, requiring us todevelop new tools for threat reduction.Compared with the nuclear and chemicalthreats, the strategic and analytic frameworkfor addressing biological threats and thedepth of expertise are much less developed.The response to the biological threat—withits close links to naturally occurring infec-tious disease—requires a new thinking.

“Of all the various weapons of massdestruction, biological weapons are ofthe greatest concern to me…the onethat scares me to death.”

General Colin Powell, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff,Before the House Armed Services Committee

March 30, 1993

The Nature of the Threat

26 N T I

NTI is working to address the complex, multi-faceted biological threat in general and thebioweapons threat in particular. These threatscan emerge from many sources and involvehuman, plant and animal diseases. An effec-tive response requires:� Strengthening biosecurity and encour-

aging standards for responsibleresearch—engaging the scientific commu-nity to improve security and safe handling ofdangerous pathogens and materials, devel-oping normative standards for research andtransparency, preventing the developmentand proliferation of biological agents asweapons and participating in the creation ofplans and safeguards to forestall their use.

� Scientific cooperation and collaborationwith the former Soviet Union—redirectingthe scientific skills and knowledge of for-mer Soviet bioweaponeers, enhancing trustand transparency and producing beneficialpro-social scientific work in important pub-lic health areas of mutual concern.

� Global disease surveillance, early detec-tion and rapid response—enabling rapiddetection, investigation and early responseto potential threats by strengthening world-wide surveillance capability and improvingthe sensitivity and connectivity of theseefforts.

� Building new partnerships—bringing thecommunities of public health, medicine,

agriculture, science, intelligence and lawenforcement together in closer workingrelationships and improving data gathering,analysis and preparedness for current andfuture threats.

� Bioterrorism preparedness and conse-quence management—addressing thisurgent need with a multifaceted approach,engaging many disciplines, agencies andlevels of government, and the private sec-tor, nationally and internationally.

Global Health and SecurityInitiativeIn 2004, the NTI Biological Program directedresources toward two main goals: PromotingScience Security and Strengthening GlobalDisease Surveillance, Early Detection andRapid Response.

NTI is working toward these goals underthe umbrella of its Global Health andSecurity Initiative.

PROMOTING SCIENCE SECURITYPreventing the diversion of biologicalresearch for malevolent applications willrequire tighter security on dual-use materialsand know-how. NTI is working to engage thebiomedical research community to developideas for constraining the malevolent applica-tion of biological research without undulyencumbering the pursuit of science forscholarly or beneficent ends. NTI has shaped

Strategies for Threat Reduction“It is in developing coun-tries…that new diseasesand outbreaks occurmost often. It is there,too, that the laboratoryand surveillance capacityto detect and containthese diseases is some-times lacking…peopleface biological terror on apermanent basis in theform of diseases such ascholera, dengue, measles,meningitis, shigellosis,and yellow fever.”Ministry of Health, HealthStatus in the PalestinianAuthority, 2002

Macabee private laboratory in Tel Aviv,

Israel. NTI is exploring options to include

this lab in a Middle East infectious

disease regional surveillance network.

Promoting Greater Security in Science

NTI partnered with the Sloan Foundation to support the National Academy of Sciences’ ground-breaking report, “Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism: Confronting theDual-Use Dilemma.” This report has received widespread attention and led to a decision bythe U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to lead a government-wide effort to improvebiosecurity for legitimate classes of biological research that could be misused. This new initia-tive includes the creation of the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, which willprovide advice to the U.S. government on ways to minimize the possibility that knowledge andtechnologies from federally funded biological research will be misused to threaten public healthor national security.

NTI is also supporting several projects to foster an international discussion on strategies toguard against the destructive application of biological research and development while still sup-porting the open and constructive pursuit of valuable science.

Through its Bioscience Community Self-Governance project, NTI is supporting work bythe Center for Biosecurity of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center to host an InternationalConference on Biosafety and Biorisks. Scheduled to take place in Lyon, France, in 2005, thismeeting will engage scientists, health leaders and practitioners in discussions about biosafety andbiosecurity challenges presented by SARS, influenza and other major epidemic threats, as well asways to improve international cooperation in preventing and responding to future epidemics.

The project, Establishment of a Bioindustry Standards Organization, engagesbiotechnology industry leaders in the development of normative standards to reduce potentialproliferation of dangerous pathogens, techniques and know-how. With support from NTI, theChemical and Biological Arms Control Institute and the International Institute of StrategicStudies-US convened three international meetings in 2004—in Singapore, the United Kingdomand the United States—bringing together participants from government, industry, academia, andother organizations to discuss ways to safeguard the legitimate use of life sciences by manag-ing the risks of potential misuse—both deliberate and accidental. The project will culminate in thecreation of the International Council for the Life Sciences, a charter-based organization that willcommit its private and public sector members to a code of conduct to prevent the misuse of bio-logical research.

NTI is also supporting the creation of an International Forum on Biosecurity to engagescientists and policymakers around the world to address concerns that research in the biologi-cal sciences might be misused by terrorists. Organized by the U.S. National Academy ofSciences, this forum is scheduled to take place in 2005 in Como, Italy.

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 27

and supported a number of innovative pro-jects that offer new insights into handlingthis dual-use dilemma.

STRENGTHENING GLOBAL DISEASESURVEILLANCE, EARLY DETECTION ANDRAPID RESPONSEEffective global disease surveillance, earlydetection and response capabilities are thefundamental building blocks of preparednessagainst infectious disease threats—whethernaturally occurring or resulting from bio-terrorism.

Surveillance and early detection involvegathering data and monitoring changes in dis-ease incidents. Outbreak response involvesacting upon this information by treating illnessto prevent the further spread of disease.

Working with public health institutions,often in public-private partnerships, NTI is sup-porting international efforts to strengthen theglobal infrastructure for the detection and con-trol of infectious diseases, especially throughimproved disease surveillance worldwide.

NTI’s India Field Epidemiology TrainingProgram is enabling local public health scien-tists to identify, investigate and controlinfectious disease threats and to serve as aresource for broader regional surveillanceefforts. This program was one of the first orga-nizations to respond to the 2004 tsunamidisaster in Tamil Nadu. Program participantshelped the State Health Department andGovernment of India set up post-disastersurveillance and provided daily reports.

Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance

As a pilot project for developing disease surveillance networks and fostering greater cooperationamong countries in politically unstable regions, NTI has developed the Middle East Consortiumon Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS).

The goal of MECIDS is to improve the ability of nations in the Middle East to detect andrespond to disease outbreaks and bioterrorism. MECIDS brings together public health expertsand Ministry of Health officials from Israel, Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority, with advi-sors from the World Health Organization, the Sandia National Laboratories and other Americanand European organizations. NTI committed nearly $1.5 million to set up the Consortium and isnow seeking partners to contribute the $7 to $8 million needed to purchase the equipment, sup-plies and provide initial training.

Many of the steps necessary to reducing the threat of bioterrorism can also help prevent andmitigate infectious disease outbreaks, which take the lives of millions of people each year.Because infectious diseases do not stop at international borders, the response to this biologicalthreat must be global.

In the absence of a comprehensive global infectious disease surveillance system, an interimsolution is the promotion of regional collaborations and surveillance networks. Perhaps nowhereis this a greater challenge than in the Middle East. NTI has partnered with Search for CommonGround to build the MECIDS network to foster cross-border cooperation and threat reduction.MECIDS members have identified food-borne and water-borne diseases as a priority concernand, as their first project, have agreed to establish a surveillance system for food-borne and water-borne disease outbreaks. This system will enable routine disease surveillance for nations in theMiddle East in addition to preparing them to manage a crisis.

In developing this disease surveillance network, MECIDS has identified project leaders in theMinistry of Health as well as a network of laboratories in each of the three participating nations andthe Palestinian Authority. MECIDS members have also established protocols for specimen collec-tion and diagnosis of diarrheal illnesses to assess food-borne disease in the region and to createa mechanism for identifying potential infectious disease outbreaks due to common food products.

To facilitate rapid information processing and sharing, MECIDS is developing a laboratory-based data network that will be vital for local monitoring of infectious diseases andcommunication about suspected outbreaks. This data network will feed into a regional network toidentify regional outbreaks and to alert collaborating neighbor states.

MECIDS is becoming a model for using concrete projects to establish relationships amongparties in conflict and to strengthen cooperation to reduce regional and global threats.

28 N T I

They are also planning to conduct a survey forpost-tsunami stress and mental health disor-ders with ensuing recommendationsapplicable to all disaster-hit areas in India.

Through a number of projects, NTI isstrengthening the World HealthOrganization’s (WHO) capabilities to improvepreparedness and response to deliberateattacks on human health with biological andchemical agents.

Through its project on StrengtheningNational Health Preparedness, NTI is sup-porting the work of the WHO Center forCommunicable Diseases to assess nationalpreparedness for biological and chemicalattacks. WHO will use these resources toestablish and test a set of international guide-lines for preparedness, compare them againstexisting public health capabilities that stateshave in place and make recommendations forimproving those capabilities.

In 2002, NTI worked with the WHO tocreate the NTI-WHO Global EmergencyOutbreak Response Fund. The Fund enablesWHO to send teams of epidemiologists toinvestigate and respond to disease outbreakswithin 24 hours, wherever they occur aroundthe globe. The fund has been continuallyreplenished with donations from governmentsand private philanthropies, and has supportedrapid response to the SARS disease outbreakin Vietnam and China and to the Ebola out-break in the Republic of Congo.

NTI, in partnership with the government ofCanada, has increased WHO’s capacity to

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 29

detect and respond to biological emergenciesthrough the Global Public Health andIntelligence Network II (GPHIN II), a web-based “early warning system,” which gathersand disseminates preliminary reports of globalpublic health threats in all of the UnitedNations languages.

Designed by Health Canada, the originalGPHIN is an English-language infectious dis-ease outbreak database accessible to localand national public health officials worldwide.

With NTI and the Canadian government’s

support, GPHIN has been upgraded toGPHIN II, which will provide early warninginformation in six languages, allowing addi-tional information to be screened, shared andacted upon more rapidly. The expansion ofthis “early warning” surveillance tool allowsthe system to provide vital information inArabic, English, French, Russian, Simplifiedand Traditional Chinese and Spanish.

GPHIN has been in use since 1998 andcurrently identifies the first hints of nearly 40percent of the outbreaks subsequently verified

[C LO C K W I S E F R O M TO P L E F T] Lab testing

as part of infectious disease surveillance

in India.

A laboratory worker in Novosibirsk,

Russia.

Microbiologists in the central public

health laboratory of Israel.

“With early warnings of such significantevents as disease outbreaks, publichealth and other government authoritiesworldwide are better able to undertakethe measures necessary to protect thehealth and safety of theirpopulations…GPHIN has been an invalu-able tool with immeasurable benefits forthe global public health community andwe look forward to utilizing theenhanced system.”Guenael RodierDirector, Communicable Diseases Surveillanceand Response Program, WHO

by the WHO. Because local news storiesoften provide the first indication of a publichealth threat, GPHIN monitors global mediasources and global health and science web-sites for early word of events such as diseaseoutbreaks, contaminated food and water,bioterrorism and exposure to chemical andradio-nuclear agents and natural disasters.

Bioscience Community Self-Governance To explore strategies to constrain intentionallymalevolent applications of biological researchand development without unduly encumberingthe pursuit of science for scholarly or benefi-cent ends.Center for Biosecurity of the University ofPittsburgh Medical CenterBaltimore, MD, USA$1,750,000 2002—2005

An International Forum on BiosecurityTo create an International Forum onBiosecurity to engage scientists and policy-makers around the world to address the risksthat research in the biological sciences mightbe misused by terrorists. National Academy of SciencesWashington, DC, USA$216,460 2004—2005

AAAS-NTI Fellowship in Global SecurityTo strengthen scientific expertise in policy-making and encourage scientists to pursuecareers in the policy arena, this program sup-ports biomedical/public health experts to workon national security issues in the U.S. govern-ment through a one-year fellowship.American Association for the Advancement ofScienceWashington, DC, USA$1,261,763 2001—2007

Biological Weapons Monitoring andInspection Strategy DevelopmentTo facilitate the input of specialists from theU.S. pharmaceutical and biotechnology indus-tries to the development of strategies thatmight be applicable to U.S. biologicalweapons nonproliferation policies (particularlythose concerning the Biological and ToxinsWeapons Convention).Center for Strategic and International StudiesWashington, DC, USA$310,720 2002—2005

Integrating Scientists into theInternational Research CommunityTo further integrate former Soviet Union scien-tists into the international research community,by funding 20 scientists from the former Sovietbioweapons program to attend a variety ofhighly respected research conferences thatbring together top scientists to present anddiscuss cutting-edge scientific research and ideas.Gordon Research ConferencesWest Kingston, RI, USA$80,000 2001—2005

Leveraging the Peaceful Conversion ofFormer Biowarfare InstitutesTo solicit the participation of Western phar-maceutical companies in researchcollaboration with former Sovietbioweaponeers, enhancing the understand-

30 N T I

NTI Projects Approved orOngoing in Fiscal Year 2004

PROMOTING SCIENCE & SECURITY

Biotechnology Nonproliferation To review, examine and make recommenda-tions concerning biotechnology oversightpractices and institutional arrangements forthe research community to guard against thedestructive application of biotechnology.U.S. National Academy of Sciences(in conjunction with the Sloan Foundation)Washington, DC, USA$445,970 2002—2004

Establishment of a BioindustryStandards OrganizationTo engage biotechnology industry leaders inthe development of normative standards toreduce potential proliferation of dangerouspathogens, techniques knowledge and theestablishment of a new bioindustry organiza-tion for monitoring these standards.International Institute for Strategic Studies-U.S., Washington, DC, USA Chemical and Biological Arms ControlInstitute, Washington, DC, USA$650,291 2001—2002$990,000 2003—2004

ing necessary to underpin governmental sup-port of “braindrain” prevention programs.Center for Strategic and International StudiesWashington, DC, USA$762,965 2002—2005

Reducing the Likelihood of Leakage ofBioweapons-related Materials andExpertiseTo present a five- to ten-year vision of a bio-logical research and production environmentin Russia that reduces the likelihood of theoutflow of bioweapons-related materials andexpertise from Russian facilities to hostilestates and terrorist groups.National Academy of Sciences, Washington,DC, USA (in partnership with the RussianAcademy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia)$200,000 2002—2004

Community Preparedness BioterrorismScorecardTo create an effective framework for prepared-ness assessment that elected officials,community leaders and the public can drawupon in evaluating and improving communitypreparedness in the event of bioterrorism.Milne & Associates, LLCPortland, OR, USA$84,000 2003—2004

Anti-Plague System AssessmentTo examine the anti-plague system of the FSUregarding biosecurity and proliferation of bio-logical agents, with the goal of improving thesecurity and safe handling of dangerouspathogens, and to examine the potential con-version of the system for broader publichealth and bioterrorism surveillance, with par-ticular emphasis on institutes in Uzbekistan,Kazakhstan and Georgia. Kazakh Institute for Research on PlagueControl, Almaty, Kazakhstan;Monterey Institute of International StudiesMonterey, CA, USA$750,000 2002—2004

Biological and Agricultural Anti-Terrorism PartnershipTo support new dialogue and partnershipsamong public health, agriculture, intelligenceand law enforcement professionals on how tomeet biological and agricultural terroristthreats, providing a much needed forum tosurface critical issues and develop strategiesto address them.ANSER Institute for Homeland SecurityArlington, VA, USA$500,000 2002—2004

Public Health Preparedness: State ofGeorgia Planning and Practice ModelTo improve bioterrorism preparedness, initiallyin the state of Georgia and subsequently inother jurisdictions, by assessing the prepared-ness of Georgia’s public health andemergency response systems through aseries of site visits and tabletop exercises tobe conducted at the state and local levels;refining training and assessment materials,including template exercises, for use in otherstates; providing joint terrorism-related train-ing for state and local security and healthagencies; and evaluating project results. TheRobert W. Woodruff Foundation has alsocommitted $210,000 to this project.RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA;State of Georgia;Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA$287,500 2004—2005

Addressing the Challenge of Proliferation To convene a series of meetings focused onthe question of whether the United States istaking the right steps to diminish the risk thatweapons of mass destruction will be used toattack the United States or one of its allies. Aspen Strategy GroupWashington, DC, USA $25,000 2004—2005

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 31

Surveillance of Emerging InfectiousDiseases in the New Independent StatesTo build a Russian-language electronic net-work to help in the detection anddissemination of information about possibleoutbreaks of infectious diseases in the newindependent states. This network will be inte-grated into an existing global diseasemonitoring system (Pro-Med) and willenhance the ability of the public health com-munity to recognize and respond tooutbreaks in the region.International Society for Infectious DiseasesBoston, MA, USA$65,000 2003—2004

Regional Reference Laboratory forDiagnosis of Viral Hepatitis: From Bio-defense to Public HealthTo integrate former biodefense scientists intoregional public health services and reduce thetoll of hepatitis throughout Russia and the sur-rounding territories, by establishing a regionalreference laboratory, starting a new trainingprogram to diagnose hepatitis and institutingdisease surveillance sites.State Research Center of Virology andBiotechnology (VECTOR)Novosibirsk, Russia$350,000 2003—2005

India Field Epidemiology TrainingProgramTo develop a cadre of Indian field epidemiolo-gists proficient in identifying, investigating andcontrolling infectious disease threats, includ-ing those caused by existing and potentialagents of bioterrorism. The program, estab-lished in Chennai, India, is modeled after theEpidemic Intelligence Service of the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), and will serve as an anchor forbroader regional surveillance efforts.CDC FoundationAtlanta, GA, USA$352,000 2002—2005

Hepatitis Vaccine ManufacturingFeasibility StudyTo determine the feasibility of commerciallymanufacturing Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B andHepatitis A/B vaccines at a proposed newvaccine production facility at VECTOR inNovosibirsk, Russia, involving Russian profes-sionals previously engaged in biologicalweapons work. The project includes the prepa-ration of a preliminary business plan designedto attract commercial investors for building thenew vaccine production facility at VECTOR.State Research Center of Virology andBiotechnology (VECTOR), Novosibirsk, Russia; The High Technology Foundation/GorbachevProject, Moscow, Russia$250,000 2003—2005

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STRENGTHENING GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTHAND PREPAREDNESS

Global Public Health IntelligenceNetwork IITo develop and integrate Russian, Spanish,Arabic, French and Simplified and TraditionalChinese language translation software intothe Global Public Health Intelligence Network(GPHIN), which gathers and disseminatespreliminary reports of global public healththreats from global electronic media and web-sites using both human review andcomputerized text mining to filter, organizeand classify this information. The Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada$350,000 2003—2004

Strengthening National HealthPreparednessTo assess national preparedness for biologicaland chemical attacks by establishing and test-ing a set of international guidelines forpreparedness, comparing them against exist-ing public health capabilities that states havein place and making recommendations forimproving those capabilities. World Health OrganizationGeneva, Switzerland$400,000 2004—2005

Brucellosis Vaccine ResearchTo develop a new vaccine, employing formerSoviet bioweapons scientists, to contribute tothe management of this disease that threatensdomestic and wild animal populations in theUnited States and throughout the world.All-Russian Research Veterinary InstituteKazan, Russia;The International Science and TechnologyCenter, Moscow, Russia (in conjunction withthe U.S. Department of State)$550,000 2003—2005

Middle East Consortium on InfectiousDisease Surveillance To improve regional capacity for infectious dis-ease surveillance in the Middle East bydeveloping a food-borne and water-borne dis-ease surveillance system uniting Israel, thePalestine Authority, Jordan and Egypt and bydesigning an infectious disease epidemiologycourse to build regional rapid response capa-bilities in the face of disease outbreaks. Search for Common GroundWashington, DC, USA$737,000 2004—2005

Enhancing Food System Biosecurity To facilitate national food system biosecurityleadership, plan for national food system infor-mation sharing and analysis, developInternet-based materials for government andindustry officials and offer food biosecuritytraining in order to strengthen the ability of thefarm-to-table food system to prevent, detectand respond to bioterrorist attacks.University of Minnesota Center for InfectiousDisease Research and PolicyMinneapolis, MN, USA$500,000 2002—2004

Safe Food International ConferenceTo help nations around the world defendagainst food-borne illnesses, including inten-tional contamination of food products, bybringing together interested parties for aninternational conference to develop responsi-ble food-safety policies and strategies forimplementation of safe food guidelines. Center for Science in the Public Interest Washington, DC, USA$200,000 2004

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 33

CHEMICAL

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 35

Chemical weapons, such as sarin and mus-tard gas, can sicken and kill in minutequantities when properly distributed. With theentry into force of the Chemical WeaponsConvention in 1997, nations agreed to destroyexisting chemical weapons stocks and forgoresearch and acquisition of such weapons inthe future. At the time, 26 nations haddeclared or were suspected of having chemi-cal weapons programs.

The United States and Russia currentlyhave more than 90 percent of the 71,000metric ton total declared global stockpile ofchemical agents, only 15 percent of whichhas been verifiably destroyed since 1997. Thepace of chemical weapons destruction mustbe accelerated and the scope of activities

expanded. Both nations have committedunder the Chemical Weapons Convention todestroy these weapons and productioncapacity, but the sudden collapse of theSoviet Union in 1991 and the current state ofthe Russian economy have resulted in a vul-nerable supply of weapons, equipment andknow-how.

The United States and other nations aresupporting Russia to meet its internationalcommitments, but progress has been delayedby disputes over destruction technologies,lack of funding for destruction in Russia andbureaucratic obstacles on all sides. Securityat many sites in Russia is dangerously weak.Furthermore, chemical weapons in the UnitedStates and Russia have exceeded theirintended shelf life and are vulnerable to leak-ing dangerous chemicals.

In 2003, the Albanian government declareda 16-ton stockpile of chemical weapons, whichwas stored at a small army outpost, less than 25miles from the country’s capital, Tirana. Theselethal chemical stocks, which had been pur-chased from China in the 1970s, had beenforgotten and for more than a decade wereunaccounted for. As its first Nunn-LugarCooperative Threat Reduction project outsidethe former Soviet Union, the United States willprovide $20 million for destruction of Albania’schemical weapons cache.

If the Albanians had not discovered thesechemical stocks first, they could have been

The Nature of the Threat

“Chemical agents are widespread andrelatively easy to acquire andweaponize. There are almost 6,000industrial chemical facilities world-wide, posing potential targets andopportunities for the acquisition ofmaterials.”

2004 UN High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change

“The president has argued,quite correctly, that themost important securityproblem in the world is theproliferation of weaponsof mass destruction. Yet tothis day, there are somepeople who oppose spend-ing this money—peoplewho say that the Russiansand the Albanians shouldtake care of their ownproblems. But given howthese weapons are alreadydispersed, there’s a realpossibility that one couldbe stolen and used to killa lot of people. To me, youcan’t do enough to makesure the American peopleare spared from that sortof thing.” U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar

36 N T I

easily stolen and sold to the highest bidder.Although Albania’s stockpile is small in com-parison with U.S. and Russian stockpiles, itrepresents one of the many weapons cachesaround the world that are unaccounted for orpoorly secured—a highly attractive commodityto terrorists.

While the chemical threat does not com-pare to the magnitude of threats posed bynuclear and biological weapons, inadequatelysecured chemical weapons stockpiles consti-tute a weak link in the chain of global securitythat could readily be exploited by terrorists,with deadly results. We must secure and dis-mantle chemical weapons, eliminate theinfrastructure that produced them and redirectknow-how to peaceful pursuits.

Separately, there are more than 6,000commercial chemical facilities around theworld which use, produce or store toxic mate-rials which could be deadly if released into theatmosphere. In March 2003, the GeneralAccounting Office (GAO) found that in theUnited States, more than 700 chemical facili-ties working with highly toxic chemicals arelocated close enough to populated areas sothat a terrorist attack against the plant couldendanger at least 100,000 lives.

STRATEGIES FOR THREAT REDUCTIONNTI is engaged in a number of projects thatnot only reduce the risks of nuclear and bio-logical weapons use, but also addresschemical weapons threats.

NTI is working to promote the effectiveand timely implementation of the G8 GlobalPartnership Against the Spread of Weaponsand Materials of Mass Destruction. The G8has pledged $20 billion to support nonprolif-eration projects, initially in the former SovietUnion, over the next decade. Russia has iden-tified chemical weapons destruction as one ofits highest priorities for cooperation under theGlobal Partnership, and Global Partnershipnations have contributed a total of $1.5 billionto chemical weapons destruction projects inRussia.

NTI is promoting cross-border coopera-tion in responding to chemical accidentsthrough its Middle East Confidence Buildingproject as a first step in building the channelsfor dialogue on weapons of mass destructionthreats among the states of the Middle East.In March 2004, chemical and emergencyresponse experts from Egyptian, Israeli,Jordanian and Palestinian non-governmentalorganizations participated in their fourth meet-ing to discuss chemical risks in the region. Atthis meeting they worked through a scenario-

“We commit ourselves to prevent terrorists or those that harbor them, from acquiring ordeveloping nuclear, chemical, radiological and biological weapons.”

Statement of the Group of Eight leaders, 2002 Summit in Canada

Supporting Russian Chemical Weapons DestructionTo provide $1 million if matched by a minimumof $2 million from other sources for high-priority infrastructure development for theShchuch’ye Chemical Weapons DestructionFacility. NTI has signed a ContributionAgreement with the government of Canadafor up to $25 million to construct a railwaythat will help speed the elimination of thesedangerous weapons. Global Partnership ProgramCanada Department of Foreign Affairs andInternational TradeOttawa, CanadaUp to $1,000,000 2005—2006

Middle East Confidence BuildingTo foster cross-border cooperation inresponding to nuclear, biological and chemicalattacks or accidents by engaging prominentregional experts in national security, emer-gency management, civil defense and publichealth. Participants from Egypt, Israel, Jordanand the Palestinian Authority have formed aconsortium on chemical risks, which met forthe fourth time in 2004 for a scenario-based exercise of a catastrophic chemical accidentin the region.Search for Common GroundWashington, DC, USA$555,000 2002—2004

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 37

NTI ProjectsApproved orOngoing in FiscalYear 2004

based exercise of a catastrophic accidentsending chemical clouds over cities in each oftheir countries. After describing their coun-tries’ individual ability to respond to such anincident, the participants discussed how theywork together and agreed on the necessity offorming a regional emergency response cen-ter. The participants agreed that, as their nextproject, they would design such a center andpublish the design as a recommendation toregional authorities. This will be the next in aseries of publications on chemical incidentresponse, which is filling a gap in disasterresponse literature for the Middle East andserving as an important example of trans-parency and cooperation.

Together with international partners, NTIis Supporting Chemical WeaponsDestruction in Russia by contributing to high-priority infrastructure necessary for theU.S.-funded Shchuch’ye Chemical WeaponsDestruction Facility. This site holds more than1.9 million chemical weapons, some withoutproper security. To assist Russia in gaininginternational resources for these critical pro-jects, NTI issued a $1 million challenge grantconditioned on being matched by a minimumof $2 million in new contributions. NTI signeda Contribution Agreement with the govern-ment of Canada, a member of the G8 GlobalPartnership, for up to $25 million to constructa 22-kilometer railway connecting the currentweapons storage sheds with the DestructionFacility to help speed the elimination of thesedangerous weapons.

Chemical weapon shells in

Shchuch’ye, Russia. There are

1.9 million shells at this facility.

COMMUNICATIONS

38 N T I

NTI’s public awareness projects arereducing the global threats from nuclear, bio-logical and chemical weapons by shining aspotlight on the tremendous gap between thethreats and the global response and catalyz-ing greater action to reduce those threats.

NTI’s communications work seeks to: � Increase the quality and accessibility of

information about the threats from nuclear,biological and chemical weapons;

� Support new thinking and the developmentof new expertise to reduce the risk of useand prevent the spread of nuclear, biologi-cal and chemical weapons; and

� Promote dialogue and common groundsolutions to reduce imminent global dan-gers and take these issues beyond thesmall group of policymakers and expertswho work on them and into the mainstreampublic policy debate.

“In the wake of these gruesome acts of terror. . .we must realize we need tostep up efforts to prevent terroristsfrom getting nuclear materials. We need new approaches.”

Alexander RumyantsevRussian Federal Atomic Energy Agency Chief

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 39

Terrorist Pathway to the Bomb

40 N T I

NTI’s website offers daily news and in-depthresources about the global threats posed bynuclear, biological and chemical weapons, ter-rorism and related issues. Working with NationalJournal Group, the Center for NonproliferationStudies at the Monterey Institute of InternationalStudies and others, NTI has built an essentialonline tool for anyone conducting research intoweapons of mass destruction, with resources inEnglish and Russian.

HIGHLIGHTS OF WWW.NTI.ORG� Global Security Newswire is a free, daily

news service covering global developmentson nuclear, biological and chemicalweapons issues. In addition to offering acomprehensive survey of the day’s newsfrom around the world, Global SecurityNewswire provides original news coverage,including in-depth interviews and specialreports. www.nti.org

� Issue Briefs that offer a short introductionand in-depth analysis on a wide range ofinternational security issues, including top-ics such as “Assessing the Threat of MassCasualty Bioterrorism” and “The AQ KhanRevelations and Subsequent Changes toPakistani Export Controls.” www.nti.org/issuebriefs

� Country Profiles with descriptions ofnuclear, biological and chemical weaponsand missile programs for more than 25countries. www.nti.org/countries

Get the facts. Get informed. Get involved. WWW.NTI.ORG

� Self-Guided Tutorials on BiologicalWarfare Terrorism, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Chemical WarfareTerrorism, Nuclear Terrorism and Radio-logical Terrorism. www.nti.org/tutorials

� Nonproliferation Databases with theworld’s most comprehensive, open-sourceinformation containing current and archivedmaterial from a wide range of sourcesincluding academic and trade journals, gov-ernment and defense publications,periodicals and electronic news sources,United States congressional testimony,conference proceedings, books, UnitedNations and International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA) documents, correspon-dence from international advisors,unpublished papers and Internet sources.www.nti.org/db

� Publications and source documentsfrom nongovernmental organizations andgovernment bodies with access to agree-ments, research papers, journal articles andwhite papers. www.nti.org/docs

� WMD411, an information resource on thethreats from nuclear, biological and chemi-cal weapons that explores a range of policyoptions to reduce these weapons threatsand includes a chronology of key events anda glossary explaining key terms.www.nti.org/wmd411

� A Teacher’s Toolkit, designed for educa-tors, includes sample syllabi and links to aweb resources guide, a glossary of nonpro-liferation terms and self-guided tutorials.www.nti.org/tt

� General information about NTI availablein both Russian and English includingbiographies of NTI Board Members andstaff, NTI’s mission and programs factsheet. www.nti.org/aboutnti

The website is updated daily with new informa-tion and resources. Bookmark the site atwww.nti.org

Act Now for a Safer World

Through a targeted public education campaignin Iowa and New Hampshire, Act Now for aSafer World, NTI took advantage of the nationalattention on these states during the presidentialprimaries to raise awareness of the threats fromnuclear, biological and chemical weapons.Through paid advertising, free media outreach,on-line organizing and direct citizen outreach,NTI urged citizens to tell the candidates to makethese issues a higher priority. One key messagewas at the current pace it would take existinggovernmental programs 13 years to lock downand secure nuclear materials in Russia and that ifit were made a priority, it could be done in fouryears. The results were impressive: over thecourse of the campaign, presidential candidateslaid out more detailed plans on these issues; citi-zens and reporters began asking the candidatesquestions about the NTI/Safer World agenda;during a nationally televised debate, the modera-tor asked a question specifically about one ofNTI’s TV ads; editorial boards pressed the candi-dates on these issues and public opinionresearch confirmed the penetration and effective-ness of the public education project.

The issue of nuclear terrorism and whatshould be done to prevent it continued to be anissue during the general election with PresidentBush and Senator Kerry agreeing that the biggestthreat to the United States was a nuclear weaponin the hands of a terrorist. Senator Kerry said thatthe current pace of 13 years to complete thework wasn’t fast enough and that as presidenthe would get the job done in four years.

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 41

“Both candidates [George W. Bush and John Kerry]called nuclear proliferation the greatest threat toAmerican security.”

The New York Times, October 2, 2004, regarding the September 30 U.S. Presidential debate.

42 N T I

nuclear weapons and materials to theft. As faras we know, the scenario in the film is fiction.Yet it may happen in the near future–if wedon’t start racing to stop it.

Acquiring weapons and materials is thehardest step for terrorists to take and theeasiest step for us to stop. By contrast everysubsequent step in the process—building thebomb, transporting it and detonating it—iseasier for terrorists to take and harder for usto stop.

Free copies of the film are available forindividuals or organizations interested in host-ing a screening. To get a copy of the film call 1-800-336-0035 or log on towww.saferworld.org.

Controlling Nuclear Warheads and MaterialsBy supporting research and analysis of

current global efforts to keep nuclearweapons, material and know-how out of ter-rorist hands, NTI has helped shape the publicdebate on these activities and has catalyzedgreater government action to accelerate andexpand the scope of this work.

Working closely with Harvard University’sManaging the Atom Project, NTI commis-sioned a series of annual reports, trackingprogress in securing nuclear warheads andmaterials and making recommendations foraccelerating this work. The Managing theAtom Project has developed and maintains

an in-depth section on NTI’s website that pro-vides detailed information on U.S.-fundedprograms designed to secure, monitor andreduce the size of nuclear stockpiles andweapons complexes. Together, the reportsand the NTI web section serve as the onlyavailable source for “one-stop shopping” forinformation on all aspects of these criticalprograms. www.nti.org/cnwm.

These reports have provided new thinkingthat, in combination with several NTI directaction projects, helped catalyze major gov-ernment initiatives, such as the removal ofhighly enriched uranium from research reac-tors around the world and efforts toaccelerate cooperative security upgrades fornuclear weapons and materials in Russia.

A Russian gangster approaches a guard froma nuclear weapons storage facility and seekshis cooperation in stealing two nuclear war-heads. Meanwhile, a team of camouflage-cladterrorists slips into a nuclear research reactorin an Eastern European country. Assisted byemployees at the facility, they take rods ofhighly enriched uranium, the raw material ofnuclear terrorism, and disappear into thenight. They head to a safe house, equippedwith machine tools, chemicals, bomb designsand a munitions expert—everything necessaryto build a nuclear weapon and move it to thetarget. About the same time, in South Africa,a trusted scientist walks out the door of aresearch reactor with sheets of highlyenriched uranium in his briefcase, as he hasbeen doing over a period of weeks, to sellterrorists enough material to make a nuclearbomb. All three attempts are commissionedby al Qaeda, which, once it obtains the highlyenriched uranium, effectively becomes anuclear power.

The scenario above is from a docudramacommissioned by NTI, the CarnegieCorporation of New York and the John D. andCatherine T. MacArthur Foundation, to drawattention to the urgent threat of nuclear terror-ism and the urgent need to dramaticallyaccelerate efforts to lock down nuclearweapons and materials on a global basis. Thefilm is based on facts about the vulnerability of

Last Best Chance

Terrorists are racing to get nuclear, bio-

logical and chemical weapons. We are

not yet racing to stop them. These are

just a few of the known attempts.

2002 Diagrams of crude nuclear weapons are

found in an al Qaeda safe house.

2002 A Russian newspaper reports that mili-

tary counterintelligence “foiled four attempts”

by terrorists to access Russian nuclear stock-

piles and nuclear warhead storage sites.

(Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 11/1/02)

2001 Russian customs official reports detect-

ing more than 500 incidents of illegal

transport of nuclear and radioactive materials

across the Russian border in 2000. (ITAR-

TASS, 4/2/01)

2000 A Russian security official reports the

Taliban tried to recruit a Russian nuclear

expert. (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,

10/9/00)

1999 An al Qaeda nerve gas progress report

found in Afghanistan concludes that the

efforts to make such weapons without spe-

cialists had “resulted in a waste of effort and

money,” and recommends recruiting experts

as the “fastest, cheapest and safest way: to

make them.” (The Wall Street Journal,

12/31/99)

Acquiring weapons and materials is the hard-

est step for terrorists to take and the easiest

step for us to stop. By contrast every subse-

quent step in the process—building the bomb,

transporting it and detonating it—is easier for

terrorists to take and harder for us to stop.

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 43

Scenes from Last

Best Chance, a

nuclear terrorism

docudrama.

Global Security Newswire To support a one-stop global newsstand—available exclusively on the NTI website—withoriginal reporting and a comprehensive snap-shot of the day’s global news on nuclear,biological and chemical weapons, terrorismand missile issues.National Journal Group, Inc.Washington, DC, USA$796,978 2004—2005

Online Research Center and LibraryTo develop and maintain for the NTI website acomprehensive research library with informa-tion, analysis and educational materials aboutthe threats from nuclear, biological and chemi-cal weapons. The library builds on the mostcomprehensive open-source nonproliferationdatabases in the world and brings together arange of expert opinion and analysis on theseissues.Monterey Institute of International StudiesCenter for Nonproliferation StudiesMonterey, CA, USA$650,488 2004—2005

Tracking U.S. Government Efforts toAddress Biological ThreatsTo analyze U.S. government investments inbioweapons prevention and preparedness,examining programs and policies, funding lev-els, gaps in program activities and theeffectiveness of work with recommendationsfor strengthening the value and pace of cur-rent activities and identify critical needs forthe future.Chemical and Biological Arms ControlInstituteWashington, DC, USA$389,716 2002—2004

Publication of “Four Faces of NuclearTerrorism”To support the publication of a study by theCenter for Nonproliferation Studies on the dif-ferent forms nuclear terrorism could take, withrecommendations for preventing each. Monterey Institute of International StudiesCenter for Nonproliferation StudiesMonterey, CA USA$25,000 2004

South Asian Security and WMD WebsiteModuleTo continue a WMD module on the Institute ofPeace and Conflict Studies website thatdraws from South Asian, Chinese and CentralAsian sources and provides comprehensivenews analysis and reference materials relatingto nuclear, chemical and biological weaponsand to support research, workshops and pub-lications on nonproliferation, and nuclear,biological and chemical threats. Institute of Peace and Conflict StudiesNew Delhi, India$150,000 2004—2006

Tracking U.S.-Russian CooperativeNuclear SecurityTo track the progress and budgets of U.S.-Russian cooperative nuclear security programswith an annual report and website and makerecommendations for accelerating the paceand effectiveness of this threat reduction work.Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Centerfor Science and International AffairsJohn F. Kennedy School of Government,Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA$309,930 2004—2006

44 N T I

NTI Projects Approved or Ongoing in Fiscal Year 2004

Act Now for a Safer World: A PublicAwareness ProjectTo increase public understanding that the topsecurity threat is a terrorist attack withnuclear, biological or chemical weapons andthat the most effective way to protect our-selves is for all nations to work together in aGlobal Partnership to secure weapons andmaterials at their source.NTI$1,950,000 2003—2004

Student OutreachTo conduct outreach activities on collegecampuses in Iowa and New Hampshire to support NTI’s Act Now for a Safer World project.Student Pugwash, USAWashington, DC$15,000 2003—2004

Public Opinion ProjectTo conduct public opinion research on thethreats from weapons of mass destruction.NTI$339,5002002—2004

Public Education on Nuclear Threats—Last Best ChanceTo produce and distribute a docudrama thatwill bring to life the threat of nuclear terrorism.The film will highlight the threats, state whatshould be done to address them and remindviewers of the real human, political and eco-nomic costs of a nuclear terrorism incident. NTI (in conjunction with the CarnegieCorporation of New York and the John D.and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation)$1,000,0002004—2005

Research and AnalysisTo provide research and analytic support toNTI and/or complete studies on emerging pro-liferation issues or topics.Monterey Institute of International StudiesCenter for Nonproliferation StudiesMonterey, CA, USA$75,885 2004—2005

Collaborative Education and CooperativeSecurity: A Joint Curriculum Project onReducing the Nuclear ThreatTo bring together Russian and American secu-rity experts to develop joint course materialsthat compare current nuclear security issueswith the Cold War experience and explorenew cooperative security arrangements tomove from deterrence to reassurance.School for International Security and WorldPolitics at the Institute of U.S.A. and CanadaStudies in Moscow, Moscow, Russia; Centerfor International and Security Studies atMaryland, School of Public Affairs, Universityof Maryland, College Park, MD, USAUp to $735,1782001—2005

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 45

46 N T I

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 47

BOARD OF DIRECTORSNTI’s Board of Directors guides theoverall philosophy and direction of theorganization. NTI Board Membersshare the common goal of takingaction to reduce the gap between theglobal threats and the global responseand bring broad vision and experienceto this important mission.

Not Shown: U.S. Senator Pete V. Domenici,

Hon. Pierre Lellouche, Ambassador

Vladimir P. Lukin, Professor Amartya Sen,

Rt. Hon. Professor Shirley Williams

48 N T I

Sam Nunn

Sam Nunn is Co-chairman and ChiefExecutive Officer of the Nuclear ThreatInitiative. He served as a U.S. Senatorfrom Georgia for 24 years (1972–1996)and is retired from the law firm of King& Spalding.

Senator Nunn attended GeorgiaTech, Emory University and Emory Law

School, where he graduated with honors in 1962. After activeduty service in the U.S. Coast Guard, he served six years in theU.S. Coast Guard Reserve. He first entered politics as aMember of the Georgia House of Representatives in 1968.

During his tenure in the U.S. Senate, Senator Nunn servedas Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee andthe Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. He alsoserved on the Intelligence and Small Business Committees.His legislative achievements include the landmark Departmentof Defense Reorganization Act, drafted with the late SenatorBarry Goldwater, and the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative ThreatReduction Program, which provides assistance to Russia andthe former Soviet republics for securing and destroying theirexcess nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.

In addition to his work with NTI, Senator Nunn has contin-ued his service in the public policy arena as a DistinguishedProfessor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs atGeorgia Tech and as Chairman of the Board of the Center forStrategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C.

R.E. (Ted) Turner

Ted Turner, Co-chairman of theNuclear Threat Initiative, is the founderof CNN, the world’s first live, in-depth,around-the-clock news television net-work. Mr. Turner spent nearly 30 yearsbuilding Turner Broadcasting Systeminto one of the nation’s largest mediaconglomerates. The company merged

with Time Warner in 1996.Mr. Turner began his career as an account executive for

Turner Advertising Company, later to become TurnerBroadcasting System. He bought his first television station in1970 and later purchased Major League Baseball’s AtlantaBraves. Mr. Turner pioneered the “superstation” concept,transmitting a station’s signal to cable systems nationwide viasatellite.

He founded the cable channels TNT, Cartoon Network andTurner Classic Movies, a 24-hour commercial-free network. Heexpanded Turner Broadcasting’s news division with the cre-ation of CNNRadio, CNN Airport Network and a 24-hoursports network.

A philanthropist and supporter of a number of humanitar-ian causes, Mr. Turner founded the United Nations Foundationand the Goodwill Games, an international, world-class, qua-drennial, multisport competition. Mr. Turner is the recipient ofnumerous honorary degrees, industry awards and civic honors,including being named Time magazine’s 1991 Man of the Yearand one of two Men of the Century by Broadcasting & CableMagazine in 1999.

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 49

Charles B. Curtis

Charles B. Curtis is the President andChief Operating Officer of the NuclearThreat Initiative. Previously, Mr. Curtisserved as the Executive Vice Presidentand Chief Operating Officer of theUnited Nations Foundation (UNF).

Before joining UNF, Mr. Curtis wasa partner in Hogan & Hartson, a

Washington-based law firm with domestic and internationaloffices. Mr. Curtis served as Under Secretary and, later,Deputy Secretary of the U.S. Department of Energy fromFebruary 1994 to May 1997. He was Chief Operating Officerof the Department and, among other duties, had direct pro-grammatic responsibility for all of the Department’s energy,science, technology and national security programs.

Mr. Curtis is a lawyer with over 15 years’ practice experi-ence and more than 18 years in government service. He was a founding partner of the Washington law firm Van NessFeldman. Mr. Curtis served as Chairman of the Federal EnergyRegulatory Commission from 1977 to 1981 and has heldpositions on the staff of the U.S. House of Representatives,the U.S. Treasury Department and the Securities andExchange Commission. He is a current member of the Councilon Foreign Relations.

U.S. Senator Pete V. Domenici

U.S. Senator Pete V. Domenici (R-NewMexico) is a strong proponent of cre-ating and sustaining programsfocused on reducing the threats fromweapons of mass destruction.

As Chairman of the Senate Energyand Natural Resources Committee andthe Senate Energy and Water

Development Appropriations Subcommittee, he has promotedlegislation to bolster U.S. efforts to prevent the proliferation ofnuclear weapons and the components to build such weapons.He has worked in support of the evolving mission of the U.S.national laboratories and other high-technology research facili-ties.

Senator Domenici supports greater U.S. energy indepen-dence, encouraging the development of the domestic oil andnatural gas industries, while calling for a reduction in the coun-try’s reliance on foreign sources of energy. He has led nationalefforts to assure that nuclear energy, which now provides overone-fifth of our nation’s electricity, remains a strong option forclean, reliable production. A 25-year veteran of the SenateBudget Committee, Senator Domenici is also recognized asone of the nation’s foremost experts on the federal budget.

Susan Eisenhower

Susan Eisenhower, President of theEisenhower Group, Inc., is best known forher work on U.S.-Russian relations andinternational security issues. Co-founderof the Center for Political and StrategicStudies, Ms. Eisenhower previously ledThe Eisenhower Institute as Presidentand CEO after the two organizations

combined programs in 2000. She continues her associationwith The Eisenhower Institute as a Distinguished Fellow.

In the spring of 2000, Ms. Eisenhower was appointed bythe U.S. Secretary of Energy to a blue ribbon task force, theBaker-Cutler Commission, to evaluate U.S.-funded nonprolifera-tion programs in Russia, and since that time she has also servedas an advisor to another Department of Energy study. She hasalso served as an Academic Fellow of the International Peaceand Security program of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.Ms. Eisenhower has received three honorary doctorates and anumber of other awards for her work in U.S.-Russian relations.

Ms. Eisenhower has spent over 20 years of her career onforeign policy issues, though she came to the field from thebusiness community. A onetime consultant to IBM, AmericanExpress and Loral Space Systems, she was appointed in1998 to the National Academy of Sciences’ standing commit-tee on international security and arms control. She carries onthis work through her company.

Ms. Eisenhower is the author of two best-selling books:Breaking Free and Mrs. Ike. She has edited four collected vol-umes on regional security issues and written hundreds ofop-eds and articles on foreign policy for major newspapers andother national publications. In addition to NTI’s board, Ms.Eisenhower serves on a number of boards of corporations,foundations and educational institutions.

Ambassador Rolf Ekeus

Ambassador Rolf Ekeus serves asChairman of the Board of theStockholm International PeaceResearch Institute. He has filled anumber of diplomatic posts, includingSwedish Ambassador to the UnitedStates and head of the United NationsSpecial Commission on Iraq.

In the summer of 2001, Ambassador Ekeus wasappointed High Commissioner on National Minorities by theOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).In October 2000, the Swedish government appointed him asa special commissioner to carry out investigations onSweden’s security policy during the Cold War on the issue ofpolitical and military handling of foreign submarine intrusionsinto Swedish territorial waters from 1980 until the present. In2002 and 2003, respectively, he presented his official reportson the two issues.

Between 1997 and 2000 Mr. Ekeus served in Washington,DC as Sweden’s Ambassador to the United States.

Ambassador Ekeus has spent the last two decades work-ing on international nonproliferation issues. From 1991 to 1997,he served as Executive Chairman of the United Nations SpecialCommission on Iraq in charge of detection and elimination ofIraq’s weapons of mass destruction. He also served as ambas-sador and head of the Swedish delegation to the Conferenceon Security and Cooperation in Europe and to the GenevaConference on Disarmament. He was chairman of the interna-tional negotiations on the Chemical Weapons Convention.

His work in this field was recognized with the WaterlerPeace Price from the Carnegie Foundation in 1997.

50 N T I

General Eugene E. Habiger

General Eugene Habiger has morethan 35 years of experience in nationalsecurity and nuclear operations. In hisrole as commander in chief of the U.S.Strategic Command, General Habigerwas responsible for all U.S. Air Forceand U.S. Navy strategic nuclearforces. During his tenure, General

Habiger established an unprecedented military-to-military rela-tionship with his counterpart in Russia. He brings a unique,in-depth understanding of nuclear operations and nuclear pol-icy to NTI.

General Habiger also served as the U.S. Department ofEnergy’s Director of Security and Emergency Operations. Inthis role, he oversaw all security functions, including safe-guards and security policy, cyber-security, and emergencyoperations functions.

A command pilot with more than 5,000 flying hours,primarily in bomber aircraft, General Habiger flew 150 combatmissions during the Vietnam War.

He is a Distinguished Fellow and Policy Advisor at theUniversity of Georgia’s Center for International Trade andSecurity. General Habiger also serves on the board of theArmed Services YMCA and the Fischer House Foundation ofSan Antonio and is a Senior Fellow with the GorbachevFoundation and a Fellow with the Club of Madrid.

HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal

A pluralist, believing in consensus andrespect for others, His Royal HighnessPrince El Hassan bin Talal believes insocieties in which all groups of peoplecan live, work and function in freedomand with dignity. This goal has beenthe moving force behind his interestand involvement in humanitarian and

interfaith issues, with particular emphasis on the human dimen-sion of conflicts.

His Royal Highness has initiated, founded and is activelyinvolved in a number of Jordanian and international institutesand committees. He co-chaired the Independent Commissionon International Humanitarian Issues in 1983 and is currentlyChairman of the Arab Thought Forum, President of the Club ofRome and moderator of the World Conference for Religionsand Peace.

His Royal Highness is the author of six books: A Study onJerusalem (1979); Palestinian Self-Determination (1981);Search for Peace (1984); Christianity in the Arab World(1994); and Continuity, Innovation and Change: SelectedEssays (2001). He is joint author of To Be a Muslim in theEnglish, Italian and French languages (2001).

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Dr. Andrei Kokoshin

Dr. Andrei Kokoshin is a scientist,scholar and author and is a Member of the State Duma of the RussianFederation.

Between 1992 and 1997, Dr. Kokoshin served as First DeputyMinister of Defense of the RussianFederation and as State Secretary.

From 1997 to 1998, Dr. Kokoshin was Secretary of DefenseCouncil and Chief Military Inspector and then becameSecretary of Russia’s Security Council.

Dr. Kokoshin is the Director of the Institute for InternationalSecurity Studies at the Russian Academy of Natural Sciencesand served as the acting Vice President of the Academy from1998 to 1999. In 2003 he was elected to the post ofChairman of the State Duma’s Committee for theCommonwealth of Independent States’ Affairs and Relationswith Compatriots. That same year he became Dean of theSchool of World Politics at Moscow State University. Dr.Kokoshin is also a member of the Scientific Advisory Councilof the Institute for International Studies at Stanford University.

Dr. Kokoshin holds an engineering degree in radioelectron-ics from Moscow Higher Technical School and a doctorate inpolitical science. He is the author of 12 books on internationalsecurity, political and military affairs and defense industry policy.

The Honorable Pierre Lellouche

Pierre Lellouche has been a memberof the French National Assembly since1993 and was recently electedPresident of the NATO ParliamentaryAssembly. He is the Deputy SecretaryGeneral of his party, the Union pour unMouvement Populaire, and a practic-ing attorney with Clyde and Co., Paris.

From 1989 to 1995, he was Diplomatic Advisor to FrenchPresident Jacques Chirac, and he has held a number of posi-tions in his party on foreign affairs and defense issues.

Mr. Lellouche was a Co-founder and Deputy Director ofthe French Institute for International Affairs (IFRI). He hastaught and published widely on political-military affairs, includ-ing serving as a columnist for le Point and Newsweek.

He is a Vice Chairman of the Atlantic Partnership and amember of the Trilateral Commission and the Council of theInternational Institute for Strategic Studies. Pierre Lellouchealso serves as a Member of the Board of Directors of theFoundation du Futur, and as a member of the editorial board ofthe European Journal of International Affairs and Journal ofArms Control and Security Studies.

Lellouche is the author of several books including LeNouveau Monde (1992), La République Immobile (1998) andLa France et les Bombes (2000). He was educated in Parisand at Harvard Law School, where he earned his master’s anddoctorate degrees.

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U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar

U.S. Senator Richard G. Lugar (R-Indiana) is Chairman of the SenateForeign Relations Committee and awell-known leader in internationalsecurity issues. A proponent of freetrade and economic growth, SenatorLugar was elected to the U.S. Senatein 1976 and in 2000 won his third

consecutive victory by a two-thirds majority. He is the longest-serving member of Congress from Indiana.

Senator Lugar has been instrumental in Senate ratificationof treaties that reduce the world’s use, production and stock-piling of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. In 1991,he forged a bipartisan partnership with then-Senate ArmedServices Chairman Sam Nunn to create a cooperative pro-gram to destroy weapons of mass destruction in the formerSoviet Union. To date, the Nunn-Lugar program has deacti-vated more than 6,000 nuclear warheads that were onceaimed at the United States.

As former Chairman of the Agriculture Committee, SenatorLugar built bipartisan support for 1996 federal farm programreforms, ending 1930s era federal production controls. He ini-tiated a biofuels research program to help decrease U.S.dependency on foreign oil, and led initiatives to streamline theU.S. Department of Agriculture, reform the food stamp pro-gram and preserve the federal school lunch program.

Senator Lugar has received numerous awards includingGuardian of Small Business, the Spirit of Enterprise, Watchdogof the Treasury, and 36 honorary doctorate degrees. He man-ages his family’s 604-acre Marion County corn, soybean andtree farm. Before entering public life, he helped run the family’sfood machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis.

Ambassador Vladimir P. Lukin

Ambassador Vladimir P. Lukin is a for-mer Russian ambassador to the U.S.and served as Deputy Chairman of theRussian Duma. He previously servedas Chairman of the Duma’s ForeignAffairs Committee. In February 2004,Mr. Lukin was appointed by the StateDuma to the post of Commissioner on

Human Rights in the Russian Federation.Born in the Siberian city of Omsk, Ambassador Lukin is a

specialist in U.S. Soviet/Russian strategic arms control issues.He is a graduate of the Moscow Pedagogical Institute andreceived his PhD in history from the Institute of World Economyand International Relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Ambassador Lukin was a member of the Editorial Board ofthe international journal World Review in Prague but wasrecalled to the USSR in 1968 for protesting the Soviet inva-sion of Czechoslovakia. From 1969 to 1987, Ambassador Lukinwas a Research Fellow at the Institute of U.S. and CanadianStudies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He then served inthe USSR Foreign Ministry as Deputy Head of the ForeignPolicy Analysis and Prognosis Department until 1990, when hewas elected as a People’s Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of theRussian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic. There he served asChairman of the Supreme Soviet Committee on InternationalAffairs and Foreign Economic Relations.

Ambassador Lukin is the author of books and numerousarticles on international relations and Russian foreign policy.He speaks French, Spanish and English and is married, withtwo sons.

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Dr. Jessica Tuchman Mathews

Dr. Jessica Tuchman Mathews isPresident of the Carnegie Endowmentfor International Peace, an internationalresearch organization with offices inWashington and Moscow. Dr. Mathews,who holds a Ph.D. in molecular biology,has held positions in the executive andlegislative branches, in management

and research in the nonprofit arena and in journalism.She was a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign

Relations from 1993 to 1997 and served as Director of theCouncil’s Washington Program. During that time her ForeignAffairs article, “Power Shift,” was chosen by the editors as oneof the most influential in the journal’s 75 years.

From 1982 to 1993, Dr. Mathews was founding VicePresident and Director of Research of the World ResourcesInstitute, an internationally known center for policy research onenvironmental and natural resource management issues.

She served on the editorial board of The Washington Postfrom 1980 to 1982, covering energy, environment, science,technology, health and arms control issues. Later, she becamea weekly columnist for The Washington Post.

From 1977 to 1979, she was Director of the Office ofGlobal Issues of the National Security Council, coveringnuclear proliferation, conventional arms sales policy, chemicaland biological warfare and human rights. In 1993, shereturned to government as Deputy to the Under Secretary ofState for Global Affairs.

Judge Hisashi Owada

Judge Hisashi Owada was appointedto the International Court of Justice inThe Hague in early 2003. Beforebeing appointed to this post, heserved as President of the JapanInstitute of International Affairs,Advisor to the Minister for ForeignAffairs of Japan, Senior Advisor to the

President of the World Bank and Professor of Law andOrganization at Waseda University Graduate School in Japan.

One of his country’s most respected diplomats, JudgeOwada previously served as Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs,Permanent Representative of Japan to the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development in Paris and asPermanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations inNew York.

In the academic field as a professor of international lawand organization, Judge Owada has taught at Tokyo Universitysince 1963, and at the law schools of Harvard University,Columbia University and New York University. He is a memberof the Institut de Droit International. Judge Owada is theauthor of numerous writings on international, legal and politicalaffairs.

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Dr. William J. Perry

Dr. William J. Perry currently serves asthe Michael and Barbara BerberianProfessor at Stanford University, with ajoint appointment in the School ofEngineering and the Institute forInternational Studies. He is also aSenior Fellow at the Hoover Instituteand Co-Director of the Preventive

Defense Project, a research collaboration of Stanford andHarvard Universities.

Dr. Perry was the 19th Secretary of Defense for theUnited States, serving from February 1994 to January 1997.As Secretary of Defense, he was instrumental in implementingand strengthening the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative ThreatReduction Program. He also served as Deputy Secretary ofDefense (1993–1994) and Under Deputy Secretary ofDefense for Research and Engineering (1977–1981).

Dr. Perry has extensive business experience and currentlyserves on the board of several high-tech companies and isChairman of Global Technology Partners. He is a member ofthe National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Dr. Perry has received numerous awards and decorationsfrom U.S. and foreign governments, non-governmental organi-zations and the military, including the Presidential Medal ofFreedom in 1997.

Dr. Nafis Sadik

Dr. Nafis Sadik has consistently calledattention to the importance ofaddressing the needs of womendirectly in making and carrying outdevelopment policy. From 1987 to2000, Dr. Sadik served as ExecutiveDirector of the United NationsPopulation Fund, with the rank of

Under Secretary General, becoming the first woman to head amajor UN voluntarily funded program. In 2001, Dr. Sadik wasappointed as Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General,where she continues to work on gender, population and devel-opment issues. Current assignments include Special Envoy forHIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific and membership on the HighLevel Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change.

Dr. Sadik came to the United Nations after a distinguishedcareer in Pakistan, where she served as Director-General of theCentral Family Planning Council. Since beginning her career asa physician in 1954, Dr. Sadik has taken on a number ofincreasingly challenging leadership roles in the family planningfield. She first served as a civilian medical officer in charge ofwomen’s and children’s wards in various Pakistani armedforces hospitals before directing hospitals and eventually head-ing the Planning and Training Division, the government agencycharged with the national family planning program.

Dr. Sadik was educated at Loreto College, Calcutta, India,received her doctor of medicine degree from Dow MedicalCollege, Karachi, and completed further studies at JohnsHopkins University. She is the recipient of numerous interna-tional awards and honors for her contributions to improving thehealth of women and children of the global community.

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Professor Amartya Sen

Amartya Sen is a world-renownedeconomist, scholar, philosopher andauthor. He has done groundbreakingresearch in a number of areas, includ-ing economics, social choice theory,political and moral philosophy, anddecision theory. Awarded the “BharatRatna,” the highest honor given by the

President of India, Professor Sen’s work in economics hasalso been recognized with a Nobel Prize.

Professor Sen is Lamont University Professor andProfessor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University,and was until recently the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.Earlier he was the Drummond Professor of Political Economyat Oxford University and a Fellow of All Souls College. Prior tothat he was Professor of Economics at Delhi University and atthe London School of Economics.

Professor Sen has researched and written books in anumber of fields. His work has ranged over welfare economics,social choice, theory of measurement, development economics,ethics, political analysis, and economics of peace and war. Hislast two books are Development As Freedom, and Rationalityand Freedom, and his next book, to be published by PenguinBooks, is entitled The Argumentative Indian.

He has served as President of the Econometric Society,the American Economic Association, and the InternationalEconomic Association. He was also Honorary President ofOXFAM, and is now its Honorary Advisor.

Born in Santiniketan, India, in 1933, Professor Sen stud-ied at Presidency College in Calcutta, India, and at TrinityCollege, Cambridge. He is an Indian citizen.

Rt. Hon. Professor Shirley Williams

Rt. Hon. Professor Shirley Williams isa member of the United Kingdom’sHouse of Lords. She was electedLeader of the Liberal Democrats in theHouse of Lords in 2001 and served inthis position until November 2004.She began her career as a journalistfor The Daily Mirror and The Financial

Times and in 1960 became Secretary of the Fabien Society.Earlier in her career, she was a Member of the House ofCommons and served as a Labour Cabinet Minister ofEducation and Science.

Outside her career in government, Baroness Williamsserved as Public Service Professor of Elective Politics from1988 to 2000 at the John F. Kennedy School of Governmentat Harvard University. She lectured at numerous universitiesincluding Princeton University, University of California atBerkeley and Cambridge University. She is a member of theCouncil on Foreign Relations International Advisory Board andserves on several other boards including the Moscow Schoolof Political Studies and the International Crisis Group.

Baroness Williams holds 11 honorary doctorates fromBritish, Belgian and U.S. universities. She received a BA inphilosophy, politics and economics from Somerville College,where she also received an MA, and attended ColumbiaUniversity on a Fulbright Scholarship.

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Warren E. Buffett Advisor to the Board of Directors

Warren E. Buffett, who has been concerned about the threats fromweapons of mass destruction for fourdecades, serves as an Advisor to NTI’sBoard of Directors.

Mr. Buffett is Chairman of the Boardand Chief Executive Officer of Berkshire

Hathaway Inc., a holding company owning subsidiariesengaged in a number of diverse business activities and con-trolled by him since 1965. Berkshire Hathaway Inc.’s businessactivities include the underwriting of property and casualtyinsurance and a wide variety of manufacturing, retailing andservice companies.

Mr. Buffett started out as an investment salesman andsecurities analyst, and early in his career, he created his owninvestment partnership. He rapidly emerged as an innovativebusinessman with simple but sound investment principles andis now recognized as the world’s greatest investor.

Mr. Buffett also serves as a Director of The Coca-ColaCompany and The Washington Post Company, and is a LifeTrustee of Grinnell College and the Urban Institute.

Known for his superior ability at math and off-the-cuff num-ber crunching, Mr. Buffett attended the Woodrow Wilson HighSchool in Washington, DC, and the Wharton School ofBusiness at the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1950received his BS from the University of Nebraska. He earnedhis MS in economics from Columbia University in 1951.

Professor Fujia Yang

Professor Fujia Yang, academician ofthe Chinese Academy of Sciences, isan internationally renowned nuclearphysicist who currently serves as thesixth Chancellor of the University ofNottingham, one of the UnitedKingdom’s leading research universi-ties, and the Vice Chairman of the

Chinese Association for Science & Technology.Born in Shanghai, Professor Yang graduated from Fudan

University in 1958 with a degree in physics. He went from hisinitial appointment as a teaching assistant, to a ProfessorialChair in Physics, to the Presidency of the University of Fudanfrom 1993 to 1999. He served as Director of the ShanghaiInstitute of Nuclear Research of the Chinese Academy ofSciences from 1987 to 2001, was Chairman of the ShanghaiScience and Technology Association from 1992 to 1996, andwas the founding President of the Association of UniversityPresidents of China from 1997 to 1999.

Dr. Yang’s work has taken him to positions around theglobe, including visiting professorships at the Neils BohrInstitute in Copenhagen, Denmark; State University of NewYork at Stony Brook; Rutgers University, New Jersey; andTokyo University, Japan.

Professor Yang served as a council member representingChina on the Association of East Asia Research Universitiesand was an executive member both of the InternationalAssociation of University Presidents and of the Association ofUniversity Presidents of the Pacific Rim. He holds honorarydegrees from Soka University, Tokyo, Japan; the StateUniversity of New York; the University of Hong Kong; theUniversity of Nottingham; and the University of Connecticut.

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Dr. David A. HamburgAdvisor to the Board of Directors

David Hamburg is President Emeritusof Carnegie Corporation of New York,after having been President from1983-97. He received his A.B. (1944)and his M.D. (1947) degrees fromIndiana University. He was Professorand Chairman of the Department of

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences from 1961-72 and Reed-Hodgson professor of Human Biology at Stanford Universityfrom 1972-76; President of the Institute of Medicine, NationalAcademy of Sciences, 1975-80; Director of the Division ofHealth Policy Research and Education and John D. MacArthurProfessor of Health Policy at Harvard University, 1980-83. Heserved as President then Chairman of the Board of the Amer-ican Association for the Advancement of Science (1984-86).

Under Dr. Hamburg’s leadership, Carnegie Corporationplayed an active role in reducing nuclear danger, movingtoward the resolution of the Cold War, and working towarddemocracy in South Africa. In 1994, he established theCarnegie Commission on Preventing Conflict, which he co-chaired with Cyrus Vance. The commission published asynthesis of these activities under the title, Preventing Deadly Conflict.

He published No More Killing Fields: Preventing DeadlyConflict in 2002. He and his wife, Betty, have completed abook published in 2004 by Oxford University Press entitled,Learning to Live Together: Preventing Hatred and Violence inChild and Adolescent Development.

Dr. Joshua LederbergAdvisor to the Board of Directors

Joshua Lederberg, a research geneti-cist, is president-emeritus at theRockefeller University in New York.There, he continues his lifelongresearch on bacterial genetics, as aScholar of the Beverly and RaymondSackler Foundation. He was awarded

the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1958, and theU.S. National Medal of Science in 1989. He serves on theDefense Science Board and the Defense Threat ReductionAgency advisory committee, as well as a range of other gov-ernmental, industrial and academic consultantships.

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Dr. Siegfried S. HeckerAdvisor to the Board of Directors

Siegfried S. Hecker was Director ofLos Alamos National Laboratory from1986-1997 and is currently a SeniorFellow at the laboratory. He served asChairman of the Center for MaterialsScience and Division Leader of theMaterials Science and Technology

Division before becoming Director. From 1970 to 1973 he wasa senior research metallurgist with the General MotorsResearch Laboratories.

Dr. Hecker is a member of the National Academy ofEngineering, Foreign Member of the Russian Academy ofSciences, Fellow of the TMS (Minerals, Metallurgy andMaterials Society), Fellow of the American Society for Metals,Honorary Member of the American Ceramics Society, andFellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He isa member of the American Association for the Advancement ofScience, Council on Foreign Relations, Tau Beta Pi HonoraryEngineering Fraternity, Alpha Sigma Mu Honorary MetallurgicalFraternity, and the Society of Sigma Xi.

In addition to his current research activities in plutoniumscience and stockpile stewardship, he works closely with theRussian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Ministry ofAtomic Energy on a variety of cooperative threat reduction pro-grams. Dr. Hecker is also actively involved with the U.S.National Academies, serving on the Council of the NationalAcademy of Engineering, serving as chair of the newly estab-lished Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russiaand the United States, and as a member of the NationalAcademies Committee on Nuclear Nonproliferation.

George F. Russell, Jr.Advisor to the Board of Directors

George F. Russell, Jr. has been aworldwide leader in promoting the crit-ical importance of globalization toreduce poverty and disease through-out the world.

Russell built Frank Russell Com-pany into one of the world’s leading

investment advisory firms, serving as chairman from 1958 untilthe firm was sold to Northwestern Mutual Life in 1999. Today,the company guides 1,100 clients in 35 countries with assetsexceeding $1.8 trillion, and manages $130 billion in funds.

Mr. Russell pioneered the business of pension fund consult-ing. He is a well-known advocate of diversified global investingand, along with Warren Buffett, was named in 1993 as one ofthe four most influential people in institutional investing.

Mr. Russell and his wife Jane (until her passing from a 13-month battle with cancer in May 2002) promoted eco-nomic development efforts in their hometown of Tacoma, andwere active supporters of education, the arts and medicalresearch. Their civic leadership has resulted in many honors.They jointly received the prestigious E. Donnell Thomas “Medalof Achievement” from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer ResearchCenter in 1997, and they were the couple behind the creationof the internationally recognized Museum of Glass in Tacoma.

Mr. Russell is Co-Chairman of the EastWest Institute, Co-Chairman of The Kendall-Russell Centre for CorporateCompetitiveness in Russia, Chairman of The National Bureau ofAsian Research, Chairman of Transmutation Technologies, Inc.,Chairman of The Russell Family Foundation and The ThresholdGroup, among others, including projects to educate Americanson Islam and the critical importance of globalization.

60 N T I

NTI is staffed by a group of experts on inter-national affairs, nonproliferation, security andmilitary issues, public health, medicine andcommunications. They have held high-levelposts in the White House, federal and stateagencies, the U.S. military, the U.S.Congress and international organizations.The NTI staff share a common vision of asafer world and are working to reduce theglobal threats from nuclear, biological andchemical weapons. Here are brief biogra-phies of some NTI staff members:

Sam Nunn, Co-Chairman & Chief ExecutiveOfficer (see biography in Board of Directorssection)

Charles B. Curtis, President & ChiefOperating Officer (see biography in Board ofDirectors section)

Joan Rohlfing, Senior Vice President forPrograms & OperationsMs. Rohlfing joined NTI after spending sixyears in a number of senior positions with theU.S. Department of Energy. She served asSenior Advisor for National Security to theSecretary of Energy and Director of the Officeof Nonproliferation and National Security. Shetook a nine-month assignment in New Delhi,India, in the wake of nuclear tests in SouthAsia, to advise the U.S. ambassador onnuclear security issues. Ms. Rohlfing also hasserved on the staff of the U.S. House ofRepresentatives Armed Services Committeeand at the U.S. Department of Defense.

Brooke D. Anderson, Vice President forCommunicationsMs. Anderson joined NTI after serving in vari-ous senior positions in the executive andlegislative branches of the U.S. government,including as Special Assistant to the Presidentand Senior Director for Communications atthe National Security Council at the WhiteHouse. She also served as Director of theU.S. Department of Energy’s Office of PublicAffairs and Deputy Chief of Staff and PressSecretary to former Congressman DavidSkaggs.

Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., Vice Presidentfor NTI’s Global Public Health and SecurityInitiativeBefore coming to NTI, Dr. Hamburg wasAssistant Secretary for Planning andEvaluation at the U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services. She is a physician andexpert in public health and bioterrorism. Dr.Hamburg was the Commissioner of Health forthe City of New York and former AssistantDirector of the Institute of Allergy & InfectiousDiseases at the National Institutes of Health.She is a member of the Institute of Medicineof the National Academies of Science, theIntelligence Science Board, the Council onForeign Relations, the Aspen Study Groupand a fellow for the American Association ofthe Advancement of Science.

Officers & Staff

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Laura S. H. Holgate, Vice President forRussia/New Independent States(NIS) ProgramsMs. Holgate joined NTI after serving in a numberof senior positions in the federal government.She managed the Nunn-Lugar CooperativeThreat Reduction program at the U.S. Depart-ment of Defense, which provides assistance toRussia and the new independent states insecuring and destroying excess nuclear, chemi-cal and biological weapons and materials. Shealso served as Director of the Office of FissileMaterials Disposition at the U.S. Department ofEnergy. Ms. Holgate has received numerouspublic service awards and is a member of theCouncil on Foreign Relations, the InternationalInstitute of Strategic Studies and the ExecutiveBoard of Women in International Security.

Tony Kalm, Vice President for Development Mr. Kalm has held senior-level developmentpositions with a number of nonprofit organiza-tions and consulted internationally in thatsector. His experience includes developingand implementing major fund-raising programsand securing the support of international orga-nizations, governments and major donors inthe United States and abroad. He has raisedover $100 million and brought significantmedia and public attention to bear on health,humanitarian and conservation issues. Mr. Kalm was a Peace Corps volunteer in Sri Lanka and has worked in Italy and South Africa.

Sonya Vekstein, CPA, Chief Financial OfficerBefore coming to NTI, Sonya Vekstein wasChief Financial Officer at the InternationalRepublican Institute, a non-profit organizationpromoting democracy worldwide, where sheworked to improve accounting processes andinternal controls. Ms. Vekstein is a CertifiedPublic Accountant and a member of theAmerican Institute of Certified PublicAccountants.

Robert E. Berls, Jr., Ph.D., Senior Advisorfor Russia/NIS Programs, Director of theMoscow OfficeDr. Berls brings to NTI a background inSoviet/Russian energy and nuclear weaponsissues. As a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, heserved as Air Attaché at the U.S. Embassy inthe 1980s. During the first Clinton Admin-istration, he was Special Assistant to theSecretary of Energy for Russia/NIS Programs.Before joining NTI, he was Vice President forBusiness Development and GovernmentRelations for a U.S. oil company.

Lisa K. Cutler, Director of Programs andOutreach, Communications ProgramPrior to joining NTI, Ms. Cutler directed exter-nal communications for the U.S. NationalNuclear Security Administration. She has alsoheld senior communications positions at theU.S. Department of Energy and the U.S.Department of Labor and was Press Secretaryto former U.S. Senators John Glenn andHarris Wofford.

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Catherine O’Brien Gwin, Director ofCommunicationsMs. Gwin comes to NTI from the law firm ofKing & Spalding, where she served as formerSenator Sam Nunn’s Director of Commu-nications and Public Policy. She previouslyserved as Senator Nunn’s Press Secretary inthe U.S. Senate and the spokesperson for theSenate Armed Services Committee.

Diane G. Hauslein, Director ofAdministrative OperationsMs. Hauslein joined NTI following a 21-yearcareer in the field of legal management—including finance, human resources, facilities/equipment management, technology and mar-keting. Most recently, Ms. Hauslein served asthe Director of Administration for the Wash-ington, DC, office of an international law firmco-managed by James Hall, former Chairmanof the National Transportation Safety Board.

Tatiana G. Nikolenko, Program Manager,Biological Programs in Russia, Moscow OfficePrior to joining NTI, Ms. Nikolenko worked asa senior project manager at the InternationalScience and Technology Center headquarters,where she ran the Russian/NIS biological pro-grams and served as coordinator for U.S.public health programs in Russia and the NIS.Ms. Nikolenko received her degree in bio-mechanics from Moscow State University. She has authored three books.

Major Robert E. Schultz, USAF (Ret.),Senior Program Officer, Russia/NIS ProgramsMajor Schultz joined NTI after a military careerin strategic nuclear operations and strategicoffensive arms threat reduction. He bringsextensive program implementation experiencefrom the U.S. Department of Defense’s Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program,where he was involved in the disposition ofRussian strategic missiles. He also served asa Minuteman ICBM flight commander and asan operations planner on the Strategic AirCommand’s Airborne Command Post“Looking Glass.”

Mark Smolinski, M.D., M.P.H., SeniorProgram Officer, Biological ProgramsBefore coming to NTI, Dr. Smolinski was aSenior Program Officer at the Institute ofMedicine of the National Academies ofScience and Study Director for MicrobialThreats to Health: Emergence, Detection, andResponse. He is a physician and expert inmedical epidemiology and public health. Dr.Smolinski has served in various senior posi-tions in the federal, state and localgovernments, including Senior Advisor to theU.S. Assistant Secretary for Health andSurgeon General, and was an epidemic intelli-gence officer for the U.S. Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention.

A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 4 63

Claire Delahaye-Rhye, Development AssociateMs. Delahaye-Rhye came to NTI after workingas an English instructor in Seoul, South Korea.While at NTI she has worked toward the com-pletion of a master’s degree in InternationalCommerce and Policy from the George Mason University School of Public Policy. Ms. Delahaye-Rhye has a bachelor of arts inanthropology from the University of Iowa.

Kirsten Houghton, Program Associate,Biological ProgramsMs. Houghton joined NTI four years ago aftermanaging a private art collection in New York.While working at NTI, Ms. Houghton earned a master’s degree in International Peace andConflict Resolution at the School of Inter-national Service of American University. Ms. Houghton has a bachelor of arts in frenchand art history from Dickinson College and isa member of Women in International Security.

Jaime M. Yassif, Program OfficerMs. Yassif came to NTI from the Federation ofAmerican Scientists (FAS), where she workedas a research assistant, contributing to theresearch and writing of congressional testimonyon radiological weapons as well as an FASreport on threat reduction programs in Russia.She also participated in projects on U.S.nuclear force structure, uranium enrichmenttechnology and biosecurity. Ms. Yassif has adegree in biology from Swarthmore College andis a member of Women in International Security.

photo creditsCover: Tom Paiva/Taxi

Inside cover/page 1: Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention; NTI; NTI

Page 2: NTI

Page 7: NTI; Laura Holgate

Page 8: Sylvia Johnson; The White House/Eric

Draper

Page 9: Mark Smolinski

Page 10: Getty Images; Raymond Gehman/

National Geographic; Center for

Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey

Institute of International Studies

Page 15: The White House/Eric Draper

Page 16: USEC; National Nuclear Security

Administration

Page 24:Sian Kennedy/Stone; BrandX Pictures;

Mark Smolinski

Page 26: Mark Smolinski

Page 29: WHO/P. Virot; Mark Smolinski; Mark

Smolinski

Page 35: Chris Shinn/Stone; Richard

Nebesky/Lonely Planet Images

Page 37: Safe World Productions

Page 38: NTI

Page 42-43: NTI

Page 46: Sylvia Johnson

64 N T I

The day after an attack, what would we wish we haddone? Why aren’t we doing it now?

Your Donation Goes Directly to Threat Reduction Your donation will support NTI projects that reduce the threats from nuclear, biological andchemical weapons.

� Reduce nuclear dangers: The hardest part of making a nuclear weapon is getting pluto-nium and highly enriched uranium to make a bomb. Yet these materials are stored aroundthe world without proper security. Help NTI catalyze efforts to lock down and secure thesedangerous materials around the world.

� Combat biological threats: The potential destructive power of biological terrorism is enor-mous, yet the opportunity for access to dangerous pathogens can be fairly routine. SupportNTI’s Global Health and Security Initiative to promote science security and strengthen globaldisease surveillance, early detection and rapid response.

� Lock down and destroy chemical weapons: Chemical weapons can sicken and kill inminute quantities when properly distributed. Help NTI advance efforts to secure and dis-mantle chemical weapons, eliminate the infrastructure that produced them and redirectknow-how to peaceful purposes.

Take action. Get involved.Give online at www.nti.org/donateor call us at 1-800-336-0035

NTI1747 Pennsylvania Avenue, NWSeventh FloorWashington, DC 20006202.296.4810

Our work at NTI is driven by this question.

The threats from nuclear,biological and chemicalweapons are growing, andgovernments are not doing enough to prevent an attack.

Don’t sit on the sidelines.Your security is at stake.Support NTI’s pathbreakingwork to combat the mosturgent security threats ofthe 21st century.

Leadership. Action. Leverage.NTI is governed by an experienced leadership team, led by Sam Nunn, retiredU.S. Senator and former Chairman of the U.S. Senate Armed ServicesCommittee. The Board of Directors brings together distinguished leaders withdiverse experience and perspectives who are united around NTI’s mission oftaking immediate action to reduce the global threats from nuclear, biologicaland chemical weapons. NTI is staffed by experts with operational experiencein international affairs, nonproliferation, security issues, public health,medicine and communications.

NTI combines its influential voice with direct action projects to leveragegreater action by governments and other organizations.

“I believe that the greatest danger facing our nation and the world isthe global threat from nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Inmy view, the global community has not committed the resourcesnecessary to close the dangerous gap between the threat and theresponse and must do more. NTI has shown that private resourcescan be leveraged to get governments around the world to do more,and I’m pleased to support its efforts.”

Warren BuffettChairman of the Board and CEO Berkshire Hathaway Inc.Advisor to NTI’s Board of Directors

NTI was “critical to and a major factor in bringing this importantnon-proliferation deal to closure.”

U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage regarding ProjectVinca, where NTI helped to finance the removal of 2.5 bombs worthof vulnerable nuclear material from a poorly protected reactor inBelgrade. The success of Project Vinca led to a commitment by theU.S. government to clean out and secure vulnerable bomb materialfrom research reactors around the world.

“The WHO GlobalOutbreak ResponseFund supported by NTIhas helped our groupreact immediately to theTsunami disaster—moving staff to theregional office as for-ward deployment to themost affected areas—SriLanka and Aceh. As aresult of the fund, 100+experts are on standbyto respond to any out-break, and to supportWHO and affected coun-tries with technicaladvice rapidly. I’ve said itbefore but it is worthsaying again. The factwe have the ResponseFund is a godsend.”Pat Drury, M.D., Project ManagerGlobal Outbreak Alert andResponse NetworkCommunicable DiseaseSurveillance and ResponseWorld HealthOrganization

“NTI is an essential invest-ment if we want to keep alQaeda from getting their hands on nuclear,chemical and/or biologicalweapons they would use todestroy us! NTI has beenuniquely successful in lever-aging resources to reducethese risks. I am proud tooffer support and invitemany more to join insupporting NTI.”George RussellChairman Emeritus,Russell Investment Group

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