Annual report 2013 (English)

National Botanic Gardenof Belgium

Annual report 2013

National Botanic Gardenof Belgium

Annual report 2013

The new mission statement for the Botanic Gar-den Meise: ‘Building a sustainable future through discovery, research and conservation of plants’, encapsulates the value our Garden delivers not only in Belgium but globally.

In our modern world, botanic gardens such as ours have a more comprehensive mission than other plant-focused organisations. They combine fundamental research such as taxonomy and phy-logenetics with practical ex situ and in situ conser-vation programs. They share this plant knowledge with the wider public to raise awareness of the vital role plants play in our daily lives.

Our skilled team of staff collaborates daily with an extensive range of people and organisa-tions at home and abroad in the pursuit of making a real difference to society and to promote a more sustainable future. Our collaborative network includes primary and secondary schools, univer-sities, and other plant research and conservation organisations.

Over the past year our staff have made signifi-cant contributions to recording worldwide bio-diversity. This has been achievable through their expertise and the accumulation of many unique scientific collections gathered through the his-tory of our Garden. The examples highlighted in this annual report demonstrate how traditional methods combine with modern scientific practice to help describe plant diversity and unravel its his-tory.

The importance of linking in situ and ex situ plant conservation will only increase as up to a third of all plant life is threatened with extinction. In 2013, the Garden embarked on a large EU-fund-ed project to ecologically restore one of Belgium’s most fragile ecosystems. Further afield, we have investigated the economic value of African wood-lands in terms of edible wild-sourced mushrooms and how the conservation of forests contributes to reducing food shortage and malnutrition. This

is an important topic as policy makers worldwide incorporate economic models in their decision making processes.

The year 2013 was also exciting for our staff working on natural history collections that had largely been ‘forgotten’. These collections finally received the attention they deserve and are now being carefully curated. The Garden also fur-ther strengthened its indoor and outdoor living plant collections. Many of our living collections are important for scientific research, conserva-tion and education programs. We were pleased to strengthen their multiple values over the past year by acquiring new and exciting plants. This year also saw the educational program of the Garden extended to a significant part of the visiting public: visitors who are blind and visually impaired. This group can now benefit from a specialised tour ac-commodating their additional needs.

This annual report marks the end of an era. On the first of January 2014, the Garden was formally transferred to the Flemish community and in so doing has adopted a new name ‘Botanic Garden Meise’. The staff have been assigned to the Flem-ish- or French-speaking community, but will continue their work to achieve common goals. The preparation for this transfer required a lot of energy and goodwill from all the administrations involved: in the first place from the staff of the Garden, but also from many individuals working at the federal government, and Flemish and French communities. Thanks to you all, the transition was well prepared and we look forward to a positive future.

In conclusion, I would like to thank all our staff, volunteers, guides, the federal government, the governments of the Flemish and French-speaking communities and our many supporters for all the work achieved in 2013. I am convinced that to-gether, we are ready to tackle the challenges that lie ahead!

Building a sustainable future through discovery,research and conservation of plants.

Foreword

Steven DesseinChief Executive Officer

4 — 5

Discovering and recording biodiversity

Safeguarding plant life

Understanding ecosystems

(Re-)connecting plants and people

Inspiringand informing

Bringing our heritage to life

Organisation

Facts and figures

5 — 11

12 — 16

17 — 19

20 — 24

25 — 29

30 — 35

36 — 40

41 — 66

At present the total number of plant species on our planet remains unknown. Many are yet to be discovered, especially in the tropics and in certain groups like fungi and algae. This represents a seri-ous scientific deficit, since species are the funda-mental building blocks of ecosystems and knowing them is essential to our understanding of how our living planet works.

Discovering, describing, naming and classify-ing species is at the core of our scientific research. Our taxonomists combine classic methods, such as morphology, histology and anatomy with modern techniques including scanning electron microsco-py, digital imaging and DNA barcoding. The result aims to be a globally accepted, stable and scientific ordering of all life forms in a system that reflects their evolutionary origin. The taxonomic data and identification tools, such as floras, developed by our specialists are crucial for many other fields of research and for commercial purposes.


6 — 7

Completing the Floraof Central Africa

A Flora is a publication which aids the identification of plants. It is an essential tool, not just for specialist taxonomists but also for ecolo-gists, foresters, conservation workers, ethno-botanists and even zo-ologists, for example investigating what a particular animal feeds on.

In tropical Africa, a complete Flora is available for the west and east, but the central region has only partially been covered. This seri-ously hinders scientists and conservationists in the region who have to rely heavily on a network of specialists to identify species and point out which are the least common or most endangered. Since 1948, the Botanic Garden has been involved in the production of Flore d’Afrique centrale, which aims to include all plants known to occur in the Demo-cratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. To date, the flora has grown to a series of books containing over 6,000 species belong-ing to 180 plant families. Despite this huge effort this work only cov-ers 60% of the total flora.

Over the last two decades, production has been slow. In 2013 how-ever, the Garden decided to take responsibility and breathe new life into resuming this ambitious project. From the 1st of October 2013, a specialist was appointed specifically to coordinate efforts to complete the remaining 40% of the Flora. His task is to create a sound network of specialists willing to contribute to the Flore d’Afrique centrale series. These specialists will need to critically read thousands of articles, study several hundred thousand herbarium vouchers and organise the production of several thousand drawings.

In addition to a printed version, a smart e-environment will be created to accommodate the gathered data. This online version will facilitate greater access to information, simplify the task of updating existing information with new finds (even new species), and enable the development of related tools such as apps for mobile phones. Fur-thermore, our Garden will try to acquire additional funding to train and educate a sufficiently large group of regional botanists in Central Africa to assist in the Flora production and maintain and update the e-version. The aim is to complete the Flore d’Afrique centrale and its e-version in 15 years; a lofty ambition indeed!

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New to science

Every year, our researchers organise field trips and discover new species of plants and fungi from around the world. Back in the labo-ratory, the carefully collected samples are studied in-depth using a range of scientific instruments, such as light and scanning-electron microscopes, chemical analysis and DNA examination. In 2013, 18 dia-toms, 13 lichens, 1 fungus, and 21 flowering plants were described as new to science by our staff.

Through their studies, our taxonomists are key actors in inven-torying the world’s biodiversity. Occasionally discoveries can even be found closer to home: take for example the hybrid Magnolia × nooteboomiana Geerinck. This previously undescribed ornamental was discovered growing along an avenue in the suburb of Ixelles in Brussels. Meanwhile the ectoparasitic fungus Cantharomyces elongatus Haelewaters & De Kesel was first recorded by science in association with an insect from an ash forest of the Netherlands.

Central Africa is a well-known hotspot of diversity and has al-ways been of particular interest for our researchers. Among the new diatom species of 2013, Cavinula lilandae Cocquyt, M.de Haan & J.C.Taylor is worth a mention as it represents the first described alga resulting from our ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’. Virtually nothing is known about algal diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo so the description of many more new taxa is inevita-ble in the coming years. The aforementioned expedition also yield-ed a previously unknown lichen Piccolia congolensis Van den Broeck, Aptroot & Ertz.

Morphological studies and molecular analyses are complemen-tary to advance the knowledge of lichenology. In 2013, studies con-ducted by our researchers resulted in the description of three new li-chen genera from Chile, Madagascar, and Brazil (Austroroccella Tehler & Ertz, Savoronala Ertz, Eb.Fisch., Killmann, Razafin. & Sérus. and Sergipea M.Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot).

The herbarium of the Botanic Garden harbours many unidenti-fied specimens of flowering plants, some collected decades ago and waiting to be described. In 2013, research on African flora mainly fo-cused on the genera Justicia (Acanthaceae) and Psychotria (Rubiaceae). From these two genera 11 and 8 species (respectively) were described as new to science. Many of these are endemic and threatened in the wild. Field observations are often important to solve taxonomic prob-lems. This proved to be the case in the new African species, Kalaharia schaijesii Bamps (Lamiaceae). Previously it had been confused with the only other representative of its genus; however, observations on its growth habit and flower characters proved this was yet another dis-tinct species.

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8 — 9

Protosteloid Amoebae in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Protosteloid Amoebae are bacterivorous protists that can be found on dead plant matter and represent a small group of 33 species. They are traditionally placed together with two other groups of fruit-ing amoebae, myxomycetes and dictyostelids in the Eumycetozoa. Identification of taxa is based on morphological characteristics of their microscopic fruiting bodies that are comprised of a translucent stalk supporting one or more spores.

The occurrence of Protosteloid Amoebae in the Democratic Re-public of the Congo was studied in cultures from substrates collected between the cities of Kisangani and Bumba during the ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’. This survey of Protosteloid Amoebae is the first for Central Africa, with previous records for Africa restricted to Egypt, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.

Cultures from aerial litter (or dead, attached leaves), revealed 23 species or 70% of the total number of species described worldwide. Two of these taxa, Schizoplasmodiopsis reticulata and Schizoplasmodium seychellarum, were new records for the African continent. Fur-thermore, the isolate LHI05 was observed for the first time outside Hawai‘i. Of particular interest is the discovery of 5 unknown taxa that have been documented. The high species diversity observed on a limited number of samples suggests that the investigated region is, together with Hawai‘i, one of the world’s tropical hotspots for Protosteloid Amoebae.

Names of Cyanobacteria revised

The scientific names of plants have to be published in a particular way outlined in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). This ensures a clear understanding of valid names across the scientific community and, among other things, prevents two taxa be-ing given the same name. Occasionally, names are not validly pub-lished and in this event corrections have to be applied. This is an ac-count of one of these instances.

Gloeobacter violaceus Rippka et al. was the name given to a primitive Cyanobacterium (Cyanophyte) in 1974. It is phylogenetically impor-tant among the Cyanophyta because it uniquely lacks thylakoids, the site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Although Gloeobacter violaceus has been widely cited in experi-mental, taxonomical and phylogenetic literature, it was recently noted that its genus name Gloeobacter was invalidly published and as a result it has no current standing under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), nor under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

Consequently, the names Gloeobacter and G. violaceus were validat-ed by the process of designating a holotype in agreement with Article 40 of the ICBN. During the course of this study, it appeared that sev-eral names could compete with G. violaceus and had priority. Moreo-ver, one of these names was the type of another genus, Gloeothece. To ensure continuous use of the names Gloeobacter violaceus and Gloeothece it is necessary to conserve both names. In order to facilitate this two conservation proposals were published in the scientific journal Taxon. Both proposals will be examined by the Nomenclature Committee for Algae and by the General Nomenclature Committee which will decide if both names are included in the list of ‘Nomina conservanda’ or conserved names.

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Diatom diversity in the Congo basin

One of the aims of the ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’ was to study the diversity of diatoms in the Congo Basin. Water sam-ples were taken at various locations along the Congo River. These in-cluded locations downstream of Kisangani (Democratic Republic of the Congo) at the intersection of several major tributaries, namely the rivers Lomami, Itimbiri and Aruwimi, and a number of smaller rivers and streams such as Lubilu and Lilanda in the vicinity of Yangambi. Samples were brought back to the Botanic Garden for the identifica-tion of any diatom species present.

Initial investigations revealed the presence of a large number of unknown diatom species, in contrast, the number of observed cos-mopolitan species was relatively low but included: Navicula rostellata; Staurosirella pinnata; and Ulnaria ulna. There were also African and tropical-African species such as: Fragilariforma strangulata; Gompho-nema zairensis. Interestingly, some taxa had been previously record-ed and described from South America. These included: Encyonopsis frequentis Krammer and Gomphosphenia tenerrima.

A number of taxa observed from the Congo Basin are closely related (but different) to species discovered from the Amazon Ba-sin in South America, while others were more closely related to taxa described from tropical Asia. An example includes a species related to Navicula fuerbornii, described from Java. It appeared that Navicula fuerbornii had also been recorded in Ghana, but on closer investigation that discovery had a different type-drawing compared with the spec-imen from Java. Therefore, the name given to the Ghanaian specimen was misapplied. This means a new taxon will need to be described as the form discovered in Democratic Republic of the Congo was the same as the one found in Ghana.

Many new species discovered were from the genus Eunotia, a typical component of small acidic rivers and streams with a pH value often less than 5. This environment, although generally low in species diversity, also yielded another new species, Cavinula lilandae Cocquyt, M.de Haan & J.C.Taylor that was described and published in 2013. This species was named after its type-locality, the village and stream Lilanda.

The larger tributaries of the Congo River with pH values greater than 8 that were surveyed had a greater diversity of species with often more than 50 taxa observed in a single sample. The descriptions of several other new taxa are in progress while other descriptions are already in press or submitted to peer-reviewed international journals.

These diatom studies were made possible thanks to our Garden’s involvement in the ‘Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition’ (http://www.congobiodiv.org/en/projects/expeditions/expedition-2010) and an additional two projects financed by the Federal Science Pol-icy namely: COBAFISH (Congo Basin: From carbon to fishes); and COZADIMO (Preliminary study of diatoms as potential water qual-ity indicators for the tropical Congo and Zambezi sister basins).

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10 — 11

Our Contribution tothe Catalogue of Life

The Catalogue of Life is an ambitious project to create a register of all the world’s organisms and their relationships. The directory acts as a taxonomic backbone for many other large global projects, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and Encyclopedia of Life. In 2013, the Garden contributed this database via the European Union funded ‘i4life project’, aimed at boosting the number of species in the Catalogue of Life and increasing the number of participating institu-tions. Given our expertise in the African Flora we chose to contrib-ute to checklists of African endemic families and the Connaraceae, a largely African family.

Some of the endemic families are rather obscure. For example, the Hydrostachyaceae are rare freshwater plants that are found on waterfalls and in rapids; the Grubbiaceae are a 90 million year old family now restricted to the Cape Peninsula in South Africa and the Dioncophyllaceae are rare plants from tropical West Africa, which include Triphyophyllum peltatum, an unusual climbing carnivorous plant. While these families are obscure, they are often overlooked in taxonomic checklists, nevertheless, they are important conservation targets as they represent diverse evolutionary lineages.

Thus far we have contributed approximately 1,000 accepted names and synonyms to the project. However, we are continuing to work on the checklist and expect to deliver an additional 800 names in the near future.

Dumortiera becomes a free digital journal

In 2013, the Botanic Garden’s journal of field botany Dumortiera saw a threefold increase of subscribers compared with the previous year. The reason for this was the decision to publish online as a free digital journal.

Established in 1975, the journal has proved an important link be-tween professional and amateur botanists. Over the past few years, however, the number of subscribers and submitted manuscripts dwin-dled. After the publication of issue 100 in 2012 it was decided that a change was needed. Issue 101 became the first to enter this new digital era.

There are many advantages to this format: — The full article can be downloaded free-of-charge as a pdf docu-

ment; — Authors can include additional content, such as large annexes and

high quality full colour illustrations. For instance, a herbarium sheet can be reproduced with on-screen magnification that allows close scrutiny of plant details that may be featured in the article;

— Authors appreciate they reach a larger readership; — Subscribers are informed by e-mail when a new issue is published.

In addition to articles in Dutch and French (with English trans-lation of the abstract), the journal now also publishes contributions in English. Articles from previous issues have been made available to download thus making Dumortiera more accessible to a wider com-munity.

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Out of Africa: recent trans-oceanic dispersal of plant species to Madagascar

Once part of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, Madagas-car broke away from eastern Africa 160 million years ago and later from Antarctica and India, leaving it isolated in the Indian Ocean for the past 80 million years. This long separation precludes any pos-sibility that flowering plants could have been on the island before it broke away, since they evolved more recently. Despite its long isola-tion, Madagascar is home to more than 12,000 plant species, most of these endemic, making it one of the most diverse floras on the planet. Where did all of Madagascar’s unique plant species come from?

Researchers of the Garden undertook a molecular study of the pantropical genus Ixora, with ca. 530 species, one of the largest genera of the coffee family. Some 40 species of Ixora occur in Africa, another 40 are endemic to Madagascar. Our study showed that the Madagas-can Ixora species belong to two lineages of different ages. This means that there has been at least one dispersal event from Eastern Africa across the Mozambique Channel to Madagascar some eight million years ago. Once arrived in Madagascar, Ixora started a rapid radiation, colonising the new island and adapting to its different niches. Hence, the Madagascan Ixora species are recent endemics, evolved in situ fol-lowing trans-oceanic dispersal.

The two separate lineages of Madagascan Ixora exhibit similar morphological innovations, unique within the genus. This suggests that the same selective pressures drive the evolution of both groups. In comparison to continental Africa, Ixora has undergone a rare dif-ferentiation in Madagascar. There is a trend towards reduction of the number of flowers per inflorescence from several hundreds to few or even one. Furthermore, flower size is spectacularly variable with co-rolla tubes between 0.4 and 23 cm long.

After its arrival in Madagascar, Ixora diversified into 40 species with certain unique morphological characters, and all this in a period of less than eight million years. How can this rapid radiation be ex-plained? One of the main driving forces of rapid radiations is climatic fluctuation, which we know occurred in the Plio- and Pleistocene. If the climate is drier, tropical forests retract and become isolated within a drier landscape. Once isolated, populations of the same species may develop different characters and evolve into different species. Polli-nators are also a driving force for radiation. The diversification in co-rolla tube length in Madagascan Ixora will undoubtedly have resulted in increased pollinator specificity, thereby, again, isolating different populations from each other and facilitating their evolution into dif-ferent species.

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12 — 13

Soil seed bank of the rarecreeping marshwort

Helosciadium repens (creeping marshwort) is a small plant formerly known as Apium repens; it belongs to the carrot family or Apiaceae. It is a rare plant from marshes and wet meadows with a restricted, main-ly European distribution, and is mentioned by the European Habitat Directive as a species in need of special protection. Over the past ten years the Botanic Garden conducted a research project looking at conservation biology and ecological demands within Belgian popu-lations. Part of this work involved recording counts of individuals in permanent plots. These records, however, fail to take into account the seeds that may be present in the soil seed bank. Soil seed banks can be vital for the survival of a species. Since the creeping marshwort has reappeared in former localities after more than 50 years of absence, we believed it to have a long-lived soil seed bank. Consequently, a study was undertaken to investigate the soil seed bank.

In the three largest populations, soil samples were taken, flushed through sieves and dried. The resulting soil fractions were viewed un-der a binocular microscope revealing glimpses of an often surprising-ly beautiful underground world. The seeds of H. repens were separated from the soil, measured and stored in our Garden’s seed bank under long-term storage conditions. The dark brown seeds turned out to be difficult to distinguish from the soil, making their counting unreli-able. Therefore, soil samples were scattered thinly on to the surface of potting compost and placed in the glasshouses and watered. This practice resulted in the germination of hundreds of H. repens seed-lings. Of these more than five hundred were sampled and stored in silica gel to later investigate the genetic diversity of the soil seed bank. Some seedlings were transplanted to reinforce an existing population that had strongly declined due, among other things, to poor habitat management.

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It is estimated that up to one third of plant spe-cies are currently threatened or face extinction in the wild, mainly due to habitat fragmentation and destruction, combined with climate change. Every plant has a crucial role in a healthy functioning ecosystem. Some may hold unknown treasures such as molecules with helpful medicinal proper-ties. Therefore, the safeguarding of plant species is essential.

Our research contributes to the development of tools for in situ conservation in valuable natural sites both nationally and internationally. Off-site or ex situ conservation is equally important. We collect plant material from the wild for preserva-tion and propagation in our living collections, and in the collections of partner botanic gardens. Our seed bank holds the seeds of many rare and endan-gered species, thus safeguarding critical genetic variation. In combining our expertise and collec-tions we are able to assist with the reintroduction of species in natural habitats both now and into the future.


14 — 15

The Garden embarks on ecological restoration

Nutrient-poor grassland habitats and several of their characteris-tic species have reached a critical state in many European countries, including Belgium. The main reasons for this situation are: habitat fragmentation, abandonment of the traditional agro-pastoral activi-ties, and the intensification of agricultural practices. There is now an urgent need to preserve, manage and restore these few remaining, often degraded, habitat patches. Part of this work includes the res-toration of critically endangered plant species and populations that without intervention would not regenerate naturally due to limited dispersal capacities and the absence of seed bank in the soil.

These challenging tasks are being addressed in the framework of a new EU-LIFE Nature project in Southern Belgium (LIFE11 NAT/BE/001060). The partners of this project include Natagora, the SPWallonie (DEMNA and DNF) and the Botanic Garden. This seven-year project (2013-2019) aims at improving the conservation status of 400 ha of priority grasslands using an integrated approach, involving both in situ and ex situ conservation techniques. LIFE funds are used to restore 11 different grassland types, including six priority habitats, including: xeric sand calcareous grasslands, semi-natural dry grass-lands on calcareous substrates, and species-rich Nardus grasslands.

As a centre of excellence in ex situ conservation, our Garden is re-sponsible for species reintroduction and reinforcement for six target species: maiden pink (Dianthus deltoides), proliferous pink (Petrorhagia prolifera), dwarf everlast (Helichrysum arenarium), clustered bellflower (Campanula glomerata), mountain everlasting (Antennaria dioica) and the mountain arnica (Arnica montana). The aim is to increase the ef-fective size of remaining populations (reinforcement) and to restore extinct populations (reintroduction) in order to improve connectivity in the landscape. For each species, seeds have been collected in 3-4 source populations in similar habitats (geographically close to the tar-get sites). Leaves from each source and target population were sam-pled to estimate within-population genetic diversity and inbreeding level, and between-population genetic divergence. Soil samples were collected at the target sites to study the soil seed bank. After several months of testing with different types of substrate, propagation pro-tocols have successfully been developed for all target species. During 2013, one thousand individuals of Dianthus deltoides were transplanted in two restored sites. Prior to transplanting, morphometric measure-ments of each individual (length and width of the largest leaf) were recorded. Once in situ these plants were precisely mapped to facilitate their long-term monitoring (survival, vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, germination, recruitment). We anticipate that other reintro-ductions will follow as habitat restoration progresses.


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16 — 17

In a world increasingly under environmental pressure, plants, ecosystems and the services they provide need to be maintained to keep the planet healthy. Amongst other things they mitigate the effects of greenhouse gasses, play an important role in the global water cycle, and help combat desertification.

The work of our researchers helps us under-stand how ecosystems function, and how they can be described and monitored. They also investi-gate invasive species that influence native species. Throughout the world, in Africa as in Belgium, humankind is fully dependent on healthy ecosys-tems.



Improvement of the ERAIFT arboretum in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Senior staff at ERAIFT (‘Ecole régionale post universitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropi-caux’) decided to improve the green spaces around its buildings that previously comprised of a massive plantation of Acacia and Eucalyptus planted originally to mitigate the effects of serious erosion.

Our Garden proposed to support the improvement of the planta-tion in a joint Botanic Garden / ERAIFT / UNESCO program. The objective of the program was to develop an arboretum to facilitate the education of students (ERAIFT and other Faculties) on the identifica-tion of typical forests trees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

A simple planting scheme was devised and the area was divided into a range of plots with each plot containing a single species. In or-der for the work to progress our Garden needed to find practical help to develop the new arboretum. Consequently, they joined forces with an NGO ‘Les Amis de la nature et des jardins’ (ANJ), an organisation committed to fieldwork to help safeguarding nature. Subsequently, locals were employed, especially women and young adults (previous-ly living on the streets) to help develop this new plantation. The first area planted comprised of 2.7 ha and was enriched with 280 labelled trees from 30 different species (e.g. Milicia excelsa, Milletia laurentii, Penthacletra macrophylla, Pericopsis elata and Terminalia superba). In the same area a nature trail is planned to educate the public on a range of themes from environmental protection, endangered species and the sustainable collection of firewood. Our Garden will continue to monitor the plantation during 2014 to ensure a successful outcome of the project.

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18 — 19

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).

Tools for the conservation and sustainable use of African woodlands: edible fungi

The mega-diverse rainforests of Central Africa usually draw most of the attention of conservationists because of their destruc-tion by the logging industry. Lesser known is the forested area around the so-called Congo Basin that is being systematically depleted due to charcoal production. The latter woodlands (termed miombos) are adapted to a long dry season (at least 4 months) with many tree spe-cies being resistant to bushfires. These forests are vulnerable because once cleared they have difficulty to regenerate. The human pressure on this forest ecosystem is excessively high since half of the African population depends on it for food, medicine, fuel and construction timber, etc.

Researchers at our Garden developed a method for delivering taxonomical data and tools for the conservation and sustainable use of these woodlands. These tools are meant to estimate the value of non timber forest products like edible fungi, an essential step in the re-evaluation of the true worth of less-valued yet threatened ecosys-tems.

By using permanent plots the annual, natural production of wild edible fungi was measured in different forest types. This study was conducted in the woodlands of Benin (Sudanian region) and South-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zambezian region). In both these areas fungi are an important food source and a vital income for millions of people. Study results revealed a high diversity of edible species within each region. The majority of these fungi were ectomy-corrhizal symbionts, i.e. obligatorily associated with the root system of living trees. The species composition appears to depend on the for-est type. Our study revealed that chanterelles dominate in the Zam-bezian region while the Sudanian region is dominated by milk-caps.

The yields of fungi range from 100 to 300 kg/ha/year, depending on the species and forest type. If just 10% of this production reaches the market to be sold at an average of 1€ per kg, a single hectare of miombo would deliver, on average, 20€/year. Although charcoal de-livers a much greater amount 300€/ha this can only happen once be-cause once felled the woodland needs 30 years to regenerate. Conse-quently, over time charcoal delivers just half of the income generated from harvesting fungi!

This study therefore proves that maintaining the ecosystems’ service of delivering non timber forest products is financially and cul-turally much more beneficial for local people than the production of charcoal and that long-term benefit outweighs short-term gains.

The

edi

ble

Cant

hare

llus

rube

r gro

ws

abun

dant

ly in

Zam

bezi

an w

oodl

ands

.


Edib

le fu

ngi:

an im

port

ant

sour

ce o

f fo

od a

nd in

com

e in

tro

pica

l Afr

ica.

20 — 21

Bryophytes and other plant remains from excavations of Roman sites:a window on pre-industrial flora

To reconstruct life from the past, archaeologists need to study a whole range of evidence. This includes the remains of buildings, spec-tacular columns, fragments of pottery and also includes the remains of animals and plants from sediments. In 2013, the Botanic Garden helped archeologists from the Flemish Heritage Agency and NPO Agilas by identifying and interpreting plant material from several ex-cavations in Flanders.

Specifically, we were asked to study seeds, fruits and bryophytes from sediments located in the deeper sections of a Roman well in the Roman settlement of Asse (near the centre of the modern village of Asse). Three samples of sediment were sieved and plant macro re-mains collected. Despite rather poor conditions for preservation, since the Roman era, 50 species of vascular plants and 9 species of mosses were successfully identified along with the charred remains of grains of corn.

It was likely that most remains came from the immediate vicinity of the well in the Asse settlement and from nearby wet grasslands. The composition of moss species suggests the presence of forests in the neighborhood while other plants may have been selected for their medicinal properties. Several species introduced by the Romans were found including: Apium graveolens, Anethum graveolens and Prunus avium. Blackberries that were certainly collected from the wild were also preserved in the sediments. At a different location, the Roman fort at Oudenburg, two wells yielded extensive, well-preserved re-mains of bryophytes. It is likely that these were used to filter water.

Plant material from archaeological sites provide us with a good insight of the flora over a millennium prior to the immense changes in land use and air quality resulting from the industrial revolution. The bulk of the bryophyte material consisted of pleurocarpous mat-form-ing species collected from tree stems and bases although terrestrial species were also gathered. In total, 45 species of bryophytes were identified providing insights into epiphytic and terrestrial bryoflora of that time.

Many of the species had never been recorded in Flanders. Several of these were frequent or even dominant in the samples. Some of the identified species have returned to our countryside relatively recently as a result of European legislation reducing sulphur dioxide emissions, thus improving air quality. These species are increasing their distribu-tion and in time will once again form species-rich mats of bryophytes in our woodlands.

Everywhere on the planet specific plant and fungi species have provided local populations with food, energy, materials for housing and tools, fibres for clothing and medicines. In many parts of the world plants remain the primary elements in fighting hunger, disease and extreme poverty. Plants also often figure in cultural expressions and religion. Nowadays, cultural plant knowledge is being lost and with it the vital connections we have with plants and fungi.

Our researchers record how plants and fungi are used so that this knowledge can be shared and distributed. Our scientists’ ability to identify plants, even from tiny or ancient remains, contrib-utes to fields as diverse as forensic investigation and archaeology, thus constantly identifying and establishing links between plants and people.


Indi

vidu

al m

oss

leaf

of t

he fo

x-ta

il fe

athe

r m

oss

(Tha

mno

bryu

m a

lope

curu

m).

Bran

ch fr

agm

ent

of t

he fo

x-ta

il fe

athe

r m

oss

(Tha

mno

bryu

m a

lope

curu

m)

from

a

wel

l in

the

Rom

an s

ettle

men

t at

Oud

enbu

rg (

first

hal

f 3rd c

entu

ry A

D).

22 — 23

Building capacity on environmental education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The results of the partnership between our Garden and the Dem-ocratic Republic of the Congo over the past 8 years have been very positive. The revival of botanical gardens and the recommencement of ex situ conservation answered the growing demand from national institutions.

The sustainability of these positive outcomes, however, remain fragile because educating staff in technical skills remains in an early phase. To overcome the lack of technical skills, the Botanic Garden organised several training sessions on innovative topics related to ex situ conservation, botany and environmental education.

Thanks to cooperation with ‘l’Ecole régionale post universitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux’ (ERAIFT) and UNESCO the ‘Workshop on Environmen-tal Education’ was successfully organised in Kinshasa on 23rd and 24th September, 2013. Its main objective was to promote environmen-tal education among institutes responsible for nature conservation, schools, civil society and the media. In particular it aimed to highlight and support the preservation of biodiversity in the Democratic Re-public of the Congo and Congo Basin. Around 60 participants from different institutions were present each day.

During the first day 8 national and international experts intro-duced major themes on environmental education, such as: the defini-tion of environmental education; urban nature; conservation (in situ and ex situ) of biodiversity; and threatened plants. Particular focus was given to the reality of nature conservation in the city of Kinshasa.

The second day was dedicated to group work for which two themes were proposed: the importance of protecting biodiversity; and the role of environmental awareness in school education. Both these subjects looked at the current situation and prospects for the future. The exchanges were very interesting and dynamic, each group provided robust proposals for the inclusion of these topics in their re-spective institutes.

Participants showed keen interest in the topics of the workshop and requested additional technical training and materials such as books, manuals, pamphlets and posters. Our Garden published the proceedings of the workshop and reprinted a poster on “the impor-tance of plants in the life of man”, which have been distributed to all stakeholders.

Part

icip

ants

of ‘

Wor

ksho

p on

Env

ironm

enta

l Edu

catio

n’.


Leafprints on amphoraeat Sagalassos (SW-Turkey)

An amphora is a type of container of a characteristic shape and size often utilised for transport and storage during the Roman Em-pire. Excavations at the archaeological site of Sagalassos in southwest-ern Turkey (100 km north of Antalya) discovered leaf impressions on Late Roman amphorae. This represented a thus far unique occurrence within the Roman world. The leaf impressions were so well preserved that they could be identified down to species level.

During systematic archaeological excavations of the site (Prof. M. Waelkens and collaborators, KU Leuven) thousands of potsherds were found. Dr. Philip Bes recently discovered that a limited number of these had leafprints. A reference collection of herbarium speci-mens previously collected between 1997 and 2004 in the historical area made it possible to identify the two plant species used for the prints, namely, Styrax officinalis and Vitis vinifera. Both species still oc-cur within the vicinity of the archaeological site, with Styrax being well-known from antiquity for its fragrant resin.

The amphorae leaf prints were placed in a rather standardised po-sition on the collar, rim and grip of the container making it clear that this was a conscious step in the manufacturing process. Many ques-tions remain about the significance of this occurrence: was it purely ornamental, did it have a specific function, and why does it only occur at a specific site? Maybe future excavations and finds will help solve some of these questions.

A p

artia

l pri

nt o

f tw

o le

aves

of S

tyra

x of

ficin

alis

on t

he g

rip

of a

Lat

e R

oman

Sag

alas

sos

amph

ora

(© S

agal

asso

s Arc

haeo

logi

cal R

esea

rch

Proj

ect;

Brun

o Va

nder

meu

len)

.

24 — 25

The Garden is home to 18,000 different kinds of plant, set within 92 hectares of historical domain. It is a beautiful, diverse, green space and a source of enjoyment, wonder and inspiration tempting about 100,000 visitors per year.

Using a broad spectrum of plant displays, museum artefacts, webpages, science communica-tion tools, events, informal learning, awareness instruments and experience-based educational activities, the Garden has the potential to change people’s understanding of the importance of plants for human well-being and to emphasise the vital importance of plant conservation.

Building on this understanding, the Garden can stimulate people of all ages, backgrounds and abil-ities to act in a sustainable and responsible way.

Inspiringand informing

The killer inthe haystack

Our Garden has many important and varied roles. This is an ac-count of just one of those. A veterinarian working for Animal Health Care Flanders (‘Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen’) needed to find out why a flock of sheep he was asked to inspect were dying. After a number of unsuccessful attempts to receive help at other institutions he contacted the Belgian Poison Centre. There he was told they were ‘unable to help’ but advised him to contact the Botanic Garden.

Soon after a large bag filled with hay was delivered to the Garden. In previous days over 30 sheep on a single farm in the vicinity of Ant-werp had died. The veterinarian suspected that hay from a recently opened bale was responsible. Our researchers therefore screened the hay for the presence of poisonous plants.

The bag was emptied onto a large table. Not being of the high-est quality, the hay smelled unpalatable. Many stems and leaves were covered with a white mould. Due to the lack of sporangia a mycolo-gist failed to identify the mould, but he doubted there was a link with the sudden mortality of sheep. Meanwhile the hay was screened for other possible culprits. Next to several different grass species and a few prickly fragments of brambles were numerous stems of some-thing that looked like a vetch (Vicia). Close inspection yielded suffi-cient material for a positive identification from the Botanic Garden’s herbarium collections, although it was a surprise.

Rather than a native species, the dried fragments proved to be goat’s rue (Galega officinalis), naturally restricted to South, Central and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. It is a rather attractive her-baceous perennial, sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. Goat’s rue has been listed as a rare exotic species in Belgium since the 19th cen-tury, but it appears that it is persisting and expanding its distribution in a small number of locations across Belgium.

A little more research revealed that when present in hay, goat’s rue is life-threatening to animals, especially sheep. Furthermore, the symptoms exhibited by the dying sheep perfectly matched the effects this plant can have as recorded in the veterinary literature. Further investigations revealed that in previous years, this plant had been re-corded by a botanist in the vicinity of the grassland where the hay had been cut. This population probably originated from plants discarded from a nearby garden.

In total, 38 sheep died over a few days and 30 tons of hay was de-stroyed. It is a sad story, but the incident offered ‘haystack science’ (an unpleasant, denigrating 19th-century description of herbarium-based botany) a nice opportunity to prove its worth.

38 s

heep

die

d in

the

vi

cini

ty o

f Ant

wer

p.G

oat’s

rue

(G

aleg

a of

ficin

alis)

(©w

ikip

edia

, Epi

base

).

26 — 27

Plants that ‘bite’ back: establishing an important reference collection of carnivorous plants at Meise

During 2012 and 2013, our Garden developed a living reference collection of carnivorous plant species. Previously, Meise kept a mod-est collection mainly housing material originating from cultivation.

Carnivorous plants have always fascinated botanists and horticul-turalists due to their remarkable abilities to capture and digest inver-tebrates and even small frogs and mammals with their modified leaves serving as traps.

The most common natural habitat for these plants are bogs and marshes where water is abundant and nutrient concentrations low. These areas are continually destroyed through land drainage and eu-trophication. Along with over-collecting, this has led to many species being threatened by extinction.

Meise increased its collections by 169 accessions (121 botanical spe-cies), of which 46.7% are of known wild origin. Living representatives of: Cephalotaceae (Cephalotus); Droseraceae (Aldrovanda, Dionaea, Drosera); Drosophyllaceae (Drosophyllum); Lentibulariaceae (Genlisea, Pinguicula, Utricularia); Nepenthaceae (Nepenthes); and Sarraceniaceae (Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, Sarracenia) serve as an important reference collection.

Learning and discovering

Offering children the opportunity to discover the world of bot-any is one of the goals of our Botanic Garden. Our participation in INQUIRE, a pan-European education project on inquiry-based sci-ence education (IBSE), offered our education staff a fine opportunity to strengthen our collaboration with the Flemish Education Depart-ment.

When the project concluded in November 2013, we could look back on three years of exploring the possibilities of IBSE, together with highly motivated teachers, teachers trainers and educators.

Inquiry-based education had recently become an important item in the new Flemish school curriculum, but it was evident that many teachers and education stakeholders did not feel familiar or comfort-able with this new methodology. Consequently, we decided to share our experiences with educational advisors by offering a portfolio of evidence from the INQUIRE project.

As a result of the Garden’s contacts with education policy makers and advisors, the Flemish Association of Catholic Secondary Educa-tion (VVKSO) organised a one-day conference at our Garden to help address the educational stakeholders’ needs. This included hands-on inquiry-based activities in our glasshouses. We offered a similar pro-gram to several groups of teachers trainees and we plan to strengthen our relationship with the teacher training institutes in the future.

Expanding ourMagnolia collection

The genus Magnolia represents a highly attractive group of flow-ering shrubs and trees. During 2013, we decided to expand our collec-tion, initially established in the early 1980s. Since these first plantings the wealth of new cultivars has risen considerably, while a noticeable warming of the climate has meant less hardy Chinese species have a real chance of surviving Belgian winters.

Over the course of 2013, the Garden enlarged its collection by 32 new taxa swelling the existing collection to 71 (85 accessions). New ac-quisitions include rare Chinese species: Magnolia biondii; M. doltsopa; M. zenii; the exquisite M. sargentiana var. robusta; the tender M. campbellii; and M. sprengeri var. sprengeri. American taxa were represented by M. virginiana var. australis, a tender evergreen from south-east USA.

Magnolia season always attracts the public to our Garden, there-fore stunning new hybrids and cultivars complement the botanical species. These include the yellow-flowering cultivars: ‘Limelight’, ‘Sundance’ and ‘Yellow Lantern’; the deep purple ‘Black Tulip’; pink-flowered ‘Flamingo’; the unusual form of M. × loebneri ‘Mag’s Pirou-ette’; and selections from the USA and New Zealand, such as ‘David Clulow’, ‘Daybreak’, ‘Atlas’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Spectrum’, and ‘Star Wars’.

All these magnolias can be viewed along a self-guided magnolia walk that takes the visitor in different parts of the Garden includ-ing the M. stellata-group near the Herbarium building, hardy hybrids around the Plant Palace, botanical species in the Fruticetum and ten-der hybrids in the Woodland Garden and surrounds of the Orangery.

Meise lights up springwith 40,000 bulbs

Collectively, the Botanic Garden curates hundreds of differ-ent bulbous species. Until 2013, these bulbs, corms and tubers were predominantly displayed in small groups, or in isolation. We decided that there was a need for larger, more impressive displays that would complement the richness of naturally occurring spring ‘bulbs’ such as snowdrop, (Galanthus nivalis), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) and ramsons (Allium ursinum).

Over a few weeks in autumn, volunteers, gardeners and assistant curators planted over 40,000 ‘bulbs’ by hand. Focus centered on out-door lawned areas that were easily visible from the main paths and thus frequently visited by the public. These areas included the main entrance, the Castle and the area surrounding the Plant Palace. The spring of 2014 is expected to herald drifts of spring flowers: Narcissus ‘Carlton’; Crocus chrysanthus ‘Cream Beauty’, ‘Blue Pearl’; Crocus tom-masinianus ‘Ruby Giant’, ‘Whitewell Purple’; Crocus vernus ‘Flower Record’, ‘Jeanne d’Arc’, ‘Remembrance’, ‘Yellow Mammoth’, ‘Striped Beauty’; Ornithogalum umbellatum; and Fritillaria meleagris.

Inspiring and informing

Plan

ting

bulb

s of

Cro

cus

chry

sant

hus

‘Blu

e Pe

arl’

by h

and.

Mag

nolia

‘Lim

elig

ht’,

a w

onde

rful

ye

llow

flow

erin

g m

agno

lia.

Ping

uicu

la ro

tund

iflor

a at

th

e Bo

tani

c G

arde

n.

Phot

osyn

thes

is e

xper

imen

t as

an

exam

ple

of In

quir

y-ba

sed

scie

ntifi

c ed

ucat

ion.

28 — 29

The Grundtvig Project“Botanic Gardens: new toolsfor environmental education”

In 2013, the Botanic Garden successfully completed its involve-ment in the Grundtvig project, part of the EU’s Lifelong Learning Program (2011-2013). The project focused on guides and educators who hold responsible roles in Botanic Gardens: “… trusted with the mission to convey enthusiasm about botanical research and environ-mental awareness to visitors”.

Our Garden worked with two partners, the botanic gardens of Madrid and Florence. Together we successfully mastered peer-to-peer training and held educational site visits. A major success of the project was the development of a new garden tour with supporting interpretation material, a website and a toolkit. These are now avail-able in the partners’ gardens but have also been made available to botanic gardens and education networks beyond the institutes. The work of the guides and educators was greatly valued and some devel-oped new topics for existing tours, new skills and activities, such as a guided tour for the blind and visually impaired. Special events were organised for teachers, environmental educators, tourist guides and the general public.

The project was evaluated as ‘excellent’ by European Union as-sessors.

A new tour for blind and visually impaired visitors

Prior to 2013, there was no specific provision for blind and par-

tially sighted visitors to our Garden. However, due to the enthusiasm of one of our guides and the Educational Department, a project spe-cifically for the blind moved from idea to reality. This achievement was a significant outcome of the Grundtvig Project, which enabled this guide to grow in confidence and experience.

In order for the project to reach its goal, she attended training ses-sions on how to guide blind and partially sighted visitors in museums and outdoors. She then met with blind people and specialists working in this field. This experience taught her about the different types of visual impairment and provided an opportunity to discuss how a tour should be designed to interact with blind people.

As the concept progressed, special materials (3D maps) were purchased while focused displays were arranged with plants and 3D models. Try-out sessions were organised with small groups of blind people in order to develop and improve the activities.

The launch of the new tour was announced on our website, through a press campaign and by inviting organisations who specifi-cally work with blind people during the first ever federal Diversity Day on the theme of disability. The tour is becoming a great success with those organisations now booking for their blind and partially sighted members.

An exceptional botanical year in the Plant Palace

Every year thousands of taxa thrive in the sheltered environ-ment of the Plant Palace. In 2013, however, we experienced three rather exceptional events. During spring the jade vine (Strongylodon macrobotrys) developed seed pods for the first time in Belgian history. During the summer the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) flowered once more, and at the end of autumn the swan’s neck agave (Agave attenuata) came into bloom.

The jade vine is a lush growing liana native to tropical and humid dipterocarp forests of the Philippines. Due to extensive deforestation in its native range, populations have been greatly reduced and conse-quently, it is considered by many to be vulnerable to extinction. Seeds are seldom produced in cultivation because its flowers rely on bats to pollinate its showy, luminescent blue-green blooms as they feed on nectar. In the absence of its pollinators we carefully hand-pollinated several flowers by attempting to mimic the feeding behavior of bats. As a result, two large seed pods grew with viable seeds, marking it a unique occurrence in Belgium. Once ripe, the seeds were sown im-mediately because they lack a dormancy mechanism and thus cannot be stored. Twenty plants developed which will now be distributed to other gardens and institutes.

Visitors once again marveled at the flowering of the titan arum in 2013. This plant has provided a regular show (on average every 30 months) since its initial inflorescence opened in August 2008. As with its other flowering events, thousands of visitors flocked to wit-ness the giant inflorescence that reached 2.42 m in July. Perhaps even more amazing was the incredible size of its large corm that weighed an incredible 130 kg in the summer of 2013. We understand that this is the largest corm ever recorded in the world and is therefore a record breaker. Prior to its first flowering 2008, the corm weighed 10 kg. In 2010, it increased to 47 kg, but nobody could have imagined the sub-sequent enormous growth rate.

Finally, the swan’s neck agave that has resided in the collection for 105 years ended the year of spectacular events by producing a spectacular flowering stalk. Unlike most agaves, the large rosettes of soft leaves are thorn-free and the flowering stalk is unbranched. The abundant yellow-green flowers are an impressive sight and heavy enough to weigh down the flowering stalk to form a graceful arch that gives the swan’s neck agave its name.

Inspiring and informing

Flow

er t

russ

of S

trong

ylodo

n m

acro

botr

ys

in t

he M

abun

du H

ouse

.Ag

ave

atte

nuat

a flo

wer

ing

in t

he M

onso

on H

ouse

.

VIP

Day

for

teac

hers

at

Mei

se.

Gui

ded

visi

t w

ith a

vis

ually

impa

ired

grou

p, le

ad b

y th

e gu

ide

who

des

igne

d th

e to

ur.

30 — 31

Botanical curiosities coming out of the basement

Lying untouched for more than half a century in the basement of the Herbarium building, rests a huge historical treasure trove of botanical objects and curiosities preserved in glass jars. In 2013, work started to examine, record and restore the collection.

A large percentage of the collection dates back to the second half of the 19th century, gathered by passionate, inspired individuals on epic explorations with none of the luxuries of modern travel and com-munication. Each of the jars are dusted, their contents meticulously examined, and available data checked against archival data. The in-formation and observations are then introduced into a database.

The core of the collection is formed from the ‘Fruit and seed’ and ‘Product and drug’ collections of Carl von Martius purchased by the Belgian Government at the time of the foundation of our Botanic Garden in 1870. Pharmacists, missionaries and botanists (e.g. Peckolt, Wullschlägel, Glaziou, Teijsmann and von Müller) provided von Mar-tius with a range of material from Brazil, Suriname, Asia and Aus-tralia. The oldest specimen currently discovered dates back to 1848 and forms part of a series of 52 well-documented tea varieties from Carl von Martius’ brother Theodor.

This treasure trove of botanical objects also contains speci-mens from: the first three Universal Exhibitions in Paris (1855, 1867 and 1878); objects from the ‘Musée des Colonies françaises’ in Paris; a collection of Indian economic products; and one of Algerian me-dicinal and industrial items. In addition to these there are important collections from notable individuals, such as Bernardin and Delacre. Friar Bernardin (around 1858-1878) was a teacher at the High School of Melle near Ghent. He collected mostly plant fibres, oils and fats. Their outstanding quality won him prizes at international exhibitions and he even received a decoration from King Leopold II. Ambroise Delacre was a pharmacist who collected medicinal plants. Ambroise’s father, also a pharmacist, founded the famous biscuit factory Dela-cre in Vilvoorde, after he decided not only to sell chocolate for its strengthening qualities in his pharmacy, but also to use it in delicacies that were soon very much appreciated by the wealthy of the time.

Individually, the objects in this historical collection are botanical curiosities representing a wealth of diverse objects. Tropical fruits nestle beside seeds, vegetal oils, fibers, cocoa chips, annatto, indigo, tea leaves, coffee beans, a torch impregnated with plant oil, a rosary of gombo fruits, resin nuggets of opium, incense and myrrh. In 2013, ca. 10% of the collection was curated. We can hardly wait to find out what other exquisite items will be revealed in the coming years.

Bark

of ‘

Gal

ipea

offi

cinal

is’ (

Ango

stur

a tr

ifolia

ta)

from

the

von

Mar

tius

colle

ctio

n.Ex

trac

t of

‘Pilo

carp

us p

enna

tifol

ius

del P

arag

uay’

from

A. D

emar

chi,

phar

mac

ist

in B

ueno

s Aire

s, in

its

orig

inal

tri

angu

lar

bott

le (

1856

-187

9).

During its long history the Garden has con-stantly been collecting and creating a wide range of botanical collections, living plants, books, artefacts, instruments but also buildings, glass-houses and landscapes. Many of these elements still play an active role in our current work; books and archives are consulted by researchers, historic glasshouses protect plant collections and build-ings and landscapes are visited and enjoyed by our visitors.

This extensive patrimony requires constant specialised care and upkeep and is an irreplaceable source to develop innovative approaches to bet-ter fulfill the mission of the Garden in a changing world.


32 — 33

Julie

n H

ouba

, Les

chê

nes

de l’

Amér

ique

sep

tent

riona

le e

n Be

lgiq

ue,

leur

orig

ine,

leur

[sic

] qu

alité

s, le

ur a

veni

r (H

asse

lt: M

iche

l Cey

sens

, 188

7).

Cor

nelia

Pom

pe, b

otan

ical

wat

erco

lour

dra

win

g on

pa

per,

with

spe

cim

ens

of d

irect

ly n

atur

e pr

inte

d le

aves

.

The wealth of nature printing material at Meise has allowed us to hold two symposiums depicting the process and highlighting our col-lections. These allowed us to write two articles on nature printing in 2013, promoting this technique to a wider audience.

The first paper, given at the symposium Traces du végétal held at the University of Angers was the result of collaboration between the library and Sandrine de Borman, an artist in residence at the Garden. Its aim was to gain more insight into the technique of nature-printing and its evolution from scientific illustration to contemporary art.

The second paper was presented at the symposium Le livre illustré en Belgique (1800-1865) held at the Royal Library of Belgium. After a lecture summarising the different processes of nature printing, the object of the presentation was the study of a book from our collec-tions, the sole Belgian witness of this technique, les Chênes de l’Amérique septentrionale en Belgique written by Julien Houba and published in 1887.

Joha

nn H

iero

nym

us K

niph

of, B

otan

ica in

Orig

inal

i, se

u he

rbar

ium

vivu

m (

Hal

le: J

.G. T

ram

pe, 1

757-

1764

).H

enry

Bai

ldon

, Nat

ure

prin

ted

fern

s. Pr

epar

ed a

ccor

ding

to

his

new

pat

ente

d pr

oces

s (L

ondo

n: L

. Ree

ve &

Co.

, 186

9).

As nature shows them. Nature printings: a hiddentreasure in the library

‘Nature printing’ is the term given to a range of techniques that make direct prints from natural objects such as leaves and flowers. The library of the Botanic Garden houses one of the finest known collections of nature printing. Many have been curated over a long period, but in 2013, this collection was enriched considerably by pur-chase of a collection by Cornelia Pompe (The Hague 1901-1902). This comprised of 137 original botanical drawings that combined nature-printed leaves (1 to 3 per page) with images produced by watercolour.

In the past, nature printing offered an alternative to herbarium specimens because dried vouchers were prone to attack by insects. It also provided an accurate and affordable alternative to botanical il-lustration. Over the centuries a number of different processes were used for this purpose. The first known application was in a copy of ‘Dioscurides Herbal’ from the 13th century that resides in the Topkapi Museum, Istanbul.

Leonardo da Vinci described the ‘simplest form’ of nature print-ing at the end of the 15th century. This process involved a natural object coated with a carbon-rich substance mixed with oil known as lamp black. Once coated the object was carefully pressed onto paper to leave an accurate impression.

Various examples of nature printing are known between the 15th and 17th centuries. At the end of this period, lamp black was replaced by ink and the printing press used to press the coated object onto pa-per. During the 18th century this technique was increasingly applied to the field of botanical imaging (although in a limited circulation). The German naturalist Kniphof produced a wide range of nature prints and was able to commercialise this activity.

During the 19th century, the art of nature printing increased in complexity and demanded specific equipment. This extended to the process of engraving by a highly skilled practitioner. This new ele-ment transformed the process by creating a mould that would repro-duce the replica image for as many times as was required. This meth-od led to the galvanoplastic technique developed in Austria by Aloys Auer and in Britain by Henry Bradbury. The lithographic technique meanwhile was used in Belgium by Houba, in France by Ansberque and in Britain by Baildon.

The impressive nature printing collection curated by the Botanic Garden has various origins including the library of the Horticultural Society of Belgium, an ancestor to our Garden, while others were purchased or donated by generous benefactors.

Over the past few years the library has acquired four major works depicting nature printed illustrations:

— Ectypa vegetabilium by Christiaan Gottlieb Ludwig, published in Halle by Trampe between 1760 and 1764;

— Physiotypia plantarum Autriacarum by Constantin van Ettingshau-sen, published in Vienna in 1855;

— Nature-printed ferns by Henry Baildon, published in London in 1869;

— Herbier de la flore française by Cusin and Ansberque, published in Villeurbane between 1867 and 1876.


34 — 35

Wikipedia: a valuedyet under-utilised encyclopaedia

Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free-content encyclope-dia based on an openly editable model. This means that the content can be edited freely by anybody who wishes to do so. As part of the Botanic Garden’s contribution to the Paris ‘Institut des sciences de la communication’ (CNRS) workshop Wikipédia, objet scientifique non identifié, held in June 2013, we wanted to explore the attitudes of this online resource by the scientific staff at Meise.

The results of a survey revealed: — Most researchers use Wikipedia frequently for their own work

and for other disciplines; — Information is regarded ‘reliable’, yet despite this ‘facts’ are also

checked using additional sources; — Despite the perceived value of Wikipedia, Meise scientists rarely

contribute to its content considering it to be ‘time wasted’.The attitudes of staff are interesting. Scientists of the Garden not

only have the expertise, but also privileged access to botanical and scientific literature. Reluctance to contribute to Wikipedia means that our botanists are looking for information (written by scientists), without making the connection that their contributions would also help the wider scientific community. By sharing their expertise on Wikipedia they would not only be contributing to this ideal but also have a fantastic opportunity to showcase their own scientific work to the world and support one of our Garden’s missions to popularise sci-ence.

For more information see the CNRS website: http://www.iscc.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article1738

Bringing our collections to life through historical research

In 2013, the Garden historians published a wide range of articles using material from our extensive archives. While most scientists tend to pay attention to the present and the future, they should not forget that their activities and their institution are deeply rooted in the past and in tradition. Herbaria and the data related to them, along with other archives and historic publications, give us clues about what may lie in the future for our institution. But history is not only meant to serve botanists, it also proves smart entertainment for visitors (and a job for people interested in humanities).

Publication topics in 2013 included: the complicated relationship between the Botanic Garden and the Royal Botanic Society of Bel-gium (1862-1875); impact of democratising Belgium on the Botanic Garden’s activities (1826-1914); impact of Darwinism on late 19th cen-tury Belgium; emerging ecological consciousness in the same period; and contributions on Belgian scientists and plant-hunters for a histori-cal dictionary. All this fervent activity was appreciated both nation-ally and internationally when the Garden’s historians were asked to: peer review articles; collaborate on academic and editorial projects; and give numerous presentations in Belgium and abroad, in both aca-demic and public contexts. Moreover, this expertise is also utilised in a range of projects like the one devoted to the future of the famous Jardin écologique Jean Massart, in Brussels. It is thus not surprising, with all this activity, that the number of inquiries steadily increased in the Library (and Archives) during 2013.

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gium

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ctor

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et-fi

nish

ed P

lant

Pal

ace.

Dusting off our archives to recognise their true values

Over the last few decades archives have piled up at the Botanic Garden in what could be described as “assumed and somehow func-tional anarchy”. Many potentially important archives have been stored in inappropriate locations around the site for too long and only come to light when staff members retire or clear their offices. Many archives were maintained in unsuitable conditions for their conserva-tion, were unrecorded and for those that did appear in an inventory often existed with mistakes. This undervalued the archives greatly along with all the work they represented and meant they were un-searchable and thus could fail to aid future research. In 2013, our Gar-den decided that its archives deserved more attention.

An archivist was hired and huge amounts of records were gath-ered up and placed in a room with minimum humidity and an appro-priate temperature. Since most data about the individuals producing the archives were lost, our fledgling home archivist began the pains-taking task to decipher who produced what, how and when. This im-portant process helps to create series and other archival categories needed to develop a much-awaited improved inventory.

As this process continued, hundreds of archives were (and still are) placed onto conservation-grade paper sheets and placed into acid-free archive boxes. Appraisal schedules were then developed for the institute helping to manage the archives with accuracy and facili-tate the elimination of items of no interest to historians, botanists or other individuals. This is especially rigorous because all archives over 30 years old officially become the legal property of Belgian State Ar-chive. However, there is an agreement that these historic documents are retained at the Botanic Garden and utilised for research.

It is anticipated that a new inventory will be completed in the next few years allowing for the first time lots of documents to be accessible to botanists, historians, art historians and many other individuals in-terested in the past, present and future of our institution.


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er fr

om c

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: hun

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ith d

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ents

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36 — 37

ObituaryJean Léonard (1920-2013)

On April 23rd Professor Jean Léonard passed away aged 93. He worked in the Garden from 1968 until long past his official retirement in 1985.

He first became acquainted with our Garden’s herbarium in 1942 studying for his Master’s degree in Botany at the Free University of Brussels (ULB). A year later he worked as a collaborator to the ‘Cellule Flore du Congo’ in the ‘Institut national pour l’Étude agronomique du Congo’ (INEAC) where he was seconded to the State Botanic Garden in Brussels, acquiring his Ph.D. on African flora.

1945-1948, Léonard worked at Eala Botanic Garden in Belgian Congo later being appointed Curator of the National Herbarium of Congo in Yangambi. He returned to our botanic Garden and became co-founder of AETFAT (‘Association pour l’Étude taxonomique de la flore d’Afrique tropicale’) in 1950. This organisation’s aim is to promote the exchange of knowledge between botanists working in neighbouring African countries. Jean Léonard demonstrated his en-thusiasm for AETFAT’s mission and later became its Permanent Sec-retary. In the 1960s while working at the Garden he was appointed by the ‘Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique’ (Brussels) working on African floristics and vegetation and in particular Eu-phorbiaceae.

From 1964 to 1965, he returned to the field with a Belgian military expedition, crossed the Sahara Desert and studied the flora of Libya (which he later led an expedition to in 1969). In Northern Chad, he observed strange, green cakes eaten by locals. Microscopic investi-gation identified them as Spirulina platensis (synonym of Arthrospira platensis) a food with a very high protein content. Léonard’s discov-ery made both him and Spirulina famous. It is now used as a dietary supplement worldwide. Some years later, Léonard was seen cruising the Lake Chad with the French ‘Office de la recherche scientifique et technique d’outre-mer’ (ORSTOM) in order to make further study on this species. In 1968, the Cellule Flore du Congo, formerly part of the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique was officially transferred to the Jardin botanique national de Belgique where he and a team of scien-tists found their new home.

As an AETFAT stalwart, between 1953 and 1976, Jean Léonard provided botanists with an annual bibliography on Sub-Saharan sys-tematic botany and an annual index of the newly described taxa from that area. In the early Eighties he began with his Contribution à l’étude de la flore et de la végétation des déserts d’Iran (10 vol., 1981-1992). This major work originated in the specimens he had collected previously in 1972 when he took part in an interdisciplinary expedition in Iran. Léonard remained active on the African Euphorbiaceae for many years pub-lishing his last masterpiece: Flore et végétation du Jebel Uweinat (Désert de Libye: Libye, Égypte, Sudan) (6 vol., 1997-2001).

During his career Jean Léonard authored over 200 papers, de-scribed one family (Lepidobotryaceae), a dozen new genera and hun-dreds of new species. At the age of 80 he finally retired commenting that he wanted to leave science before: “my scientific accuracy became blunt”. The Garden remembers his outstanding contributions.

Jean

Léo

nard

in

201

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.

Our Garden is an ever-changing organisa-tion with about 180 members of staff, 70 volun-teers and 20 guides. The domain, which covers 92 hectares, houses about 50 buildings where people work, meet and preserve plant collections. One of the challenges will be to prepare our Garden for transition. Indeed, it is absolutely essential that the Garden becomes less dependent on fossil fuels and reduces its environmental impact. Numerous responses will have to be developed on all levels of the Garden.

Organisation

38 — 39

Ecoteam: a year of action

The Ecoteam continues its work to create positive environmental changes within the Garden. In 2013, regular awareness campaigns on filtered water consumption, waste reduction, vermicomposting and green mobility helped to enlighten all staff on environmental issues.

Waste sorting is now effective among staff. Apart from being ecologically sound, this brings economic value to the Garden because we spend less money sorting our waste. After the Ecoteam discussed the options with various departments, our Garden is now ready to place sorting bins in every areas visited by the public.

Some of the achievements of 2013 include: — Provision of a filtered water fountain in the cafeteria to reduce the

use of plastic bottles; — Testing and subsequent adoption of green cleaning products by

the cleaning team; — The use of recycled paper for our printers and toilets has been

tested and awaits administrative agreement to be implemented; — In collaboration with the Kitchen Committee, the cafeteria men-

us have changed to stop the purchase of overfished species of fish and increase the amount of vegetarian dishes offered;

— The Ecoteam tested cargo bikes (bikes designed to carry goods) to reduce vehicle movements on site and budgeted the cost. These bikes should soon be made available for staff;

— An Internet carpooling platform was established.Above all, the Ecoteam is delighted by the positive response and

enthusiastic participation from staff to help make the Botanic Garden environmentally conscious in all its activities. We look forward to the opportunities ahead.

Visit the Garden shopfrom home

Previous to 2013, the shopping experience at the Botanic Garden was confined to people physically visiting the shop or via mail or-der. In a world increasingly accessible ‘in one click’ it was decided to develop a whole new shopping experience that people can enjoy at home via the internet.

The e-shop provides all the benefits that other internet shops pro-vide, such as: a search facility; expandable images allowing the cus-tomer to view prior to buying; an automated purchase and billing pro-cess; secure payment facility; and a quick despatch of bought items.

The e-shop covers a host of books in a range of genres from the scientific literature produced by the Garden, such as: Scripta Botanica Belgica; Opera Botanica Belgica; Flore de Belgique / Flora van België; Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique centrale to subjects for people with a more general interest in plants such as identification guides, books on horticulture, fungi, moss and algae and posters and images.

The e-shop can be accessed at: http://shopbotanicgarden.com

Mob

ility

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k fo

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dem

onst

ratio

n.T

he G

arde

n Sh

op w

ebsi

te.

Volunteers: an ever-growing and dynamic support group for the Garden

In 2013, the number of volunteers reached almost 100 and their efforts have become indispensable in practically all divisions of the Garden.

The volunteer program was launched in 2006, with the first un-waged workers conducting tasks such as mounting herbarium speci-mens and helping gardeners. We streamlined its gradual expansion by defining three categories for volunteering activities: horticulture; supporting scientific research; and visitor welcome.

In celebration of their vital roles, here we present some of the activities they have been engaged in during 2013. Our horticultural volunteers have helped staff with routine maintenance of plant col-lections both in the open air collections and in the glasshouses. In au-tumn they offered great help with the planting of more than 40,000 bulbs. One group, ‘the stewards’ have become involved in activities to welcome visitors and provide topical news about the botanical high-lights of the season to optimise the public’s enjoyment during their time with us. Volunteers also support our research in many ways, for example, scanning herbarium type specimens, photographing plants and assisting with field work. Some volunteers also assist with labora-tory tests and looking up and databasing references of specimens in botanical literature.

Last year a team of volunteers engaged in an inventory project in-itiated by a volunteer who is a specialist in information systems. This team linked GPS coordinates with tree measurements, providing an essential tool for the management of our important collections. An-other volunteer created an artistic and educational exhibition about the ‘world of seeds’. To finish this wonderful list of ways in which they offer assistance, a group of volunteers also engaged in translating texts for that exhibition as well as supervising the interactive modules of the exhibition for the visitors. These examples illustrate that the specific competences and interests of volunteers are well being met by the Garden.

Our volunteers always work in close collaboration with paid staff who act as their coaches. In return we organize discovery activities, invite them for lectures and welcome them to participate in social events. In addition to providing lots of excellent work, our volunteers share their infectious passion for what they do. We are immensely grateful for their enthusiasm and precious contributions that uphold the mission of our Garden.

Organisation

Volu

ntee

r an

d ga

rden

er p

lant

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ndco

ver

plan

ts in

the

Fru

ticet

um.

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aff m

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spec

imen

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lunt

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and

gard

ener

in

the

Pla

nt P

alac

e.

40 — 41

Facts and figures

Another busy yearfor engineering

Engineering has a very important role at our Garden. Unless ma-chinery is well-maintained, essential jobs cannot be conducted, heat-ing systems fail and the day-to-day life of plants, staff and visitors becomes difficult or dangerous. With this statement we emphasize the important contributions made by the 18 workers in the engineer-ing department.

As in previous years, our engineers were kept busy during 2013. Of particular note was the restoration of 100 garden benches that greatly enhanced the attraction and utility of the site to visitors. The main entrance has also undergone a transformation making it much more attractive to visitors.

Our engineers met the challenge of an expanding education de-partment by renovating a room to increase office space for additional staff. Engineering also computerised the heating system for the glass-houses, worked on a rainwater pump for watering plants and devel-oped a ‘clouding’ system to improve the growing conditions for cer-tain glasshouse plants.

Some projects within our Garden were realised by external con-tractors but managed by our engineering department. An example includes construction of the new gateway in one of the glasshouses of rainforest vegetation scheduled to open in spring 2014. Our service also renewed the roofs of collection and propagation glasshouses and increased fire protection to the herbarium.

Many major projects initiated in 2013 will run beyond the turn of the year, such as the settling of electricity outlines, street lighting computerisation and the completion of the central heating installation in the Orangerie tavern. Two thousand fourteen will be another busy year that will see great improvements for staff and visitors alike.

Ren

ewed

ben

ches

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ough

out

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nic

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den.

Organisation

Facts and figures 42 — 43

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l pro

ject

s54

567

158

558

469

1

Staf

f boo

ksho

p an

d en

tran

ce15

116

121

523

827

3

Oth

er c

osts

boo

ksho

p51

6258

4256

Oth

er c

osts

LP

(e.g

. ins

uran

ces)

8786

131

7015

3

Tota

l1,

310

1,39

21,

533

1,14

01,

456

Pers

onne

l

0102030405060708090

Stat

utor

ysc

ient

ists

Stat

utor

y no

n-sc

ient

ists

Con

trac

tual

scie

ntis

tsC

ontr

actu

al n

on-

scie

ntis

ts

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Stat

utor

y sc

ient

ists

1817

1614

13

Stat

utor

y no

n-sc

ient

ists

7071

6685

81

Con

trac

tual

sci

entis

ts17

1518

1618

Con

trac

tual

non

-sci

entis

ts72

8579

7069

Tota

l17

718

817

918

518

1


2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Free

23,8

1225

,988

36,6

0230

,913

31,3

68

Red

uced

50,6

3548

,973

46,8

2038

,215

38,9

92

Full

21,5

8319

,257

27,4

8719

,484

20,8

11

0

10,0

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

40,0

00

50,0

00

60,0

00

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Free

Red

uced

Full

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Gol

d 1+

3

Gol

d

Indi

vidu

al

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Indi

vidu

al1,

222

1,25

31,

382

1,11

31,

443

Gol

d15

010

699

100

94

Gol

d 1+

363

332

935

338

441

1

Bre

akdo

wn

of n

umbe

r of

vis

itor

s (f

ree-

redu

ced-

full

)Ye

ar c

ards

Vol

unte

ers

In 2

013,

the

num

ber

of v

olun

teer

s in

crea

sed

shar

ply

to a

lmos

t 10

0, c

orre

spon

ding

to

mor

e th

an 8

full

time

equi

vale

nts (

FTE)

; the

y co

ntri

bute

to a

wid

e ra

nge

of a

ctiv

ities

in th

e G

arde

n.

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

6766

8070

98

FTE

55

65

8

0123456789

020406080100

120

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

FTE

Vis

itors

Num

ber

of v

isit

s

Des

pite

the

very

bad

wea

ther

dur

ing

the

first

hal

f of t

he y

ear,

the

num

ber o

f vis

its in

crea

sed

slig

htly

com

pare

d to

the

prev

ious

yea

r. T

he n

umbe

r of Y

ear C

ard

hold

ers i

ncre

ased

by

mor

e th

an 2

0%. 0

20,0

00

40,0

00

60,0

00

80,0

00

100,

000

120,

000

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Tota

l num

ber

of v

isits

96,0

3094

,218

110,

909

88,6

1291

,171


The

Bot

anic

Gar

den

in th

e m

edia

and

soc

ial n

etw

orks

The

Gar

den

sent

25

(13 D

utch

and

12 F

renc

h) p

ress

rele

ases

in 2

013.

Thi

s res

ulte

d in

225

pre

ss

appe

aran

ces

in D

utch

and

215

in F

renc

h, d

istr

ibut

ed a

cros

s th

e m

edia

with

a p

repo

nder

ance

of

pri

nt b

ased

pub

licat

ions

. The

flow

erin

g of

the

Tita

n A

rum

on

the

7th o

f Jul

y w

as c

over

ed

by se

vera

l pre

ss a

genc

ies a

nd w

as fo

llow

ed b

y m

ore

than

5,0

00 p

eopl

e on

Fac

eboo

k. T

he a

c-tiv

ities

of t

he G

arde

n ar

e sy

stem

atic

ally

list

ed in

the

agen

da o

f the

mos

t im

port

ant t

ouri

sm

web

site

s. T

he m

edia

con

sults

our

sta

ff b

ecau

se o

f th

eir

expe

rtis

e on

var

ious

sub

ject

s su

ch

as th

e id

entifi

catio

n of

pla

nts,

gen

eral

pla

nt k

now

ledg

e, a

nd th

e in

fluen

ce o

f the

wea

ther

on

flow

erin

g tim

es.

On

the

Gar

den’

s Fac

eboo

k pa

ge 7

8 m

essa

ges i

n ea

ch la

ngua

ge w

ere

post

ed.

In 2

013,

the

web

site

of

the

Gar

den

was

con

sulte

d by

640

,046

vis

itors

(28

0,89

9 di

ffer

ent

com

pute

rs) f

rom

127

cou

ntri

es. M

ost

visi

ts c

ome

from

Bel

gium

, Ger

man

y, F

ranc

e an

d T

he

Net

herl

ands

. The

pag

es o

f ou

r w

ebsi

te w

ere

view

ed 6

,680

,088

tim

es in

tot

al a

nd c

licke

d 17

,697

,258

tim

es.

In 2

013

Dum

ortie

ra, a

Gar

den-

publ

ishe

d pe

riod

ical

of fl

oris

tics,

incr

ease

d its

num

ber

of s

ub-

scri

ptio

ns to

alm

ost 1

,000

.

Pres

ently

, 2,7

15 p

eopl

e su

bscr

ibe

to o

ur d

igita

l new

slet

ter M

usa

sent

out

seas

onal

ly in

Dut

ch

and

Fren

ch.

3%5% 71

%

21%

Rad

io

Tel

evis

ion

Prin

ted

med

ia

Web

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

3,00

0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Mus

a su

bscr

iptio

ns1,

749

2,10

82,

515

2,64

02,

715

Par

tici

pati

on in

org

anis

ed e

duca

tion

al v

isit

s

The

num

ber o

f sch

ool v

isits

furt

her i

ncre

ased

. Thi

s was

mai

nly

due

to th

e hi

gher

num

ber o

f fr

ee sc

hool

vis

its an

d st

uden

ts th

at p

artic

ipat

ed in

to th

e BA

MA

mod

ule.

The

num

ber o

f sch

ool

child

ren

part

icip

atin

g in

org

anis

ed e

duca

tion

visi

ts d

ropp

ed si

gnifi

cant

ly af

ter t

he ex

cept

iona

l ye

ar 2

012.

Vis

itor

s G

arde

n Sh

op

In t

otal

alm

ost

5,20

0 vi

sito

rs b

ough

t pr

oduc

ts in

the

Gar

den

shop

. The

ave

rage

am

ount

of

mon

ey sp

ent p

er cl

ient

was

slig

htly

mor

e th

an €

15. T

ypic

al G

arde

n pr

oduc

ts, s

uch

as o

ur G

ar-

den

hone

y an

d G

arde

n co

ffee

wer

e ve

ry p

opul

ar.

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

3,00

0

3,50

0

4,00

0

Free

vis

itG

uide

d vi

sit

BAM

A-m

odul

eSc

hool

wor

ksho

p

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

0

1,00

0

2,00

0

3,00

0

4,00

0

5,00

0

6,00

0

7,00

0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Free

vis

it1,

998

2,03

43,

060

2,77

13,

523

Gui

ded

visi

t66

31,

276

1,36

81,

091

989

BAM

A-m

odul

e46

218

720

155

171

3

Scho

ol w

orks

hop

1,88

291

358

41,

763

1,12

7

Tota

l5,

005

4,41

05,

213

6,17

66,

361

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Vis

itors

4,67

35,

958

6,65

54,

729

5,18

9


Evol

utio

n of

que

ries

ent

ered

in L

IVC

OL

LIV

CO

L is

the

data

base

use

d fo

r th

e da

ily m

anag

emen

t of

the

Livi

ng C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd th

eir

rela

ted

docu

men

tatio

n. T

his d

atab

ase

is p

artly

acc

essi

ble

on th

e w

ebsi

te o

f the

Gar

den

to th

e pu

blic

and

to sc

ient

ists

, cur

ator

s, st

uden

ts, .

.. In

2013

, the

num

ber o

f que

ries

furt

her i

ncre

ased

to

3,9

62.

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Que

ries

LIV

CO

L3,

681

2,66

43,

633

3,73

43,

962

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

3,00

0

3,50

0

4,00

0

4,50

0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Que

ries

LIV

CO

L

The

sei

zure

of p

lant

mat

eria

l pro

hibi

ted

unde

r C

ITE

S

The

qua

ntity

of

plan

t m

ater

ial s

eize

d by

the

Bel

gian

cus

tom

s un

der

the

CIT

ES r

egul

atio

ns

and

depo

site

d in

the

livi

ng c

olle

ctio

ns o

f th

e G

arde

n va

ries

fro

m y

ear

to y

ear.

In 2

013,

122

ac

cess

ions

, rep

rese

ntin

g 1,1

52 s

peci

men

s, w

ere

intr

oduc

ed. T

hey

are

the

resu

lt fr

om 10

con

-fis

catio

ns.

2010

2011

2012

2013

CIT

ES a

cces

sion

s27

869

8612

2

020406080100

120

140

2011

2012

2013

CIT

ES a

cces

sion

s

0

200

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1,40

0

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of in

divi

dual

plan

ts s

eize

d

02468101214161820

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of C

ITES

con

fisca

tions

Liv

ing

Plan

ts C

olle

ctio

n

The

Liv

ing

Plan

ts C

olle

ctio

n cu

rren

tly in

clud

es 2

5,18

5 ac

cess

ions

rep

rese

ntin

g 34

1 fam

ilies

, 3,

008

gene

ra, 1

6,83

3 ta

xa o

r 12

,562

pla

nt s

peci

es. T

hey

are

dist

ribu

ted

betw

een

the

gree

n-ho

uses

(57%

) and

the

outd

oor c

olle

ctio

ns (4

3%).

Mos

t-re

pres

ente

d pl

ant f

amili

es in

the

glas

shou

ses

are

Cac

tace

ae (2

,475

acc

essio

ns),

Orc

hi-

dace

ae (

1,651

), Eu

phor

biac

eae

(1,00

6), L

iliac

eae

(910

), R

ubia

ceae

(57

8), C

rass

ulac

eae

(509

), A

izoa

ceae

(484

), A

race

ae (4

74) a

nd A

gava

ceae

(412

).

In t

he o

utdo

or c

olle

ctio

ns, w

ell-

repr

esen

tate

d pl

ant

fam

ilies

incl

ude

Ros

acea

e (7

47 a

cces

-sio

ns),

Eric

acea

e (5

61),

Lilia

ceae

(470

), M

alac

eae

(436

) and

Ast

erac

eae

(433

).

Col

lect

ions

Out

door

s20

11O

utdo

ors

2012

Out

door

s20

13In

door

s20

11In

door

s20

12In

door

s20

13

Taxa

7,42

87,

551

7,52

68,

898

9,09

19,

307

Spec

ies

4,94

64,

967

4,88

77,

405

7,47

57,

675

Acc

essi

ons

10,8

9011

,030

10,8

9412

,843

13,9

2914

,291

0

2,00

0

4,00

0

6,00

0

8,00

0

10,0

00

12,0

00

14,0

00

16,0

00

Tax

aSp

ecie

sA

cces

sion

s

Out

door

s 20

11

Out

door

s 20

12

Out

door

s 20

13

Indo

ors

2011

Indo

ors

2012

Indo

ors

2013

Evol

utio

n of

the

acqu

isit

ion

of li

ving

pla

nt m

ater

ial

Dur

ing

seve

ral y

ears

, the

livi

ng c

olle

ctio

ns h

ave

been

incr

ease

d co

ntin

uous

ly. T

his

grow

th

was

rath

er li

mite

d in

201

3.

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

2010

2011

2012

2013

Wild

ori

gin

Cul

tivat

ed

Cul

tivat

edW

ild o

rigi

nTo

tal

2010

614

881

1,49

5

2011

1,02

186

31,

884

2012

1,63

152

82,

159

2013

710

404

1,11

4


Lon

g-te

rm s

eed

cons

erva

tion

The

see

d ba

nk is

an

impo

rtan

t ex

situ

cons

erva

tion

tool

to u

nder

pin

the

effo

rts

carr

ied

out

for i

n sit

u co

nser

vatio

n. It

allo

ws t

he c

onse

rvat

ion

in th

e lo

ng te

rm (m

ore

than

100

year

s) o

f a

very

bro

ad g

enet

ic d

iver

sity

in a

smal

l spa

ce. T

he se

ed b

ank

of th

e G

arde

n cu

rren

tly c

onta

ins

gene

rativ

e m

ater

ial o

f 890

acc

essio

ns o

f Bel

gian

spec

ies c

olle

cted

in th

e w

ild, 6

26 a

cces

sions

of

cop

per p

lant

s fro

m K

atan

ga a

nd 2

,152 a

cces

sions

of w

ild sp

ecie

s of b

eans

.

24% 17

%59

%

Belg

ian

flora

Cop

per

flora

Wild

bea

ns

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

Belg

ian

flora

Cop

per

flora

Wild

bea

ns

2011

2012

2013

24% 17

%59

%

Belg

ian

flora

Cop

per

flora

Wild

bea

ns

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

Belg

ian

flora

Cop

per

flora

Wild

bea

ns

2011

2012

2013

Belg

ian

flora

Cop

per

flora

Wild

bea

ns

2011

772

411

2,14

4

2012

841

536

2,14

4

2013

890

626

2,15

2

Mou

ntin

g of

her

bari

um s

peci

men

s

The

mou

ntin

g of

her

bari

um sp

ecim

ens i

s an

impo

rtan

t and

tim

e-co

nsum

ing

step

that

allo

ws

plan

t col

lect

ions

to b

e co

nser

ved

in th

e lo

ng-t

erm

. In

2013

, the

num

ber o

f mou

nted

spec

imen

s in

crea

sed.

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Mou

nted

spe

cim

ens

BT7,

350

7,90

017

,000

6,50

06,

811

Mou

nted

spe

cim

ens

SP9,

519

13,8

2820

,191

11,5

9617

,500

Tota

l16

,869

21,7

2837

,191

18,0

9624

,311

0

5,00

0

10,0

00

15,0

00

20,0

00

25,0

00

30,0

00

35,0

00

40,0

00

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Mou

nted

spe

cim

ens

SP

Mou

nted

spe

cim

ens

BT

2010

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of in

divi

dual

pla

nts

seiz

ed2,

205

105

240

1,15

2020406080100

120

140

2011

2012

2013

CIT

ES a

cces

sion

s

0

200

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1,40

0

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of in

divi

dual

plan

ts s

eize

d

02468101214161820

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of C

ITES

con

fisca

tions

020406080100

120

140

2011

2012

2013

CIT

ES a

cces

sion

s

0

200

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1,40

0

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of in

divi

dual

plan

ts s

eize

d

02468101214161820

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of C

ITES

con

fisca

tions

2010

2011

2012

2013

Num

ber

of C

ITES

con

fisca

tions

3018

1210

Dis

trib

utio

n of

livi

ng m

ater

ial

The

num

ber

of d

istr

ibut

ed s

ampl

es g

reat

ly v

arie

s fr

om y

ear

to y

ear.

In 2

013,

1,7

70 s

ampl

es

wer

e di

stri

bute

d, 7

5% o

f the

m se

ed sa

mpl

es.

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Dis

trib

utio

n m

ater

ial

2,15

81,

370

1,88

91,

664

1,77

0

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Dis

trib

utio

n m

ater

ial


Lib

rary

Dat

abas

e

The

num

ber o

f rec

ords

in o

ur li

brar

y da

taba

se is

gro

win

g st

eadi

ly. T

he e

ntir

e ca

talo

gue

con-

tain

s mor

e th

an 12

0,00

0 re

cord

s and

is p

ublis

hed

onlin

e.

Lib

rary

acq

uisi

tion

s

The

num

ber o

f new

libr

ary

acqu

isiti

ons c

ontin

ues t

o de

clin

e. T

his i

s due

to th

e fa

ct th

at m

ore

and

mor

e jo

urna

ls b

ecom

e on

line

jour

nals

onl

y. T

he n

umbe

r of n

ew m

onog

raph

s is a

t a n

or-

mal

leve

l; 20

10 a

nd 2

011 w

ere

exce

ptio

nal a

s the

Gar

den

libra

ry re

ceiv

ed in

thes

e ye

ars s

ever

al

gift

s fro

m o

ther

libr

arie

s.

0

10,0

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

40,0

00

50,0

00

60,0

00

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

artic

les

48,0

1148

,516

48,8

3449

,030

49,1

50

seri

es4,

151

4,47

54,

596

4,69

54,

789

corr

espo

ndan

ce5,

759

7,30

07,

443

7,44

47,

444

mon

ogra

phs

44,8

5447

,500

48,7

9649

,969

50,7

43

valu

able

s3,

376

3,38

33,

385

3,38

63,

421

seri

als

8,21

48,

352

8,74

28,

979

9,11

7

Tota

l11

4,36

511

9,52

612

1,79

612

3,50

312

4,66

4

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

mon

ogra

phs

2,23

83,

124

1,24

41,

035

926

peri

odic

al fa

scic

les

3,01

83,

000

3,02

52,

733

2,50

0

0

500

1,00

0

1,50

0

2,00

0

2,50

0

3,00

0

3,50

0

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

mon

ogra

phs

peri

odic

al fa

scic

les

0

10,0

00

20,0

00

30,0

00

40,0

00

50,0

00

60,0

00

70,0

00

80,0

00

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

SP BT

Dat

abas

ing

the

coll

ecti

ons

Her

bari

um s

peci

men

s ho

ld v

alua

ble

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

dis

trib

utio

n, e

colo

gy a

nd u

se o

f pl

ants

. By

imag

ing

and

data

basi

ng th

e co

llect

ions

, thi

s in

form

atio

n is

now

in r

each

of m

any

mor

e po

tent

ial u

sers

. In

2013

, mor

e th

an 7

5,00

0 ne

w s

peci

men

rec

ords

wer

e cr

eate

d w

ithin

th

e tw

o de

part

men

ts. T

his

high

num

ber

is th

e re

sult

of ‘r

apid

dat

abas

ing’

in th

e BT

dep

art-

men

t so

that

a c

ompl

ete

inve

ntor

y of

the

fede

ral c

olle

ctio

n is

ava

ilabl

e. F

or th

is c

olle

ctio

n,

only

the

basic

info

rmat

ion

has b

een

regi

ster

ed.

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

BT8,

030

21,9

3518

,159

17,4

8749

,341

SP17

,020

23,4

4721

,880

30,3

2426

,105

Tota

l25

,050

45,3

8240

,039

47,8

1175

,446

Loa

ns a

nd e

xch

ange

pro

gram

The

tran

sfer

of h

erba

rium

spec

imen

s bet

wee

n he

rbar

ia w

orld

wid

e is

an

impo

rtan

t ste

p to

fa-

cilit

ate

bota

nica

l res

earc

h. S

peci

men

s ca

n be

tran

sfer

red

betw

een

herb

aria

on

a te

mpo

rary

ba

sis

as lo

ans

or o

n a

perm

anen

t bas

is a

s a

gift

or

as p

art o

f a s

eed

spec

imen

exc

hang

e pr

o-gr

am. T

he y

ear 2

013 w

as v

ery

busy

with

ext

rem

e hi

gh n

umbe

rs fo

r inc

omin

g ex

chan

ge.

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

inco

min

g ex

chan

ge2,

799

3,24

911

,261

7,89

215

,536

inco

min

g gi

ft2,

441

9,66

82,

463

8,59

13,

918

inco

min

g lo

an53

559

553

92,

391

678

outg

oing

exc

hang

e2,

569

1,42

62,

897

1,65

51,

991

outg

oing

gift

164

177

221

175

128

outg

oing

loan

2,14

92,

012

3,11

41,

701

2,36

6

0

2,00

0

4,00

0

6,00

0

8,00

0

10,0

00

12,0

00

14,0

00

16,0

00

18,0

00

inco

min

g ex

chan

gein

com

ing

gift

inco

min

g lo

anou

tgoi

ng e

xcha

nge

outg

oing

gift

outg

oing

loan

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013


Ave

rage

impa

ct fa

ctor

The

aver

age

impa

ct fa

ctor

in 20

13 w

as 2

.33,

slig

htly

low

er th

an 20

12, b

ut m

uch

high

er th

an 20

10

and

2011

. Sci

entis

ts fr

om o

ur G

arde

n co

mbi

ne b

asic

taxo

nom

ic w

ork,

whi

ch is

oft

en p

ublis

hed

in lo

w im

pact

jour

nals

, with

mor

e ap

plie

d re

sear

ch t

hat

can

be p

ublis

hed

in h

ighe

r ra

nked

jo

urna

ls.

Det

ails

on

publ

ishe

d m

anus

crip

ts a

nd b

ook

chap

ters

0102030405060

Inte

rnat

iona

l pap

ers

with

IFIn

tern

atio

nal o

rna

tiona

l pap

ers

with

out

IF

Book

s or

boo

kch

apte

rs

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Inte

rnat

iona

l pap

ers

with

IFIn

tern

atio

nal o

r na

tiona

l pap

ers

with

out

IF

Book

s or

boo

k ch

apte

rsTo

tal

2009

2820

250

2010

3425

564

2011

4736

3111

4

2012

3045

883

2013

4940

2711

6

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Ave

rage

IF2.

021.

272.

212.

812.

33

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Ave

rage

IF

Exte

rnal

libr

ary

cons

ulta

tion

The

libr

ary

is o

pen

for

the

publ

ic a

nd w

elco

mes

abo

ut 5

00 e

xter

nal a

nd 1,

000

inte

rnal

vis

its

a ye

ar. T

his n

umbe

r is e

xpec

ted

to re

duce

in th

e fu

ture

as b

otan

ical

lite

ratu

re b

ecom

es m

ore

wid

ely

avai

labl

e on

line.

The

Gar

den

ther

efor

e ac

tivel

y pa

rtic

ipat

es in

seve

ral d

igiti

zatio

n pr

o-je

cts.

The

num

ber o

f loa

ns b

etw

een

libra

ries

rem

ains

mor

e or

less

stab

le.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Loan

s be

twee

n lib

rari

es

Exte

rnal

vis

itors

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Exte

rnal

vis

itors

492

494

504

457

440

Loan

s be

twee

n lib

rari

es54

5849

6158

Num

ber

of p

ubli

cati

ons

The

num

ber o

f sci

entifi

c con

trib

utio

ns b

y m

embe

rs o

f the

staf

f fur

ther

incr

ease

d. T

he n

umbe

r of

con

trib

utio

ns in

pee

r re

view

ed jo

urna

ls w

ith im

pact

fac

tor

(IF)

rea

ched

its

high

est p

oint

si

nce

2009

.

Man

uscr

ipts

and

bo

ok c

hapt

ers

Abs

trac

ts o

f po

ster

s or

pr

esen

tatio

ns

Oth

er p

ublic

atio

ns

(rep

orts

, boo

k re

view

s,…

)

Tota

l

2009

5063

611

9

2010

6461

513

0

2011

114

2618

158

2012

8372

1416

9

2013

116

5026

192

050100

150

200

250

Man

uscr

ipts

and

boo

kch

apte

rsA

bstr

acts

of p

oste

rs o

rpr

esen

tatio

nsO

ther

pub

licat

ions

(r

epor

ts, b

ook

revi

ews,

…)

Tot

al

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Res

earc

h


Sika

rood

i M. &

Unt

erei

ner W

.A. (

2013

) M

olec

ular

dat

a pl

ace

the

hyph

omyc

etou

s lic

heni

colo

us g

enus

Scle

roco

ccum

cl

ose

to D

acty

losp

ora

(Eur

otio

myc

etes

) an

d S.

par

meli

ae in

Cla

doph

ialo

phor

a (C

haet

othy

riales

). Fu

ngal

Div

ersi

ty 5

8:

61-7

2. (I

F: 5.

319)

• Er

tz D

., Fi

sche

r E.,

Kill

man

n D

., R

azafi

ndra

haja

T. &

Sér

usia

ux E

. (20

13)

Savo

rona

la, a

new

gen

us o

f Mal

mid

eace

ae

(Lec

anor

ales

) fro

m M

adag

asca

r with

stip

es

prod

ucin

g sp

orod

ochi

a. M

ycol

ogic

al

Prog

ress

12: 6

45-6

56. (

IF: 1

.606

)•

Ewal

d J.,

Hen

neke

ns S

., C

onra

d S.

, W

ohlg

emut

h T.

, Jan

sen

F., J

enss

en M

., C

orne

lis J.

, Mic

hiel

s H.G

., K

ayse

r J.,

Chy

trý

M.,

Gég

out J

.C.,

Breu

er M

., A

bs C

., W

alen

tow

ski H

., St

arlin

ger F

. &

God

efro

id S

. (20

13) S

patia

l and

te

mpo

ral p

atte

rns o

f Elle

nber

g nu

trie

nt

valu

es in

fore

sts o

f Ger

man

y an

d ad

jace

nt re

gion

s - a

surv

ey b

ased

on

phyt

osoc

iolo

gica

l dat

abas

es. T

uexe

nia

33: 9

3-10

9.•

Frai

ture

A. &

Di G

iang

rego

rio

M.

(201

3) A

man

ita in

opin

ata,

its e

colo

gy a

nd

expa

nsio

n in

Eur

ope.

Cry

ptog

amie

, M

ycol

ogie

34,

3: 21

2-22

2. (I

F: 1.

044)

• G

odef

roid

S.,

Van

de

Vyv

er

A.,

Lebr

un J.

, Mas

engo

Kal

enga

W.,

Han

djila

Min

engo

G.,

Ros

e C

., N

gong

o Lu

hem

bwe

M.,

Van

derb

orgh

t T. &

M

ahy

G. (

2013

) Ger

min

atio

n ca

paci

ty

and

seed

stor

age

beha

viou

r of t

hrea

tene

d pl

ant s

peci

es fr

om th

e K

atan

ga c

oppe

r be

lt: im

plic

atio

ns fo

r ex

situ

cons

erva

tion.

Pl

ant E

colo

gy a

nd E

volu

tion

146,

2:

183-

192.

htt

p://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.50

91/

plec

evo.

2013

.745 (

IF: 1

.192)

• G

room

Q.J

. (20

13) E

stim

atio

n of

va

scul

ar p

lant

occ

upan

cy a

nd it

s cha

nge

usin

g kr

igin

g. N

ew Jo

urna

l of B

otan

y 3,

1: 33

-46.

• G

room

Q.J

. (20

13) S

ome

pole

war

d m

ovem

ent o

f Bri

tish

nativ

e va

scul

ar

plan

ts is

occ

urri

ng, b

ut th

e fin

gerp

rint

of

clim

ate

chan

ge is

not

evi

dent

. Pee

rJ, 1

, e7

7. do

i:10.

7717

/pee

rj.7

7•

Hae

lew

ater

s D. &

De

Kes

el A

. (2

013)

A n

ew sp

ecie

s of C

anth

arom

yces

(L

abou

lben

iale

s, A

scom

ycot

a) fr

om th

e N

ethe

rlan

ds. M

ycot

axon

123:

467-

472

(IF:

0.70

9)•

Heg

er T

., Pa

hl A

.T.,

Bott

a-D

ukát

Z.,

Ghe

rard

i F.,

Hop

pe C

., H

oste

I., J

ax

K.,

Lind

strö

m L

., Bo

ets P

., H

aide

r S.,

Kol

lman

n J.

Witt

man

n M

.J. &

Jesc

hke

J. (2

013)

Con

cept

ual F

ram

ewor

ks a

nd

Met

hods

for A

dvan

cing

Inva

sion

Ecol

ogy.

Am

bio

42,5

: 527

-540

. htt

p://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.10

07/s

1328

0-01

2-03

79-x

(I

F: 2

.295

)•

Iam

onic

o D

. & V

erlo

ove

F. (2

013)

Pt

ilotu

s spi

catu

s. In

: von

Raa

b-St

raub

e E.

& R

aus T

. (ed

s) N

otul

ae a

d flo

ram

eu

ro-m

edite

rran

eam

per

tinen

tes N

o. 3

0.

Will

deno

wia

43:

152-

153.

(IF:

0.3

28)

• Jü

ttne

r I.,

Ecto

r L.,

Rei

char

dt E

., V

an

de V

ijve

r B

., Ja

rlm

an A

., K

roko

wsk

i J.

& C

ox E

.J. (2

013)

Gom

phon

ema

vari

ored

uncu

m a

new

spec

ies f

rom

no

rthe

rn a

nd w

este

rn E

urop

e an

d re

-exa

min

atio

n of

Gom

phon

ema

exili

ssim

um (G

runo

w) L

ange

-Ber

talo

t &

Rei

char

dt. D

iato

m R

esea

rch

28: 3

03-

316.

htt

p://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.10

80/0

2692

49X

.201

3.79

7924

(IF:

0,7

500)

• K

opal

ová

K.,

Ned

balo

vá L

., N

ývlt

D., E

lste

r J. &

Van

de

Vij

ver

B. (

2013

) Ec

olog

ical

ass

essm

ent o

f the

fres

hwat

er

diat

om c

omm

uniti

es fr

om U

lu P

enin

sula

(Ja

mes

Ros

s Isl

and,

NE

Ant

arct

ic

Peni

nsul

a). P

olar

Bio

logy

36:

933

-948

. ht

tp://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.10

07/s

0030

0-01

3-13

17-5

(IF:

2.0

06)

• K

opal

ová

K. &

Van

de

Vij

ver

B. (

2013

) Str

uctu

re a

nd e

colo

gy o

f fr

eshw

ater

dia

tom

com

mun

ities

of B

yers

Pe

nins

ula

(Liv

ings

ton

Isla

nd, S

outh

Sh

etla

nd Is

land

s). A

ntar

ctic

Sci

ence

25

: 239

-253

. htt

p://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.10

17/

S095

4102

0120

0076

4 (I

F: 1.

630)

• L

ache

nau

d O

., D

rois

sart

V.,

Des

sein

S.

, Sté

vart

T.,

Sim

o M

., Le

mai

re B

., Ta

edou

mg

H. &

Son

ké B

. (20

13) N

ew

reco

rds f

or th

e flo

ra o

f Cam

eroo

n,

incl

udin

g a

new

spec

ies o

f Psy

chot

ria

(Rub

iace

ae) a

nd ra

nge

exte

nsio

ns fo

r so

me

rare

spec

ies.

Plan

t Eco

logy

and

Ev

olut

ion

146,

1: 12

1-13

3. h

ttp:

//dx

.doi

.or

g/10

.509

1/pl

ecev

o.20

13.6

32 (I

F: 1.

192)

• La

hian

i E.,

Duf

aÿ M

., C

astr

ic V

., Le

C

adre

S.,

Cha

rlesw

orth

D.,

Van

R

ossu

m F

. & T

ouze

t P. (

2013

) D

isen

tang

ling

the

effe

cts o

f mat

ing

syst

ems a

nd m

utat

ion

rate

s on

cyto

plas

mic

div

ersi

ty in

gyn

odio

ecio

us

Silen

e nut

ans a

nd d

ioec

ious

Sile

ne ot

ites.

Her

edity

111:

157-

164.

htt

p://

dx.d

oi.

org/

10.10

38/h

dy.2

013.

32 (I

F: 4

.110)

• Le

e S.

S., T

obia

s F.A

.C. &

Van

de

Vij

ver

B. (

2013

) Env

ekad

ea m

etze

ltini

i sp

. nov

., a

new

dia

tom

(Bac

illar

ioph

yta)

sp

ecie

s fro

m th

e su

btro

pica

l kar

stic

w

etla

nds o

f the

Flo

rida

Eve

rgla

des,

U

.S.A

. Phy

tota

xa 11

5: 15

-24.

htt

p://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.11

646/

phyt

otax

a.11

5.1.2

(IF:

1.2

95)

• Lo

we

R.L

., K

ocio

lek

J.P. &

Van

de

Vij

ver

B. (

2013

) Tw

o ne

w O

rtho

seira

sp

ecie

s (Ba

cilla

rioph

yta)

from

lava

tube

s. Ph

ytot

axa

111:

39-5

2. h

ttp:

//dx

.doi

.or

g/10

.1164

6/ph

ytot

axa.

111.1

.3 (I

F: 1.

295)

• M

anga

mbu

M.J-

D.,

Muh

ashy

H.F

, Ja

nsse

n T.

, Dig

gele

n R

., Rob

brec

ht

E. &

Nta

hoba

vuka

H. (

2013

) Div

ersi

té

des F

ougè

res e

t leu

rs a

lliée

s le

long

du

gra

dien

t alti

tudi

nal a

u se

in d

e l’é

cosy

stèm

e fo

rest

ier d

es m

onta

gnes

du P

arc

Nat

iona

l de

Kah

uzi-

Bieg

a (R

D C

ongo

). In

tern

atio

nal J

ourn

al o

f En

viro

nmen

tal S

tudi

es 70

,2: 2

59-2

83.

• M

anga

mbu

M.J.

-D.,

Van

Dig

gele

n R

., M

wan

gam

wan

ga J.

-C.,

Nta

hoba

vuka

H

. & R

obbr

echt

E. (

2013

) Esp

èces

no

uvel

lem

ent s

igna

lées

pou

r la

flore

pt

érid

olog

ique

de

la R

épub

lique

D

émoc

ratiq

ue d

u C

ongo

. Int

erna

tiona

l Jo

urna

l of B

iolo

gica

l and

Che

mic

al

Scie

nces

7,1:

107-

124.

• M

areš

J., K

omár

ek J.

, Com

père

P. &

O

ren

A. (

2013

) Val

idat

ion

of th

e ge

neri

c na

me

Glo

eoba

cter

Rip

pka

et a

l. 19

74,

Cya

noph

ycea

e. C

rypt

ogam

ie, A

lgol

ogie

34

: 255

-262

. (IF

: 1.17

0)•

Mar

eš J.

, Kom

árek

J., C

ompè

re P

. &

Ore

n A

. (20

13) P

ropo

sal t

o co

nser

ve

the

nam

e G

loeo

bact

er vi

olac

eus a

gain

st

Aph

anot

hece

cald

ario

rum

, Glo

eoth

ece

coer

ulea

and

Glo

eoth

ece l

inea

ris

(Cya

noph

ycea

e). T

axon

62,

5: 10

55. (

IF:

2.78

2)•

Mar

eš J.

, Hau

er T

., K

omár

ek J.

&

Com

père

P. (

2013

) Pro

posa

l to

con

serv

e th

e na

me

Glo

eoth

ece

(Cya

noph

ycea

e) w

ith a

con

serv

ed ty

pe.

Taxo

n 62

,5: 1

056.

(IF:

2.7

82)

• M

erck

x V

.S.F

.T.,

Kis

slin

g J.,

Hen

tric

h H

., Ja

nsse

ns S

.B.,

Men

nes C

.B.,

Spec

ht

C.B

. & S

met

s E.F

. (20

13) P

hylo

gene

tic

rela

tions

hips

of t

he m

ycoh

eter

otro

phic

ge

nus V

oyria

and

the

impl

icat

ions

for t

he

biog

eogr

aphi

c hi

stor

y of

Gen

tiana

ceae

. A

mer

ican

Jour

nal o

f Bot

any

100:

712

-721

. (I

F: 2

.586

)•

de M

orae

s P.L

.R.,

De

Smed

t S.,

Esse

r H

.J., G

alla

gher

C. &

Gug

lielm

one

L. (2

013)

On

som

e Br

azili

an p

lant

s di

stri

bute

d by

Mar

tius i

n 18

27 a

nd

publ

ishe

d by

Col

la in

1833

. Har

vard

Pa

pers

in B

otan

y 18

,1: 2

3-36

.•

de M

orae

s P.L

.R.,

De

Smed

t S.,

Esse

r

Plan

t Eco

logy

and

Evo

luti

on

Toge

ther

with

the

Roy

al B

otan

ical

Soc

iety

of B

elgi

um, t

he G

arde

n pu

blis

hes (

sinc

e 20

10) t

he

peer

-rev

iew

ed jo

urna

l Pla

nt E

colo

gy a

nd E

volu

tion.

In to

tal,

the

jour

nal r

ecei

ved

near

ly 4

50

subm

issio

ns. I

n 20

13, 1

22 m

anus

crip

ts w

ere

rece

ived

; 55 w

ere

reje

cted

with

out r

evie

w fo

r var

i-ou

s ed

itori

al r

easo

ns; 2

2 w

ere

reje

cted

, 18

wer

e ac

cept

ed fo

r pu

blic

atio

n an

d 27

are

stil

l un-

der r

evie

w. T

he in

crea

se o

f hig

h qu

ality

subm

issio

ns a

llow

s us t

o on

ly a

ccep

t the

bes

t pap

ers

with

in th

e sc

ope

of th

e jo

urna

l. T

he Im

pact

Fac

tor o

f our

jour

nal s

light

ly ra

ised

to 1.

192.

55

22

18

27

Rej

ecte

d w

ithou

t re

view

Rej

ecte

d

Acc

epte

d

In r

evie

w

Rej

ecte

d w

ithou

t re

view

Rej

ecte

dA

ccep

ted

In r

evie

wTo

tal

2013

5522

1827

122

%45

.118

.014

.822

.1

Publ

icat

ions

Pap

ers

publ

ishe

d in

201

3 in

inte

rnat

ion

al p

eer-

revi

ewed

jour

nal

s

(co-

)aut

hore

d by

sta

ff

of th

e G

arde

n

• A

guia

r B.,

Vie

ira

J., C

unha

A.E

., Fo

nsec

a N

.A.,

Reb

oiro

-Jat

o D

., R

eboi

ro-J

ato

M.,

dez-

Riv

erol

a F.

F., R

aspé

O. &

Vie

ira

C.P

. (20

13) P

atte

rns o

f evo

lutio

n at

the

gam

etop

hytic

self-

inco

mpa

tibili

ty S

orbu

s au

cupa

ria (P

yrin

ae) S

pol

len

gene

s sup

port

th

e no

n-se

lf re

cogn

ition

by

mul

tiple

fa

ctor

s mod

el. J

ourn

al o

f Exp

erim

enta

l Bo

tany

64,

8: 2

423-

2434

.(IF:

5.24

2)•

Apt

root

A.,

Ertz

D.,

Lim

a E.

L., J

esus

K

.A.,

Mai

a L.

C. &

Các

eres

M.E

.S.

(201

3) T

wo

new

spec

ies o

f Roc

cella

ceae

(A

scom

ycot

a: A

rtho

nial

es) f

rom

Bra

zil,

with

the

desc

ript

ion

of th

e ne

w g

enus

Se

rgip

ea. L

iche

nolo

gist

45,

5: 62

7-63

4. (I

F:

1.135

)•

Bokh

orst

S.,

Hui

skes

A.,

Aer

ts R

., C

onve

y P.

, Coo

per E

.J., D

alen

L.,

Ersc

hbam

er B

., G

udm

unds

son

J.,

Hof

gaar

d A

., H

ollis

ter R

.D.,

John

ston

e J.,

Jóns

dótt

ir I.

S., L

ebou

vier

M.,

Van

de

Vij

ver

B.,

Wah

ren

C.H

. & D

orre

paal

E.

(201

3) V

aria

ble

tem

pera

ture

eff

ects

of

Ope

n To

p C

ham

bers

at p

olar

and

alp

ine

site

s exp

lain

ed b

y ir

radi

ance

and

snow

de

pth.

Glo

bal C

hang

e Bi

olog

y 19

: 64-

74.

(IF:

6.9

10)

• C

arva

lhei

ro L

.G.,

Kun

in W

.E.,

Kei

l P.,

Agu

irre

-Gut

iérr

ez J.

, Elli

, W.N

., Fo

x R

., G

room

Q.,

Hen

neke

ns S

., V

an

Land

uyt,

W.,

Mae

s D.,

Van

de

Meu

tter

F.

, Mic

hez

D.,

Ras

mon

, P.,

Ode

B.,

Pott

s S.G

., R

eem

e, M

., R

ober

ts S

.P.M

., Sc

ham

iné,

J., W

allis

de

Vri

es M

.F. &

Bies

mei

jer J

.C. (

2013

) Spe

cies

rich

ness

de

clin

es a

nd b

iotic

hom

ogen

isat

ion

have

slow

ed d

own

for N

W-E

urop

ean

polli

nato

rs a

nd p

lant

s. Ec

olog

y Le

tter

s 16

,11: 1

416–

1417

. (IF

: 17.

949)

• C

ham

pluv

ier

D. (

2013

) New

and

ov

erlo

oked

Aca

ntha

ceae

taxa

from

th

e D

emoc

ratic

Rep

ublic

of C

ongo

(2):

the

genu

s Jus

ticia

. Pla

nt E

colo

gy a

nd

Evol

utio

n 14

6,1:

95-1

20. h

ttp:

//dx

.doi

.or

g/10

.509

1/pl

ecev

o.20

13.7

15 (I

F: 1.

192)

• C

ocqu

yt C

., Jü

ttne

r I. &

Kus

ber W

.-H.

(201

3) R

einv

estig

atio

n of

Wes

t Afr

ican

Su

rire

llace

ae (B

acill

ario

phyt

a) d

escr

ibed

by

Woo

dhea

d &

Tw

eed

from

Sie

rra

Leon

e. D

iato

m R

esea

rch

28,2

: 121

-129

. ht

tp://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.10

80/0

2692

49X

.201

2.75

2411

(IF:

0.7

50)

• C

ocqu

yt C

., de

Haa

n M

. & T

aylo

r J.

(201

3) C

avin

ula

lilan

dae (

Baci

llari

ophy

ta),

a ne

w d

iato

m sp

ecie

s fro

m th

e C

ongo

Ba

sin

Dia

tom

Res

earc

h 28

,2: 1

57-1

63.

http

://dx

.doi

.org

/10.

1080

/026

924

9X.2

012.

7539

52 (I

F: 0

,750

)•

De

Blo

ck P

. & V

rijd

aghs

A. (

2013

) D

evel

opm

ent o

f rep

rodu

ctiv

e or

gans

in C

anep

hora

mad

agas

carie

nsis

(Oct

otro

pide

ae -

Rub

iace

ae).

Plan

t Ec

olog

y an

d Ev

olut

ion

146,

3: 31

0-32

7. ht

tp://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.50

91/

plec

evo.

2013

.844

(IF:

1.19

2)•

Deg

reef

J., A

mal

fi M

., D

ecoc

k C

. &

Dem

oulin

V. (

2013

). Tw

o ra

re P

halla

les

reco

rded

from

São

Tom

é. C

rypt

ogam

ie,

Myc

olog

ie 3

4,1:

3-13

. (IF

: 1.0

44)

• D

iagr

e D

. (20

13) P

ure

scie

nce

or

prac

tical

scie

nce:

The

diffi

cult

choi

ce o

f th

e Br

usse

ls B

otan

ic G

arde

n (18

26-1

914)

. St

udie

s in

the

His

tory

of B

iolo

gy 5

,4:

7-22

.•

Die

deri

ch P

., Er

tz D

., La

wre

y J.D

.,


enig

mat

ic sp

ecie

s “ne

w” t

o Sp

ain.

W

ebbi

a 68

,1: 6

7-71

.•

Ver

loov

e F.

(201

3) N

ew x

enop

hyte

s fr

om G

ran

Can

aria

(Can

ary

isla

nds,

Sp

ain)

, with

em

phas

is o

n na

tura

lized

an

d (p

oten

tially

) inv

asiv

e sp

ecie

s. C

olle

ctan

ea B

otan

ica

33: 5

9-82

.•

Ver

loov

e F.

(201

3) N

on-n

ativ

e va

scul

ar p

lant

s fro

m C

anar

y Is

land

s (S

pain

): N

omen

clat

ural

and

taxo

nom

ical

ad

just

men

ts. L

agas

calia

33:

19-3

5.•

Ver

stra

ete

B., J

anss

ens

S., L

emai

re

B, S

met

s E. &

Des

sein

S. (

2013

) Ph

ylog

enet

ic li

neag

es in

Van

guer

ieae

(Rub

iace

ae) a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith B

urkh

olde

ria

bact

eria

in su

b-Sa

hara

n A

fric

a.

Am

eric

an Jo

urna

l of B

otan

y 10

0,12

: 238

0-23

87. (

IF: 2

.586

)•

Ver

stra

ete

B., J

anss

ens

S., S

met

s E.

& D

esse

in S

. (20

13) S

ymbi

otic

b-

prot

eoba

cter

ia b

eyon

d Le

gum

es:

Burk

hold

eria

in R

ubia

ceae

. PLo

S O

NE

8:

e552

60. (

IF: 3

.730

)•

Wet

zel C

.E.,

Van

de

Vij

ver

B.,

Hof

fman

n L.

& E

ctor

L. (

2013

) A

new

wid

ely

dist

ribu

ted

fres

hwat

er

Plan

othi

dium

spec

ies (

Bacil

lario

phyt

a).

Phyt

otax

a 13

8: 4

3-57

. htt

p://

dx.d

oi.

org/

10.11

646/

phyt

otax

a.13

8.1.6

(IF:

1.29

5)

Pap

ers

publ

ishe

d in

201

3 in

nat

ion

al o

r no

n-p

eer-

revi

ewed

jour

nal

s

(co-

)aut

hore

d by

sta

ff

of th

e G

arde

n

• C

ocqu

yt C

. & P

lisni

er P

.-D. (

2013

) Fy

topl

ankt

on u

it he

t tan

gany

ika-

mee

r en

Cho

lera

. Dia

tom

eded

elin

gen

37: 2

7-33

.•

De

Beer

D.,

Rey

nier

s J. &

Sti

eper

aere

H

. (20

13) N

ieuw

e en

inte

ress

ante

mos

sen

in V

laan

dere

n. 2

. Mus

cilla

nea

33: 5

5-62

. •

De

Beer

D. &

Sti

eper

aere

H.

(201

3) P

olyt

richu

m co

mm

une:

een

nom

encl

ator

isch

klu

wen

. Mus

cilla

nea

33: 3

2-36

.•

De

Beer

D. &

Van

den

Bro

eck

D. (

2013

) Kus

tveg

etat

ies i

n de

W

aasl

andh

aven

: bez

oek

aan

Haa

sop

te

Beve

ren

(25 m

ei 2

013)

. Mus

cilla

nea

33:

37-4

5.•

De

Mey

ere

D. (

2013

) Dag

trip

naa

r Z

wed

en: A

lnar

p, T

rolls

kogs

väge

n &

V

ram

s Gun

nars

top.

In: J

aarb

oek

van

de

Belg

isch

e D

endr

olog

isch

e V

eren

igin

g / A

nnal

es d

e la

Soc

iété

Bel

ge d

e D

endr

olog

ie 2

012:

149-

157.

• Fr

aitu

re A

. (20

13) M

ycen

astr

um co

rium

(L

ycop

erda

les) r

etro

uvé

en B

elgi

que

aprè

s 80

ans d

’abs

ence

. Doc

umen

ts

Myc

olog

ique

s. N

.S. 3

5: 28

9-30

2.•

Frai

ture

A. &

Van

derw

eyen

A.

(201

3) L

es P

uccin

ia d

es P

elarg

oniu

m e

t le

ur p

rése

nce

en B

elgi

que.

Bul

letin

de

la

Soci

été

des N

atur

alis

tes l

uxem

bour

geoi

s 11

4: 2

7-34

.•

Gee

rinc

k D

. (20

13) Q

uelq

ues

cons

idér

atio

ns ta

xono

miq

ues e

t no

men

clat

ural

es a

u su

jet d

e vé

géta

ux

plan

tés o

u na

tura

lisés

en

Belg

ique

. Ta

xono

man

ia 3

4: 2-

7.•

Gee

rinc

k D

. (20

13) C

atal

ogue

rais

onné

de

s Orc

hida

ceae

du

Con

go-K

insh

asa:

Clé

di

chot

omiq

ue d

es e

spèc

es d

e la

Rég

ion

Soud

ano-

Zam

bésie

nne,

Dom

aine

s So

udan

ien

et Z

ambé

sien.

Tax

onom

ania

34

: 8-3

9.•

Gee

rinc

k D

. (20

13) P

olém

ique

co

ncer

nant

la ta

xono

mie

dan

s le

genr

e af

rica

in M

orae

a M

iller

(Irid

acea

e) e

t ses

co

nséq

uenc

es. T

axon

oman

ia 3

4: 4

0-41

.•

Hos

te I.

& D

iagr

e-V

ande

rpel

en D

. (2

013)

Om

gaan

met

flor

aver

vals

ing

en

exot

en in

de

19de

eeu

w. V

an n

atuu

rstu

die

naar

nat

uurb

ehou

d. N

atuu

r.Foc

us 12

,3:

103-

108.

• H

oste

I. (2

013)

Olij

fbom

en, p

alm

en

en tu

ince

ntra

: een

inle

idin

g to

t de

cont

aine

rflor

istie

k. D

umor

tiera

10

2: 10

-16.

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p://

ww

w.b

r.fgo

v.be

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MO

RT

IER

A/D

UM

_102

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um_1

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tain

ers_

Hos

te.p

df]

• H

oste

I. (2

013)

Not

es b

iblio

grap

hiqu

es

sur l

e M

anue

l de

la F

lore

de

Belg

ique

de

F.

Cré

pin

et le

Nou

veau

Man

uel d

e la

Flo

re

de B

elgi

que

et d

es R

égio

ns li

mitr

ophe

s de

J. G

offa

rt. D

umor

tiera

102:

49-

53. [

http

://w

ww

.br.f

gov.

be/D

UM

OR

TIE

RA

/D

UM

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_102

_49-

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n%20

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offa

rt_H

oste

.pdf

]•

Lan

ata

F., D

esse

in S

. & N

sim

unde

le

L. (2

013)

The

role

of K

isan

tu B

otan

ical

G

arde

n in

bio

dive

rsity

con

serv

atio

n: a

fir

st e

ffor

t to

sust

aina

bly

man

age

usef

ul

plan

ts o

f Bas

Con

go. B

GJo

urna

l 10,

2: 8

-11.

• M

anga

mbu

M.J

.-D

., V

an D

igge

len

R.,

Mw

anga

mw

anga

J.-C

., N

taho

bavu

ka H

. &

Rob

brec

ht E

. (20

12) C

heck

-lis

t des

Pt

érid

ophy

tes d

e l’é

cosy

stèm

e fo

rest

ier

des m

onta

gnes

du

Parc

Nat

iona

l de

Kah

uzi-

Bieg

a à

l’Est

de

la R

.D C

ongo

. C

ahie

rs d

u C

entr

e de

Rec

herc

hes

Uni

vers

itair

es d

u K

ivu

42,2

: 363

-374

.•

Sánc

hez

Gul

lón

E. &

Ver

loov

e F.

(2

013)

New

reco

rds o

f int

eres

ting

vasc

ular

pla

nts (

mai

nly

xeno

phyt

es) i

n th

e Ib

eria

n Pe

nins

ula.

IV. F

olia

Bot

anic

a Ex

trem

adur

ensi

s 7: 2

9-34

.•

Stie

pera

ere

H. (

2013

) De

mos

sen

van

het K

empi

sch

gede

elte

van

Vla

ande

ren,

he

t arm

ste

en z

uurs

te g

edee

lte v

an h

et

Vla

ams d

istr

ict 3

. De

mos

sen

van

een

frag

men

t van

het

oud

e Bu

lska

mpv

eld,

de

Gul

ke P

utte

n (W

inge

ne).

Mus

cilla

nea

33: 1

2-28

.•

Van

den

Bro

eck

D. (

2013

) Een

lic

heno

logi

sche

exc

ursi

e na

ar D

e M

ost t

e

Bale

n. M

usci

llane

a 33

: 4-7

.•

Van

den

Bro

eck

D. &

Hel

lem

ans

K. (

2013

) Een

lich

enen

excu

rsie

naa

r ee

n st

ukje

van

de

Kal

mth

outs

e H

eide

. M

usci

llane

a 33

: 8-1

1.•

Van

den

Bro

eck

D. (

2013

) Oxn

eria

hu

culic

a, n

ieuw

voo

r de

Belg

isch

e lic

heen

flora

. Dum

ortie

ra 10

3: 49

-50.

• V

an d

en B

roec

k D

., D

iede

rich

P.

& E

rtz

D. (

2013

) Rep

ort o

n tw

o lic

heno

logi

cal fi

eld

mee

tings

in

Lux

embo

urg

in 2

011 a

nd 2

012.

Bu

lletin

de

la S

ocié

té d

es n

atur

alis

tes

luxe

mbo

urge

ois.

114:

65-

76.

• V

erlo

ove

F. &

Gui

ggi A

. (20

13) S

ome

new

xen

ophy

tes f

rom

Fue

rtev

entu

ra

(Can

ary

Isla

nds,

Spa

in).

Bout

elou

a 13

: 38

-42.

• V

erlo

ove

F. (2

013)

Ver

der o

nder

zoek

bi

nnen

het

gen

us R

umex

(Pol

ygon

acea

e) in

Be

lgië

. Dum

ortie

ra 10

2: 3-

9.•

Ver

loov

e F.

(201

3) V

icia

tenu

ifolia

su

bsp.

dal

mat

ica (F

abac

eae)

ong

emer

kt

inge

burg

erd

in B

elgi

ë en

om

ligge

nde

gebi

eden

. Dum

ortie

ra 10

2: 4

0-44

.•

Ver

loov

e F.

(201

3) H

et g

enus

C

oton

east

er (R

osac

eae)

in h

et w

ild in

Bel

gië:

ee

n vo

orlo

pig

over

zich

t. D

umor

tiera

103:

3-29

.•

Van

de

Vij

ver

B. (

2013

) Wan

neer

een

na

am e

en w

eten

scha

ppel

ijk fe

it w

ordt

: ee

n pe

rsoo

nlijk

e m

enin

g. L

ipar

is 19

: 93

-100

.

Sele

ctio

n of

boo

k ch

apte

rs

and

book

s pu

blis

hed

in 2

013

(co-

)aut

hore

d by

sta

ff o

f th

e G

arde

n

• B

eau

N.,

Des

sein

S. &

Rob

brec

ht

E. (

eds)

(201

3) A

fric

an P

lant

Div

ersi

ty,

H.J.

, Gal

lagh

er C

. & G

uglie

lmon

e L.

(201

3) O

n so

me

Braz

ilian

pla

nts

dist

ribu

ted

by M

artiu

s in

1827

and

pu

blis

hed

by C

olla

in H

erba

rium

pe

dem

onta

num

- II

. Har

vard

Pap

ers i

n Bo

tany

18,2

: 197

–210

.•

de M

orae

s P.L

.R.,

De

Smed

t S.,

Esse

r H

.J., G

alla

gher

C. &

Gug

lielm

one

L. (2

013)

On

som

e Br

azili

an p

lant

s di

stri

bute

d by

Mar

tius i

n 18

27 a

nd

publ

ishe

d by

Col

la in

Her

bari

um

pede

mon

tanu

m -

III.

Har

vard

Pap

ers i

n Bo

tany

18,2

: 211

-223

.•

Mul

uwa

J.K.,

Eyi N

dong

H.,

Deg

reef

J.

& B

osto

en K

. (20

13) C

ham

pign

ons

cons

omm

és p

ar le

s Pyg

mée

s du

Gab

on:

anal

yse

lingu

istiq

ue d

es m

ycon

ymes

ba

ka e

t kóy

a. A

fric

ana

Ling

uist

ica

19:

105-

131.

• N

jouo

nkou

A.-L

., W

atlin

g R

. &

Deg

reef

J. (2

013)

Len

tinus

cyst

idia

tus s

p.

nov.

(Pol

ypor

acea

e): a

n A

fric

an le

ntin

oid

fung

us w

ith a

n un

usua

l com

bina

tion

of b

oth

skel

eton

-lig

ativ

e hy

phae

and

pl

euro

cyst

idia

. Pla

nt E

colo

gy a

nd

Evol

utio

n 14

6,2:

240

-245

. htt

p://

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oi.

org/

10.5

091/

plec

evo.

2013

.792 (

IF: 2

.586

)•

Nov

ais M

.H.,

Wet

zel C

.E.,

Van

de

Vij

ver

B.,

Mor

ais M

.M.,

Hof

fman

n L.

&

Ect

or L

. (20

13) N

ew sp

ecie

s and

new

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mbi

natio

ns in

the

genu

s Geis

sleria

(B

acill

ario

phyc

eae)

. Cry

ptog

amie

, A

lgol

ogie

34:

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148.

(IF:

1.17

0)•

Pla-

Rab

es S

., To

ro M

., V

an d

e V

ijve

r B

., R

oche

ra C

., C

amac

ho A

. & Q

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da

A. (

2013

) Sta

bilit

y an

d en

dem

icity

of

ben

thic

dia

tom

ass

embl

ages

from

di

ffer

ent s

ubst

rate

s in

a m

ariti

me

stre

am in

Bye

rs P

enin

sula

(Liv

ings

ton

Isla

nd, A

ntar

ctic

a): t

he ro

le o

f clim

ate

vari

abili

ty. A

ntar

ctic

Sci

ence

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269.

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p://

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oi.o

rg/1

0.10

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S095

4102

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0092

2 (IF

: 1.6

30)

• Pr

ikry

lová

I., V

anho

ve M

.P.M

., Ja

nsse

ns S

.B.,

Bille

ter P

.A. &

Huy

se

T. (2

013)

Tin

y w

orm

s fro

m a

mig

hty

cont

inen

t: H

igh

dive

rsity

and

new

ph

ylog

enet

ic li

neag

es o

f Afr

ican

m

onog

enea

ns. M

olec

ular

Phy

loge

netic

s an

d Ev

olut

ion

67: 4

3-52

. (IF

: 4.0

66)

• R

obbr

echt

E. &

Bea

u N

. (20

13) S

ome

feat

ures

of t

he e

dito

rial

pol

icy

of P

lant

Ec

olog

y an

d Ev

olut

ion,

and

wel

com

ing

new

m

embe

rs o

f the

edi

tori

al te

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3.84

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1.192

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Roc

hera

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Fern

ánde

z-V

alie

nte

E.,

Van

de

Vij

ver

B.,

Ric

o E.

, Tor

o M

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ince

nt W

.F.,

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sada

A. &

Cam

acho

A

. (20

13) C

omm

unity

stru

ctur

e an

d ph

otos

ynth

etic

act

ivity

of b

enth

ic

biofi

lms f

rom

a w

ater

fall

in th

e m

ariti

me

Ant

arct

ica.

Pol

ar B

iolo

gy 3

6: 17

09-1

722.

ht

tp://

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oi.o

rg/1

0.10

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0030

0-01

3-13

88-3

(IF:

2.0

06)

• So

uffr

eau

C.,

Van

orm

elin

gen

P., V

an d

e V

ijve

r B

., Is

heva

T.,

Ver

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n E.

, Sab

be

K. &

Vyv

erm

an W

. (20

13) M

olec

ular

ev

iden

ce fo

r dis

tinct

Ant

arct

ic li

neag

es

in th

e co

smop

olita

n te

rres

tria

l dia

tom

s Pi

nnul

aria

bor

ealis

and

Han

tzsc

hia

amph

ioxy

s. Pr

otis

t 164

: 101

-115

. htt

p://

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oi.o

rg/1

0.10

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.pro

tis.2

012.

04.0

01

(IF:

4.14

0)•

Tehl

er A

., D

iede

rich

P. &

Ert

z D

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013)

Pro

posa

l to

reje

ct th

e na

me

Lich

en

cons

purc

atus

(Roc

cella

ceae

). Ta

xon

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335.

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82)

• Te

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3) T

he g

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na (R

occe

llace

ae,

Art

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ales

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4):

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476.

(IF:

1.13

5)•

Tehl

er A

., Ir

este

dt M

. & E

rtz

D. (

2013

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ustro

rocc

ella,

a n

ew fr

utic

ose

genu

s in

the

fam

ily R

occe

llace

ae. T

he B

ryol

ogis

t

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2: 16

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8. (I

F: 0

.977

)•

Tosh

J., D

esse

in S

., Bu

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I., M

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Brem

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B., S

met

s E.F

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e B

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P. (

2013

) Ev

olut

iona

ry h

isto

ry o

f the

Afr

o-M

adag

asca

n Ix

ora

spec

ies (

Rub

iace

ae):

spec

ies d

iver

sific

atio

n an

d di

stri

butio

n of

key

mor

phol

ogic

al tr

aits

infe

rred

fr

om d

ated

mol

ecul

ar p

hylo

gene

tic

tree

s. A

nnal

s of B

otan

y 11

2,9:

1723

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2.

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49)

• V

an d

en B

roec

k D

., A

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ot A

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Ertz

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2013

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ee n

ew sp

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s in

the

liche

n ge

nus P

iccol

ia (B

iato

rella

ceae

, lic

heni

zed

Asc

omyc

ota)

from

the

Pala

eotr

opic

s. Pl

ant E

colo

gy a

nd

Evol

utio

n 14

6,3:

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388.

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091/

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evo.

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2)•

Van

der

Put

ten

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Ver

brug

gen

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Ale

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n H

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S. &

Van

de

Vij

ver

B. (

2013

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tgla

cial

sedi

men

tary

an

d ge

omor

phol

ogic

al e

volu

tion

of a

sm

all s

ub-A

ntar

ctic

fjor

d la

ndsc

ape,

St

rom

ness

Bay

, Sou

th G

eorg

ia. A

ntar

ctic

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ienc

e 25

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09-4

19. h

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80 (I

F:

1.630

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Van

de

Vij

ver

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de

Haa

n M

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a R

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The

gen

us S

urire

lla (B

acill

ario

phyt

a)

in th

e su

b-A

ntar

tic a

nd m

ariti

me

Ant

artic

regi

on. D

iato

m R

esea

rch

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• V

an d

e V

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r B

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N

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nd in

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g sm

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celle

d na

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loid

dia

tom

s (Ba

cilla

rioph

ycea

e)

from

a la

va tu

be c

ave

on Il

e A

mst

erda

m

(TA

AF,

Sou

ther

n In

dian

Oce

an).

Cry

ptog

amie

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7. ht

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oi.o

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• V

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e V

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nd

Gom

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ema

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Bacil

lario

phyt

a).

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om th

e M

ariti

me

Ant

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ic R

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e V

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ater

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f Pi

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now

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an

Heu

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Cle

ve (B

acill

ario

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eae)

. Fot

tea

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ea.c

zech

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olog

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nten

ts/F

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m (B

acill

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phyt

a)

Bréb

isso

n ex

. Küt

zing

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ript

ion

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o ne

w P

lano

thid

ium

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ecie

s fro

m th

e A

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ctic

Reg

ion.

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ttea

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ea.

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hphy

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gy.c

z/_c

onte

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len

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l and

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t pro

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iniu

m ox

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cos,

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pari

son

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its

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ic c

onge

ner V

. ulig

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Plan

t Bio

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Ver

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xyba

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mar

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acea

e). N

ew Jo

urna

l of

Bot

any

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Ver

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e F.

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este

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y A

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13)

Cyp

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ber L

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yper

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n


from

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nd o

n to

the

Inte

rnet

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iosp

here

New

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ter h

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//w

ww

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-ibi

osph

ere.

eu/n

ews/

4395

_re

com

men

datio

ns%

20on

%20

how

%20

to%

20m

ove%

20th

e%20

nam

ing%

20of

%20

orga

nism

s%20

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%20

pape

r%20

and%

20on

%20

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20th

e%20

inte

rnet

/•

Kle

ber

J. &

Es

K. (

2013

) O

nder

zoek

end

lere

n, N

eers

lag

van

3 jaa

r IN

QU

IRE-

proj

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eerk

rach

ten

en

educ

ator

en in

de

Nat

iona

le P

lant

entu

in

van

Belg

ië, M

eise

38

p.

• V

ande

rbor

ght T

. (20

13) –

Nat

iona

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arde

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Bel

gium

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PDF.

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Dev

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X

IXth

AET

FAT

Con

gres

s, h

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at

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anan

ariv

o, M

adag

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r, 26

–30

Apr

il 20

10. S

crip

ta B

otan

ica

Belg

ica

50. M

eise

, N

atio

nal B

otan

ic G

arde

n of

Bel

gium

.•

De

Mey

ere

D. (

ed.)

(201

3) B

elgi

sche

D

endr

olog

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elge

201

2. Ja

arbo

ek v

an d

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lgis

che

Den

drol

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Ver

enig

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/ Ann

ales

de

la S

ocié

té B

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Den

drol

ogie

. 174

p.

• D

e M

eyer

e D

. (20

13) D

endr

olog

isch

e no

titie

s: N

atio

nale

Pla

nten

tuin

, M

eise

. In:

Jaar

boek

van

de

Belg

isch

e D

endr

olog

isch

e V

eren

igin

g / A

nnal

es

de la

Soc

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ge d

e D

endr

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012:

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-92.

• D

iagr

e-V

ande

rpel

en D

. (20

13)

Bom

mer

Cha

rles (

Brux

elle

s, 18

14 [s

ic,

i.e. 1

866]

- Br

uxel

les,

1838

[sic

, i.e

. 193

8]).

In: S

erge

Jaum

ain

(dir.

) Dic

tionn

aire

d’

hist

oire

de

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elle

s: 10

4. B

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lles,

Éd

ition

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Dia

gre-

Van

derp

elen

D. (

2013

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104.

• D

iagr

e-V

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13)

Bota

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. In:

Ser

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Jaum

ain

(dir.

) Dic

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0.•

Dia

gre-

Van

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D. (

2013

) Br

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7 -

Scha

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844)

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• D

iagr

e-V

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Cré

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Br

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• D

iagr

e-V

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13)

De

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en-

Noo

de, 1

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xelle

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47).

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ain

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0.•

Dia

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Van

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D. (

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• D

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Can

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• D

iagr

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13)

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Thé

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-Jos

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ten-

Noo

de, 1

855 -

Sai

nt-J

osse

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-N

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n: S

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Jaum

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) D

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’his

toir

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Bru

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8.•

Dia

gre-

Van

derp

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D. (

2013

) Er

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-Abr

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aeke

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58 -

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Ser

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• D

iagr

e-V

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13)

Func

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Gra

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In: S

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) Dic

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de

Brux

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Dia

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Van

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D. (

2013

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Bru

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H

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16. [

Rep

ublis

hed

from

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nt

Ecol

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Evol

utio

n 14

6,1:

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133.

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Sele

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d su

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Figs

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Se

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prog

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me

Pro-

iBio

sphe

re, h

ttp:

//dx

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6084

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9.fig

shar

e.79

0726

• Br

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(201

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he IN

QU

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Cou

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Man

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Nat

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l Bot

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den

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he IN

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Mei

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Gro

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Use

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g Pr

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f Ta

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Kno

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Fig

shar

e. E

U

Seve

nth

Fram

ewor

k pr

ogra

mm

e Pr

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iosp

here

, htt

p://

dx.d

oi.o

rg/1

0.60

84/

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figsh

are.

7857

38•

Gro

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the

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ww

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6_ta

king

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f-pa

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the

nam

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rgan

ism

s


• K

eres

dedj

ian

And

rée

• K

ozlo

ski E

lisab

eth

• Le

com

te Jo

• Li

pper

t Maï

a•

Loka

di L

a K

embe

Hya

ngo

Val

ère

• M

aes B

art

• M

ager

Ger

trud

e•

Mar

ivoe

t Jos

• M

igno

let V

inci

ane

• M

igue

l Gám

iz B

eatr

iz•

Min

ost C

lair

e•

Moe

sen

Piet

• Pe

eter

s Hen

rica

• Pu

tman

Did

ier

• Pu

ttem

ans B

arba

ra•

Ray

Ann

e•

Ros

e N

atha

lie•

Sala

zar R

enal

do•

Sani

n R

obay

o D

avid

• Sa

sson

Dia

ne•

Sche

ers P

atri

cia

• Sc

heib

a R

ia•

Scho

tte

Mar

leen

• Se

mer

ia C

laud

ia•

Shut

t Ric

hard

• Sp

eeck

aert

Cla

udin

e

• St

erck

x M

arie

-Lou

ise

• St

rack

Van

Sch

ijnde

l Maa

rten

• Su

tter

man

Mar

ina

• Sw

ynco

p M

urië

l•

Tack

Flo

rent

• Ta

nase

Ionu

t•

Thi

elem

ans L

ea•

Thi

elem

ans M

arc

• V

alle

s Mar

ia•

Van

Asc

h So

lang

e•

Van

Ass

che

Hild

e•

Van

Bue

ren

Ger

d•

Van

Cap

elle

n G

isèl

e•

Van

De

Cas

teel

e G

eert

rui

• V

an d

er S

trae

ten

Els

• V

an R

osse

m M

ieke

• V

ande

loo

Rita

• V

erlin

den

Hug

o•

Ver

swyv

el M

yria

m•

Viv

ek R

ao•

Viv

igni

s Pat

rick

• W

agem

ans M

iel

• W

agem

ans P

hilip

• W

ens M

oniq

ue•

Wür

sten

Bar

t

Hon

orar

y re

sear

ch a

ssoc

iate

s

• Bi

lliet

Fri

eda

• C

ham

pluv

ier D

omin

ique

• C

ompè

re P

ierr

e•

Gee

rinc

k D

anie

l•

Jans

sens

Tho

mas

• Jo

ngki

nd C

arel

• M

alai

sse

Fran

çois

• Pa

uwel

s Luc

• R

amm

eloo

Jan

• R

obbr

echt

Elm

ar

• Sa

nín

Dav

id•

Shar

p C

athy

• So

nké

Bona

vent

ure

• So

tiaux

And

ré•

Tari

q St

évar

t•

Stie

pera

ere

Her

man

• V

ande

rwey

en A

rthu

r•

Van

heck

e Le

o•

Ver

stra

ete

Brec

ht•

Vri

jdag

hs A

lexa

nder

A G

arde

n w

ith a

long

his

tory

…O

lder

than

Bel

gium

, the

ear

liest

root

s of B

otan

ic G

arde

n M

eise

can

be

trac

ed to

1796

, mea

ning

th

at w

e ha

ve b

een

wor

king

with

pla

nts

for

over

two

cent

urie

s. T

he G

arde

n co

mpr

ises

92

ha

and

incl

udes

man

y hi

stor

ical

bui

ldin

gs, i

nclu

ding

a c

astle

that

dat

es b

ack

to th

e 12

th c

entu

ry.

With

uni

que c

olle

ctio

ns…

The

Gar

den

has a

larg

e he

rbar

ium

hou

sing

abo

ut 4

mill

ion

spec

imen

s and

con

tain

ing

for e

x-am

ple

the

larg

est r

ose

herb

ariu

m o

f the

wor

ld an

d im

port

ant h

isto

rica

l col

lect

ions

from

Bra

zil

and

Cen

tral

Afr

ica.

It a

lso

has a

bot

anic

al li

brar

y ho

ldin

g ov

er 2

00,0

00 v

olum

es, c

ompr

isin

g pu

blic

atio

ns fr

om th

e 15

th c

entu

ry ti

ll m

oder

n da

y.

With

the m

issi

on to

cons

erve

pla

nts…

The

Gar

den

hold

s a c

olle

ctio

n of

abo

ut 18

,000

diff

eren

t kin

ds o

f liv

ing

plan

ts, a

mon

g w

hich

se

vera

l are

thre

aten

ed, s

uch

as th

e La

uren

t cyc

ad (E

ncep

hala

rtos

laur

entia

nus)

. The

Gar

den

also

ho

uses

an

inte

rnat

iona

lly r

ecog

nise

d se

ed b

ank

incl

udin

g in

ter

alia

the

see

ds o

f nu

mer

ous

wild

bea

n sp

ecie

s.

To

stud

y pl

ants

and

fung

i...

Act

iviti

es o

f our

sci

entis

ts to

inve

ntor

y an

d st

udy

plan

t, fu

ngal

and

alg

al d

iver

sity

spa

n th

e gl

obe;

from

Ant

arct

ica t

o th

e ra

info

rest

s of C

ongo

. The

scie

ntifi

c w

ork

focu

ses o

n th

e co

rrec

t an

d sc

ient

ific

iden

tifica

tion

of p

lant

spe

cies

. Wha

t are

the

char

acte

rist

ics

of a

spe

cies

? H

ow

man

y sp

ecie

s are

ther

e? H

ow d

o w

e di

stin

guis

h on

e sp

ecie

s fro

m a

noth

er? W

ithou

t ans

wer

s to

thes

e qu

estio

ns n

o ec

onom

ic a

ctiv

ity b

ased

on

plan

ts o

r pla

nt d

eriv

ed p

rodu

ct c

ould

func

-tio

n. K

now

ing

the

corr

ect s

cien

tific

nam

e of

a sp

ecie

s is t

he k

ey th

at u

nloc

ks a

ll in

form

atio

n on

this

spec

ies.

Cor

rect

ly id

entif

ying

a sp

ecie

s hel

ps u

s to

reco

gnis

e po

ison

ous s

peci

es fr

om

rela

ted

med

icin

al o

nes.

It h

elps

us t

o es

tabl

ish

if a p

lant

spec

ies i

s thr

eate

ned

by e

xtin

ctio

n an

d in

nee

d of

pro

tect

ion.

To

teac

h ab

out p

lant

div

ersi

ty...

On

a ye

arly

bas

is a

ppro

xim

atel

y 10

0,00

0 pe

ople

vis

it th

e G

arde

n. M

ost o

f our

vis

itors

com

e to

exp

lore

the

glas

shou

ses a

nd th

e ga

rden

s, b

ut, o

f cou

rse,

ther

e is

mor

e. O

ur sc

ient

ists

fully

re

alis

e th

e im

port

ance

of s

hari

ng th

eir

know

ledg

e, p

assio

n an

d en

thus

iasm

with

the

publ

ic.

Bota

nic

Gar

den

Mei

se h

as d

evel

oped

a r

ange

of t

ools

to s

prea

d kn

owle

dge

abou

t pla

nts a

nd

to ra

ise

publ

ic aw

aren

ess a

bout

pla

nt co

nser

vatio

n. O

ur w

ebsi

te w

ww

.bot

anic

gard

en.b

e of

fers

an

ove

rvie

w o

f cur

rent

act

iviti

es in

the

Gar

den.

Bot

anic

Gar

den

Mei

seA

por

trai

t

• Sc

haill

ée D

avid

• Sc

heer

s Elk

e•

Scho

emak

er E

rika

• Sc

hoev

aert

s Joh

an•

Schu

erm

an R

iet

• Se

rgea

nt R

olan

d•

Sose

f Mar

c•

Spel

iers

Wim

• St

eppe

Eri

c•

Stof

fele

n Pi

et•

Stue

r Ben

oît

• Sw

aert

s Dan

iel

• Ta

vern

ier W

illy

• Te

lka

Bran

don

• Te

lka

Dom

iniq

ue•

Thi

elem

ans T

om•

Till

ey M

aart

en•

Tyte

ns L

ilian

e•

Van

Bel

le F

erna

nd•

Van

Cae

kenb

ergh

e Fr

ank

• V

an C

ampe

nhou

t Gee

rt•

Van

De

Ker

ckho

ve O

mer

• V

an d

e V

ijver

Bar

t•

Van

de

Vyv

er A

nn•

Van

den

Bor

re Je

roen

• V

an D

en B

roec

k D

ries

• V

an d

en B

roec

k M

aria

• V

an D

en M

oort

el Je

an•

Van

den

Tro

ost G

ery

• V

an d

er B

eete

n Ir

is•

Van

der

Jeug

d C

elie

n•

Van

der

Jeug

d M

icha

el•

Van

der

Pla

ssch

e T

hier

ry•

Van

Eec

khou

dt Jo

zef

• V

an E

eckh

oudt

Kev

in•

Van

Eec

khou

dt L

ucie

nne

• V

an E

eckh

oudt

Rita

• V

an G

ijseg

hem

Jean

nine

• V

an G

ompe

l Jul

ie•

Van

Gri

mbe

rgen

Die

ter

• V

an H

amm

e Lu

cien

ne•

Van

Her

p A

nita

• V

an H

erp

Mar

c

• V

an H

erp

Mic

hiel

• V

an H

ove

Siem

en•

Van

Hoy

e M

anon

• V

an H

umbe

eck

Joze

f•

Van

Hum

beec

k Li

nda

• V

an L

aeth

em S

teve

n•

Van

Ona

cker

Jean

• V

an O

psta

l Jan

• V

an O

ssel

Anj

a•

Van

Pae

sche

n Bé

nédi

cte

• V

an R

ente

rghe

m K

oen

• V

an R

iet L

aure

ns•

Van

Ros

sum

Fab

ienn

e•

Van

wal

Rita

• V

an W

ambe

ke P

aul

• V

ande

look

Fili

p•

Van

derb

orgh

t Thi

erry

• V

ande

rstr

aete

n D

irk•

Van

win

ghe

Petr

a•

Vek

ens O

dett

e•

Ver

dick

t Joz

ef•

Ver

dick

t Nat

halie

• V

erdo

nck

Car

ina

• V

eris

sim

o Pe

reir

a N

uno

• V

erlin

den

Kev

in•

Ver

linde

n W

illy

• V

erlo

ove

Filip

• V

erm

eerb

erge

n Jo

chen

• V

erm

eers

ch B

art

• V

ersa

en F

ranç

ois

• V

ersa

en Il

se•

Ver

schu

eren

Alic

e•

Vle

min

ckx

Kev

in•

Vle

min

ckx

Sabi

ne•

Vlo

eber

ghen

Jose

ph•

Wet

s Rut

ger

• W

illem

s Ste

faan

• W

ürst

en B

art

• Ya

man

i Kam

al•

Zem

agho

Lis

e•

Zer

ard

Car

ine

• Z

ucka

Ser

ge

Gui

des

• Ba

illy

Fran

cine

• Be

nit D

anie

lle•

De

Coc

k M

aria

nne

• D

e C

uype

r Jef

• D

e V

rien

dt F

ranc

is•

Gee

rnae

rt In

ge•

Koz

losk

i Elis

abet

h •

Proo

st A

lida

• Si

lver

ans M

iche

l•

Tallo

en P

aul

• Ta

vern

ier P

atri

ck

• T

hiel

eman

s Kat

inka

• V

an A

cole

yen

Rog

er•

Van

Con

kelb

erge

Luc

• V

an d

en B

roec

k M

artin

e•

Van

derh

erte

n Fr

ank

• V

an d

e V

ijver

Mar

tine

• va

n Li

dth

Béné

dict

e•

Ver

schu

eren

Fra

ns

• W

ayem

berg

h Li

sian

e•

Wym

eers

ch M

iet

Vol

unte

ers

• A

dam

s An

• A

pari

cio

Teje

rina

Osc

ar•

Baill

y Fr

anci

ne•

Bas O

sman

• Ba

stin

Dom

iniq

ue•

Belm

ans L

ucie

• Be

rckx

Mie

ke•

Bock

stae

l Ann

ie•

Bout

et D

idie

r•

Boyk

er V

icto

r•

Buel

ens L

uc•

Cam

mae

rts L

iset

te•

Cap

pelle

man

Ingr

id•

Cha

shan

ovsk

i Zvi

• C

laes

Phi

lippe

• C

laes

sens

Alfo

ns•

Coe

n M

arie

-Lau

re•

Con

nrot

Cla

ire

• C

uvry

Bru

no•

De

Beer

Dirk

• de

Bor

man

San

drin

e•

De

Coc

k M

aria

nne

• de

Con

inck

Han

s•

De

Cuy

per J

osep

hus

• D

e M

eute

r Pas

cale

• D

e Pr

aete

re C

laud

e•

De

Smet

Fra

nçoi

se•

De

Wit

Dan

iël

• D

ehae

s Mim

i•

Del

eu A

nn•

Del

ière

San

dra

• D

evol

der C

hris

• D

outr

elep

ont H

ugue

s•

Dub

ois T

inne

• D

umon

t Ann

e-M

arie

• D

uran

t Dan

iël

• Ex

stee

n W

alte

r•

Eyke

ns Jo

s•

Fabr

é Li

sett

e•

Ghe

ysen

s Lie

ve•

Goo

ssen

s Flo

rent

• H

ardi

ng S

teve

n•

Hor

ions

Chr

is•

Hou

ben

Gui

do•

Hue

t Dim

itri

• H

uria

ux T

hier

ry•

Jaco

bs L

udo

• Je

ssen

Geo

rget

te


The

six

guid

ing

valu

es o

f the

Gar

den,

nec

essa

ry to

kee

p us

gro

win

g an

d flo

uris

hing

.

Bui

ldin

g a

sust

aina

ble f

utur

e thr

ough

dis

cove

ry,

rese

arch

and

cons

erva

tion

of p

lant

s.

Our

mis

sion

Org

anis

atio

n ch

art

Our

valu

es One

team

, one

mis

sion

The

sta

ff o

f th

e Bo

tani

c G

arde

n ar

e te

am p

laye

rs. W

e co

mbi

ne o

ur t

alen

ts to

re

alis

e ou

r go

als;

thro

ugh

a pr

oces

s of

con

sulta

tion

we

are

all r

espo

nsib

le fo

r its

succ

ess.

Res

pect

for d

iver

sity

We

shou

ld b

e re

spec

tful

and

con

sider

ate

to e

very

one

with

who

m w

e co

me

into

co

ntac

t. W

e ap

prec

iate

thei

r ind

ivid

ualit

y an

d di

vers

ity. O

ur co

lleag

ues d

eser

ve

resp

ectf

ul c

oope

ratio

n an

d pr

ofes

siona

lism

.

Del

iver

ing

a pr

ofes

sion

al se

rvic

eIn

per

form

ing

our t

asks

and

deve

lopi

ng n

ew id

eas w

e al

way

s hav

e th

e ne

eds a

nd

expe

ctat

ions

of o

ur in

tern

al a

nd e

xter

nal c

usto

mer

s in

min

d.

An

eye f

or su

stai

nabi

lity

As

prof

essio

nals

in e

nvir

onm

enta

l sci

ence

s, w

e ha

ve a

res

pons

ibili

ty fo

r be

ing

role

mod

els i

n cr

eatin

g a

heal

thy

envi

ronm

ent f

or p

eopl

e an

d pl

ants

.

Ope

n co

mm

unic

atio

nW

e sh

ould

com

mun

icat

e op

enly

and

hon

estly

in o

ur d

aily

wor

k an

d de

cisio

n m

akin

g. S

hari

ng u

sefu

l inf

orm

atio

n se

rves

the

com

mon

goo

d. P

robl

ems s

houl

d be

shar

ed a

nd so

lutio

ns so

ught

toge

ther

with

dis

cret

ion

whe

re n

eces

sary

.

Stri

ve fo

r exc

elle

nce

Our

obj

ectiv

es a

re a

chie

ved

to a

hig

h st

anda

rd in

an

effic

ient

and

hon

est m

an-

ner.

We

are

alw

ays o

pen

to c

onst

ruct

ive

criti

cism

and

we

shou

ld c

ritic

ally

eva

l-ua

te o

ur w

ork

and

dare

to m

ake

adju

stm

ents

whe

re n

eces

sary

.

DIR

ECT

ION

DEP

T.

Bryo

phyt

es &

Tha

lloph

ytes

SEC

TIO

N

Alg

ae a

nd M

osse

s

SEC

TIO

N

Fern

s, G

ymno

sper

ms

and

Mon

ocot

s

SEC

TIO

N

Livi

ng P

lant

C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd

Park

SEC

TIO

N

Libr

ary

and

Arc

hive

s

SEC

TIO

N

Mus

eolo

gy a

nd

Educ

atio

n

SEC

TIO

N

Fung

i and

Lic

hens

SEC

TIO

N

Dic

ots

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Acc

ount

ing

Hum

anR

esou

rces

Info

rmat

ics

Hea

lth

& S

afet

y

Tech

nica

lSu

ppor

t

Rec

eptio

n

Secu

rity

Mai

nten

ance

DEP

T.

Sper

mat

ophy

tes

& P

teri

doph

ytes

Supp

ortin

gse

rvic

es

Text:Botanic Garden MeiseBotanical Values

This report is also available in Dutch and French and can be downloaded from our website www.botanicgarden.be

Printed on recycled FSC certified paper.

© Botanic Garden Meise, 2014

Date post:	09-Apr-2016
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Annual report 2013 (English)

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