16 Answer Key

Answer KeyPart 1

Chapter 1 Organizing Speech

Q1 Practice 1Step 1

Possible Related Ideas and Expressions:Favorite: chosen, number one, adoredPossessions: MP3 player, diary, clothesSpecial occasions: holidays, weddings, promotions

Q1 Practice 2Step 1

Possible Related Ideas and Expressions:Advice: proposal, direction, guidancePrepare: plan, arrange, set upAbroad: far-off, distant, away from home

Q1 Practice 3Step 1

Possible Related Ideas and Expressions:Scary things: spiders, ghosts, haunted housesLoud: booming, roaring, crashingSurprise: shock, astonish, unforeseen

Q2 Practice 1Step 1

Possible Related Ideas and Expressions: Dwellings: condominium, hut, mansionLive in: occupy, located in, be homeRestriction: limit, forbid, bar

Q2 Practice 2Step 1

Possible Related Ideas and Expressions: Places to visit on vacation: historical sites, beach,theaterTour: visit, travel around, expeditionGuide: organizer, person in charge, advisor

Q2 Practice 3Step 1

Possible Related Ideas and Expressions: Expectations: loyal friend, involved participant,hard workerGenerous: bountiful, open-handed, big-heartedResult: conclusion, consequence, end product

Chapter 2 Synthesizing Information

Q3 Practice 1Step 1

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:art museum, admission fee, new wing, hire tour guide,student discount

Sample Restatement:The university art museum will begin charging anadmission fee. The fee will be used to fund theconstruction of a new wing, and to hire a tourguide. Students will get a 50% discount on theadmission fee.

Step 2

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:private donors, university funding, art history classes, assignments, tuition

Sample Restatement:The man does not think it is right for the art museumto charge admission. He says that the museum hasenough money to build on and hire a new employee.He also says that art history students are required togo to the museum to do assignments. He does notthink charging students is fair because they alreadypay tuition.

Step 3

Opinion:The man thinks it is wrong for the museum to chargeadmission. Reason 1:The museum already has enough money.

Answer Key 17

Detail:Private donors and university funding provideadequate money for a new employee and buildinga new wing. Reason 2:Students have to go to the museum to complete assignments for art history classes.Detail:Students already have to pay tuition, so they shouldnot have to pay admission.

Step 4

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):disagrees with museum admission, museum hasenough money for wing and employee, money fromuniversity and donors, art students must go tomuseum for class, already pay tuition

Step 5

Possible Response:The man disagrees with the policy of chargingadmission to enter the university museum. He thinksit is wrong since the museum has enough moneyfor a new wing and to hire a new tour guide. Itreceives plenty of funding from the university anddonors. Also, he does not think art students shouldpay. They are required to go to the museum as partof their assignments and already pay tuition.

Q3 Practice 2Step 1

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:History Department, research methods, extra credit,Saturday, schedule conflict

Sample Restatement:A seminar is being given by the History Department.It will be held free of charge and students will getextra credit for attending. The seminar will be onSaturday mornings so they do not conflict withstudents’ schedules.

Step 2

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:bribing, attend, not interested, students work,school expenses

Sample Restatement:The woman thinks the seminar is a bad idea. This isbecause she says the History Department is bribingstudents to attend with extra credit. Also, having iton the weekend might not conflict with students’class schedules, but it might conflict with their workschedules.

Step 3

Opinion:The woman disagrees with the announcement.Reason 1:The History Department is bribing students.Detail:Many students will only attend because they wantextra credit. Reason 2:The seminar will conflict with students’ schedules.Detail:Many students work on Saturday mornings.

Step 4

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):disagrees with seminar, bribing students with extracredit, on Saturdays, conflict with work schedules

Step 5

Possible Response:The woman disagrees with the History Departmentoffering the seminar. She says that they are bribingstudents with extra credit. She thinks students arenot going to be interested in learning; they will onlyattend the seminar so they can improve theirgrades. Also, she says that even though the seminaris on the weekend, it will still conflict with students’work schedules. Many students work on the weekendsto pay for school expenses.

Q3 Practice 3Step 1

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:raise tuition, new dorms, overcrowded, attractive,better image

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Sample Restatement:The university is raising tuition. The extra money willbe used to build new dorms. The reasons for thisare because the current dorms are overcrowdedand new dorms will make the campus more attractive.This will present a better image of the university toboth current and future students.

Step 2

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:money, all students, classrooms and libraries, old,bad condition

Sample Restatement:The man tells the woman he does not agree withthe university raising tuition to pay for new dorms.He says the additional money should be used forsomething all students can benefit from. The manalso says that building new dorms will not improvethe campus’s image. He thinks the classrooms andlibraries which are old and in bad condition shouldbe fixed up instead.

Step 3

Opinion:The man disagrees with the university raising tuition.Reason 1:If all students have to pay higher tuition, then moneyshould be used for something that can benefit allstudents.Detail:Only a few students will benefit from new dormsbeing built.Reason 2:New dorms will not make the campus more attractive.Detail:If they want to make the campus more attractive,then they should fix up the classrooms and librarybecause they are old and in bad condition.

Step 4

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):bad decision, not everyone benefits, not makecampus attractive, should fix classrooms andlibrary

Step 5

Possible Response:The man does not support the university’s decisionto raise tuition to build new dorms. First, he doesnot think that it is fair because not everyone willbenefit from the new dorms. He says the moneyshould be used for something that everyone canuse. Second, he thinks the new dorms will not makethe campus more attractive. The man says theyshould fix the classrooms and library instead. Forthese reasons, he does not agree with the decisionto raise tuition.

Q4 Practice 1Step 1

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:social norm, folkways, expected to follow, tolerancewhen ignored, constantly changing

Sample Response:The passage talks about folkways, which are asocial norm. Folkways are society’s rules for everydaybehavior. Two characteristics of folkways are thatthere are no serious consequences if they are notfollowed and that they are always changing.

Step 2

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:consequences, constant change, violation, hairlength, convention

Sample Restatement:The lecture gives examples of the two characteristics offolkways. It uses the example of not saying helloback to someone to show there are no seriousconsequences for violating a folkway. To show howfolkways are always changing, it uses the exampleof hair length for men.

Step 3

Main Idea:Folkways have two characteristics.Key Point 1:They do not have serious consequences if not followed.Example:A person does not return a greeting.

Answer Key 19

Key Point 2:Folkways are constantly changing in a society.Example:Men’s hair length has varied over the years.

Step 4

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):folkways, no punishment when ignored, alwayschanging, not returning greeting is rude, men’s hairlength, depend on fashion

Step 5

Possible Response:The lecture explains folkways. People are expectedto follow folkways, but there are no punishmentswhen they do not. The example given is of someoneignoring the folkway of returning a greeting and facingno serious consequences. Also, folkways are alwayschanging within society. Hair length is an exampleof this. Over the centuries, society’s conventionshave required men to wear their hair long or shortdepending on what was fashionable at the time.

Q4 Practice 2Step 1

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:linguistic communication, varieties, non-verbal,repeat, accent

Sample Restatement:The passage talks about non-verbal communication.It describes how facial expressions, gestures andbody stance are all forms of non-verbal communication.It says that two purposes of non-verbal communicationare to repeat or accent what is being said.

Step 2

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:point in direction of, gesture, emphasis, spokenwords, message

Sample Restatement:The lecture gives examples how non-verbalcommunication can be used to repeat or accentwhat someone is saying. Repeating can be shownwhen giving directions to someone while pointing

out the path they should take. Accenting is whenyou point to someone while speaking to them toemphasize what you are saying.

Step 3

Main Idea:There are two characteristics of non-verbal communication.Key Point 1:Non-verbal communication can be used to repeatsomething spoken.Example:Saying where something is and pointing to it.Key Point 2:Non-verbal communication can be used for accentingsomething said.Example:Pointing in order to emphasize your spoken words.

Step 4

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):non-verbal is non-linguistic, expressions, gestures,body stance, repeating, say and point to location,accenting, pointing for emphasis

Step 5

Possible Response:The passage defines non-verbal communication asnon-linguistic communication, including expressions,gestures, and body stance. Two of its functions arerepeating and accenting. First, the professor illustratesrepeating. He says that when you say the locationof a place and then point to the location, you arebasically repeating your words with a gesture.Next, he says pointing at a friend to emphasize faultis an example of accenting.

Q4 Practice 3Step 1

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:geophagy, eating dirt, mineral-rich, animals andhumans, aid digestion, nutritional supplement

Sample Restatement:The passage discusses geophagy, which is thepractice of eating dirt. It says that mineral-rich soil

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and clay are eaten by both humans and animals.Animals eat dirt to aid their digestion. Humans eatdirt as a nutritional supplement, both in traditionaland modern societies.

Step 2

Suggested Keywords/Key Phrases:beneficial, bird gizzards, pregnant women, children,healthy and strong

Sample Restatement:The lecture gives examples of geophagy in animalsand humans. Birds eat dirt to help with their digestion.The dirt helps the bird’s gizzard crush food. Inmany traditional cultures, pregnant women andchildren engage in geophagy to get minerals thatare missing from their diets, which helps keep themhealthy and strong.

Step 3

Main Idea:There are beneficial reasons why people and animalspractice geophagy.Key Point 1:Animals, such as birds, eat dirt.Example:Birds eat dirt because it helps them digest their food.Key Point 2:Humans practice geophagy mainly to get nutrientsmissing from their diets.Example:Pregnant women and children often eat dirt to getneeded minerals.

Step 4

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):helps birds digest food, gizzards grind, humansget needed nutrients, pregnant women, children,healthy and strong

Step 5

Possible Response:The passage talks about geophagy, or eating dirt.The lecture gives examples and reasons whyhumans and animals eat dirt. First, the lecture givesthe example of birds. They eat dirt because it helpstheir gizzards grind up their food. Second, humanseat dirt to get nutrients that are missing in theirdiets. The lecture supports this by saying pregnant

women and children in traditional societies practicegeophagy to get minerals needed to stay healthyand strong.

Chapter 3 Stating Opinions and Summarizing

Q5 Practice 1Step 1

Problem:The man is having trouble understanding somebiology concepts that will be on the midterm.Solution 1:He could visit his professor during her office hours.Solution 2:He could go to the Academic Support Center fortutoring.

Step 2

Suggested Answers for Opinion 1:Problem:The man needs to understand some biology conceptsbefore the midterm.Best Solution:I think the best solution is for the man to go to hisprofessor during her office hours.Reason 1:It is a good idea because the reason the professorhas office hours is so students can come to her forhelp.Reason 2:Another reason is that the professor may give himan idea of what will be on the midterm.

Suggested Answers for Opinion 2:Problem:The man needs to understand some biology conceptsbefore the midterm. Best solution: I think the best solution is for the manto see a science tutor.Reason:It is a good idea because the tutor will have likely takena similar midterm.Reason:Another reason is that he may get a good tutor thathelps him a lot.

Answer Key 21

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):.Opinion 1:problem, biology concepts, midterm, see professor,office hours, help students, important informationon testOpinion 2:problem, biology concepts, midterm, tutoring, helpstudy for exam, could have good experience unlikepast

Step 4

Possible Response for Opinion 1:The man is having problems with biology conceptsthat will be on the midterm. I think he should speakto his professor. Professors have office hours sothey can help students. It is unlikely that she willthink he is lazy. Also, the professor could give himsome hints about what will be on the test. He couldthen focus on studying the information that is importantfor the test.

Possible Response for Opinion 2:The man is having problems with biology conceptsthat will be on the midterm. I think he should get atutor. Tutors are available so they can help students.It is likely they have taken the class and know whatthe man should study for the midterm. Also, he isnot likely to have another bad experience with atutor. He could get a great tutor that is very helpful.

Q5 Practice 2Step 1

Problem:The woman wants to go on vacation, but she doesnot have any money.Solution 1:She could ask her parents if she could borrow moneyfrom them.Solution 2:She could make money by working overtime at her job.

Step 2

Suggested Answers for Opinion 1:Problem:The woman needs money to go on vacation.

Best solution:The woman should ask to borrow money from herparents.Reason 1:This choice is good because she has borrowedmoney in the past, so they will probably loan hermoney again.Reason 2:Her parents should help her so she does not haveto neglect her studies by working overtime.

Suggested Answers for Opinion 2:Problem:The woman needs money to go on vacation.Best Solution:The woman should work overtime and save hermoney.Reason 1:This choice is good because it shows she isresponsible.Reason 2:Her parents probably will not lend her the moneybecause the vacation is not something she reallyneeds.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):Opinion 1: borrow from parents, lend money before, will giveagain, parents should help, grades will not suffer,no overtime workOpinion 2: work overtime, responsible, no habit of borrowing,parents won’t give, vacation unnecessary

Step 4

Possible Response for Opinion 1:The woman’s problem is that she wants to go onvacation, but she does not have enough money. Ithink the woman should ask her parents for themoney. First, they gave her money before, so theywill probably do it again. Second, her parentsshould help her out when she needs it. They wouldprobably give her the money because they do notwant her grades suffer from working overtime.

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Possible Response for Opinion 2: The woman’s problem is that she wants to go to thebeach for a vacation, but she needs more money. Ithink the woman should work overtime to earn themoney. First, it will show that she is responsible.Second, her parents already loaned her somemoney for school. They probably do not want tolend her any money for a vacation because it is notsomething that is necessary.

Q5 Practice 3Step 1

Problem:The man needs to miss class but is worried abouttelling his professor.Solution 1: He can send the professor an email.Solution 2:He could talk to the teaching assistant for the class.

Step 2

Suggested Answers for Opinion 1:Problem:The man needs to notify his professor that he will beabsent from class.Best Solution: The man should send his professor an email.Reason 1:This is a good idea because he can notify theprofessor without feeling uncomfortable.Reason 2:It allows him to communicate with his professordirectly.

Suggested Answers for Opinion 2:Problem:The man needs to notify his professor that he will beabsent from class.Best Solution: The man should talk to the teaching assistant forthe class.Reason 1:This is a good idea because he is less intimidatingthan the professor.Reason 2:It allows him to tell someone in person that he isgoing to miss class.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):Opinion 1:absent, notify professor, email, not uncomfortable,direct communication, prepare for next classOpinion 2:absent, tell teaching assistant, less intimidating,face-to-face, verify man’s absence

Step 4

Possible Response for Opinion 1:The man needs to notify his professor that he will beabsent from class but does not want to tell him inperson. I think he should email the professor. That isbecause email is a common way to communicate.The professor probably checks his email daily, sohe would receive the man’s message. Also, hewould be communicating directly with the professor.That way, the professor would be able to tell himhow to prepare for the next class.

Possible Response for Opinion 2: The man needs to notify his professor that he willnot be in class but does not want to tell him face toface. I think he should tell the teaching assistant. Thatis because he is less intimidating than the professor.The professor makes the man uncomfortable, so hecould avoid that by talking to the assistant. Also, hewould have someone to verify his reason for missingclass. That way, the assistant can support him if theprofessor asks why he was gone.

Q6 Practice 1Step 1

Topic:Two inventions allowed European population growth.Thesis: Farmers could prepare more land for planting muchmore quickly.Key Point 1:The wheeled plow allowed soil to turn over completelyand water to drain.Key Point 2:The horse collar allowed animals to use all theirstrength for heavy plowing and hauling.

Answer Key 23

Step 2

Possible First Sentence:The population in Europe during the early tomid-Medieval period increased thanks to twoinventions: the horse collar and the wheeled plow.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):Europe, population increase, Medieval period, twoinventions, wheeled plow, cuts and turns soil, betterplace for seeds, drain water, horse collar, padded,comfortable, airflow, more work done

Step 4

Possible Response:The professor describes two inventions thatallowed the population to increase in Europe in theMedieval period. First, the wheeled plow not onlycut through the soil 0but also turned it. This made abetter place to plant seeds and also allowed waterto drain. Even more important was the horse collar.Padded and comfortable, it did not cut off the animals’airflow, like the ones before it did. Thus, the animalsdid not have to stop and rest so much.

Q6 Practice 2Step 1

Topic:How animals use tools.Thesis: Animals make and use tools to obtain food.Key Point 1:Chimpanzees modify sticks so they can be used tocatch food.Key Point 2:Birds find thin twigs or cactus spines to assist themin getting food.

Step 2

Possible First Sentence:Animals make and use a variety of tools, such assticks and twigs, to help them obtain food.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):make and use tools, primarily to get food, food-gathering tool, modified sticks, chew on one end,spear-like tool, cactus spine

Step 4

Possible Response:The lecture talks about animals that make and usetools. They do this primarily to obtain food. Forexample, chimpanzees will take a stick and chewon one end to make it into a tool. Then they stick itinto termite holes to catch termites to eat. Somespecies of birds act similarly. They find small twigsor cactus spines and use them to spear insects orgrubs hiding in trees and plants.

Q6 Practice 3Step 1

Topic:How new words become part of languageThesis: Languages get new words by borrowing from otherlanguages or by combining words to form a newword.Key Point 1:The English language is filled with words that are borrowed from other languages.Key Point 2:Most words in the English language are made by combining two words or word pieces into one newword.

Step 2

Possible First Sentence:New words can be added to languages in twoways; they can be borrowed, or they can be madefrom other words.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):new words, English, borrow words from otherlanguages, denim and garage from French,combine two words, combine parts of words,brunch and motel

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Step 4

Possible Response:The lecturer talks about two ways that new wordscan be added to languages. He uses English as anexample. First, a language can borrow words fromother languages. For example, English took denimand garage from the French language. Second, alanguage can combine two words or parts of wordsto make a new word. Brunch and motel are twoexamples of this in English.

l Vocabulary Review 1 l

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (D)4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (A)7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (D)

10. (D) 11. (C) 12. (A)13. (C) 14. (B) 15. (D)16. sightseeing 17. excursion 18. various19. collections 20. encourage21. direction22. conflict 23. generous 24. purpose25. padded

l Vocabulary Review 2 l

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A)4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (C)7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (A)

10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (D)13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (B)16. reside 17. assume 18. strange19. basically 20. dialect 21. (C)22. (A) 23. (E) 24. (B)25. (D)

Part 2

Chapter 4 Test Questions 1 and 2

Q1 Practice 1Step 1

Underline any transitions you find.(A) Knowing this, I get more and more nervous as

time passes.

(B) The most stressful situation for me is taking exams.(C) Second, I worry about my future.(D) For example, if I fail an exam, I start to feel

pressure that I will not get into a good university.(E) First, I never seem to be able to complete exams

within the given time limit.

Put the sentences in the right order:(B) (E) (A) (C) (D)

Step 2

1. The speaker feels stressed when she has to takea test.

2. The speaker feels pressured when there is a timelimit.

3. The speaker is worried she will not do well.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):exams, time limit, more nervous as time passes, thefuture, pressure, will not get into good university

Step 4

Possible Response:1. Going to the dentist is a stressful situation for me.2. It is stressful because I am afraid of drills and

needles.3. Another reason it causes me stress is that I am

worried that I will have many cavities.

Q1 Practice 2Step 1

Underline any transitions you find.(A) There is always excitement and activity while

playing soccer.(B) Also, I like it because it is straightforward to play.(C) I love soccer because it is a fast game.(D) Once you have those things, you can easily

have a recreational game of soccer.(E) You just need a field, a ball, and some friends

to get a match going.(F) My favorite sport is soccer.

Put the sentences in the right order:(F) (C) (A) (B) (E) (D)

Answer Key 25

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Step 2

1. The speaker’s favorite sport is soccer.2. The speaker likes it because it is a fast game.3. The speaker also likes it because it is easy to

play.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):soccer, fast game, excitement and activity,straightforward, field, ball, friends, recreational

Step 4

Possible Response:1. My favorite sport is volleyball.2. I like volleyball because it is a team sport.3. I also like volleyball because it can be played

indoors or outside.

Q1 Practice 3Step 1

Possible Transition Words:first, first of all, to begin with, also, in addition, second

Step 2

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):expensive item, laptop, useful, computer games,homework, portable, carry with me, small and light

Step 4

Possible Answers:Expensive item: bicycleReason 1: I could use it to get to school. Reason 2: I could ride it for exercise.

Q1 Practice 4Step 1

Possible Transition Words:the first reason, most importantly, above all, forexample, moreover, another

Step 2

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):childhood memory, beach for first time, never seenocean before, impression, vast and beautiful, firsttime fishing, father taught, two enormous fish

Step 4

Possible Answers:Childhood memory:Going to DisneylandReason 1: It was my first time going to California. Reason 2: I got to go on many rides and meet a lot of Disneycharacters.

Q2 Practice 1Step 1

Underline any transitions you find.(A) When I had a lot of friends, it seemed like they

were always getting into arguments with eachother.

(B) That way I can develop lifelong friendships withthem.

(C) Also, having a lot of friends can cause problems.(D) I can spend more time with a few close friends

and get to know them really well.(E) I prefer to have just a few close friends instead

of many friends.

Put the sentences in the right order:(E) (D) (B) (C) (A)

Step 2

1. The speaker thinks it is better to have a fewclose friends instead of many friends.

2. The speaker feels that she can develop betterfriendships with just a few close friends.

3. The speaker also says that having a lot offriends can cause conflicts.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):few close friends, spend more time together, get toknow, lifelong friendships, many friends causeproblems, arguments

26 Answer Key

Step 4

Possible Answers:1. I think it is better to have many friends.2. I prefer many friends because then I have more

people to do things with.3. It is also better to have many friends because if

you get in a fight with one, you always haveother friends to turn to.

Q2 Practice 2Step 1

Underline any transitions you find.(A) I am certain that I would get tired of constantly

studying the same thing, even if it was somethingI really liked.

(B) I will be able to learn about new things.(C) I think it is better to take many different courses

at university.(D) In addition, I will be able to meet people who

have different interests than me.(E) First, it is an opportunity to gain a lot of knowledge.

Put the sentences in the right order:(C) (E) (B) (D) (A)

Step 2

1. The speaker thinks it is better to take manydifferent courses at university.

2. The speaker says a lot of knowledge can begained by doing this.

3. Also, the speaker says it would be tiring tostudy the same thing all the time.

Step 3

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):many different courses, gain a lot of knowledge,learn new things, studying same thing is boring

Step 4

Possible Answers:1. I think it is better to take many courses in the

same field.2. It would complete the courses in my major faster.3. It would be cheaper because I would not

spend as much time and money to completemy degree.

Q2 Practice 3Step 1

Transition Words:to start, for instance, also, that way, for example, first

Step 2

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response):detailed plans, make the most of vacation time, donot waste time, figure out directions, have what isneeded, no worries

Step 4

Possible Answers:Vacation: No definite plansReason 1: It is more fun and adventurous. Reason 2: It is easier to change your plans if you need to.

Q2 Practice 4Step 1

Transition Words:to begin with, for example, another, secondly, forinstance, in addition

Step 2

Useful Expressions (notes on sample response)brothers and sisters, not an only child, without siblingsyou will be lonely, close, do things together, helpyou out, count on, good advice

Step 4

Possible Answers:Better to: Be an only childReason 1: I would get more attention from my parents. Reason 2: I would not have to share my belongings.

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Chapter 5 Test Questions 3 and 4

Q3 Practice 1Step 1

Main Idea:Freshmen need an advisor’s approval in order towithdraw from classes. Key points:It will stop students from withdrawing without reason.It will ensure a closer relationship between advisorsand students. Man’s opinion:Students should have to see their advisors beforewithdrawing from classes.Reason 1:It will keep students from making mistakesacademically. Reason 2:It will allow advisors to get to know the students better.

Step 2

Possible Sample Response:The man thinks the policy of making freshmen gettheir academic advisor’s approval before withdrawingfrom classes is a good idea. First, he agrees with itbecause it will keep students from making decisionsthat can hurt them academically. For instance, hisfriend dropped his biology class but will have tomake it up during summer school. Second, he saysthe policy will ensure that students work better withtheir advisors. He thinks the more they communicate,the better the advisors can help the students.

Step 3

Notes (possible differences from sample response):permission/approvalmistakes/decisionsroommate/friendin the summer/summer schoolhelp/ensuretalk/communicate

Q3 Practice 2Step 1

Main Idea:The campus shuttle will stop running at 6:00 p.m.

Key points:Most classes end by 5:00 p.m. Few students ridethe shuttle after 5:00 p.m. Shortening the schedulewill save money. Parking passes will be cheapernext semester. Woman’s opinion:The university should not change the shuttle schedule.Reason 1:Students still have classes in the evenings. Reason 2:Students would rather be safe than save some money.

Step 2

Possible Sample Response:The woman thinks it is a bad idea for the university tochange the shuttle schedule. One reason isbecause students attend evening classes. Theyuse the shuttles and will no longer have a way toget to their cars after class. Also, she thinks moststudents would rather have a safe ride at night thansave money on parking passes. She says that a10% savings is not going to make much of a differencein lowering school expenses.

Step 3

Notes (possible differences from sample response):cut the nighttime shuttle service to the parkinglots/change the shuttle scheduleshe has many friends who take night classes/manystudents take evening classesa shuttle that gets them safely to their cars at night/asafe ride at nightsave a little money/save moneylowering expenses/lowering school expenses

Q4 Practice 1Step 1

Main Idea:The fairy tale is an effective storytelling method. Key points:They have simple characters. They contain strong,clear themes. Main Idea:Why the story of Cinderella is so popularKey Point 1:The characters are easy for children to understand. Key Point 2:It contains a clear message for children.

28 Answer Key

Step 2

Possible Sample Response:The lecture talks about the story of Cinderella andwhy it is an effective story for children. For one,Cinderella has characters that are clearly good orbad, which the reading said was important for makinga fairy tale effective. In addition, Cinderella has aclear message that good can overcome evil. Thereading said that such themes were an importantpart of fairy tales.

Step 3

Notes (possible differences from sample response):evil/badclear themes/themes

Q4 Practice 2Step 1

Main Idea:Dance therapy is used to diagnose and treat healthproblems. Key points:It is an effective form of expressive therapy. It canbe used with a variety of patients. It leads toimprovement in overall health. It can increase mentaland emotional well-being of the mentally ill.Main Idea:Effectiveness of dance therapyKey Point 1:Dance therapy helps the body.Key Point 2:Dance therapy helps the mind.

Step 2

Possible Sample Response:The passage and lecture talk about dance therapy andits advantages. First, the professor describes thephysical benefits. Dance therapy gives peopleexercise while improving their movement andcoordination, as well as improving circulation andrespiration. Second, it also has benefits for patientswho are mentally ill. It gives them a way to expressthemselves and build confidence and self-esteem.

Step 3

Notes (possible differences from sample response):benefits/advantagesmotion/movement

Chapter 6 Test Questions 5 and 6

Q5 Practice 1Step 1

Problem:The woman has missed the submission deadlinefor the literary magazine.Solution 1:She could talk to the editor. Possible benefit: The editor might get her essay published.She could help the magazine not lose their funding.Solution 2:She could wait for the next submission period. Possible benefit: She would not have to bother the editor. Possible benefit: She would avoid looking pushy.

Step 2

Possible Answers:1. The woman has missed the submission deadline

for the literary magazine.2. The woman should talk to the editor.3. The editor might make an exception and publish

her essay.

Step 3

Possible Response:The woman wants to submit her essay to the literarymagazine, but she has missed the deadline. I thinkthat the woman should wait for the next submissionperiod. The editor might think she is pushy if shetries to talk to her. Instead of accepting the essay,she may think the woman thinks she is entitled tohave her essay published. Also, the literary magazinewill probably have another submission period. If thewoman does not speak to the editor, she may saveher reputation.

Answer Key 29

Notes (possible differences from sample response):talk to editor/wait for next submission periodmake an exception/think she is pushythinking she is pushy/accepting the essayshe wants her essay published/she is entitled tohave her essay publishedlose funding/have another submission periodask editor to make an exception/speak to the editornever get essay published/save her reputation

Q5 Practice 2Step 1

Problem:The guest speaker for the Anthropology Club canceledand the man needs to decide whether he shouldinvite someone else to speak or postpone until thespeaker is available again.Solution 1:He can ask the club’s faculty sponsor to speak instead.Possible benefit: He would not have to postpone the lecture untillater in the semester.Possible benefit: Students will not be busy preparing for final exams.Solution 2:He can postpone and wait for the speaker to becomeavailable again. Possible benefit: The lecture would be more interesting. Possible benefit: He would not have to find another guest speaker.

Step 2

1. The man does not know if he should find someoneelse to speak or postpone the lecture.

2. The man should postpone the lecture.3. It would be more interesting than listening to

lectures everyone has already heard before.

Step 3

Possible Response:The man’s problem is that the Anthropology Clubhas invited a guest speaker, but she has canceled. Ithink the man should postpone the lecture until thewoman is available again. First, more studentswould attend the lecture. Not many people wouldcome if they have already heard the club sponsor

speak. Also, postponing it should not be a problem.Even though students will be preparing for finalexams, they would probably come to hear theguest speaker give a lecture.

Notes (possible differences from sample response):lecturer/speakerpostpone/postpone the lecture until the woman isavailable againmore people would come/more people wouldattend the lectureattend/comeclub sponsor’s lectures/club sponsor speakstudying for finals/preparing for final examsbe willing to take an hour or two off to attend theseminar if they were interested in it/come to hearthe guest speaker give a lecture

Q6 Practice 1Step 1

Main Topic:Styles of theaters and important featuresKey Point 1:The most common style is proscenium. Example:The advantage is that the audience can easily seeaction happening onstage. Key Point 2:Open theater was popular in the 16 and 17 centuries.Example:The audience and stage are not clearly separated.

Step 2

1. The two styles of theaters are proscenium andopen theater.

2. The proscenium theater is in a horseshoe shape,and the curtain is supported by an arch.

3. The open theater’s stage and audience are notseparated, and it has no curtain.

Step 3

Possible Response:The lecturer discusses the two styles of theatervenues and their important characteristics. She firstdescribes the proscenium theater, which she saysis very popular. It has seats in a horseshoe shape,and the curtain is supported by a large arch.

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30 Answer Key

Another type of theater is called the open theater.Its audience and stage blend together, and it doesnot have a curtain.

Notes (possible differences from sample response):types/stylesstyle/theaterhuge/large stage and audience areas/audience and stage

Q6 Practice 2Step 1

Main topic of lecture: The theory of multiple intelligencesKey Point 1:It can help children learn. Example:Teachers can design lesson plans to reach all childrenin the classroom. Key Point 2:Adults also benefit from multiple intelligences. Example:They can use areas of multiple intelligences to besuccessful at their jobs.

Step 2

1. The theory of multiple intelligences states that people have eight different areas of intelligence.

2. It benefits children by allowing them to use theirintelligences to learn better.

3. It benefits adults because they can use it to bemore successful at their jobs.

Step 3

Possible Response:The professor talks about the theory of multipleintelligences. The theory states that people haveeight different areas of intelligence. First, the professorsays all children in a class learn better when teacherscreate lessons that cover all eight areas of intelligence.Adults can also be more successful when using theintelligence they are strongest in. For example, oneman learns well by drawing while his co-workerlearns new things by singing to herself.

Notes (possible differences from sample response):classroom/classdesign/createdrawing pictures/drawing

l Vocabulary Review 1 l

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B)4. (C) 5. (C) 6. (A)7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (A)

10. (D) 11. (A) 12. (C)13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (C)16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (C)19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (C)22. (B) 23. (C) 24. (C)25. (A) 26. (B) 27. (B)28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (A)31. distinct 32. detailed 33. multiple34. recognized 35. origin 36. theme37. role 38. different 39. certain40. safe 41. design 42. ensure43. light 44. pressured 45. limited46. S 47. O 48. S49. O 50. O

l Vocabulary Review 2 l

1 . (A) 2. (C) 3. (A)4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (C)7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (C)

10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (A)13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (D)16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (A)19. (A) 20. (D) 21. (A)22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (B)25. (A) 26. (C) 27. (C)28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (B)31. laptop 32. light 33. portable34. opportunity 35. homework 36. instead37. arrive 38. save 39. overall40. expensive 41. progress 42. crisis43. multiple 44. harmless 45. imbalance46. (D) 47. (E) 48. (A)49. (C) 50. (B)

Answer Key 31

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Part 3

Chapter 7 Pronunciation

Step 2 Commonly mispronounced sounds:/th/, /d/, and /s/

1. math mass2. bread breath3. sink think4. thumb dumb5. worth word6. thick sick7. dust thrust8. path pass

Step 3 Commonly mispronounced sounds:/l/ and /r/

1. He might fail the test tomorrow.2. I do not know what she is reading.3. There is a big crowd over there.4. I need to replace that tire.5. Make a turn at the light.

Step 4 Long and short vowel sounds1. green grin2. mood mud3. feel fill4. luck look5. leaving living6. shoot shut7. pill peel8. buck book

Chapter 8 Word and Sentence Stress

Step 1 Stress related to parts of words1. a. ad.ver.tise b. ad.ver.tise.ment2. a. ed.u.ca.tion b. ed.u.ca.tion.al3. a. cu.ri.ous b. cu.ri.os.ity4. a. knowl.edge b. know.ledge.able5. a. e.lec.tric b. e.lec.tric.i.ty6. a. pro.nounce b. pro.nun.ci.a.tion7. a. re.frig.er.ate b. re.frig.er.a.tion8. a. mar.riage b. mar.riage·a·ble9. a. tech·nol·o·gy b. tech·no·log·i·cal

10. a. di·vi·sion b. di·vis·i·ble

Step 2 Stress related to content wordsSentences1. She likes to listen to stories.2. I feel worse than before. 3. Carl is learning about how gravity works.4. The teacher assigned us homework.5. They walked across the bridge to the other

side.6. Exercise is important for good health.

Chapter 9 Pausing

Step 1

1. By the time the play was finished / it was toolate to go anywhere else.

2. Our plane left two hours late / so we missed ourconnecting flight in Paris.

3. The traffic on the freeway was so bad / shethought she would never get home.

4. When taking a test / it is important to make sureyou read the instructions carefully.

5. The dog got out of the yard / and he dug holesin the neighbor’s garden.

6. Do not forget to thank Molly / she was a bighelp organizing the event.

Step 2

1. Personally / I think that Hawaii would be a perfectplace for a vacation.

2. Next year / my family will be moving / and I willhave to attend a new school.

3. Because is was so noisy in the auditorium / Icould not hear what the speaker was saying.

4. If the books are shelved correctly / they shouldall be in alphabetical order.

5. After the television program was over / she wasso tired that she went to bed.

6. It remains to be seen / however / if his plan forimproving the city will actually work.

7. In order to stay healthy / my doctor recommendedthat I start taking vitamins every day.

8. For your homework tonight / please read thefirst chapter of your history textbook.

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32 Answer Key

Practice Test 1

Question 1Sample Response:If I could change one thing about myself, I wouldlike to have some musical talent. First, I havealways enjoyed listening to music and would love tobe able to produce my own. In addition, the musiciansthat I have met always strike me as interesting people.If I had musical talent, I would have something incommon with them and could get to know them better.

Question 2Sample Response 1:I prefer to go to the movie theater to watch a movie.First of all, going to the movie theater allows you tosee the movie as it was meant to be seen. For example,on the big screen, movies have the proper adjustmentsin sound. Moreover, I tend to find the movies I seein a movie theater more memorable because of thelarge screen. The larger than life images stay withme more than the ones I see when watching movieson TV.

Sample Response 2:I would rather watch movies at home than see themat a theater. The first reason is that I can pause thefilm at any point if I want to get up to get a snack ora drink. Additionally, watching a movie at homeallows me to avoid having to listen to other peoplebeing rude. I can watch a movie without peopletalking or mobile phones ringing.

Question 3Sample Response:The announcement states that funding for the studyabroad program will be cut, citing a lack of studentinterest in study abroad programs and high cost tothe university. The woman disagrees with the decisionand the reasons. She claims to know several studentswith an interest in studying abroad. She also pointsout that a student who chooses to study abroad stillpays tuition to the university.

Question 4Sample Response:The lecture and passage both address the effectsof noise pollution. The passage states that theconstant noise of cities can affect humans physicallyand mentally. The lecture reinforces these points.The professor explains that the noise can increaseblood pressure, which seems to affect cardiovascularhealth. In addition, noise pollution is also shown tohave mental effects; the professor cites a studylinking noise pollution with an effect on children’sreading abilities.

Question 5Sample Response 1:The male student is concerned because he needsto find a roommate to help pay the rent on hishouse. He can put an ad in the city paper or post anotice in the student union building. I would put anad in the city paper because it is the quickest way forthe man to find a roommate. Also, he can choose ifhe wants to share the house with someone---he doesnot have to pick someone he thinks might be rude.

Sample Response 2:The male student needs to find a roommate to splitthe cost of rent with. He can either put an ad in thecity paper or put a notice in the student union building.I would choose to post an ad in the student unionbuilding. This would ensure that I get a roommate thatis also a student who understands the importance ofstudying. In addition, putting an ad in a city newspapercan be expensive. Posting the notice on campuswould be free.

Question 6Sample Response:The professor says that urbanization, or the movementof lots of people to cities, caused the creation ofmany public spaces in America. Urbanizationcaused the construction of public parks becausepeople needed a break from city life. The professorgives Central Park as an example. Urbanization alsocaused the creation of public buildings like museums.This was so the people could have ways to amusethemselves when they were not working.

Answer Key 33

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Practice Test 2

Question 1Sample Response:During the summer after my second year of college,I took a road trip with my family to visit the ocean. Ihad become distant from my parents while in college,so I was worried that the trip would be boring andfull of tension. However, the trip allowed me tospend time with my parents as an adult, and itgreatly improved our relationship.

Question 2Sample Response 1:I believe that it is good to be open with one’s emotions.First of all, showing your feelings keeps them frombuilding up, which can eventually end up causingyou to lose your temper. In addition, when you are openwith your emotions, people around you understandwhat you like and dislike. This can ultimately lead tobetter, more honest, relationships.

Sample Response 2:I believe that it is best not to show one’s emotions.Many people see showing one’s emotions as a signof weakness, and it can hurt your public image withothers. In addition, being emotional can cause othersto become emotional themselves. This can result inmore fights between you and others. As such,being reserved and not showing your emotions isthe best choice.

Question 3Sample Response:The university’s announcement explains that studentswill have to learn a second language in order tograduate, stating that it will make students morecompetitive for jobs and give them additionalopportunities. The woman disagrees with this point,explaining that learning a second language doesnot improve one’s chance in the job market if theydo not intend to work out of the country. In addition,she points out that the foreign language requirementwill distract students from the subjects they arestudying in their major.

Question 4Sample Response:The passage describes yellow journalism, whichtargeted the masses and was known for its attention-getting articles. The professor givesexamples of these, saying that the papers were soldon the common man’s day off---Sunday. They includedcomics, sports, and fashion stories that everydaypeople liked. She then shows how sensationalizedthe stories were. One story lied about things burningup in New York apartments due to the heat.

Question 5Sample Response 1:The man is faced with the choice of going to basketballpractice or attending a chemistry lab. I think heshould attend practice and play in the big game. Ifhe does not play, he will be letting his team down.If they lose, none of them can go to the championships.Also, it is only the middle of the semester. He canwork hard the rest of the semester in his chemistrylab to improve his grade.

Sample Response 2:The man explains that he has to choose betweenattending basketball practice or going to his chemistrylab. I think he should attend the chemistry lab.Grades are more important. They can affect whatkind of job he gets when he leaves school. Also,most schools require athletes to have a certaingrade point average for them to participate insports. If he lets his grades go down, he will not beable to play for the rest of the season.

Question 6Sample Response:The lecture discusses the theory that an artist’sphysical health can influence how his or her artworkturns out. First, the lecture talks about EdgarDegas, who suffered from retinal eye disease.Degas’ work went from being highly detailed to veryblurry as the disease progressed. Second, anotherartist, Claude Monet suffered from cataracts. Thiscaused him not to be able to see colors clearly, andhis paintings also became more blurry over theyears as the cataracts worsened.