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C si lla Za tykó A N TA E U S 27 (2004) 367-431

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SETTLEMENTSTRUCTURE OF THE MEDIEVAL NAGYSZAKÁCSI(SOMOGY COUNTY)

Landscape archaeology, which developed in Western Europe in the 50 s and 60 s and hasbecome more and more accepted since then, has opened a new field in settlement studies,2

The methodology of the new approach was developed by the archaeological research Britain, where it could be based on ample sources and a landscape that affords the recof medieval settlements features. The sources and some elements of the method, hcould also successfully be applied in territories where the conditions were less favIn the present study we try to analyse and reconstruct the medieval structure of the Nagyszakácsi (Somogy county) using non-archaeological sources, which were alreadHungary on the occasion of certain excavations (charters, early maps, aerial photos, topand with the help of archaeological field walkings.

Since the sources and the landscape conditions in Hungary usually prove barely sufor applying the above methods, the success of the study greatly depended on the choice of asuitable settlement. A significant factor was that it should have enough document referalso that the sources should be of diverse types lo afford the testing the method within asource environment. It also had to be considered that the settlement should be chosen in a territory

where the geographical setting offers a greater opportunity to identify the topographic that existed in the Middle Ages (hills, valleys, streams etc). Finally, the sources and meintended to use needed that the settlement should be a still existing and inhabited villag

Nagyszakácsi can be found in Somogy county. It has excellent documentatio

Hungarian respect, although it has a different character. We have about one hundred chfrom between 1359 and 1521 informing about the donation and the exchange of holdings and the texts of perambulates of bounds encompassing larger territories. Sominhabitants of the medieval settlement were raised to the nobility rank from the legal statservicing people, others came from a villein status.

With the analysis of the structure of the village and the landholding system, we try find

an answer to the question if the special legal status of the inhabitants of Szakácsi influestructure of the settlement. The problem of the connection between the populations olegal conditions and the settlement structure has already been raised in archaeological

r

on the occasion of farmstead-like settlements and small castles of the Arpádian Bra and latemedieval castles. The archaeological study of the scattered settlement pattern, whicappears in historical sources, early feudal private castles connected to pvaedi u and curiaewhich are related to the lesser nobility, has demonstrated that the recognition of thegroups of the medieval society is facilitated by the complex use of various source groups amethods. Lesser nobility, the lowermost layer of nobility, which often differed from

only in the social legal status, can be grouped in this category.The study includes the structure of the inner territory of the village and its chthe landholding pattern on the outskirts of the village and the varieties and changeland usage systems. We shall also discuss the problems of settlement typology and qconcerning the relationship between the inner territories and the outskirts. The source1 The study was prepared with he support of the English Landscape. London 1955; M Aston National Scientific Research Found (OTKA F Z Rowley: Landscape Archaeology. An introduction19227). to ficldwork techniques in Post-Roman landscapes.

2 On the methods and sources of landscape London, 1974; M Aston: Interpreting the Landscape.archaeology see : W . G. Hoskins: The Making of the London 1985.

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368 CSILLA ZATYKO

methods we intend to use afford a more complex analysis of the settlement yet do not providenew information concerning certain problems e.g. house types, material culture etc . Besidethe analysis of the medieval settlement structure we also intend to determine the possibilitiesand limitations of the method in the case of a settlement that has been inhabited since theMiddle Ages, and that cannot fully be studied with archaeological methods. For this purpose

the sources must be used together and, at the same time, in a complementary analytical way,a method that has not fully been applied in Hungarian research. It is important to analyse thedescriptions of the landscape and lands in the historical sources, the elaboration of the dataof the early maps and the surviving toponyms, to use the attainable aerial photos and to applyarchaeological methods others than excavations.

The analysis of the structure of a village of the lesser nobility can also offer an insight intoth e settlement pattern of the lesser nobility that rose from the rank of the villeins, which cancomplete the picture drawn from the study of the upper and middle layers of aristocracy.

Sources and methods

Before starting the discussion of the problems listed in the introduction, we find it importantto introduce the source groups used in the study and the main trends and methods of formerresearch in this field. The sources of the present study were the written documents referringto the settlement, the results of archaeological field walkings, the manuscript maps and theexisting aerial photos.

The primary sources of the present paper were the descriptions of landscapes and landedproperties in various documents, extents, perambulates of bounds and records about the donation,exchange and alienation of lands and data referring to the inner territory of the village.

Historians and archaeologists have already called attention to the possibilities of

reconstructions after medieval written sources3

yet the idea of the systematic analysis of thereconstruction of the settlement structure of certain villages came from historical geography.Jen Major demonstrated that the use of the topographic descriptions of various sources canoffer a new possibility for the research of settlements that have continuously existed in the sameplace. After the clarification of the spatial interrelation of the cartographic elements described inperambulates of bounds and charters on the division of landed properties, the medieval bordersand certain details of the early ground plan can be reconstructed. 4 H e concluded that sometimesrelatively exact and complex ground plans can be drawn depending on how detailed the sourcesare. Although the sources we have afford the cartographic true to scale elaboration he suggestedonly in the case of the perambulates of bounds, he thought that the same method could be used

for the reconstructions of the inner territories as well. In this case, the measurements of certainground plan elements, as tofts and streets, can be calculated and sketched.

Ferenc Maksay applied the method suggested by Jen Major at the reconstruction ofmedieval village types after perambulates of bounds and deeds of land divisions. He groupedthe reconstructed village forms after Tibor MendöTs typology 5, which followed the Germanschool. He differentiated two main types of villages: street village and agglomeration, andhe found the former one characteristic in the 14 th —16 th centuries. 6 Similarly to Mendöl, whobeside the typological grouping characterised th e various categories according to the functionalrole they occupied within the settlement structure, Maksay also often regarded the naturalconditions, and compared them to cultivation methods rotation system, forest clearing street

village) or to the social status of the population lesser nobility cluster village, agglomeration).He also discovered that the types can be connected to various field systems and several typescan be represented within a single settlement. István Szabó studied the medieval roots ofmodern typology and also differentiated two main types from the descriptions of documentson land divisions in the inner territory. Most of the settlements were regular street villages,the other type was the agglomeration of an irregular arrangement. 7 He studied in details the

Szabó 1937; László 1943; Györjfy 1956. 6 Maksay 1971 91 110.4 Major 1961.

7

Szabó 1969.5

Mendöl 1963.

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RECONSTRUCTION ÖV THU SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 369

relevant terms of the sources and sketched the outlines of villages, th e lines of the streets andthe directions of the plots. Although he did not prepare a detailed reconstruction containing allthe plots, he called allcniion lo the fact that, in a lucky case, even the sketchy ground plan of avillage can be reconstructed. Looking for the connections between the shape of a village andthe landholding and cultivation systems he found acertain correlation (forest clearing singlestreet shaped rotation system less regular pattern , yet, just like Maksay, he called attentionto typological mixtures that can appear within the individual settlements.

The first attempt to reconstruct the medieval natural environment was carried out by theethnogenetic school of the 30's and 40's, 9 and several researchers have since suggested andillustrated the reconstruction possibilities of medieval street and borderline systems based onthe comparison of perambulates of bounds and the modern topographical setting. 10 IstvánSzabó applied the method first on the occasion of his studies in Ugocsa county, where hecollected the medieval geographical names from the documents of the individual settlementsand compared them with cartographic data and sometimes identified them with modern placenames. He determined the borders of the individual settlements from the analysis of writtendocuments, reconstructed the medieval road system and marked the names of hills and watercourses he had found in the sources. Later he also called attention to the fact that the analysisof perambulates of bounds from various periods can demonstrate the shrinking of the villagetownship parallelly to the establishment of new settlements. 11 István Györfry has published themost complete collection of the historical sources on the natural environment and topographicsetting of the Árpádian Era in his excellent work.12

Historical research usually use th e topographic descriptions of settlements in the documentsfor the reconstruction of the inner territories of villages, yet sometimes similar analyses weremade regarding arable lands as well. Ferenc Maksay suggested already in 1962 that similarly to

the historical, topographic analyses of arable lands applied abroad, the comparative analysis ofearly cartographic, archaeological and written sources can lead to the recognition of new elementsof the usage of arable lands in historical times. He stressed, however, that due to the low numberof early maps and the scarcity of the surviving traces of arable lands in Hungary, the agrarianreferences of the medieval sources deserve special attention. 13 He reconstructed in a few cases theplaces of the individual arable lands and clearings after the data recorded in the documents andthe place names. Discussing Maksay's field reconstructions, we have to mention the problem ofmedieval land and length measures, which was already raised by Jen Major with regard to theinner territories. I4 In his maps, Maksay indicated the lines of the streets, the directions of the plots,their order and the position of the fields as given in the documents, their direction and number,

but the sources were not sufficient to make a truc to scale reconstruction. He owed it, beside thedeficiency of the descriptions in the sources, to the difficulty of determining the various landmeasures, since the size of many of them had already been forgotten. In the case of land measures,it is the unit given not in the royal regale), but the customary muale) or local higerum thatcauses the greatest problem. Bogdán, unlike Maksay, differentiated local and customary iugerwn,determining the latter as a not royal unit of measure, which was nevertheless commonly used inthe entire country. The uncertainties of the three data used in the exact determination of its size andthe great divergences of the calculated values cannot provide an ultimate solution to the problemof the size of the customary iugerum {hold) and its common usage in the country. 15

Beside the reconstruction of the structures of individual settlements, the data of thedocuments afford the analysis of the general characteristics of the appurtenant lands. Thestudies have demonstrated that the size of the appurtenant arable lands and meadows, the

x Szabó used here first of all records about infields Szabó 1966, 86—87.( tenor ) since he could only suppose the existence ,2 Györffy J963.of assart settlements in the Middle Ages from the , 3 Maksay 1962.sources. ' 4 Major I960 41 ; Major 1961, 6.

9 Szabó 1937; J ak ó 1940. , 5 Bogdán 1978, 177 179.10 A few examples: Györffy 1956; Major i960;

Maksay 1971; Laszlovszky 1986/a; VMyi 1986.

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370 CSILLA ZATYKO

forms of the lands and the relationship between the surface of the arable lands and all the landsof the village show such a variety that complex analyses of smaller territorial units can bringmore exact results.

Documents dealing with the circulation of the landed property and possessory actionswere the sources for Márta Belényesy s studies as well. She, however concentrated on the

interpretation of agrarian terms found in the sources to determine the cultivation techniquesand landholding system of peasant farms. 16 The description of the various field systems,their distribution and their occurrence in the territory of a village led to conclusions about thestructure of the entire territory. She defined four groups concerning the cultivation type ofthe lands in the 15 th century: 1. freshly broken lands, 2. regularly fallowed lands, 3. lands inpermanent one field system (so called tanor lands), 4. lands in two or three field system. 17

The sources of the study also contain the results of field walkings. The role ofarchaeological research is increased partly by the relatively low number of documents inHungary and the casualty of their survival, and partly by the fact that the observationsmade during field walkings help the interpretation of the data obtained from documents.Excavations play an eminent role in the study of the inner territories of villages, althoughexcavations are usually restricted to the territories of perished villages. In the case of activevillages, in the development of which no break led to ultimate devastation, it is usuallymethods other than excavations that can bring results. At the same time, the present studyalso deals with the structure of the lands, the investigation of which cannot be solved withexcavations due to the extent of the territory and the character of the analysed phenomena.Although we will discuss the perished settlements on the outskirts of the villages and thePauline monastery, mainly their location, age and character seem to be important from therespect of our analysis. Accordingly, the present study aims at the interpretation of the data of

the written sources and finding their place in the modern landscape through comparing thesedata to the results of the field walkings and vice versa.Works summing up the methodology, terminology and possibilities of archaeological

field walking can be found both in Hungary and abroad. 18 Without repeating their statements,they basically differentiate three field walking methods according to the purpose and thedepth. Targeted field walking is used for the localisation of a feature (settlement, castle,monastery etc.) known from other sources, while extensive field walking intends to registerall the archaeological sites of a given territory and to sketch the spatially and chronologicallymost complete settlement pattern of a region. Intensive field walking concentrates on a smallerterritory or a site and the systematic surface collection is completed with sedimentological

examinations, geophysical and geomorphological analyses. An intensive surface analysiswould in certain cases be justified for our study, but the application of the method liesbeyond our goal and possibilities. So targeted and extensive field walkings are used in thepresent study as they seemed best fit to the possibilities provided by the sources and thedemands they raised.

The study that marked the start of modem archaeological village investigation was writtenby István Méri. Similarly to Jen Major, 19 he called attention to the possibilities hiding in thewritten sources (perambulates of bounds, maps, depictions) on the one hand and the fact, on theother that medieval features, which bear information on certain characteristics of the settlementstructure, can be observed during field walkings (hollow roads, medieval road system, placesof churches and/or cemeteries, traces of perished houses) and they can be correlated with thedata of documents. 20 Thus he differentiated the settlement pattern of the Arpadian Era showingan irregular scattered picture from the elongated, more closed arrangement of the late MiddleAges based on his observations made during field walkings. 21

6 Belényesy 1954 55; Belényesy 1964. ><> Major 1961.

7 Belényesy 1964 232. 20 ^ri 1954 151

8 Jankovich Bésán 1985 1992 discusses both the 21 ^/m 1953 58.Hungarian and the international research historyand methods.

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RECONSTRUCTION OFTHF SKTTLKMUNTSTRUCTURE 37]_

Studies based on extensive field walkings present a complex settlement picture within anarea. 22 The settlement history and structure of a region are drawn, the one time villages and roadsarc idcntilled and the medieval landscape is illustrated from the archaeological data (excavationand stray finds, field walkings, local surveys) and also from the written sources, early mapsand toponyms. In Hungary, the most complete representation of the method can be found in the

published volumes of the Magyarország Régészeti Topográfiája [Archaeological Topographyof Hungary] series. István Eri suggested, after his experiences in Veszprém county, that thesettlement network, the road system and the one time hydrological situation can be reconstructedfrom topographic works and the analysis of documents.23 László Blazovich used the results ofarchaeological topography together with the rich document material for the examination of thegeographical setting and the settlement structure in his study on the settlement history of thesouthern part of the Hungarian Plain. 24 Extensive field walkings proved successful in solvingcertain problems concerning the settlement structure, first of all in the discovery of the farmstead

like settlements of theArpádian Era, in the differentiation of the scattered and closed settlementtypes, while researchers repeatedly called attention to the limitations of the method. One shouldbe cautious with affiliating the sites of various sizes and structures to periods. Sherds from theArpádian Era also occur in the large closed sites even though the settlements were first mentionedonly in late medieval documents. 25 The phenomenonwhich was observed at repeatedly surveyedsites, that the cultivation brings materials of different periods to the surface after each ploughingcan also cause difficulties in dating. Observations concerning the extent and the exact place of thesites must also be taken into account since they can migrate , occasionally they shift to 5 25 min consequence of ploughing. 26 Yet both the foreign archaeological literature and the Hungarianexperiences show that extensive field walkings can help to a relatively exact picture of the sitesin a region, which provide general information on the settlement structure and hierarchy, and,completed with the data of documentssome settlements can even be identified. 27

Regarding the early maps, we used first of all the First Ordinance Survey from the limeof Joseph II and the Second Ordinance Survey from the 19 Ih century. In some cases the fiefmaps of the settlements and surveys made with economic purposes provided useful piecesof information. Ferenc Maksay demonstrated the limitations and possibilities of ordinancesurveys from the end of the 18 th century and the beginning of the 19 ,h century, regarding theirsource value for the study of medieval settlement history and settlement structure. Maksaycompared the reconstructions of the inner territories made after documents with the early mapsfrom the 18 ,h 19 Ih centuries supposing, in most of the cases, a formal continuity, and stressedthat the occasional changes that had happened between the two periods could not be detected

with this method. Similarly to the inner territories, he compared the arable lands with the dataof the maps from the 18 th century and although he doubted that there existed a continuitywithout any break, the manuscript maps often proved to be valuable sources regarding thedistribution of the cultivation types and the shapes of the fields.

We did not have the opportunity to prepare aerial photos during our investigations. Wecould only use the aerial photos kept in the FÖMI and the ones made for cartographic purposesby the Institute of Military History.

The history of the village and its sources

Nagyszakácsi can be found about 40 km south west of Marcali in the western part of

Somogy county. In the Middle Ages it was known as Szakácsi, Nagyszakácsi, Küls szakácsi,Felsöszakácsi and Kisszakácsi. The name of the settlement appeared already in the list ofthe Pauline monasteries in 1263, where the Saint Dominic monastery of Szakácsi was

Kovalovszki 1955; Kovahvszki J965; Mesterházy 26 Jankovich 1992. 148.1974; Mesterházy 1980; Valter 1974; Uüller 1971; 27 r]ie activities of the Hungarian archaeological

enk 1992. topography have proved that late medievalEri 1969. settlements mentioned in the documents can nearly

4

Blazovich 1985. always be correlated with the archaeological sites.5

Galimtha Váfyi 1984. MRTH 32; MRT9 14; MRT10 723 724.

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37 CSII.I.A7.ATYK0

m e n t i o n e d . 2 8 T he village itself first appeared in a document in 1331, 29 The priest of Szakácsi

was menlioncd in 1359, 30 while in 1396 we can read about the cooks of Szakácsi. 31 The

early establishment of th e village is suggested by the fact that Gusztáv Heckenast included

the village in the category of place names denoting professions. He demonstrated that these

settlements were founded on princely lands in the early period of the organisation of the

state. 3 2 Gyula Kristó, beside warning for caution regarding the source value of place namesreferring to the servicing popu lati on, 33 affiliated the development of the roya l praediumof Segesd, which included Szakácsi as well, with the organisation of royal private estate

in the 12 ,h century or around I200. 3 4 We cannot determine the circumstance and the exactdate of th e foundation of Szakácsi, yet it seems certain that it belonged among the villagesof th e servicing populat ion that can be connected with the royal estate organisation. It waspopulated sometime in the 11 1 1 12 ' centuries. The start of urbanisation, the development

of th e uniform layer of villeins, the donation of royal and castle estates in the 1 3 t h century

led to the disin tegrat ion of servicing system. The special services given by the settlements

working for the royal household usually turned into agricultural service and from a legal

aspect the inhabitants got dissolved in the layer of ville ins. Th e servic ing people often

aspired to gain the privileges of the nobility to strengthen their position. 35 The forefathers

of the cook s of Szakácsi appea ring in the doc ume nts from the 14 th century were also

raised to the rank of nobility from the legal status of servicing people. This process can

be followed in the series of letters patent of nobility preserved in the so called Tolvaj's

formulary. 36 So transforming the former obligations into privileges, some of th e inhabitants

of Szakácsi 37 became royal cooks in the status of the layer of lesser nobili ty, who fulfilled

their task in the royal court in a rotation system. This can be read from the royal account

books from the end of the 15 lh century 3 8 where the names of the membe rs of the lesser

nobility of Szakácsi, the ones known from charters, are listed. At that time, they were

already paid for th e service. A document from 1471 referred to th e price of the salt due to

th e master cooks. 3 9 A record from 1462 reveal s that dur ing wars they fulfilled their task

following the ruler in the retinue. The lawsuits of György Veres of Nagyszakácsi and PéterOrros of Kisszakácsi, both master cooks of th e royal court, was postponed that year by half

a year since they took part in the campaign against th e Turks in the retinue of the king. 4 0

A donation deed from 1466 hints at the significance of the settlement in the 15 th century

referring to it as a market t ow n. 4 1

So Szakácsi was an early settlement the population of which was composed of villeins

giving agricultural services and manorial nobility, probably living a farming way of life, who

gained the privileges of th e nobility for royal service done in a part of the year.Zsuzsanna Bandi published a very precious group of sources in 1986 under the title A

szakácsi pálos kolostor középkori okleve lei [Medieval documents of the Pauline monastery

of Szakácsi]. 42 The study contains nearly one hundred documents issued between 1359 and

1521, which contain valuable data not only on the Pauline monastery on the outskirts of the

village but also on the topography and economy of the medieval Szakácsi. The majority of

2 8 ... Zakach Sancti Dominici... G. Gyöngyösi: VitaeFratris Ordinis Heremitarum Sancti Pauli PrimiHcrcmitac cap. X. ELTE Egyetemi Könyvtár Ab. 151.

2 9 Anjou kori Okmánytár II . 560.3 0 MOL Dl 4867, Bandi 1986, 28 29.31 .. . cocideZakachy...'' MOL Dl 8\15,Bandi

1986. 32.3 2 Heckenast 1970. 87.3 3 Kristó 1995, 263.3 4 Kristó 1988.255 259.3 5 The servicing people of Agusterd were raised lo

the rank of noble serviens in 1283: Heckenast 1970.87; the royal door keepers of Oroszi also aspired togain the rank of nobility: Kubinyi 1995.

3 6 F. Tolvaj: Collectio stylorum saeculo XV in l 'orisllungariac usu rcceploruni. OSZK Fol. Lat. 1818.110 129. In the ollowing.**: Tolvaj sformulary.

3 7 Kubinyi 1995 Kubinyi has demonstrated that 55nobles and 30 commoners lived in Szakácsi beside 6priests in 1505.

**Engell797, 18 181.3<> MOL DI. 17238, Bandi 1986, 53.4 0 MOL Dl. 15750, Bandi 1986. 49.41 MOL D l. \ M59 Bandi 1986, 51.

I2 Bandi 1986,21 65.

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RECONSTRUCTION 01' THli SLTTLLMHNT STRIJCTURK 373

the documents tell about land donations and exchanges that happened between the Paulinemonastery and the lesser nobility living in Szakácsi and the neighbouring villages. At theindication of the exact place of the very small, 1 2 iugerum large lands the name of the area,the nearby road or spring and the cultivation type and owners of the neighbouring territoriesare mentioned. These minor data, which can often be connected to one another, afford to draw,at least partially, the field structure of the medieval Szakácsi. Beside the published collection ofdocuments, valuable information is contained in the documents dealing with the lesser nobilityof Szakácsi and their landed properties, the copies of which can be found in the so calledTolvaj *s formulary. 43 The document of the perambulation of the bounds of the Trepk family ofthe neighbouring Monyorókerék and the Szakácsi family in Szakácsi edited in 1371 44 and thesource from 1470 on the exchange of the forest called Magaskerthwel (Magaskörtvély) 45 offerthe greatest help in the examination of certain details of the medieval Szakácsi. A documentfrom 1382, which describes the boundaries of the lands of the Pauline order and the nobles ofSzakácsi is somewhat more detailed. 46

Since the pieces of information contained in the documents arc scattered in space andtime and as the medieval Szakácsi probably consisted of more than one settlement unit, wccarried out an extensive field walking in the entire area of the village. The field walking wasaccomplished between October 1996 and November 1999 according to the method appliedfor the preparation of the volumes of the Archaeological Topography of Hungary, that is weinspected every territory that could be reached within the territory of the modern village andmarked the sites in a map of a scale of 1:10 000.

Regarding the manuscript maps, we used the map of the First Ordinance Survey fromthe time of Joseph II, the Second Ordinance Survey from the 19 ,h century 47 , and wc foundvaluable data in the cadastre map of the village from between 1850 and 1855, 48 the survey

of the village from the middle of the 19th

century49

and the forest map of Szöcscnyi pusztafrom 1864.50

Aerial photos of the territory can be found in the Map Collection of the Institute of MilitaryHistory and in the Map Collection of the FOMI. Both series were made with cartographicpurposes. The photos of the Institute of Military History were regrettably taken in the heightof 3 4000 metres, which is less suitable for archaeological aerial photographic purposes, andthey dale from March 1961, so only the occasional discolourations of the soil can help. Thephotos of the FÖMI are more recent (October 12, 1981 and August 12, 1982) and were madefrom a lower altitude in a scale of 1:13 000. The date of the flight and the photos were notoptimal for observing archaeological features, yet the height can afford the recognition of soil

discolourations in the ploughed fields, while the traces appearing as relief formations can beidentified in the meadows and grasslands.

The inner territory

Due to the limitations of the sources, namely that they inform only about individual plots, wehave barely any insight into the structure of the plots. It is clear that we cannot prepare theexact reconstruction of the inner territory. Nevertheless, the existence of several settlementunits is suggested by the fact that the documents mark the settlement of Nagyszakácsi by thenames Szakácsi, Nagy , Kis , Küls and Fels szakácsi.

Fels szakácsi was only once mentioned in the documents in 1462. 51 Kozma s sonBálint sold that year a 3 iugerum laxge arable land between Megesharazth (Megyeharaszt)and Hathaserdew (Hátaserd ) within the borders of the Fels szakácsi estate to Antal

4 3 Tolvaj'sformulary 110 129. 48 §ML Map collection K 353: Cadastral overall view44 Tolvaj's ormulary 128 129. of Nagyszakácsi, without date. (1850 55).4 5 Tolvaj s formulary 112 113. & SML Map collection U423: Map of the fields of4 Fejér Cod. Dip . 1X/5 617 621; Bandi 1986, 29 30. Szakácsi (middle of the 19 th century).47

First Ordinance Survey: Collo VII. Sectio 22; 50 ML Map collection T529: Hconomic map ofSecond Ordinance Survey: Collo XXV. Seelio Sz csinyi puszta. 186459 60. 51 MOL Dl. 15723, Bandi 1986. 48, App. 1: 22.

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74 CSILL Z TYKO

»/£{... ei

\ N; í• t •

^^5^4?-..^---ícE^íisSJ^r - - '-'

fíg. 1. Inner territory of Nagyszakácsi in the middle of the 19th centurySML Map collection U 432)

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THL SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 75

Ivánka s son György of Kü ls sza kácsi . The versatility of the names of the settlemen tunits is evidenced by the fact that Megeharazth (Megyeha rasz t) was called a part ofKülsöszakácsi in 1454, 52 while Hatoserde (Hátaserd ) was a place name in Nagyszakácsiin 1455. 5 ^

Kisszakácsi mostly appeared as a prefix before per sons names. Examining these

personal names, however, we find that the same person used both t he prefix of Kisszakácsi andKülsöszakácsi. Antal of Kisszakácsi s son György from 1454 54 can be found with the prefixKülsöszakácsi in 1455, 55 while in 1461 we learn that he lives in his estate at Külsöszakácsi. 56

Jakab Orros s son Peter uses t he prefix Külsöszakácsi in 1463, 57 then Kisszakácsi in 1472. 58 Thedeeds of th e alienation of a toft and a garden also prove the identity of Kis and Külsöszakácsi.György Tolvaj sold a garden south of th e Saint John Church in Küls szakácsi to Jakab Orros s

sons in 1452. 59 The same place is mentioned again in 1472, when we learn that Jakab s sonPéter Orros sold a quarter of a villein s plot to György Veres south of th e Saint John the BaptistChurch at Kisszakácsi. 60

fig. 2. Szakácsi on the First Ordinance Survey (Collo VII. Sectio 22)

Szakácsi and Nagyszakácsi often occur both as persons names and place names. JánosGondos of Küls szakácsi, György Palfy of Szakácsi and Ferenc Thamassa of Nagyszakácsiare mentioned together among the nobility who held witness in a duress case in 1491, whichimplies th e parallel existence of three settlement un i t s 6 1

Two settlements containing the wordSzakácsi in their names are suggested by the fact that the transfer of a land between the parishan d Antal Kisszakácsi s son György in 1454 was witnessed on behalf of th e inhabitants of both

SzakácsPs. 62 The data in the following chart warn us, nevertheless, that the question cannotas yet be closed. In a table we arranged the place names in t he fields that are mentioned in the

documents with reference to the name of th e settlement. 63

5 2 MOL Dl 14820. Bandi 1986 44. App. 1: 245 3 MOLD1.14913, Bandi 1986 44, App. 1:21.5 4 MOL Dl 14820, Bandi 1986 44.5 5 MOL Dl 14913, Bandi 1986 44.5 6 MOL Dl 15582, Bandi 1986 48.

MOL DL 15826, Bandi 1986 49 50.58 MOL Dl 17285, Bandi 1986 54.

5 9 MOL Dl 14546, Bandi 1986 43.6 0 MOL Dl 17285, Bandi 1986. 54.6 1 Borsa 1979 129.6 2 MOL Dl 14820, Bandi 1986 44.6 3 The loponyms are listed in the chart in a uniform

transcription for the sake of an easier comparison.

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76 CSILLA ZATYKO

Place name

KilencdiófaszéleKútf

llársberekNagyrétKerekerd

MegyeharasztKiseresztvényhegySzélNy resSzekérh dCs ipán harasztCsakanCsolyanustóDemeerd

János Petcs s forestVékonyerd

BorsohelyMagaskörtvélyI látascrd

Szénéget öharasztSzÖIöhar sztRoketas (beside the border of

Szöcsény)CsohosrctTolvaj völgyKerektóAlexandorbykyRerekny eszelHalmosföldPapharasztHoroh ilja riverHorohszélI lorhas.Szél, V zmosásszélFels cser

ÚjhegyVczeitóSzén rétHaraszterdöHosszúerdöMark s forestUtaslaboserdöGiwthusgyspcFöveny, KerekrélBarkolcaszél

Küls szakácsi

1451,1444.146314511428.1463.145414511451.1444.1451.1451.1453145314521444145214631455

1452,1444,

1428.1463

1463.147114631463

1463,1453.

1444,

1463

14631453

1451,

i

Nagyszakácsi

145514801466, 14711471

147114711471I3S514711480, 1480

Szakácsi

146114531453. 1453. 1453. 145314021453145314951453145314951475145915071507145314951425

Table 1. Place names of Szakácsi with the indication of the settlement unit

The table shows three well distinguished groups, that is settlements, which probablysuggests that they were independent settlement units. At the same time overlapping appearsat two places in the case of Szakácsi and Nagyszakácsi, at Berekynyezeel (Bereknyeszél) andHalmos fold that is they are mentioned at both places. The identity of the territory is furthersupported by the fact that Roketas which belonged to Nagyszakácsi, can be found besideSzöcsény, and the modern toponym Cserhát tells that Felsewcher (Felsocser) of Szakácsi wasalso situated somewhere there.

The sources mention the parish church dedicated to All Saints from 1378.64 They alsoreport about the donation and alienation of several plots of the nobility and the villeins. The

scattered data 65 afforded the reconstruction of certain plot groups, which suggest the existenceof an east west and another north south directed row of plots. They also reveal that the plotsof the nobility were often wedged into the row of villeins plots in the plot row of the village.The phenomenon that the manors of the lesser nobility, who did not have a castle or a largerallodium were inserted into the plot system of the village, was not unusual in the Middle

6 MOL Dl. 6515 Bandi 1986 29.6 5 The documents mention altogether 11 plots of the

nobility. 9 plots of the villeins, I deserted plot and aland suitable for a plot.

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 377

Age. 66 Nevertheless, within this system, they can often be found in more favourable placesas around the church or slightly separately at the edge of the settlement. 67 Imre Holl observeda similar phenomenon at Sarvaly. The houses of the lesser nobility population of the village,which yielded a rich find material, were found near the street row of a fairly regular plotpattern, yet they were somewhat detached and stood at larger distances from one another. 68

Sometimes, the difference between the villeins 1 plots and the manors of the nobility appearedonly in the size. The size or the value of the plots of the nobility was usually identified withthose of three or four villein s plots. 69

We do not know the exact place of the Szakácsi plots mentioned in the documents. Thesources often list the manors of the nobility side by side, so one of them probably lay at theedge of the settlement, since an area suitable for a plot is mentioned beside it. 70 Casting aglance at the map of the inner territory of the village in the middle of the 19 ln century, 71 onecannot help noticing the differences in the sizes of the plots fig. /). We can find nearly onlynarrow strips of plots in th e western row of the village, while in the eastern row. especially onthe northern side, larger plots are inserted between the narrow tofts. It can also be observedthat it is not the name of the owner the map indicates as the possessor of these larger plots butthat of a family (Fekete family, Mukor family). It is not excluded, either, that Egyed Fekete ofKülsöszakácsi mentioned repeatedly in medieval documents was an ancestors of the Feketefamily from the 19 th century. The sources do not afford the identification of the medievalmanors of the lesser nobility with the large plots of the 19h century, it cannot be excluded,however, that in certain cases the shapes of the medieval manors were preserved.

The picture of the inner territory became even more colourful when in some cases thenobles of Szakácsi donated tofts or manors to the Pauline order, 72 which latter certainly did notuse them as residences. It could happen similarly as in Botond village in Heves county where

the Pauline monastery operated a farm between the tofts.73

The sources often mention gardens behind the tofts. We can hear about the garden ofa toft when Pál Vegh of Szakácsi sold halfa plot with the half of the garden that belongedto the plot in 1467. 74 A duress case in 1475 also suggests that the garden was situated at theback of the plot since János Pap of Szakácsi annexed a part of György Veres and GyörgyKorothnai s garden to his plot held in villeinage at Szakácsi. 75 Certainly the same garden ismentioned in György Veres s will, where we can read about György Veres s garden part inTarroskerth in Szakácsi. 76

The archaeological field walkings recorded two larger sites near the inner territory ofthe modern Nagyszakácsi where sherds both from the Arpádian Era and the late Middle

Ages were found {fig. 12). Site no. 29 in the central southern part of modern Nagyszakácsiyielded only late medieval pottery, while we could collect sherds from the Arpádian Era in theapproximately 50 cm x 50 cm large spot marked by x in the map. Sherds from the ArpádianEra were also collected in the entire territory of sites nos 21 and 28 south of site no . 29.

The location of Külsöszakácsi can be deduced from a document from 1470 includedin Tolvaj s formulary. 77 At that time, Peter s son László bought from János Bogdán a partof the Magaskerthwel (Magaskörtvély) forest in Külsöszakácsi, which was situated north ofhis estate in Küls szakácsi The forest called Magaskerthuel (Magaskörtvély) is mentionedelsewhere as well, 78 it could be found north east of Szakácsi. Accordingly, we have to lookfor Külsöszakácsi north east, east of the modern village.

6 6

Szabó 1969, 19. Dl. 17203, Bandi 1986 52 53; the Pauline order6 7

Maksay 1971, 124 125. was enlisted as the new owner of another manor in6 8

Hoü Parádi 1982, 130 131. Holt 1985. 246. Szakácsi in 1491: MOL Dl. 20578, Bandi 1986. 60.ö Maksay 1971, 123, 209.

7 3 Maksay 1971, 124.

1431; MOL Dl. 12415, Bandi 1986 4\. 74

MOL Dl. 16514, Bandi 1986, 52.71 SML Map collection U432: Map of the Szakácsi

75 MOL Dl. 17688, Bandi 1986. 55.

fields (middle of the 19 lh century . 7 6

1453: MOL Dl. 17462. Bandi 1986. 43.72

The Pauline order got a whole toft in 1456: .MOL 7 7

Tolvaj s formulary 128 129.DL 15038, Báriái 1986 45 46; György Veres

7 8

1455: MOL Dl. 14913, Bandi 1986, 44,App. 1:21.donated two manors in Nagyszakácsi: 1471: MOL

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78 CSILLA ZATYKO

fig. 3. Szakácsi on the Second Ordinance Survey. Collo XXV. Sectio 59 60.)

Two, probably connected archaeological sites can be identified with Küls szakácsi. Thesites are separated by a brook and a forest strip, so ihey are handled separately. Site no. 1 canbe found east of the village in the western corner of Diós dül , on the northern bank of theNagyszakácsi stream. A large number of late medieval sherds and some from the Arpádian Erawere found in the large site occupying a surface of 800 2 300 m. On the dirt road, whichhad been shifted somewhat to the north from the bank of the stream that intersects the site, weobserved several red. burnt spots of hearths probably destructcd during the construction of theroad. We identified site no. 3 in the Temetöi dül and the eastern part of the Kis gáti dű l with thesouthern part of Külsöszakácsi. A quadrangular, entrenched area can be found overgrown withweeds on the northern side of the dirt road running along the southern border of the Temet i-dű l . Its centre is slightly elevated. Not far from this territory, the place of a house was outlinedby a cluster of finds and a burnt spot, which we marked in the map. In the site occupying asurface of about 800 350 400 m, a large number of late medieval sherds were collected, and

some sherds from the Arpádian Era could be found rather in the northern side of the site.At the site of the quadrangular territory ignored by agriculture, every manuscript map

indicates a cemetery, and the surveys did not indicate a perished settlement figs 2 4). At thesame time, the connection between the names of two fields from the 19 ,h century call attentionto an interesting phenomenon. In the cadastre map of the settlement, the part of the modern

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RF,CONSTRUCTION OF THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 379

fig. 4. Temetöi dülö on the map from the middle of the 19 th century.SM L Map collection U 432)

Kis Gáti dül beside Nagyszakácsi is called Karikós dű l XLVIII), while the name of thepresent Temet dű l [Cemetery field], where our site can be found, is Külsö Karikós dül

XXXIV)79

fig. 5 . It seems highly probable that the later place name preserved the distinctiveattributive hidden in the name of the one time settlement.

Probably the church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist mentioned in the sources stoodin the territory of the modem Old cemetery. The documents report only about an entire plot ofa nobleman,8 0 a half plot81 and a quarter of a villein s plot and a garden south of the church,8 2

Since they make only a fraction of the settlement and we do not even know their relation to oneanother, we cannot tell more about the settlement structure of Küls szakácsi from the sources.

Comparing the site with the aerial photos made of the territory, a discolouration of the soilcan be observed in a north west south east oriented zone Jig. 6 . The line appearing as a lightstripe in the aerial photo made by the F Ö M IR 3 and as a dark one in the one of th e Institute ofMilitary History84 indicates the edge of the site as well. It can mark a one time water course onwhich the village settled. A quadrangular 150 x 150 m large stripe appeared on the eastern sidein a lighter colour than the surrounding ploughed area, while in some photos two light spotscan be detected. We cannot be certain that they can be dated from the Middle Ages althoughthe structural coincidences do not exclude that they belonged to Külsöszakácsi.

7<> SML Map collection K352. General cadastre sketchof Nagyszakácsi 1850 55).

80 1461: MOLD1. 15582. Bandi 1986. 48.8 1 1453: MOL Dl. 17462, Bandi 1986. 43.

8 2 1452: MOL Dl. 14546, Bandi 1986. 43.8 3 FÖMI Map collection 1982: No. 1408/96.8 4 Military historical map collection of the Institute and

Museum ofMililary History 1961: No. 42076.

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38 CSILLA ZATYKO

J S 2 * e f r

fig. 5. Cadastre map of Nagyszakácsi from 1850 1855. XLVIII: Karikós dülö,XXXIV: Küls Karikós dülö (SML Map Collection K 352)

There are no data suggesting when it was founded and depopulated. István Szabódescribed the characteristic process regarding the castle villeins villages turning into villages

of the nobility in the 14lh

1 5l h

centuries when, in consequence of the division of the familyestates in the villages of the lesser nobility and the separation of the family with setting up newhomes, a new settlement developed within the borders of the village. 85 He cites the case ofKöveskál, where thirteen of the noble inhabitants of the village settled over on the outskirts ofthe village in 1341, they built a church there and gave a new name to their settlement. 86 Theseso called manorial villages with small fields, which were mostly inhabited by noble families,often proved incapable of survival. It seems probable that Küls szakácsi was the result of asimilar process. Some members of the lesser nobility perhaps wanted to live closer to the landsthey were allotted at the division. They gradually, or at one go, moved to the outskirts of thevillage and founded there a new settlement. It was last mentioned in 1471. The OrdinanceSurvey at the end of the 18 lh century indicated already only the place of the cemetery. It wasprobably not rcpopulaled after the devastation in the Turkish period.

he reconstruction of the fields

The sources that can be used for the sketching of the fields can be grouped into two categoriesafter the size of the described territory. The two perambulates of bounds tell about largercoherent territories, while the deeds on exchanges and donations of lands come from variousdates and inform about smaller units of estates and parts of fields. Since the main task is the

«5 Szabó 1966, 95 97fi Szabó 1966, 96.

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uncovery of connections within the source, their interpretations and completion with other datain the case of perambulates of bounds, and finding out the relationship between the individualrecords in the case of data concerning smaller, sometimes only 1 2 iugerum large estates, wehad to choose diverse methods at their analyses. At the same time, it also turned out that, in ihccase of the fields of Szakácsi, the reconstruction can be made only in smaller territorial units.

At the analysis of alienation deeds and donations, each unit of the estates is handled as asingle record, and the first step of the study is the clarification of their position with relationto one another. Owing to the types of the sources and since they contain data scattered intime as well as in space, the data had to be fed into a computer with the indication of thevarious connections. The database of 153 records indicates the quantity and cultivation typeof the individual estate parts, the place names given in the sources or the modern ones if theysurvived, their topographic position within these places, the old and the new owners, dalahinting at the characteristics of land usage (direction of the field or arable land, etc.), the daleof the document and the ordinary number of the records that seem to be connected from onerespect or another (Appendix J .T H E MAPPING OF THE DATA OF THE DOCUMENTS

First we reconstructed the outlines of the coherent territories described in the perambulates ofbounds, which could be completed with related information from other documents.

The more detailed document from 1382 describes the lands of the Pauline monasteryand the estates of the village. 87 At that time, the nobles in Szakácsi affirmed the donation theirforefathers had done to the benefit of the monastery and they intended to fix it by the way of aperambulate of bounds. It started in the cast at the boundary mark of Léta and Szakácsi. Thenit proceeded southwards, westwards and then northwards and finished at one of the boundarymarks of Szakácsi and Monyókerék. On the route it passed by estates of the lesser nobility,

roads, forests, coppices and a stream (Jig. 8).The document about the perambulation of the bounds of the estates of the Trepk family

of Monyórókcrék and the Szakácsi family of Szakácsi from 1371 which at the same timedescribes a section of the boundary of the two villages can be found in Tolvaj s formularypreserved in the National Széchenyi Library (Appendix 2 ) . 8 8 The perambulate of bounds in1382 mentions the village of Monyorókerék as the western or north western neighbour ofSzakácsi. The name of Monyorókerék in Somogy county cannot be found either in place namesor in the ordinance surveys. Only the documents report about its existence and approximatelocation. Accordingly. Monyorókerék was the north western neighbour of Szakácsi. A road ledfrom the village to the monastery, 89 and it belonged to the parish of Sz csény village. 90

In 1371 the perambulate of bounds started from a river called Haas and proceeded fromthe west to the east. It crossed a road, the Sichwa (Zsitfa) river, which ran across a land calledCheer Cser), then crossed the Monyorókerék road. Then they reached first a coppice, then alarge protected or prohibited forest (silva custodialis) and a road. The perambulate of boundswas finished at a stream, where the dam of the mill of the monastery could be seen. Thedocument also tells that the place called Chereseuleu Csersz lö) can be found south of theroute of the perambulate of bounds (fig. 7).

After having made a sketch from the data of the perambulates of bounds, we collectedthose records from the database that could be connected to any of the items listed in theperambulate of bounds. We made drawings after these records based on the relevant spatialinformation, then connected them to one another and to the data of perambulates of bounds(figs. 9/a c; 10/a c; U/a b).

In 1382 the perambulate of bounds started from the north eastern fields of the villageand proceeded southwards, where the forest of the priest of Szakácsi lay east of them, andthe coppice of the Pauline monastery stretched in the west. In 1375, a document 91 mentioned

8 7 MOL Dl. 6903, Bandi 19X6, 29 30. 9 0 1474: MOL Dl. 17556, Bandi 1986, 55. Sz csény8 8 Tolvaj sformulary 128 129. village, o date Szocscnypuszta north of8 9 1382: MOL Dl. 6903, Bandi 1986, 30, App. 1: 149. Nagyszakácsi.

91 MOL Dl. 6264, Bandi 1986, 29. App. 1: 66.

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382 CSILLA ZATYKO

an arable land often iugerum south of the forest of the All Saints parish Church, while in1414 92 a thicket is mentioned between the forests of the Pauline monastery and the parish, onth e northern side of an arable land donated to the Pauline monastery. A certain place calledPaperdey, Papharazthya (Priestforest) is repeatedly mentioned in the documents within theborders of Szakácsi, Nagyszakácsi. In 1453 93 we learn that it lay in an area close to Gadány.Based on the name and the reference to the eastern fields of the village it seems probablethat Paperd was the name of the forest owned by the actual priest. The data tell that theforest was interrupted here and also in the neighbouring territories by arable lands, coppicesand vineyards. For example, the coppice called Zenegethewharazthya (Szénéget harasztja),bordered by a vineyard, can be found in Paperd {Jig. 9/a c ) . 9 4

Later, the perambulate of bounds reports about the coppice of the nobility of Szakácsivirgultum ... remanent ipsis scilicet Nobilibus de Szakács), mentioning a path leading from

Szakácsi to Léta west of it. We only mention but did not indicate in the map the uncertainrecord that the sons of Keres of Nagyszakácsi donated the vineyard they themselves hadfounded beside the road to Léta and the coppice of the village virgultum communitatis) to thePauline monastery in 1385. The sources also tell that beside the above mentioned path, amain road led from Szakácsi to Léta, so the question is which road they met in 1385. The placeof the coppice could help but the coppice of the village and that of the nobility of Szakácsicannot be identical since the first one refers to the forest that was used by the community ofthe village or some of the inhabitants, while the latter one was the coppice owned by certainmembers of the nobility in Szakácsi.

As the perambulate of bounds moved westwards, it arrived to a long prickly thicket calledMege (Megye). The Pauline monastery was given a part of an arable land east of the thicketcalled Megyc in 1411, and the half of another arable land was exchanged in 1454 at a place

called Megeharazth (Megyeharaszt), on the eastern side of which a public road via publico) wasmentioned.96 This must be the path to Léta mentioned already in 1382. Further records tell thatHatoserde Hátaserd ) lay beside Megeharazth (Megyeharaszt), and a forest called Magaskerthuel(Magaskörtvély) could be found cast of it. 97 We know from the record from 1470 discussedat the inner territory that Küls szakácsi lay south of Magaskörtvély. It should be added thatMegyeharaszt, Hátaserd and Magaskörtvély are mentioned in the sources, apart from one, withinthe borders of Külsöszakácsi or Fels szakácsi, which means that this stretch of the perambulate ofbounds in 1382 could not be far from the above mentioned settlement fig. 10/a c).

Westwards, the perambulate of bounds arrived to the road that led to the monastery. Theyfollowed it for a short time, then turned west on the same road. We can also read about the

road leading to the monastery and an arable land east of it in 1411.98

Although we have nomore references regarding at which stretch of the road the arable land lay, this record must bementioned here since at that time Mihály Szakácsi's son Balázs donated the 1 iugerum largeland to the Pauline monastery so it could probably be found near the Pauline estate.

The perambulate of bounds turned here to the north passing between Egycd's son János'sand Demeter Soldus's arable lands and the forest of the Pauline monastery. The documentstates in an appendix that the road leading to Léta ran beside Egyed's son János's arable lands,where the Pauline monaster) owned a field of 2 iugerum beside Egyed's son János's land. Itwas probably here that the Pauline monastery was donated a four iugerum large arable land,which was bordered by Egyed's son János's arable land in the south, Demeter's son János

Soldus's arable land in the north and the west and a road in the east Jig. 11/a b).The road to Léta is the joint element between the perambulates of bounds in 1382 and

1371. The road mentioned in 1371 west of the Sichwa (Zsitfa) river can be identified with the

V MOL Dl. 10192. Bandi 1986. 38, App. 1: 67. 9? 1455: MOLDL 14913. Bandi 1986, 44, App. 1:21.;^MOLDl. 17462. Bandi 1986. 43. App. 1:34. 1462: MOLDL 15123, Bandi 1986, 48, App. 1:22.« 1480: MOLDl. 18312, Bandi 1986. 57,App. 1: 31. ** MOL Dl. 9778, Bandi 1986, 36. App. 1: 92.95 MOLDL 7139. Bandi, 1986, 31, App. 1:90. > MOL Dl. 9778. Bandi 1986, 36, App. 1:38.

1411: MOLDl. 9778. Bandi 1986, 36,App. 1: 112.;1454: MOL Dl. 14820, Bandi 1986, 44, App. 1: 23.

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road to Léta based to the data to be discussed later in the chapter on roads. The documents

registered a place called Cheer (Cser), Chereseuleu (Csersz l ) beside it, south of the route

of the perambulate of bounds, where even to dale the part of the village called Cserhát is

situated. The comparison of the routes of the perambulates of bounds reveals that the Cser

part was probably met in 1382 as well. Cser probably lay on the border of the estate of the

Pauline monastery, which is corroborated by the data referring to it in the documents . Mihály

K gyó donated 4 arable land parts (altogether 20 iugerum) and a meadow of two scythes

(Jalcastrum) to the Pauline monastery in 1428. 10 0 The documents remark in the case of nearly

every piece of land that they lie between the arable lands of the Pauline monastery, and once

we can read that the Pauline monks sowed the donated arable land of 2 iugerum. In 1495, the

monastery got an arable land measuring 4 and a half iugerum in an area called Fehewcher(Felsöcser), north and south of which lay the arable lands of th e Pauline monastery. 101 The next

donation was reported in 1500, when Máté Pauline prior gave Antal the officer of the Saint

Benedict altar one and a half iugerum of arable land in Nagycser between the arable lands of

the Pauline monastery, János Bodak's forest (Bodakhianoserdeje) and Péter Törpe's forest(Echterpepetererdeje).* 02 The last donation came from András Tolvaj in 1539. He gave 12iugerum arable land to the Pauline monastery in an area called Kiscseri. 10 3 It is importantto note that, apart from a single case, 1 04 the documents do not mention lands of the nobility

between the lands of the monastery. With all these in mind it is perhaps not farfetched to suggestthat the mentioned donations can be found at the north western end of the perambulate of

bounds of 1382, between the arable lands of the Pauline monastery south of th e Monyorókerék

territory. So the joint elements help in the definition of th e courses of th e two perambulates of

bounds in relation to one another.

To place the still schematic drawing on a map wc needed points that could be located

in the landscape, as the place of the monastery, the roads, the streams, the still existing placenames and the settlements mentioned in the sources.T H E MONASTERY

The Pauline monastery dedicated to Saint Dominic and its place play an important role fromthe respect of the medieval topography of the village. The estate of the monastery partly

originated from the territory of Szakácsi by means of donations, which, at least in space,

were organically connected to the territory of the village. At the same time, the monastery,

which was frequently mentioned in the sources, often served as a point of orientation at the

description of the various areas. It should also be remembered that since the majority of the

sources tell about land affairs between the nobility of Szakácsi and the Pauline monastery, the

donations are probably related first of all to the territory closer to the monastery and here wehave a greater opportunity for reconstruction.

There are no data about the exact date of the foundation of the monastery. The Saint

Dominic monastery of Szakácsi was already mentioned in the registry made in 1263. The

Pauline monastery had a relatively large estate in 1382, and ever new donations had enrichedthe monastery until in 1550 the monks, since they could no longer live there, leased the lands

of th e monastery for 12 years to István Gondos and Gergely and Mátyás Pálffy. 105

In the literature, we can find general statements 10 6 and the adaptat ion1 0 7 of the ground

plan published by Tamás Guzsik , o s regarding the exact place of the monastery. Tamás Guzsik

,(>» MOL Dl. 11981, Bandi 1986, 40, App. 1: 48.10 1 MOL Dl. 20358, Bandi 1986, 59, App. 1: 54.02 MOL Dl. 20950. Bandi 1986, 62, App. 1: 49.

1 03 Acta Conv. P. , no. 64. Rupp 1876, 293.10 4 It is mentioned as an addition to the perambulate

of bounds in 1382 thai the Pauline monastery has2 iugerum of arable land and a meadow of twoscythes beside Poka's son János's meadows. Theabove mentioned lands also lie next to the estates ofthe Pauline monastery.

10 5 Tolvaj s formulary 129.

l°6 Csonki 1909. 119. A Held is called Barátoki d ű l ,because a monastery of the Pauline order stoodhere ; Kocztur 1964, 119. The ruins of the Paulinemonastery stood in the Barátok dülÖ ; Molnár1975, 228. Based on the data of the sources: Thenoblemen of the village founded the monaster)'in a valley called Baráti szentegyház near NaghZakach.

1 07 Gál 1992, 219.

w* Guzsik 1986.

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384 CSILLA ZATYKO

determined the placc of the monastery after a field survey, relying mainly on the local traditionstold by the villagers. He described that according to the traditions the monastery was near a bynow abandoned farm called Barátok 2 km north-east of the village, although the inhabitantsof the village could not point to the exact place. The author walked along the spring regionsof the side-branches of the stream that flows here but could not find any trace of a medievalbuilding on the surface. He marked the place of the monastery at the stream, about 1 km northof the Barátoki bridge on the sketch of the area drawn out of scale (as the published sketch isout of scale, the distance was deduced from the proportions of the map). I think that althoughthe data in the study contain important information regarding the place of the monaster)', theadaptation of the sketch without any remark would prompt an ultimate solution and thus itwould be misleading.

We started the localisation of the monastery with the analysis of the sources. Most ofthem tell only that the monastery stood near the Szakácsi village, on its edge1 0 9 or within itsboundaries.110

The register from 1740 tells about the place or rather the ruins of the Pauline monastery.Acco rdingly, som e of the stone walls of the old Puszta Church are still standing in the valley,on the western side.. of the Baráti puszta next to Szakácsi, w est of Gadány.11 1 In the area wecan find more than one place with the Baráti name or prefix. The Barátok-hill lies north-eastof the village within the borders of Nagyszakácsi. The Barátok-hegyi stream runs across ittoward south. A part of the forest on the eastern fringe of Somogyzsitfa is called Baráti forest,while the field called Baráti-puszta can be found in the southern part of the village towardNagyszakácsi.

Although the ruins of the Saint Dominic monastery were still certainly standing in themiddle of the 18th century, they were not indicated either in the First Ordinance Survey from

1783 or the second one from the beginning of the 19th

century.11 2

It is interesting to note,however, that in the second military map three roads meet along the Barátok-völgyi streamabout 500 m north of the spot where the local tradition located the former building of themonastery fig, 3).

The tradition holds that the Pauline monastery stood east of the Barátok-völgyi stream,about 100 m south of the northern border of Nagyszakácsi, in a lately uninhabited territorycalled Barátok or Barátok farm. The inhab itants of the fann started to settle over into the villagein 1963 when the local agricultural co-operative was founded. The inhabitants have told thatthe traces of the monastery were found during the construction of the one-time barn.113 Theaerial photos made in 1961 still show houses in this place. Later it got depopulated and the

forest invaded the territory.During the field walkings, we could not find any trace of a building in the Barátok-puszta

area or its vicinity within the territory of Somogyzsitva. The field walkings proved similarlyunsuccessful on the Barátok-hill and in its environm ent. It must be added, how ever, that the areato which the local tradition refers is unsuitable for field walking because the surface is partlycovered by a dense thicket and also because the farms have strongly disturbed the surface.

The comparison of the documents supports the supposition that the building could standhere. As it has already been mentioned, the monastery was always mentioned within theborders of Szakácsi. The perambulate of bounds in 1371 followed the northern border ofSzakácsi, and based on later discussed data, this borderline approximately coincided withthe northern border of the modern village. The eastern terminal of the perambulate o f bound swas a landmark raised in the north beside the mill of the Pauline monastery. The monasterystanding within the border of Szakácsi must have been somew hat to the south from this spot. In1382, the perambulate of bounds followed the border of the estates of the Pauline monastery,and the monastery must have stood north of this line.

109 1456: MOL Dl. 15022. andi 1986 45.110 1507: MOL Dl. 21758, andi 1986 64.111 Gál 1992, 219.112 Collo VII. Sectio 22.; Colonne XXV. Seclio 59.

115 István Nagy s (Nagyszakácsi, 79, Kossuth L. street)oral communication. He also moved from the farmto the village in 1963.

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RF.CONSTRUCTION OF THE SFTTLFMEN T STRUCTURE 385

All die above suggest that the monastery stood at the northern end of the Barátok hill nearthe Barátok hegyi stream. To prove it, further archaeological studies are necessary. Althoughwc could not identify the exact place of the monastery, it could approximately be located andthe possible territory of the Saint Dominic monastery was accordingly conditionally markedin the map (Jig. 12, 13 .T H E ROADS

To locate the roads, we compared the data of the early maps, the results of field surveys, theplace names and the information gained from the documents {fig. 13). The sources mentionroads in altogether 19 cases. For the sake of a better orientation, we grouped them into threecategories: 1. Main roads indicated as via magna (5), 2, minor roads (via,sémita), of which alleast one terminal is given in the document 7), 3. minor roads (via, via publico) the terminalsof which are unknown, only some stretches are mentioned in the sources (7). In the tablewe printed in italics the destinations of the roads that are not mentioned in the texts but canlogically be deduced. Wc have also marked the date of the source and the ordinal number ofthe given record in Appendix 1.

1.Szakácsi Léta, 1382 (150)

Sz csény Léta, 1456(153)Szakácsi Gadány, 1471 (84)&atócj/ Mesztegny , 1480 (27, 28)

via magna, 1411 (87)

2.Szakácsi monastery. 1382 (148)Szakácsi Léta: path, 1382 (146)Szakácsi Léta, 1385(90)

Léta monastery, 1382 (145)

Szakácsi Monyorókerék, 1382 (144)Road to Monvorókcrék. 1371monaster}' Monyorókerék, 1382 (149)

3.road 1, 1371

road 2, 1371Pauline vineyard, 1411 (89)

small road along the stream. 1382(147)public road : via publica, 1454 (23)foolpalh, 1451 (25)priest's road. 1466 (46)

Table 2. The roads in Szakácsi mentioned in the documents

The main road from Szakácsi to Léta seems to be the most significant road. The routeof the perambulate of bounds in 1382 did not cross it, yet the document mentioned it in theappendix beside Egyed's son János's arable lands at the eastern stretch of the perambulate ofbounds. Léta was first mentioned in the sources as terra in 1268. 4 The priest of Léta wasmentioned in 15I5. 11 5 Later the village perished and was not repopulatcd. The perambulateof bounds revealed that Léta neighboured Szakácsi in the north east, its place is probablyindicated by the Léta majori dű l in the fields of Marcali about 5 km north east of Szakácsi.

Regrettably, a larger part of the territory, which is surrounded by forest, is covered by weedsand bushes, and was unsuitable for field walkings. In the ploughed north eastern part of thefield we could not find any trace of a settlement. In the map of the First Ordinance Survey fromthe lime of Joseph II, the territory is covered by forest, in the map of the Second OrdinanceSurvey from the 19 th century, a clearing can be seen in the area of the modern Léta majoridű l , in the southern side of which the map indicates the Léta farm (fig. 13). The map alsoindicates the road stretch, which can still be seen as a hollow road in the forest, and whichconnects the Léta majori dű l with the road that runs to Sz csénypuszta north of Szakácsi,then turns toward north east and runs through the Létai forest toward Marcali. The record from1456, which mentioned the magna via from Sz csény to Léta indicates the stretch betweenSz csénypuszta and Marcali. 6 Lajos Glascr identified this road with a stretch of the roadfrom Marcali to Zákány in 1929. 7 Judged from its position, the road running west of theZsitfa river mentioned in the document from 1371, the modern national road, is identicalwith the via magna of Léta. Probably the via magna mentioned in 1411. on the southern sideof which a thicket could be found, also meant the Léta road. The road to the vineyard of thePauline monastery ran south of it. 118

4AUO 188 189.1 , 5 MOL D l. 22664, Bandi 1986, 65.6 MOL 01. 15022, Bandi 1986, 45.

1 1 7 Closer 1929, 277.1 1 8 MOL Dl. 9778, Bandi 1986, 36.

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386 CSILLA 2 ATYK.0

A document from 1471 mentioned the main road to Gadánv beside Kerektho (Kerektó), 119

while from 1480 we are informed about the via magna to Mesztegnvo east of the field calledHalmosföld. 120 As no more record refer to these two places, we can only propose that theabove mentioned roads are identical with the roads indicated in the ordinance surveys and themodern ones leading to Gadány and Mesztegny . This road starts eastwards in the northern

part of the modern Szakácsi, then turns somewhat southwards and leads across the formerKüls szakácsi. From here it runs in the basin of a stream, goes round the vine hill and leadstoward Gadány turning in a north westerly direction.

The localisation of the road to the monastery mentioned in the perambulate of boundsin 1382 is facilitated by the fact that we know both ends of the road, and that a stretch of theroad can be found in the map from 1783 and the entire track in the map from the beginning ofthe 19 th century {figs 2 3 . The hollow road, which survived at some places in a depth of 2 3metres, is still used by the villagers as the road to the Bátratok farm.

The east west directed small road along the stream crosses the road to the monaster} .The mentioned stretch could run along the Barátok hegyi stream, which crossed the road tothe monastery.

The path leading from Szakácsi to Léta, mentioned near the thicket called Mege in 1382,can be identified with the public road east of the place called Megeharazth (Megyeharaszt)mentioned in 1454 as a via publica 12 1 and with the road to Léta about which it is writtenin 1385 that the coppice of the village is east of i t 1 2 2 A road can be seen in the map of theSecond Ordinance Survey that reaches Léta along the basin of the Barátok hegyi stream. Theperambulate of bounds suggests, however, that the path ran more to the south west. It is alsopossible that the road from Lcta to the monastery described in the perambulate of bounds in1382 meant a more northerly stretch of the same road.

A stretch of the road from Szakácsi to Monyorókerék was at the eastern end of theperambulate of bounds in 1382, while the north south directed stretch running more to thewest was mentioned east of the Zsitfa river in the source from 1371.

In 1371 the perambulate of bounds followed the track of an east west running roadin the northern part of the modern Cserhát, at the eastern end of the which the mill of thePauline monastery and the road that leads there are mentioned. The stream that fed the millwas certainly the modern Barátok völgyi stream, and the mill and the road could be near thenorthern border of the modern Nagyszakácsi.

A donation to the Pauline monastery in 1466 reported about the priest s road, a publicroad to the forest, west and north of which coppices could be found. 12 3 At the same time, the

perambulate of bounds in 1382 started on the road between the forests of the parish and thePauline monastery. All these suggest that the perambulate of bounds started in 1382 on thepriest s road.

The two ends of the road leading from the monastery to Monyorókerék can onlyapproximately be determined. We have no data about the footpath mentioned in Küls szakácsiin 1451.RlVF.RS AND STREAMSThe Haas river, which was the terminal of perambulate of bounds in 1371, can be found in thetext of a perambulate of bounds from 1331, when Tamás Transylvanian voivod was initiated,among others, to his estates in Tapsony. 124 The river is described as a river running from the

north to the south east of Tapsony. After these data we can identify the Haas river with themodern Marót völgyi canal.

Sichwa river (Zsitfa) is also mentioned in the document from 1371. It runs near thepart called Cser east of a road. Cserhát is a still existing geographical name, this is how thenorthern settlement unit of the village and its environment is called. Zsitfa, accordingly, is

^ MOL Dl 17203, Bandi 1986, 52. l 2 2 MOL Dl 7139. Bandi 1986, 31.*> MOL Dl 18312, Bandi 1986. 57. I2 3 MOL DL 16445, Bandi 1986. 51.21 MOL Dl 14820, Bandi 1986, 44. 24 Anjoukon Okmánytár II 558 560.

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THK SHTTLUMENT STRUCTURE 387

the medieval name of the Nagyszakácsi stream. The river (Syihwa), which Hows northwardstoward Somogyzsitfa, was also mentioned within the borders of Zsitfa in 1477. 125

The stream that ran beside the Pauline mill at the eastern terminal of the perambulate ofbounds in 1371 is the northern stretch of the modern Barátok hegyi stream. The small roadmentioned in the document in 1382 followed a more southerly stretch of this stream.

The next step was putting the above listed spots (monastery, roads, settlements, the fieldcalled Cser etc.) on a map and delineating the possible route of the perambulate of bounds withthe indication of the rest of the data that could be identified. The medieval names are printed initalics in the map (Jig. 13). We omitted the cartographic indication of the arable lands indicatedin the drawing along the route of the perambulate of bounds since we do not have informationabout their sizes and often even about their exact location. Consequently, marking them in themap could be misleading.

Land measures used in Szakácsi

A diverse use of square measures can be observed in Szakácsi. The most common measure wasthat of the arable land measured in iugerum, although in 1451 the size of the lands was givenin customary iugemm. It happened that no unit of measure was mentioned or only a piece ofarable land was donated , 1 2 6 and in 1463 we can even read about pieces of land measuring thewidth of a cart. 12 7 The sources repeatedly mentioned a surface measure of a day's ploughing.In 1453 we canread about habeo mediam dietam wlgo zantho feld... comparavi secundumdimidium dietam wlgo zanthofe/d'\ that is a land that can be ploughed in half a day, 128 whilein 1480 a piece of land described as ... terrarum arabilum ad duarum dierum araira ...'is referred to at two separate plac es . 12 9 István Bogdán identified the size of the territorythat could be ploughed in a day with the size of a customary iugerum especially becauseof the vulgo arable land and other data of the documents. 13 0 A donation deed lo the Paulinemonastery, however, contained the folio wings in 1471: ... terrain Berekynyezel ad arairadecern et medii dierum simul cum rubetis ibidem habitis ac tria iugera terre Rokethas ... ,that is Berekynyezel land often and a half days' ploughing with the adjacent coppices, threeiugerum of a land called Rokethas. 1^ Here the source clearly differentiated the land of aday's ploughing and the square measure iugerum, so the identification of the two units ofmeasurement should be accepted with reservations, at least in the case of Szakácsi. The recordfrom 1453 rather suggests that arable land used as a unit of land measure, which is reallyoften used in the sources without the indication of any unit of superficial measure, can beidentified with an arable land of half a day's ploughing. Tn my opinion, the use of arable land

in the sense of a iugerum cannot be proved from the listed data, although they do not refute iteither. The connection of the medieval land and the capacity of the plough was demonstratedearly in the historical studies. 13 2 Márta Belényesy discussed it in details that the territorycounted by the plough, a land for a plough, is the size of the territory that can be ploughedwith a single plough in a year, which gives the average of a day's work with the plough in aiugerum. Iugerum, accordingly, was originally a land that could be ploughed in a da y. 13 3 Jen

Sz cs, similarly to Belényesy, explained the divergences of the size of the land for a ploughand the measurement of iugerum in different territories and in various periods with changesof the cultivation technology. He convincingly demonstrated that the territorial capacity ofthe moulded plough that appeared in the 13th century and turned the land more thoroughly

was smaller than that of the former scratch plough. At the same time, the ploughing of thenarrow strips of lands was more economic with the new plough type. In consequence, withthe shortening of the royal iugerum, which had probably developed in a royal land structure,the smaller customary iugerum became regularly used. According to his calculations from the

12 5 M OL Dl . 17914, Bandi I9S6 56 . ™Bogdán 1978 219. and 237.26 1453: MOLDI . 17462., Bandi 1986 43, App. 1: 119 131 M OL D l. \7203. Bándi 1986. 52. , App. 1:20.

1 2 7 M O L D l. 15903, Bandi 1986. 50. App. 1: 78. 132 Wenzel 1887 170.128 MO L Dl. 17462, Bandi 1986 4 3 . « 3 Belényesy 1955 84 85.29 MOLD1. 18312., Bandi 1986 57.

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388 CSILLA ZATYKO

use of customary iugerum in the documents, with the longitudinal division of a royal iugerum,measuring the width of 12 royal fathoms ulna), a iugerum measure of a width of 7 8 royalfathoms can be supposed. So the former 1:6 width length proportion changed to 1:9 l 0. Jen

Sz ű cs also called attention to the fact that the process he sketched could best be observed incounties Somogy and Zala where the moulded plough appeared in the 13th century. 134

Based on the above, the contradiction between the sizes of a land a day s ploughing anda iugerum observed in Szakácsi can be resolved supposing that dieta originally really meant aterritory of a iugerum, probably a territory closely related to a royal iugerum.

135 In connectionwith the above process, it seems probable that, parallelly to the decrease of the size of aiugerum, dieta preserved its original size and later fixed in this form. If we accept this and thata vulgo arable land is identical, as Bogdán holds, with the size of a iugerum, the customaryhold thai became accepted in Szakácsi can be equalled to the half of a royal iugerum.

It should be added that Zsuzsana Bandi uses the territorial unit of a dieta in his sourcepublication in the sense of a land for a plough. In the sense of th e above, I find this solutionawkward since a land for a plough as a unit of land measure hints at the cultivation capacityof a plough in a year, which is around 100 150 iugerum.

Forms of l ndholding and cultivation

The sources contain several records that refer to certain spots, which are difficult to placewithin the boundary of the modern village. One of the reasons is, beside the incomplete datagained from the sources, that only a few of the medieval place names have been preserved toour times. The exceptions are the above mentioned Cheer Cser), Chereseuleu (Cserszölö)

Cserhát; Kylenchdyofazele (Kilencdiófaszéle) Diós d ű l ; Niresalya (Ny Ì resalja),Niresalath (Ny Ì resalatt) Ny Ìresi. In some cases it turned out that the identical or nearly

identical names mentioned in the documents and observed among the modern names donot mark the same place. 136

Due to the scarcity of data and the difficulties in locating the medieval place names,the smaller fields, which cannot be marked in the map, can also call attention to certaincharacteristics of the fields on the outskirts. It should be stressed, nevertheless, that thesources nearly always tell about the lands of the nobility, and since many of them weredonations to the Pauline monastery, they probably lay at the northern part of th e outskirts,near the lands of the monastery.

Examining the landholding forms of the lands on the outskirts, the double feature ofcommunal and private landholding forms can be observed in the case of the lands of the

nobility. The terminology and the formal traits of the communal land regulation, as it wasfirst described in Hungary by Károly Tagányi 13 7 and as it has ever since been discussedin the literature, can be found at the description of the individual pans of the estates. Theessence of the economy based on the periodical redistribution of the land, which partlyoriginated from the pasturing economy called nomadic land community by Tagányi, was thatthe territory was divided into fields according to the quality of the soil, and, until the nextdistribution, the members of the village tilled each a parcel in the individual Holds. In result,the small strips of land of the various owners were distributed side by side in the various fieldsfollowing a certain pattern. This type of landholding can equally be associated with rotationand fallowing cultivation systems from the respect of the cultivation type. The existence of

this form of landholding in Szakácsi is suggested by the fact that the individual arable landswere certainly arranged in fields. The sources mention fields diverticulum) in the territorycalled Kilencdiófa in diverticula novem arborum nucum) 1^ and in a place called Halmas™13 4 z cs 1993, 177 181. 3 6

Nagreth Nagyrét) belonged to Külsöszakácsi,135 Since Szakácsi was the settlement of servicing while the modem Nagyrét can be found near the

population included in the royal land organisation, inner terrilory of Nagyszakácsi. 1451: MOL DLwe have every reason to suppose that royal hold, 14498, Bandi 1986, 42; Végh 1974, 314.which had developed in the royal estates, was used 3 7 Tagányi 1950.in the early period. I 3 8 1452: MOL Dl. 14546. Bandi 1986, 43. App. 1: 2.

13 9 1453: MOL Dl. 14546, Bandi 1986, 43, App. 1: 29.

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THü SLTTLHMENT STRUCTURE 389

and the same is suggested by the names Berekynyezeel (Bereknyeszélc) 14 0 and Weresgevrgzele(Veresgyörgyszélc).14 1 György Veres s will from 1453 also hints at a certain arrangement ofarable lands when he mentions an arable land that lies in ordináta vaginatum vulgo zalagonbeside a place called Papharaztya (Papharasztja). 14 2 Probably the traces of this structure canbe detected in the regularities revealed in the adjacency of some lands of the nobility. GyörgyKis Antal Iwanka of Küls szakácsi s son bought some 1 2 iugerum large arable lands fromMihály Tolvaj in 1451. At the description of the lands distributed in nine different areas, theneighbouring landholder is mentioned in four cases. The arable lands can be found besidePéter Bor s land in the territories called Zel (Szel) and KysErelhwenhegh (Kisercsztvényhegy),while at Zekerhyd (Szckcrhid), the buyer AntaPs son György himself is the neighbour. 14 3 InGyörgy Veres s above mentioned will from 1453 we can find an arable land that he had boughtfrom Tamás Szabó\s daughter Klára, the neighbours of which were György B ró in the westand he himself in the east. He had certainly bought the vineyard in the Hwyhegh (Újhegy) alsofrom Tamás Szabó s daughter Klára. Here the eastern neighbour was György B ró, while hehimself solusmeth) was the neighbour in the east. 144

It was not unusual in the Middle Ages that the lands of the nobility were inserted intothe communal land structure. The appurtenant lands on the outskirts of the nobility living inthe community of villeins did not usually differ from those of the villeins,14 5 although thereare examples indicating that two strips of land were allotted to the manor of a nobleman. 146

Land divisions and donations in the 14th—15th centuries often meant the division or donation ofonly the plots of th e nobility, while the lands on the outskirts were left for communal use. 147

Putting the lands of the nobility in Paty, Vas county, in 1334 on a map shows that the arablelands measuring 1 2 iugerum lay in distant parts of the outskirts of the village.148

In the course of the periodic redistribution, th e lands were distributed at different places,

that is the size characterised the appurtenant land of a plot and not its place on the outskirts.In the case of Szakácsi, however, wc can sec that, on the one hand, the nobles could freelydispose of their lands, and, on the other, the arable lands of the nobility are described at fixedgeographical spots, which supposes a permanent ownership. The phenomenon can have severalexplanations. It is possible that the nobility of Szakácsi used the system of free occupation, 149

although the scattered character of the arable lands into strips of 1 2 iugerum and the fact thatfree occupation was characteristic of the early period when free land was abundant and whenthe nobility of Szakácsi stood close to villeins in a legal status make it improbable that thesystem could generally be sustained in the case of the lands of the nobility. The data rathersuggest that the strips of the former division system became permanently owned holdings at

the place of the last distribution. Since there are no data concerning the lands tilled by villeins,it cannot be decided if the appurtenant lands of the villeins plots and the lands of the nobilitywedged between them got fixed at the same time in the given position or we can sec the tracesof the process when the distributed lands of the nobility kept their places, while legally theywere slowly withdrawn from the communal lands of th e village.150

Beside the traces indicating integration in the former communal landholding system,some data suggest the existence of the permanent estates of the nobility. The frequency ofplace names containing personal names is conspicuous in the documents: Petesiattuserdee^ 5]

° 1471: MOL Ol. 17203. Bandi 1986, 52,App. 1: 20.1 4 1 1503: M O L Dl. 21187 Bandi 1986 62 App. 1: 106.1 4 2

1453: MOL Dl. 14546 Bandi 1986 43 App . 1: 35.1 4 3

1451: MOL Dl. 14498 Bandi 1986, 42 App . 1: 26.,44. 58.

1 4 4 1453: MO L Dl . 17462 Bandi 1986. 4 3 App . 1: 35.

and 60.1 4 5

Mahay 1971 209 ; Szabó 1969. 19.1 4 6

Tagányi 1950, 58.1 4 7

Tagányi 1950 57; Maksay 1971. 210.MAJaksav 1971 211.

1 4 9 In free occupation system the members of thecommuni ty distributed a chosen meadow on theoutskirts and used it until the soil got exhausted.As the free territories diminished the lands slowlyturned into pails of a distribution system or weretransformed into perm anen t holdings. Tagányi1950. 2 4 25 ; Szabó 1969 68.

150 W e can find examples how the lands the nobilityallotted in the distribution system bec amepermanently owned holdings: 1575: Derzsa 1620:Bodrogolaszi Tagányi 1950. 59.

is i 1444: M O L Dl. 13763 Bandi 1986, 4 2 App . 1:98.

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390 CSILLA ZATYKO

Markerdeye* 52

9Bodakhianoserdeje, Echterpepetererdeje^, Weresgevrgzele^ 5\Alexandorbyky^ 55 ,Giwthttsgeype X5< \ Barkolchazele^ 1, Tholway valley* 5*, Bakathorgeep.* 59 Half of these place

names contain the personal names of the nobles known from the documents (János Petes, JánosBodak, Péter Törpe György Veres, Mihály Tolvaj, László Bakator's son Benedek). These nameswith personal names imply that first of all the forests and also the cultivated lands were private

properties. One of the reasons can be the above mentioned landholding form of the appurtenantlands of th e nobility as suggested by the place name Weresgeurgzele (Veresgyörgyszéle), whichname hints at the arrangement of lands into fields and the presence of private property as well.At the same time, some sources interpret the suffix széle (zele) of certain place names as a field

(diverticulum)^ ', while in the case of Barkolchazele it was completed with the expression laneus.

The use of laneus as a unit of arable land was observed by Márta Belényesy in Pozsony, Szepcsand Trencsén counties, especially in territories inhabited by German populations, where they

indicated the permanent privately owned appurtenant lands of tofts on the outskirts from the end

of the 13* century. 161 The laneus type arable lands were private properties from the very start.

The reason in the mentioned counties was that a long deforestation process had to precede thetilling of th e land. Laneus as an appurtenant arable land could mean scattered arable land parts,and also lands around the toft. Regarding the origin of the land marked by the expression laneusin Szakácsi, it certainly cannot be identified with the arable lands created with clearing in thenorthern counties, although a similarity can be supposed from a legal respect and regarding theirspatial consolidation. The place names containing personal names, at the same time can also mean

individually cleared lands, where the law of first occupation was valid, that is the person who firstbroke the soil, be it a villein or a noble, could use the land as his private prope rty. I6 2 It is possiblethat such a private occupation of a once uncultivated land hides behind the names Giwthusgeypeand Bakathorgeep.^ In the latter one we can suppose the property of László Bakator's son

Benedek, who was compelled to pay 25 denar marks for the maiming of a monk's hand in 141316 4

,or a member of his family. This land was already mentioned as Demeter Heged Vs property in1494, and was situated in the neighbourhood of a nobleman's plot in Nagyszakácsi and not on the

fringes of the outskirts.

At the same time the data regarding the alienation and exchange of th e lands of th e nobility

reveal the intention of t he lesser nobility of Nagyszakácsi to have their lands close to one anotherand not scattered. The result of the process that Ferenc Maksay called early consolidation of theland was that the appurtenant lands of the nobility were distributed in twos and threes in a field.' 65

This is evidenced by the data that tell about persons who bought or exchanged lands in a given

field. Antal Iwanka of Külsöszakácsi's son György bought 1 iugerum arable land from Mihály

Tolvaj in 1451, which lay in Külsöszakácsi, toward Imre's son Peter's garden16 6

In 1463, hepurchased halfa iugerum of arable land, which also lay toward Imre and Peter's garden. 16 7 Antal \sson György purchased halfa iugerum of arable land in Kerekerdealath (under the Kerekerd ) in1444, then each 1 iugerum of arable land at the same place in 1451 and I 4 6 3 .1 6 8 The same personbought one and a half iugerum of arable land at the Hatoserde (Hátaserdö) in 1455, and 3 iugerumof arable land between Hathaserdew (Hátaserd ) and Megesharazth (Megyeharaszt) in 1462

from Kozma of Nagyszakácsit sons Imre and Bál in t. I6 9 He also bought halfa iugerum of arableland from the parish in 1454 at a place called Megeharazth (Megyeharaszt) beside the Hátaserdö,

15 2 1507; MOL Dl.21669, Bandi 1986, 64, App. 1: 101. i 6 3 Gyep was the name of the uncultivated, wild15 3 1500: MOL Dl. 20950, Bandi 1986, 62, App. 1: 49. territory in the Middle Ages: 1257: ... terra54 1503: MOLD1. 21187. Bandi 1986,63, App. 1; 106. inculta que gep vacatur ... z cs 1993, 182.•* 1385:MOLDI. 7l39, áw///9 5. 31,App. 1:90. I M MOL Dl. \Q\29,Bándi 1986, 38.1 5 6 1453: MOL Dl. 17462. Bandi 1986, 43 App. I: 108. 16 5 Maksay 1971, 210 , 214.15 7 1425: MOL Dl. 11681, Bandi 1986, 39,App. 1: 110. l6ftMOLDl. 14498, Bandi 1986, 42, App. 1: 115.15 8 1471: MOL Dl. 17203, Bandi 1986, 52, App. 1:76. I6 7M0LD1. 15826. Bandi 1986, 50, App. 1:116.•» 1494: MOL Dl. 20347, Bandi 1986, 58.

m 1444: MOL Dl. 13763, Bandi 1986, 42, App. 1: 13.;

1 6 0 The place Kylenchdyofazele mentioned in 1451 and 1451: MOL Dl. 14498, Bandi 1986, 42, App. 1 17.:1463, was marked by the expression in diverticula 1463: MOL Dl. 15826., Bandi 1986, 50. App. 1:16.novem arborum nucum in 1452. I 6 9 1455: MOL Dl. 14923, Bandi 1986. 44, App. 1:21.;

'61 Belényesy 1955, 72 76. 1462: MOL Dl. 15723, Bandi 1986, 48, App. 1: 22.16 2 Tagányi 1950, 27 28: Maksay 1971. 186 187.

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which la y next to his ow n lands.1 7 0 Another ex ampl e of the intent to obtain a neig hbou ring landis when Benedek Kaczó o f Szakácsi ' s son Miklós gave twice 1 iugerum o f arable land to thePauline monastery in exchange fo r 2 iugerum o f arable land beside h i s own land.1 7 1 In 1411,Mihály of Szakácsi 's son Balá2s donated 1 iugerum of arabl e land to the Pauline monastery onthe western side o f his land, north and west o f which Jáno s Po ka's lands lay.1 72 T he results o fthe early consolidation o f land is also manifested in the fact that Mihály K ígyó co uld giv e thePauline monastery altogether 18 iugerum of arab le land at a place called Cher (Cser) in exchangefor the plot and the vineyard that his sister had bequeathed to the monastery,1 7 3 then in 1495 h edonated yet 4.5 iugerum o f arable land to the monaster y together w ith Márton Vidi and PéterOrros 's widow at Felsewcher (Felsöcser) .1 7 4 Lands similarly collected in a field could be seenin 1382, when the perambulate of bounds passed beside Poka 's son J á n o s a sons' lands, Egyed'sson János ' s arable lands and Demeter Soldus 's arable lands. It is not only the consolidationintent o f the lesser nobility that can be surmised in the background o f lands occupying a largerterritory, they can also b e lands obtained by private occupation o r they can be lands o f freeoccupat ion.which often existed together with distributional communal landholding. The relevantdata a re from the fringes o f the outskirts o f the vil lage. Mihály Kíg yó, Eg yed's son János andDemeter Soldus had arable lands in Cserhát o r near it, whi le P oka 's son János 's sons had lands inthe north-eastern corner of the outskirts of the village. It frequently occurred in the Middle Agesthat in the territories closer to the village the distribution system was applied, while at most distantparts lands occupied by private clearin g and originally freely o ccupied lands can b e found1 7 5 thatlater could be included in the distribution system or become perm anent holdin gs.176

The landh olding forms of forests also show the coexistence of the private and com munalforms in Szakácsi. In 1385, on the occasion of a vineyard donation to the Pauline monastery,the coppice of the village virgu/fum communitatisy11 is mentioned beside György Bechy's

coppice. György Székely mentions this record as an example to the communal forests offarming communit ies .17 8 The coppice of the nobility of Szakácsi {virgultum ... remanentipsis scilicet Nobilibus de Szakács *79 and forests marked as private properties, like Peto'sson János's and Egyed's son János's forests were mentioned in the perambulate of boundsthree years before. Com munal forests, accordingly, did not afford an unconditional use of theforest for the entire community of the village. Later data, the alienation and donation of forestparts and the mentioning of forests bearing persons' names support the theory that the formercommunal holding of the forests got disrupted, some remained under communal regulation,probably by the villeins, while others became incorporated in the estates of the nobility.

Regarding the landholding forms, the analysis of documents has demonstrated that the

lands of the nobility of Szakácsi show characteristics both of the communal regulation of thelands and private holding. Although there are no data concerning the form the villeins ownedtheir lands except for the existence of a communal forest, the mentioned double feature of thelands of the nobility suggests that the elements of the former servicing population that weregradually raised from the villein rank to the rank of the nobility acquired lands on the basis ofthe landholding rights of the nobility, then aspired to unite their parcels through separating,even territorially, their lands from the comm unal fields. Yet it seem s there existed land s on thefringes of the outskirts that were cultivated accor ding to the rules of the first occupa tion and/ orarable lands that after some time became permanent estates of the nobility.

Some data refer to the cultivation technique. The expansion of arable lands, meadowsand vineyards by clearing is indicated by the cultivated areas that can be found in territoriesmarked by names referring to forests. An arable land180 and a vineyard 1 1 could be found west

70 MOL Dl. 14820. Bandi 1986. 44, App. 1: 23.'7> MOLDI. 15357, Bandi 1986 46, App. 1: 96.172 MOL Dl. 9778, Bandi 1986, 36, App. 1:113.I MOL Dl. 9778, Bandi 1986, 36, App. 1:113.174 MOL Dl. 20358. Bandi 1986, 59, App. 1: 54.175 Tagányi 1950, 20 21 , 26; Szabó J 969, 63.I™ Szahó 1969,68.177 MOL Dl. 7139, Bandi 1986. 31 . App. 1: 90.

'7* Székely 1953,93.179 Fejér Cod. Dipl DC/5. 617-621.iso 1444; MOLDI. 13763. Bandi 1986, 42,App. 1: 13;

1451:.M0LDI. 14498, Bandi 1986, 42. App. 1: 17;1463: MOLDI. 15826, Bandi 1986. 50, App. 1: 16.

m 1428: MOLDI. U9U,Bandi 1986. 40, App.I: 14-13.

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392 CSILLA ZATYKO

of the Kerekerd within the boundary of Küls sz aká cs i, while east of it, partly at Borsohel

(Borsohely), further arable lands 1 8 2 were situated. An arable land and a coppice 1 8 3 are known

at a place called Borsohel (Borsohely), a v ineyard 1 8 4 and a copp ice1 8 5 at Zewlewharazth

(Sz l haraszt), a meadow and a forest 1 8 6 at Niresalath (Nyiresalatt) and the docume nts

ment ion arable lands at Hatoserdew (Hátaserd ) 1 8 7 , KysErethwenhegh (Kiseresztvény h i l l ) 1 8 8 ,

Papharazthya (Papharasztja) 18 9 and Chypanharazthya (Csipánharaszt). 19 0 The name of theKylenchdyofazele (Kilen cdiófa szclc ) field in Kü ls sz aká csi , which is probably identical with

th e modern Diós dül , also attests to an arable land cut out from a forest. 19 1 Smaller arable

lands 1 9 2 were exchanged near a spring called Kwthfe (Kútf ) at Jlasberky (Hársbe rek) also in

Küls szakácsi, and the sources mention a forest, a meadow and an arable land at Hársberek. 193

East of it can be found the meadow called Naghreth (Nagyrét), 19 4 which is bordered by a forest

in the east. The peram bulates of bound s also inform us that the arable lands often alternated

with thickets and coppices, which can indicate not only the regular land occupation with

clearing but can refer to such a regulated rotation cultivation where the arable lands were

sometimes abandoned, left to rest and the former pastures were cultivated instead. Examining

the expressions terra jhnata terra arahilis terra campestris appearing in the sources fromthe 14 th century, Márta Belényesy has demonstrated the basic traits of the fallowing cultivationsystem. 1 93 The essence of th e cultivation based on the alternation of arable lands and pasturesis that beside the cultivated lands, there were territories on the outskirts, usually next to them,that had been ploughed and left temporarily rest. These fallow lands were used for pasturing,or the forest recaptured them and became thickets or coppices. Such a functional relationshipbetween th e arable lands and the fallow lands is suggested by the fact that György Veresdonated an arable land o f ten and half a day's ploughing together with th e coppices beside itto the Pauline monastery in 1471 . 1 % Regarding the regulation system of land usage, Belényesyindicated the lowlands of Somogy, Zala and Veszprém counties as a characteristic territory ofthe fallowing system combined with communal land us age. 19 7 The above described communalIandholding forms suggesting a former distribution system imply regulated land usage. Thelarge number of coppices and thickets and their position between the arable lands suggestthat in Szakácsi the fallowing cultivation system seems to have been more common than therotation system, which demanded the treatment of the land left to rest. 198

The results of the archaeological field walkings

The information the documents contain about the village of Szakácsi are scattered both inspace and time. They describe the geographical position of th e individual plots, arable lands,

meadows and forests, or refer to Iandholding forms or cultivation types. The archaeologicalfield walking made in the settlement reveals the structure and the hierarchy of the settlementsinhabited during the Middle Ages with regard to the entire territory. The different nature of thetwo source groups afford us to raise questions, while the historical and archaeological data cancomplete one another owing to the interrelations between the answers.

The data of the Held walkings can help in the interpretation of the data and the locationof the information in the real landscape. The typical cases are, for example, the identification

82 1463: MOL Dl. 15826, Bandi 1986. 50, App. 1: 18.,129.

•S3 1461: MOL Dl. 15611. Bandi 1986 47, App. I: 19;1471: MOL Dl. 17203, Bandi 1986 52, App, 1:20.

18 4 1471: MOL Dl. 17203, Bandi 19S6 52, App. 1: 47.<85 1466: MOL DL 16445. Bandi 1986. 51 App. 1: 46.186 1444 MOL Dl. 13763, Bandi 1986 42, App. 1: 57:

1471: MOL Dl. 17224, Bandi 1986 53,App. 1:55.»*7 1455: MOL Dl. 14913, Bandi 1986 44, App. 1:21.'88 1451: MOL Dl. 14498, Bandi 1986 42, App. 1: 26.

1453: MOL Dl. 17462. Bandi 1986 43 App. 1: 33.19 0 1451: MOL Dl. 14498, Bandi 1986 43 App. 1: 64;

1463: MOL Dl. 15826. Bandi 1986 50, App. I: 65.

9 1451: MOL Dl. 14498, Bandi 1986 42, App. I: 1;1452: MOL Dl. 14546, Bandi 1986. 43 App. 1: 2;1463: MOL Dl. 15826, Bandi 1986 49 50. App.

1:3 4.19 2 1444: MOL Dl. 13763, Bandi 1986. 42. App. 1:6.,

8.; 1453: MOL DL 17462, Bandi 1986. 43 . App. 1:5,7.

1 93 1452: MOL Dl. 14546. Bandi 1986 43 . App. 1: 11;1463: MOL Dl. 15826, Bandi 1986 50, App. 1:9 10.

'*> 1451: MOL Dl. 14498. Bandi 1986 42, App. 1: 12.1 9 5 Belényesy 1954 1955.

9f i MOL Dl. 17203, Bandi 1986 52, App. 1: 20.1 9 7 Belényesy 1964 323 324.

Belényesy I960 92 93.

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of the perished settlements mentioned in the documents with archaeological sites. At the sametime they offer an insight into the settlement system of territories that arc not mentioned in thedocuments. The question is if the phenomena sketched from the data of the documents can becorrelated with the results of the archaeological field walkings and what surplus informationthey can provide regarding the medieval settlement.

The field walking in the territory of the modem Nagyszakácsi19 9 resulted 58 sites (P/15sites, P RP/1 site, P RP ÁE/1 site, P RP MA/1 site, P ÁE/1 site, P MA/4 sites, Rp/1 site, RP

ÁE/1 site, MP(Avar)/l site, ÁE/4 sites, ÁE MA/14 sites, MA/14 sites).20 0 Most of the sites(40) contain finds from the Arpádian Era and/or the late Middle Ages, several medieval sitescan be found in those parts of the village that are not mentioned in the documents.

Examining the distribution of the sites we find that the sites of the Arpádian Era and theLate Middle Ages cluster in three territories Jig. 12 : west, south west of the inner territoryof the modem Nagyszakácsi, in the southern part of the Cserhát and in the territory and theenvironment of the former Külsöszakácsi. The lack of sites was conspicuous in the north-western part of the outskirts, while the repeated field walkings located prehistoric sites 20 1 inthe north eastern part of Szakácsi.

The largest sites of the Arpádian Era and/or the late Middle Ages (1,3, 28, 29) coveredthe territories of the former Szakácsi, Nagyszakácsi and Külsöszakácsi, while very small,separate sites dominated in the Cserhát and west of the inner territory.

The quantity and the quality of the collected find material rarely afford the determinationof a finer chronology. We could only differentiate with certainty the finds from the ArpádianEra and the Late Middle Ages. Each of the four sites found in the Sámsoni s rü dül ı near theCserhát (51 54) contains late medieval pottery. Sites nos 1 5 in the Diós dül ı Temetöi dül ı andKis gáti d lı east of the village yielded mostly late medieval pottery and a few finds from the

Arpádian Era. West, south

west of the inner territory of modern Nagyszakácsi the finds of theArpádian Era were found mainly in the southerly territories, while the northern area containedfirst of all late medieval sherds, similarly to sites nos 28 and 29 indicating the former Szakácsi,

r

Nagyszakácsi, where the sherds of the Arpádian Era clustered in the southerly territories.Accordingly, the results of the field walkings show that three larger and several smaller

settlement units clustered in certain areas of the outskirts existed in the Middle Ages. Thetwo sites in the territory of the modern Nagyszakácsi are separated in space and time as well.The southern settlement unit is characterised by a find material from the Arpádian Era, whilethe northern one mostly contained late medieval finds. In the case of village reduplications,the individual settlement parts can be called by names based on popular parlance in differentperiods. The original name of the settlement is often completed by the prefix Nagy (Large),which, in the meaning old refers to its earlier foundation. 202 So it cannot be excluded thatthe Nagyszakácsi mentioned in the documents is identical with site no . 28 in the south westernpart of the modem village, while Szakácsi is identical with site no. 29 north of it.

The other large settlement unit east of the village is composed of sites nos 1 and 3, whichcan be identified with Küls szakácsi mentioned in the sources. Here the two sites are onlyseparated by a stream, they certainly belong together. Finds from the Arpádian Era, however,could be found in site no . 1 and in the northern part of site no. 3, which indicates, on the onehand that the settlement that appeared in the sources only in the 15lh century or its antecedentswere inhabited already in the Arpádian Era, and implies, at the same time that the first settlersinhabited the northern part of the settlement. The observation made in the field and the data ofthe early maps reveal that the church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist stood on the northernside of the dirt road crossing the middle of site no. 3.

19 9 The archaeological Held walking was carried out 2° P: Prehistoric. RP; Roman Period, MP: Migration

within the administrative borders of the modem Period, AE: Arpádian Era. MA: Middle Age.Nagyszakácsi, which, of course, is not identical 20 1 The exception is site no. 13. and even here only 3with the boundaries of the medieval village. Thus sherds were collected from the Arpádian Era.the results of the analysis can refer only to Szakácsi 20 2 Szabó 1966, 123.and its environment.

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94 CSILLA ZATYKO

Several small sites could be documented along a ridge running in a north south directionwest of the modern village and the large sites that can be identified with the medievalSzakácsi. They are separated by find free zones and most of them contained late medievalpottery. A similar site concentration can be observed in the western side of the settlementpart known to date as Cserhát in the northern side of th e village. They are distributed at adistance of 100 200 metres from one another along a ridge, and nearly all are very small,occupying a territory of 50 100 x 50 200 in. Very few, mostly uncharacteristic potterycould be collected in these spots. Their distribution and size are very similar to those ofthe small settlements of the Árpádian Era, which was noted by the research already in the50 s.2 0 3 In a larger number they were documented by the topographic works in Pest andBékés counties. 20 4 In Nagyszakácsi, however, ever} site, except for site no 35, containedlate medieval pottery, while no sherds were found from the Arpádian Era at most of thesites. Similar small sites with late medieval pottery were also found in Pest county. They arcregarded to be the last representatives of the earlier scattered settlement structure or, aftertheir geographical position, to be small manors, the dwellings of animal keepers. 20 5 Thefield walkings carried out for the archaeological topography of Békés district also foundlate medieval farmstead like settlements characterised by few sherds. Historical recordsand the fact that they were situated in the small islands of marshlands imply that they weretemporary settlements used as refuges.206

Regarding the south eastern territory of the village, the sources do not provide information,while the place called Cser (modem Cserhát) is repeatedly mentioned. Although the sourcesdo not refer to dwellings in the Cserhát, a record published by Dezs Csánki shows thatsmaller estates, used also as housing sites, could exist on the outskirts in the Middle Ages. TheEresztvény estate was mentioned in the territory of Szakácsi in 1479: Possessio Erezthewen

in territorio possessionis Nagzakachy201

The estate is first met in Cede of Eresztvény(Ereztheweni) s son Ferenc s name in 1428.20 8 Sometime in the middle of the century, L rincGedc exchanged 2 arable lands with his brother in law209 György Veres at HorozeIegh, 2U)

and a deed mentions G cde s sons plots in 1467.2U On the occasion of a duress case in 1471wc learn that Pál Szegcdrs armed men attacked the Kisszakácsi, Gedc and Nagyszakácsisettlements (possessio) in Somogy county, and they set on fire the houses of Gedc (dicti)Simon and L rinc in Gede .2 1 2 It means that the Gedc family had a manor (possessio) at aplace called Eresztvény at the beginning of the 15 lh century, and the fact that the place namewas added to the name of the family indicates that the territory was a habitation site already atthat time. They also had smaller lands in other parts of the outskirts of the village, and other

members of the family (perhaps Ferenc G cde s sons) lived on smaller tofts in Szakácsi. Yetanother interesting record refers to the feature of the Eresztvény manor. In 1498, the Paulinemonastery and János Gondos had a lawsuit over Mihály Törpe s goods, who had died withoutinheritors and had bequeathed his property to the monastery, since János Gondos, who wascharged with the transfer, did not pass the property to the monks. The next year we learn thatJános Gondos had King Ulászló II grant the above mentioned lands to him. At that time hewas already mentioned as János Gondos of Gedcháza. We cannot tell if the property of theformer Gedc family was obtained by the Törpe family and this is how it got in János Gondos spossession (this is suggested by the adoption of the place name) or he himself had obtained itearlier. 213 What is important for us is that the name of the former owner has been preserved in

the name of the territory completed with the suffix háza.

203 Sz ke 1955; KovalovszM 1965; Valter 1974.1MMRT9 15; MRT8 31.ZMMRT9 15.»* Mer/ft 27.207 Csánki 1909 579.208 MOL Dl. 11981, Bandi 1986 40.209 | 463 : MOL Dl . 15826. Bandi 1986 49.210 1453: MOL Dl. 17462, Bandi 1986 43.

M O L Dl. 16514. Bandi 1986 52.MO L Dl. 17268, Bandi 1986 54.

I Í János Gondos got Péter Törpe*s holdings inSzakácsi already earlier und also János Gondos andGergely and Mihály Pál Ily leased all the lands ofth e Pauline monastery in 1550. Consequently hehad the inteni and the possibility to obtain lands.

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Hungarian historical and ethnographic research, which w as launched with the analysis ofthe development of plots,214 regards the settlements hiding behind place names ending withlaka, háza, telke, ülése, földje as a form of plots on the outskirts, farmstead-like settlementscharacteristic of the Arpádian Era. Their development is due partly to the dispersion causedby the natural population increase and the advance of cultivation technique and partly to thedivision of family estates. They got widespread in the 13 th and the 13th-14th centuries.215

Most of the settlements with limited outskirts got depopulated in the course of the devastationprocess in the 14 1 century, and 80% of the place names ending in laka, háza and telkedisappeared from the sources. The surviving settlement w ere often preserved as settlements ofthe lesser nobility, and the terra, which can be identified with the nam es ending mföldje in thesources, appear as possessio on the outskirts of the villages from the last decades of the 13,h

century.21 6 According to István Szabó, the occupancy of the terra possessio type settlementshas not been proved, in our case, however, the documents imply that Eresztvény possessioindicated an inhabited settlement. Along with the generally observable devastation processof villages in the 14lh century, the division of lands, which often led to the birth of smallsettlements on the outskirts of villages, was carried on until the 15th century in the villages ofthe lesser nobility that had been raised from the rank of castle serfdom. In consequence, theappearance of settlements bearing the suffix háza in their name was frequent on the outskirtsof larger villages in these territories even in the 14th - 15 th centuries.217

The feature of the small sites observed in Szakácsi and the data of the docum ents suggestthat this is another phenomenon connected to the Iandholding system of the lesser nobility. Inresult of field w alkings in the region of the 4sze g' villages in Göcsej, Róbert Müller delineatedthe characteristic settlement pattern of the local population that was raised to the rank oflesser nobility from the castle serfdom status.218 He observed usually small settlements,

although sonic stretched to several hundred metres, near larger villages with churches, whichwere inhabited from the Arpádian Era to the Turkish period. He found that the inhabitants ofthe settlements the nam es of which contain the expression szer or szeg and a personal namewere members of the lesser nobility, who in order to keep their lands left the larger villagesbefore the end of the Arpádian Era and moved to their lands on the outskirts. We do not intendto interpret the settlements of the Arpádian Era and the late Middle Ages found in similarpositions in Szakácsi after the examples of the szer settlem ents, yet is seems possible that thesesites arc the results of a similar movement from Szakácsi to the lands on the outskirts of thefamilies of the lesser nobility.

The comparison of the sketch made after the documents and the results of the field

walking calls attention to yet another interesting coincidence. Despite the repeated fieldwalkings, we did not find late medieval sites in the north eastern part of the village. The dataof the documents suggest that this territory was in the possession of the Pauline monastery,which explains the lack of sites fig. 12 .

We could use documents for the analysis of Szakácsi that tell about the land circulationof the lesser nobility w ho owed services to the king even in the 16 ,h century, so we could get aglimpse into certain d etails of the outskirts of the village from data referring to a special socialgroup. First we tried to locate the roads, streams and the place of the monastery mentionedin the sources to learn about the general structure of the lands, and to get spatial points for alater reconstruction. We could not at all use the modern place names in the identification ofmedieval fields, which caused difficulties. The followings can be told about the lands on theoutskirts after the systematisation and analysis of the data of the documents about territorieson the outskirts of the village and the areas that could not be located, the manuscript mapsand the results of the archaeological field walkings. The 1-2 iugerum large scattered arablelands, sometimes arranged in fields, which are repeatedly mentioned in the sources, imply adistribution system of communal regulation. This form can be connected with the rotation or

214 The summary of the research history see e g in: 2l6 Szabó 1969, 145.Laszlovszky 1986b. 2I7 Szabó 1969, 96-98; lla 1976: Mahay 1940.

215 Kubinyi 1986, 161. 2IS Müller 1971.

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396 CSILLA ZATYKX

the fallowing cultivation type. At the same time, we could follow the process and the resultof the process in the course of which the spatial organisation of the distribution system wasslightly broken by the intent of the lesser nobility to gather their lands in a single unit. Withregard to the spatial distribution of the lands gathered in larger units and the parcels arranged infields, the sources indicate lands created with the unification of two or three parcels, permanentestates gained by clearing and smaller manors as well.

Summary

The sources about Szakácsi did not afford the preparation of a relatively exact reconstructionencompassing a large part of the settlement, although the characteristic features of the villagestructure could be sketched.

The data of the documents already intimated the segmentation of the inner territory, whilethe field walkings have demonstrated, on the one hand, that it was not an inner segmentationbut, using István Szabó s term, a real reduplication of the village, and located, on the otherhand, the three settlement units. It is characteristic of the inner structure of all the three villageparts that the plots were arranged in rows, the manors of the nobility were wedged betweenthe plots of the villeins. No records refer to the size of the plots, but we know that there weregardens behind the houses. Both the documents and the maps and also the results of thefield walkings suggest that beside the larger settlements with churches there were smallersettlements, inhabited manors on the outskirts. Probably Küis szakácsi was such an estate of anoble family with a couple of buildings at the start. Later as the population increased, a churchwas built, 21 9 and it became an independent settlement unit.

The observed reduplication of the village and the inhabited manors on the outskirtsalso raise the problem of the definition of the inner territory. Szakácsi, Nagyszakácsi and

Küis szakácsi are certainly villages regarding the number of the plots, the size of the sitesand the existence of churches, either as independent settlements or as a poly focal settlement.The inhabited places on the outskirts can also be accepted as independent small settlements(sec the szer settlement structure , but regarding their origin, they were certainly the scatteredelements of Szakácsi or Nagyszakácsi. The agreement reached in archaeological practice inthe course of the field walkings says that usually 5 sherds are enough to indicate a site, that is asettlement. In historical research, these farmstead like settlements, appearing in a similar formduring field walkings, also appear in the description of scattered villages. The clarification ofthe problem goes beyond the frames of this study. We found it important to make this remarkbecause our case provided a characteristic example to this terminological problem.

The methods that could be used at the examination of the lands and the results we couldreach were strongly influenced by the possibilities offered by the source types. We could notdeduce consequences concerning the entire settlement, the fragmentary data on the lands ofthe nobility earned information concerning certain characteristics of the lands of the villagethrough the description of the lands of a special social group. We could differentiate twobasically different landholding forms, which existed side by side in the village. One was thesystem of small parcels arranged in fields, which supposes a communal regulation, the othercomprised private landed properties, which were often gathered in units. This double featureis excellently characterised by the position of the forests. Some of them were used by thecommunity of the village, some were the estates of the lesser nobility. It seems evident that theobserved double feature of the lands on the outskirts should be explained by the double featureof the legal status of the inhabitants of the village. Since nearly all the sources tell only aboutthe lesser nobility layer of the village, the only thing we can tell with certainty is that some ofthe inhabitants of the village who had been raised to the rank of nobility used the possibilitiesoffered by the landholding rights of the nobility and made efforts to have lands less scattered.Two forms could be differentiated among the lands of the lesser nobility gathered in units.Some were adjusted to the row of smaller arable lands within the field system and they

2 9 Róbert MüIIcr observed that the building of a of an independent settlement in the case of the szerchurch meant the first step toward the development settlements as well. Mutter 1971 S3.

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probably followed the cultivation pattern of the village while another part of the lands werealso spatially differentiated from the lands of the village cultivated in a rotation system houseswere built on them and they functioned as the manors of the lesser nobility. The field surveyssuggested that they clustered in two groups on the small ridge rising above the environment.The dwelling places were probably not all contemporary so it is difficult to estimate how far

they were from one another although the territory they could use shows that a manor of thistype must have been surrounded by a land of a couple of iugerum

The other purpose of the study mentioned in the introduction was to determine thepossibilities and limitations of the application of the sources and the methods. Here, naturallywe can only sum up the conclusions drawn from the analysis of Nagyszakácsi. It is evidentthat another settlement can raise other problems.

The possibilities arc largely determined by the fact that we had the descriptions of spatiallydispersed small lands both in the inner territory and on the outskirts from approximately onehundred years. What is more the sources discussed only a special group of the inhabitants ofthe settlement: the royal cooks who had gradually emerged from the once uniform servicingpeople to the rank of manorial nobility who however still owed sen ice to the king. In this casethe analysis of the records seemed indispensable in order to reveal the connections between theminor details so that the possible connections and the resulting conclusions could be found.

Owing to the nearly total lack of surviving place names the medieval fields and theplaces mentioned in the sources could be put on a map only when the cross references of thefragmentary data in the sources delineated a certain territory. The determination of the relativeposition of the lands on the outskirts which always belonged to the lesser nobility also seemedproblematic since they were probably scattered among the parcels of the villeins which are notmentioned in the sources. In some parts of the outskirts the position of the estates of the nobility

could be reconstructed yet due to the above difficulties of the identification of the fields theycould not be put on a map. Nevertheless we had the documents of two perambulates of boundsthat describe relatively coherent territories. The course of the perambulates of bounds can befollowed in the earlier mentioned manuscript maps or it could be put on a map with the help ofmediaeval roads that survived as hollow roads water courses and the identification of the singlesurviving place name Cserhát). The other related data were marked in a sketch because of theabove mentioned problems. Since there was no possibility to make a reconstruction of the largerpart of the outskirts of the settlements yet the records scattered in time offered a possibility todemonstrate certain tendencies we intended to make conclusions regarding some characteristicsfrom the distribution pattern and changes of the lands of the lesser nobility on the outskirts.

We think the case of Szakácsi is a good illustration of how the analysis of the documentsand the data of archaeological field walkings can, in some cases interpret and complete oneanother. The archaeological results concerning the inner territories made it certain that thesegmented inner territory appearing in the sources was actually a real village reduplication.Archaeological finds marked the place the extensions and the inner chronology of the medievalvillages of Szakácsi Nagyszakácsi and also Küls szakácsi. The characteristics of the plotsystem could be deduced from the data of the documents and the manuscript maps. Thedistribution of the hamlet like settlements on the outskirts their location and age arc known fromarchaeological data, the circumstances of their foundation and the social status of the inhabitantswere implied by the data of the written documents. At the same time, we expected the locationof the Pauline monastery from the archaeological field walkings yet the characteristics of thesurface formations and the probably strong disUirbance of the building of the monastery provedthe method of field walking insufficient. So in this respect we could only rely on the records thedata of the manuscript maps and the observations made by the inhabitants of the village.

Since the various groups of sources influence the results of the study to different degreesand in different ways for the sake of gelling positive results in similar analyses a consciouschoice must precede the analysis that examines the targeted settlement from various aspectsand considers the type of the village as well.

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398 CSILLA ZATYKO

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ABBREVIATIONS

FOM1

O L

OMFSML

Földmérési és Távérzékelési Intézet Institute of Ordinance Survey andRemote Sensation)Magyar Országos Levéltár, Diplomatikai Levéltár Diplomatic Archives ofthe National Archives of Hungary)Országos Mű emléki Felügyel ség (National Inspectorate of M onuments)Somogy megyei Levéltár Archives of Somogy county)

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4 2 CSILLA ZATYKO

ppendix 1

Database o f documentary evidences referring to SzakácsiSERIAL NUMBER 001CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2 usu.

PLACE NAME KylenchdyofazeleUNIFIED PLACE NAME KilencdiófaszéleMODERN PLACE NAME 59 Diós, 66 Diósiforest 220

SOUTH Antal s son PálPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Küls szakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT Küls s akáesiRELATIONS 002 004 (Kilencdiófaszéle)

SERIAL NUMBER 002CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugerumPLACE NAME Kilencdiófa d l UNIFIED PLACE NAME KilencdiófaszcleMODERN PLACE NAME 59 Diós, 66 DiósiforestPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György Tolvaj s sonMihály

NEW POSSESSOR sons of Jakab Orros ofKüls szakácsiFIELD SYSTEM in diverticula fieldDATE 1452SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 0 01, 003 004 (Kilencdiófaszéle)

SERIAL NUMBER 003CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME Kylenczfadyozeel

UNIFIED PLACE NAME KilencdiófaszcleMODERN PLACE NAME 59 Diós, 66 DiósiforestPRECISE POSITION on the eastNEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Orros Jakab.Miklós OrrosFIELD SYSTEM fieldDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 001 002, 004 (Kilencdiófaszcle)

SERIAL NUMBER 004CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAM E KylenczfadyozeleUNIFIED PLACE NAME KilencdiófaszcleMODERN PLACE NAME 59 Diós, 66 Diósiforest

2 2 0 The numbers are rellcrring the serial numbers ofplace names in Nagyszakácsi in the volume Végh1974

PRECISE POSITION on the southNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Külsöszakácsi and his daughterFIELD SYSTEM fieldDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 001 003 (Kilencdiófaszcle)

SERIAL NUMBER 005CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME KuthfeyUNIFIED PLACE NAME Kútf

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresFIELD SYSTEM secundum dimidium dietamvulgo zanthofeldDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 006 008 (Kútf )

SERIAL NUMBER 006CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugerumPLACE NAME Kwthfe

UNIFIED PLACE NAME Kútf

PRECISE POSITION beside on the castPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Borbála, widow ofIstván Jank of KülsöszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Péter Szakácsi s son EgyedDAT E 1444

SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 005, 007 008 (Kútf )SERIAL NUMBER 007CULTIVATION arable landPLACE NAME Kuthfeey

UNIFIED PLACE NAME Kútf PREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 005 006, 008 (Kútf )

SERIAL NUMBER 008CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME KwthfcalathUNIFIED PLACE NAME Kútf BESIDE HársberekPREVIOUS POSSESSOR widow of István Jankof KülsöszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Peter Szakácsi s son EgyedDATE 1444SETTLEMENT Külsöszakácsi

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 4 3

RELATIONS 005 007 Kútf ); 009 012, 121Hársberck)

SERIAL NUMBER 009CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME HasberekUNIFIED PLACE NAME HársberckMODERN PLACE NAME 73, 85, 86, 99 BerekNEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Péter Orros.Miklós OrrosDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 008, 010 012, 121 Hársberek)

SERIAL NUMBER 010CULTIVATION meadowQUANTITY 2 scythes (falcastrum)PLACE NAME HasberekUNIFIED PLACE NAME HársberekMODERN PLACE NAME 73, 85, 86, 99 BerekPRECISE POSITION besideNEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Peter Orros,Miklós OrrosFIELD SYSTEM groveDATE 1463RELATIONS 009, 011 012, 121 Hársberek)

SERIAL NUMBER 011CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugcrumPLACE NAME HasalathUNIFIED PLACE NAME HársberckMODERN PLACE NAME 99 Berek alattiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György Tolvaj s sonMihályNEW POSSESSOR sons of Jakab OrrosDATE 1452RELATIONS 009 010, 012, 121 Hársberek)S E R I A L N U M B E R 0 I 2CULTIVATION meadowPLACE N AM E NaghrethUNIFIED PLACE NAME NagyrétMODERN PLACE NAME 4 NagyrétEAST HársberckPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal lwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT üls szakácsi

RELATIONS 121 Nagy rét); 009 011, 121Hársberck

SERIAL NUMBER 013CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 iugcrumPLACE NAME KcrekerdealathUNIFIED PLACE NAME erekerd

PRECISE PO SITION on the west

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Borbála, widow ofIstván Jank of KülsöszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Péter Szakácsi s son EgyedDATE 1444SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 014 018, 129 Kerek erd )

SERIAL NUMBER 014CULTIVATION sz l QUANTITY 1PLACE NAME KerekerdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME Kerekerd

PRECISE POSITION BESIDEPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyó n véreKláraNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1428SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 013,015 018,129 Kerekerd )

SERIAL NUMBER 015CULTIVATION vineQUANTITY 1PLACE NAME KerekerdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME Kerekerd

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyóNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monastery

DATE 1428SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 013 014, 016 018, 129Kerekerd )

SERIAL NUMBER 016CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugerumPLACE NAME KerekerdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME erekerd

PRECISE POSITION below, on the west

NEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Küls szakácsi and his daughtersDATE 1463SETTLEMENT üls szakácsi

RELATIONS 013 015, 017 018,129Kerekerd )

SERIALNUMBER017CULTIVATION arable landQUAN TITY 1 usu.PLACE NAME KcrckerdeUNIFIED PLACE NAME Kerekerd

PRECISE POSITION on the westPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 013 016, 018, 129 Kerek erd )

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4 4 CSILLA ZATYKO

SERIAL NUMBER 018CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugerumPLACE NAME KcrckerdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME Kerekerd

PRECISE POSITION on the east, partly inBorsohelyEAST BorsohelyNEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Péter Orros,Miklós OrrosDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 013 017, 129 (Kerekerd ); 129(Borsohely)

SERIALNUMBER019CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 5 iugerumPLACE NAME BereknyezcleUNIFIED PLACE NAME BereknyeszclcMODERN PLACE NAME 73 Berek, 99 BerekalattiPRECISE POSITION towards east and westNORTH arable lands of Peter Veres s sonGyörgySOUTH arable lands of György Iwanka KisPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Péter K gyó

NE W POSSESSOR György VeresDATE 1461SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 020 (Bereknyeszclc); 035, 060,123 125 (György Veres)

SERIAL NUMBER 020CULTIVATION arable land, coppiceQUANTITY 10,5 dietaPLACE NAME BereknyczcclUNIFIED PLACE NAME Bereknyeszclc

MODERN PLACE NAME 73 Berök, 99 BerekalattiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryFIELD SYSTEM dictaDATE 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 019 (Bereknyeszéle); 019 (GyörgyVeres)

SERIAL NUMBER 021CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugerumPLACE NAME HatoserdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME Hátaserd

PRECISE POSITION towards south and castNORTH Péter (Ged ?)SOUTH Peter (Ged ?)EAST Magaskörlvély forestPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Kozma s son Imre ofNagyszakácsi

NEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiFIELD SYSTEM arable lands towards south andcastDATE 1455SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 022, 140 (Hátaserd ); 140(Magaskörtvély): 023 (Péter Ged ?)

SERIAL NUMBER 022CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 3 iugerumPLACE NAME IlathaserdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME HátaserdöPRECISE POSITION besideBESIDE MegyeharasztPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Kozma s son Bálintof NagyszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiFIELD SYSTEM towards east and westDATE 1462SETTLEMENT FelsöszakácsiRELATIONS 021, 140 (Hátaserdö); 023,024(Megeharaszt); 111,112 (Megye);

SERIAL NUMBER 023

CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 iugerumPLACE NAME MegeharazthUNIFIED PLACE NAME MegeharasztNORTH Péter Ged

SOUTH Antal s son GyörgyEAST road (via publica)PREVIOUS POSSESSOR parish churchNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiDATE 1454

SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 022, 024 (Megeharaszt); 111 112(Mcgyc); 058 (AntaFs son György)

SERIAL NUMBER 024CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME via publicaUNIFIED PLACE NAME public roadWEST MegeharasztDATE 1454SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 022 023 (Megeharaszt); 111 112(Megye); 091 146 (road to Léta)

SERIAL NUMBER 025CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 LiSLi.PLACE NAME gyaloghwthUNIFIED PLACE NAME foot pathBESIDE a foot path leads on itPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Tolvaj

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NEW POSSESSOR György Iwanka ofKülsöszakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 122 (foot path)

SERIAL NUMBER 026CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 usu.PLACE NAM E KysErcthwenheghUNIFIED PLACE NAME KiscrcsztvcnyhegyPRECISE POSITION on the southBESIDE Péter BorPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son G yörgyof KülsöszakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 044 (Péter Bor)

SERIAL NUMBER 027CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 dictaPLACE NAME HalmosföldUNIFIED PLACE NAME HalmosEAST main road (via magna) to MesztegnyöPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György Veres

NEW POSSESSOR István of Nagyszakácsitson JánosFIELD SYSTEM dictaDATE 1480SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 028 029 (Halmos); 028, 151 (roadto Mesztegnyö)

SERIAL NUMBER 028CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I dieta

PLACE NAME Halmos földUNIFIED PLACE NAM E HalmosPRECISE POSITION towards east and southWEST György Vidi (sponsus of Ferenc Kakas)BESIDE main road to MesztegnyöPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR István of Nagyszakácsi\sson János

FIELD SYSTEM dictaDATE 1480SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 027, 029 (Halmos); 151 (GyörgyVidi); 027, 151 (road to Mesztegnyö)

SERIAL NUMBER 029CULTIVATION arable landPLACE NAME HalmasUNIFIED PLACE NAME HalmosPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresFIELD SYSTEM in three fieldsDATE 1453

SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 027, 028 (Halmos)

SERIAL NUMBER 030CULTIVATION vinePLACE NAME Meslegnchcgh

UNIFIED PLACE NAME McsztcgnyöhcgyMODERN PLACE NAME MesztegnyöPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of cook PéterSzakácsiNEW POSSESSOR cook Peter Szakácsi s sisterAnnaDATE 1503

SERIAL NUMBER 031CULTIVATION coppiceQUANTITY 1 piecePLACE NAME ZenegethewharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME Szénéget harasztWEST vine of Gál Kaczó, PaperdöEAST Paperdö, (Papharaszt)PREVIOUS POSSESSOR István ofNagyszakácsit son JánosNEW POSSESSOR György VeresDATE 1480SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 032 036 (Papharaszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 032CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY l,5iugerumPLACE NAME BanchazafewUNIFIED PLACE NAME BancházafóBESIDE between arable lands of János s sonPeter and Paperdö (Papharaszt)PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Demeter Soldos sdaughter ZsuzsannaNEW POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s son PéterDATE 1429RELATIONS 03 1, 033 036 (Papharaszt); 110,111 (János s son Péter)

SERIAL NUMBER 033CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME PapharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasztPRECISE POSITION beside on the eastPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031, 032, 034 036 (Papharaszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 034CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME PapharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasztPRECISE POSITION beside, towards Gadány

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4 6 CSILLA ZATYKO

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will ofGyorgy VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 03 1-0 33 , 035, 036 (Papharaszt);084-086 (Gadány)

SERIAL NUMBER 035CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 funiculusPLACE NAME PapharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasztPRECISE POSITION beside, in ordinateWEST György VeresEAST György BíróPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will ofGyorgy VeresFIELD-SYSTEM in ordinate) vaginatum vulgo

zalagonDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031 034,036 (Papharaszt); 019,060, 123-125 (György Veres); 060 (GyörgyBíró)

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Szakácsi Pál s sonFerencNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 150 (Egyed s son János, road toLéta); 096, 117 (Egyed s son Bálint)

SERIAL NUMBER 039CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME ditchUNIFIED PLACE NAME ditchPRECISE POSITION beside, towards northBESIDE mill-river, ditchPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Pauline monastery(exchange)

NEW POSSESSOR Benedek Kaczo s sonMiklósDATE 1459SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 047, 078, 126 (ditch); 037, 040,080, 082, 130 (mills); 097, 117 (Miklós Kaczo)

SERIAL NUMBER 036CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME Papharastya

UNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasztPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will ofGyorgy VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031-035 (Papharaszt)

SERIAL NUMB ER 037CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2 iugerumPLACE NAME Horohalya riverUNIFIED PLACE NAME HorohaljaPRECISE POSITION on the place where themillracc is being builtBESIDE place of mill on the land of János s sonEgyedPREVIOUS POSSESSOR János s son Egyed,Miklós Szakácsi s son János, Mihály s sonBalázsNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1402SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

RELATIONS 040, 136 (Horohalja); 107(I lorohszéle); 039 -040 , 080. 082, 130 (mills);087, 088, 089, 092, 136 (János s son Egyed)

SERIAL NUMBER 038CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 4 iugerumNORTH arable land of János SoldusWEST Demeter s sonSOUTH arable land of Egyed s son JánosEAST road

SERIAL NUMB ER 040CULTIVATION millPLACE NAME Horohalya riverUNIFIED PLACE NAME Horohalja

PRECISE POSITION on the place of theprospective millraceBESIDE 2 iugerum arable landDATE 1402SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 037, 136 (Horohalja); 107(Horohszcle); 037,039, 080, 082, 130 (mills)

SERIAL NUMBER 041CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1PLACE NAME H orhas, Zeel, VizmosaszelUNIFIED PLACE NAM E SzelPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresNEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Péter Orros,Miklós OrrosDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 042-044 (Szél); 045 (Folyószclc)

SERIAL NUMBER 042CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAM E ZelUNIFIED PLA CE NAM E SzélPRECISE POSITION on the westDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 0 41, 043, 044 (Szél); 045(Folyószéle)

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THK SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 4 7

SERIAL NUMBER 043CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugeramPLACE NAME ZclUNIFIED PLACE NAME SzélPRECISE POSITION on the eastNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Küls szakácsiDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 041, 042, 044 (Szél); 045(Folyós/éle)

SERIAL NUMBER 044CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2 usu.PLACE NAM E ZelUNIFIED PLACE NAME SzélNORTH Péter BorPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 041 043 (Szél), 045 (Folyószcle);026 (Peter Bor)

SERIAL NUMBER 045CULTIVATION arable landPLACE NAME FoliosceleUNIFIED PLACE NAME FolyószcleBESIDE Gergely GondosPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of Péter Szakácsithe cookDATE 1503RELATIONS 041 044 (Szél); 120 (VidiGondos)

SERIAL NUMBER 046CULTIVATION coppiceQUANTITY piecePLACE NAME ZewlewharazthUNIFIED PLACE NAME Sz l harasztNORTH vine of the monasteryWEST riverSOUTH public road to the forestEAST priest s road, public road to the forestPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1466SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 047, 123 125, 143 (Sz l haraszt);087, 089 (vine of the monastery); 124, 125(road);stream 1382?

SERIAL NUMBER 047CULTIVATION vine, coppiceQUANTITY 1,5PLACE NAME Zclcharazlhya

UNIFIED PLACE NAME Sz l harasztWEST drain, land of Peter ThcrpcSOUTH drainPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 046, 123 125, 143 (Szölöharaszt);039, 078, 126 (ditch or drain); 049 (forest ofPeter Thcrpe)

SERIAL NUMBER 048CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2 iugerumPLACE NAME CherUNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 CserhátPRECISE POSITION between arable lands ofthe Pauline monasteryBESIDES near (he monasteryPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyóNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1428RELATIONS 049 054 (Cser); 049 051, 054,104 105 (arable lands of Pauline m onaster) );052, 104 (near the monastery)

SERIAL NUMBER 049CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugerumPLACE NAME NagcheerUNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 CserhálPRECISE POSITION between arable lands ofthe Pauline monasteryBESIDE Bodakhianoserdeje,EchterpepetererdejePREVIOUS POSSESSOR Máté the paulinepriorNEW POSSESSOR Antal the officer of SaintBenedict altarDATE 1500RELATIONS 048, 050 054 (Cser); 048, 050

051. 054, 104 105 (arable lands of the Paulinemonastery); 118 (arable land of János Bodak);047 (land of Péter Therpe); 061 (Saint Benedictaltar)

SERIAL NUMBER 050CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 12 iugerumPLACE NAME CherUNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 CserhátPRECISE POSITION between arable lands ofthe Pauline monastery, towards cast and westBESIDE land of Mihály Vas s sonPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyóNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monastery

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4 8 CSILLA ZATYKO

DATE 1428RELATIONS 048. 049, 051. 054 (Cser); 048,049,051, 054, 104, 105 (arable lands of thePauline mon aster) ) 057 (Jakab Vas)

SERIALNUMBER051CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2 iugerumPLACE NAME CherUNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 CserhálPRECISE POSITION between arable lands ofthe Pauline monastery* towards east and westFIELD SYSTEM sowed by paulinc monksPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyóNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monastery

DATE 1428RELATIONS 048 050. 052 054 (Cser); 048

050, 054, 104, 105 (arable lands of the Paulinemonastery)

SERIAL NUMBER 052CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 4 iugerumPLACE NAME CherUNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 Cserhát

BESIDE near the monasteryPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyóNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1428RELATIONS 048 051, 053, 054 (Cser); 048,104 (monastery)

SERIAL NUMBER 053CULTIVATION meadowQUANTITY 2 seythes (falcastrum)PLACE NAME Cher meadow

UNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 CserhátDATE 1428RELATIONS 048 052, 0 54 (Cser)

SERIAL NUMBER 054CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 4,5 iugerumPLACE NAME Fclscwchcr

UNIFIED PLACE NAME CserMODERN PLACE NAME 47 CserhátNORTH arable lands of the Pauline monasterySOUTH arable lands of the Pauline monasteryPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyó,Márton Vidi, Péter Orros s widowNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1495SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 048 053 (Cser); 048 051, 104,105 (arable lands of the Pauline monastery)

SERIAL NUMBER 055CULTIVATION meadowPLACE NAME Nyrcsalya reethUNIFIED PLACE NAME NyiresMODERN PLACE NAME 72 NyircsiNORTi I meadow of Bálint Tolvaj s sonsSOUTH meadow of Bálint Tolvaj s sonsPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Egyed Fekete ofKülsı szakácsiNEW POSSESSOR György VeresDATE 1471

SETTLEMENT Külsı szakácsiRELATIONS 056, 057 (Nyires)

SERIAL NUMBER 056CULTIVATION arable land

QUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME NyrkusUNIFIED PLACE NAME NyiresMODERN PLACE NAME 72 NyiresiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György Tolvaj s sonMihályNEW POSSESSOR Jakab Orros s sonsDATE 1452RELATIONS 055, 057 (Nyires)

SERIAL NUMBER 057

CULTIVATION meadow, forestPLACE NAME NiresalathUNIFIED PLACE NAME NyiresMODERN PLACE NAME 72 NyiresiSOUTH László (?Vas)EAST Jakab VasNEW POSSESSOR Szakácsi Peter s son EgyedDATE 1444SETTLEMENT Külsı szakácsiRELATIONS 055. 056 (Nyires): 050 (MihályVas)

SERIAL NUMBER 058CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 iugerumPLACE NAME ZekerhydUNIFIED PLACE NAME Szekérh dWEST Antal s son GyörgyPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Külsı szakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 059 (Szekérh d); 023 (Antal s sonGyörgy)

SERIAL NUMBER 059CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 iugerumPLACE NAME ZekerhydUNIFIED PLACE NAME Szekérh d

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NEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Küls szakácsiDATE 1463SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 058 (Szckcrhid)

SERIAL NUMBER 060CULTIVATION vineQUANTITY piecePLACE NAME HwyheghUNIFIED PLACE NAME ÚjhegyWEST György VeresEAST György B róNEW POSSESSOR György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

RELATIONS 061 (Újhegy); 019,035, 123

125(György Veres); 035 (György B ró)

SERIAL NUMBER 061CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugerumPLACE NAME VyhcghUNIFIED PLACE NAME ÚjhegyPRECISE POSITION towards east and westNORTH vine of Saint Benedict altarPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Máté the pauline

priorNEW POSSESSOR Antal the officer of the SaintBenedict altarDATE 1500RELATIONS 060 (Újhegy); 049 (Saint Benedictaltar)

SERIAL NUMBER 062CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME Thwyssessark

UNIFIED PLACE NAME TövisessarkMODERN PLACE NAME 74 Tüskcsi dű l NEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Péter Orros,Miklós OrrosDATE 1463

SERIAL NUMBER 063CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 3 iugerumPLACE NAME RokethasUNIFIED PLACE NAME RokétásBESIDE border of SzécscnyPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1471SETTLEMENT Nagyszakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 064CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 usu.PLACE NAME Chypanharazthya

UNIFIED PLACE NAME CsipánharasztPRECISE POSITION beside, on the castPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof KülsöszakácsiDATE 1451

SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 065 (Csipánharaszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 065CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 iugerumPLACE NAME ChypanharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME CsipánharasztPRECISE POSITION beside, on the eastNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son György

of KülsöszakácsiDATE 1463SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 064 (Csipánharaszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 066CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 10 iugerumNORTH forest of the Parish Church of All SaintsPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Péter Szakácsi s sonBenedekNEW POSSESSOR Tamás Szakácsi s sonsJakab and GyörgyFIELD SYSTEM with its all appurtenances anduseDATE 1375RELATIONS 067, 068, 144 (forest of the parishchurch

SERIAL NUMBER 067CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumNORTH coppice between the forest of thePauline monastery and the forest of the parishchurchPREVIOUS POSSESSOR László Bakator s sonBenedekNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1414SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 066, 068. 144 (forest of the parishchurch ; 068, 087, 089, 111, 112. 149 (coppice);089 (Bakator)

SERIAL NUMBER 068CULTIVATION coppicePRECISE POSITION between the forest of thePauline monastery and the forest of the parishchurchSOUTH 1 iugerum arable land (B. BakatorPauline monastery)PREVIOUS POSSESSOR László Bakator s sonBenedek

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410 CSILLA ZATYKO

NEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1414SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 066, 067, 144 (forest of the parishchurch); 067, 087 089, 111, 112. 149 copp ice);089 (Bakator)

SERIAL NUMBER 069CULTIVATION meadowPLACE NAME ChakanUNIFIED PLACE NAME CsakanBESIDE CsolyanustóPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 070 Csolyanustó)

SERIAL NUMBER 070CULTIVATION lakePLACE NAME CholyanusthoUNIFIED PLACE NAME CsolyanustóBESIDE in CsakanPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 069 Csakan); 07 1, 073, 085 lake)

SERIAL NUMBER 074CULTIVATION meadowEAST springPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Hagyó ofMonyorókerék exchange)NEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1460RELATIONS 006, 075 spring)

SERIAL NUMBER 075CULTIVATION springWEST meadow of Mihály Hagyó ofMonyorókerékDATE 1460RELATIONS 006, 074 spring)

SERIAL NUMBER 076CULTIVATION meadowQUANTITY 2 scythes (falcastmm)PLACE NAME Tholwaj valleyUNIFIED PLACE NAME Tolvaj valleyPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1471

SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATION S 055 Tolvaj m eadow )

SERIAL NUMBER 071CULTIVATION lakePLACE NAM E fish pond in ChohosrcthUNIFIED PLACE NAME CsohosrctPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 070. 073, 085 lake)

SERIAL NUMBER 077CULTIVATION meadowPLACE N AME ZcnrcthcUNIFIED PLACE NAME SzénrélPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyó,Márton Vidi. Péter Orros s widowNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1495SETTLEMENT S/akácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 072CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2PLACE NAME VezcytoUNIFIED PLACE NAME VezejlóPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEM ENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 073 (Vezeytó)

SERIAL NUMBER 073CULTIVATION lakePLACE NAME VezeytoUNIFIED PLACE NAME VezcjtóPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 072 Vezeytó); 070, 071, 085lake)

SERIAL NUMBER 078CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY piecePLACE NAME Seregeifogo forestUNIFIED PLACE NAME SeregélyfogóPRECISE POSITION piece of land measuringthe width of a cartBESIDE along the drain to the mill of thePauline monasteryPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Bálint Kozma s sonPéter of NagyszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryFIELD SYSTEM piece of land measuring thewidth of a cartDATE 1463RELAT IONS 039, 047, 126 ditch or drain)

SERIAL NUMBER 079CULTIVATION meadowBESIDE mill of Mihály SzabóPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of Péter Szakácsithe cook

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DATE 1503RELATIONS 080 (mill of Mihály Szabó)037, 039, 040, 082. 130 (mills)

SERIAL NUMBER 080CULTIVATION millPLACE NAME mill of Mihály SzabóUNIFIED PLACE NAME mill of Mihály SzabóBESIDE meadow of Peter Szakácsi the cookPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály SzabóDATE 1503RELATIONS 079 (mill of Mihály Szabó); 037,039.040,082, 130 (mills)

SERIAL NUMBER 081CULTIVATION meadow

SOUTH mill of Mihály Hagyó of MonyorókerékPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryNE W POSSESSOR Mihály Hagyó ofMonyorókerékDATE 1460RELATIONS 082 (mill of Mihály Hagyó)

SERIAL NUMBER 082CULTIVATION millPLACE NAME Mihály Hagyó of MonyorókerékUNIFIED PLACE NAME mill of Mihály Hagyó

of MonyorókerékNORTH meadow of the Pauline monasteryPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Hagyó ofMonyorókerékDATE 1460RELATIONS 081 (mill of Mihály Hagyó); 037,039,040.080. 130 (mills)

SERIAL NUMBER 083CULTIVATION meadowBESIDE below of the mill of Gergely Szakácsi s

son MiklósPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Gergely Kclcnizi swife ZsuzsannaNE W POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s son PéterDATE 1431SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 130 (mill of Gergely Szakácsi sson Miklós)

SERIAL NUMBER 084CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 3 iugcrumPLACE NAME KerekthoUNIFIED PLACE NAME KerektóPRECISE POSITION besideBESIDE main road to GadányPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1471SETTLEMENT Nagyszakácsi

RELATIONS 085 (Kerektó); 085, 086, 151 (roadto Gadány Mesztcgny )SERIAL NUMBER 085CULTIVATION lakePLACE NAME KerekthoUNIFIED PLACE NAME KerektóBESIDE road to GadányDATE 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 084 (Kerektó); 084,086, 151 (roadto Gadány Mesztcgny )

SERIAL NUMBER 086CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME main road (via magna) toGadány

UNIFIED PLACE NAME main road (viamagna) to GadányMODERN PLACE NAME road to GadányBESIDE KerektóDATE 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 084, 085 (Kerektó); 084, 085. 151(road to Gadány Meszlegny )

SERIAL NUMBER 087CULTIVATION coppice

NORTH via magnaSOUTH road to the vine of the PaulinemonasteryPREVIOUS POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s sonEgyedNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 090, 091 146, 150 (via magna)

SERIAL NUMBER 088CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME via magnaUNIFIED PLACE NAME main roadSOUTII coppice, (vine of János Szakácsi s sonEgyed)DATE 1411RELATIONS 087, 090, 091 146, 150 (viamagna); 037. 089, 092 (János s son Egyed)

SERIAL NUMBER 089CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road to the vine of the PaulinemonasteryUNIFIED PLACE NAME road to the vine of thePauline monasteryNORTH coppice and arable land of János s sonEgyedSOUTH BakatorDATE 1411RELATIONS 087 (road to the vine of thePauline monastery); 046 (vine of the Pauline

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4 2 CSILLA ZATYKO

mo nastery); 037, 088, 092 (János s son Eg yed);067,068 (Bakator)

SERIAL NUMBER 090CULTIVATION vinePLACE NAME AlexandorbykyUNIFIED PLACE NAME AlexandorbykyNORTH trunk of an oak treeWEST coppice of György BechySOUTH road to LétaEAST coppice of the villagePREVIOUS POSSESSOR Keres ofNagyszakácsi s sons Bckcs and MihályNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1385SETTLEMENT Nagyszakácsi

RELATIONS 146 (coppice of nobles); 087, 088,091, 146, 150 (road to Léta)

SERIAL NUMBER 091CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road to LétaUNIFIED PLACE NAME road to LétaNORTH vine of Keres of NagyszakácsiDATE 1385SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 087, 088, 090, 146, 150 (road to

Léta); 090 (Keres)

SERIAL NUMBER 092CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumNORTH arable land of Kereztus s son KozmaWEST road to the monasterySOUTH arable land of Kereztu s s son Kozm aEAST arable land of János of Szakácsi s sonEgyedPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Szakácsitson BalázsNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 021, 022, 078 (Kozma); 093, 147.148 (road); 037, 088 , 089 (Jáno s s son Egyed)

SERIAL NUMBER 093CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road to the monasteryUNIFIED PLACE NAME road to the monastery

PRECISE PO SITION towards the north and thesouthEAST arable land of Mihály Szakácsi s sonBalázsDATE 1411RELATIONS 092, 147, 148 (road); 113 (MihálySzabó s son Balázs)

SERIAL NUMBER 094CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME Demeerdew

UNIFIED PLACE NAME DemeerdöTE 1452

SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiSERIAL NUMBER 095CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME HarazlherdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME Haraszterd

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR György Veres(György Korotnai)DATE 1475SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 096CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumNORTH land of György Gekes s widow

WEST land of Egyed s son BálintSOUTH land of Miklós KaczoEAST Hosszú forestPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Miklós KaczoNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1459SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 117 (Egyed s son Bálint); 038, 150(Eg yed s son János); 097 (Hosszú forest)

SERIAL NUMBER 097

CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME Hwzyw forestUNIFIED PLACE NAM E Hosszú forestWEST 2 iugerum arable land of Miklós KaczoDATE 1459SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 096 (Hosszú forest); 039. 117(Miklós Kaczo)

SERIAL NUMBER 098CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME PctcsianuscrdccmcllcthUNIFIED PLACE NAME forest of János PetesPRECISE POS ITION on the southPREVIOUS POSSESSOR István Jank ofKülsöszakácsi s widow BorbálaNEW POSSESSOR Péter Szakácsi s EgyedDATE 1444SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS (forest of János Petes 1382)

SERIAL NUMBER 099CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME PetesianuserdeeUNIFIED PLACE NAME forest of János PetesDATE 1444SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiREL ATIO NS (forest of János Petes 1382)

SERIAL NUMBER 100CULTIVATION forest

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RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SETTLRMRNT STRUCTURE 413

PLACE NAME Vckoncrdcw

UNIFIED PLACE NAME Vékony forestDATE 1452SETTLEMENT üls szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 101CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumPLACE NAME MarkerdeyeUNIFIED PLACE NAME forest of Márk

NORTH Utaslabos forestSOUTH forest of Márk

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Benedek Tolvaj s sonAndrás, Tamás SzakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Péter TóthFIELD SYSTEM towards the east and the west

DATE 1507SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 102CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAM E WthaslaboserdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME Utaslaboserdö

SOUTH Péter TóthDATE 1507SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUM BER 103CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME MarkerdeyeUNIFIED PLACE NAME forest of Márk

NORTH UtaslaboserdöDATE 1507SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 104CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 3 iugerumPRECISE POSITION between the lands of thePauline monasteryBESIDE monastery , forest of D. Szécsényi s sonLászlóPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyóNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1428RELAT IONS 048 05 1, 054, (arable lands of thePauline monastery); 082 (meadow of the Paulinemonastery); 048, 052 (monastery)

SERIAL NUMBER 105CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME forest of D. Szécsényi s sonLászlóUNIFIED PLACE NAM E forest of D.Szécsényi s son LászlóBESIDE lands of the Pauline monastery, arableland of Mihály K gyóDATE 1428

RELATIONS 048 051, 054 (arable lands of thePauline mon aster) ); 082 (m eadow of the Paulinemonastery)

SERIAL NUMBER 106CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 3 iugerumPLACE NAME Wcrcsgervghzele

UNIFIED PLACE NAME VeresgyörgyszélePREVIOUS POSSESSOR Péter Szakácsi thecookNEW POSSESSOR Péter Szakácsi s sister Annaand her sons, parish churchDATE 1503

SERIAL NUMBER 107

CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 2 iugerumPLACE NAME HorozeleghUNIFIED PLACE NAME Horohszcle

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 037. 040, 136 (Horohalja)


QUANTITY 0,5 iugerumPLACE NA ME GiwthusgeypeUNIFIED PLACE NA ME GiwthusgyepePREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 109CULTIVATION meadowQUANTITY 2PLACE NAME Fewen, KerekrethUNIFIED PLACE NAME Föveny, KerekrétPRECISE POSITION KerekrétPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály K gyó,Márton Vidi, Péter OrrosNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1495SETTLEMENT Szakácsi


QUANTITY 2 iugerumPLACE NAME Barkolczazclc

UNIFIED PLACE NAME BarkolcaszélePRECISE POSITION on the eastNORTH land of János Szakácsi s son PéterPREVIOUS POSSESSOR János Poka ofSzakácsiNEW POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s son PeterFIELD SYSTEM ianeus

DATE 1425SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

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414 CSILLA ZATYKO

RELATIONS 032, 111 (.lános s son Peter); 111,113, 144 (János Poka)

SERIAL NUMBER IIICULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugemmNORTH arable land o f László s son János s sonPéterWEST eoppice called MegyeSOUTH son of JánosEAST arable land of János PokaPREVIOUS POSSESSOR L rinc Szakácsi s sonDomokosNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 032, 110 (János s son Péter); 110,

113 144 (János Poka)

SERIAL NUMBER 112CULTIVATION coppicePLACE NAME MegyeUNIFIED PLACE NAME MegyeEAST arable land of L rinc Szakácsi s sonDomokosDATE 4

RELATIONS 067, 068, 087 089, 149 (coppice)

SERIAL NUMBER 113CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugemmNORTH land of János Poka of SzakácsiWEST land of János Poka of SzakácsiEAST arable land of Mihály Szakácsi s sonBalázsPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Szakácsi sson BalázsNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 4

RELATIONS 110, 111, 144 (János Poka); 092(Mihály s son Balázs)

SERIAL NUMBER 114CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugerumWEST land of Jakab VeresEAST land of Pál PokoczPREVIOUS POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s sonPéterNEW POSSESSOR Pál Pokocz of SzakácsiDATE 1436SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 115CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 usu.PRECISE POSITION towards the garden ofImrc s son PéterBESIDE Küls szakácsiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Tolvaj

NEW POSSESSOR Antal lwanka s son yörgy

of Küls szakácsiDATE 1451SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 116 (garden of Imre s son Péter)

SERIAL NUMBER 116CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PRECISE POSITION towards the garden ofPéter and ImreNEW POSSESSOR Antal lwanka s son Györgyof Külsöszakácsi and his daughtersDATE 1463SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 115 (garden of Imre s son Péter)

SERIAL NUMBER 117CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumNORTH land of László Szakácsi s son György swidowSOUTH Egyed Szakácsi s son BálintPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryNEW POSSESSOR Benedek Kaczo s sonMiklósDATE 1459

SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 096 (Egyed s son Bálint); 038, 150(Egyed s son János); 039,097 (Miklós Kaczo)

SERIAL NUMBER 118CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumWEST land of János BodakEAST arable land of Márton s son TamásPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Gergely Kelenizi swife and Demeter Soldos s daughter ZsuzsannaNEW POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s son PéterDATE 1429

SERIAL NUMBER 119CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY pieceBESIDE (arable land of) László ZeregerPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 134 (László Zereger)

SERIAL NUMBER 120CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 8,5 iugerumPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Tolvaj(Warazloi)NEW POSSESSOR Antal s son ..., Simon Finta.... Vidi GondosDATE 1461SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsi

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SERIAL NUMBER 121CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME HasberkyUNIFIED PLACE NAME HársberekMODERN PLACE NAME 73, 99 BerökWEST NagyrétPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNE W POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Küls szakácsiDATE 1451RELATIONS 009 011 (Hársberek); 012(Nagyrét)

SERIAL NUMBER 122CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME gyalogwlhUNIFIED

PLACE NAME fool pathBESIDE it leads across iugerum arable landPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály TolvajNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son Györgyof Küls szakácsiDATE 1451RELATIONS 025 (foot path)

SERIAL NUMBER 123CULTIVATION riverEAST coppice called Sz l haraszt of György

VeresDATE 1466SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 046, 047, 124 126 (Sz l haraszt);019, 035. 123, 124 (György Veres)

SERIAL NUMBER 124CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME plcbanoswthaUNIFIED PLACE NAME priest s roadPRECISE POSITION leading to forestWEST coppice called Sz l haraszt of GyörgyVeres

DATE 1466SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 046, 125 (road); 046, 047, 123,125, 126 (Sz l haraszt); 019, 035, 123,125(György Veres)

SERIAL NUMBER 125CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME via publicaUNIFIED PLACE NAME public roadPRECISE POSITION leading to forestNORTH coppice called Sz öl haraszt of GyörgyVeres

DATE 1466SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 046, 124 (road); 046, 047, 123,124, 126 (Sz l haraszt); 019, 035, 123, 124(György Veres)

SERIAL NUMBER 126CULTIVATION drainPLACE NAME es v zelvczctö árokUNIFIED PLACE NAME drainNORTH vineyard called Szöl harasztEAST vineyard called Szöl harasztDATE 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 046,047, 123 125 (Szöl haraszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 128CULTIVATION roadUNIFIED PLACE NAME roadWEST arable land of Pál Szakácsi s son Ferenc

DATE 1411

SERIAL NUMBER 129CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY part of iugerumPLACE NAME BorsohelUNIFIED PLACE NAME BorsohelyPRECISE POSITION on the eastWEST Kerekerd

NEW POSSESSOR György Veres, Péter Orros,Miklós OrrosDATE 1463SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsi

RELATIONS 018 (Borsohely); 013 018(Kerekerd )

SERIAL NUMBER 130CULTIVATION millPLACE NAME mill of Gergely Szakácsi s sonMiklósUNIFIED PLACE NAME mill of GergelySzakácsi s son MiklósBESIDE meadow of Gergely Kelenizi s wifePREVIOUS POSSESSOR Gergely Szakácsi sson MiklósDATE 1431SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 037, 039, 040, 080, 082 (mills)

SERIAL NUMBER 131CULTIVATION forestPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of Péter Szakácsithe cookDATE 1503

SERIAL NUMBER 132CULTIVATION meadowPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 133CULTIVATION meadowPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György Veres(Egyed Fekete)

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4 6 CSILLA ZATYKO

DATE 1453SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 134CULTIVATION arable landPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György Veres(László Zcrcgcr)DATE 1453

SERIAL NUMBER 135CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugerumPREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of Péter Szakácsithe cookDATE 1503

SERIAL NUMBER 136CULTIVATION meadowPLACE NAME HorohalyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME HorohaljaPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Miklós Szakácsi sson János, János Szakácsi s son Egyed, Mihály sson BalázsNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1402SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 037, 040 (Horohalja); 107

(Horohszéle)

SERIAL NUMBER 137CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugerumBESIDE at the edge of the village SzakácsiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Gergely Kelenizi swife and Demeter Soldos s daughter ZsuzsannaNEW POSSESSOR János Szakácsi s son PeterDATE 1429SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 138CULTIVATION forestQUANTITY piecePREVIOUS POSSESSOR will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Külsöszakácsi

SFRIAL NUMBER 139CULTIVATION vine

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 140CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME MagaskerthuelUNIFIED PLACE NAME MagaskörtvélyBESIDE HátaserdöPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Tolvaj(Warazloi)

NEW POSSESSOR daughters of Antal Iwanka sson György of Küls szakácsiDATE 1455SETTLEMENT KülsöszakácsiRELATIONS 021 (Hátaserdö, Magaskörtvély)

SERIAL NUMBER 141CULTIVATION meadowQUANTITY 1 scythe (falcastrum)DATE 1461SETTLEMENT Külsöszakácsi

SERIAL NUMBER 142CULTIVATION vineQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME Therpechegye

UNIFIED PLACE NAME TerpecshegycWEST Egyed FeketeEAST Péter OrrosNEW POSSESSOR Péter Orros, Miklós OrrosDATE 1463RELATIONS 133 (Egyed Fekete)

SERIAL NUMBER 143CULTIVATION vine, coppiceQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME Zeleharazthya

UNIFIED PLACE NAME SzölöharasztPREVIOUS POSSESSOR György VeresNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATF 1471SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 046, 047, 123 125 (Sz l haraszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 144CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road to MonyorókerékUNIFIED PLACE NAME road toMonyorókerékPRECISE POSITION on the east, near LétaWEST forest of the parish priest of SzakácsiBESIDE land of Poka of Szakácsi s son János,coppiceDATE 1382SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 149 (road to Monyorókerék);066 068 (forest of the parish church ; 110, 111,113 (János Poka)

SERIAL NUMBER 145CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road from Léta to the monasteryUNIFIED PLACE NAME road from Léta to themonasteryPRECISE POSITION on the castBESIDE linden tree marked by a cross, coppiceDATE 1382SETTLEMENT Szakácsi

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SERIAL NUMBER 146CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME path to LétaUNIFIED PLACE NAME path to LétaWEST coppice and arable lands of the monasteryEAST coppice of the nobles of SzakácsiDATE 1382RELATIONS 024, 090, 091 (road)

SERIAL NUMBER 147CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME small road along the streamUNIFIED PLACE NAME small road along thestreamPRECISE PO SITION towards the east and thewest

ESI E forest of the Pauline monasteryDATE 1382

RELATIONS 092, 093, 148 (road)

SERIAL NUMBER 148CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road to the monasteryUNIFIED PLACE NAME road to the monasteryBESIDE forest of et Szakácsi s son János,near a streamDATE 1382

RELATIONS 092, 093, 147 (road)

SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 086 (road to Gadány)

SERIAL NUMBER 152CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAME MagaskörtvélySOUTH curia of P eter s son László inKülsöszakácsiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR János BogdánNEW POSSESSOR Peter s son LászlóDATE 1470SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsiRELATIONS 021, 140 (Magaskörtvély)

SERIAL NUMBER 153CULTIVATION vine

NORTH vine of Kelemen Seres of SzöcsényWEST main road (via magna) from Szöcsény toLctaSOUTH main road (via magna) from Szöcsényto LétaEAST vine of Márk Zsitvai s son LukácsPREVIOUS POSSESSOR László SzöcsényiNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1456SETTLEMENT Szöcsény

SERIAL NUMBER 149CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road from the monastery toMonyorókerékUNIFIED PLACE NAME road from themonastery to MonyorókerékPRECISE POSITION towards the east and thewestBESIDE coppiceDATE 1382RELATIONS 144 (road to Monyorókerék)

SERIAL NUMBER 150CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME road to LétaUNIFIED PLACE NAME road to Léta

ESI E l nd of Egyed s son JánosDATE 1382RELATIONS 087, 088, 090, 091, 146 (road);

038 (Egyed s son János)

SERIAL NUMBER 151CULTIVATION roadPLACE NAME via magna to McsztegnyöUNIFIED PLACE NAME main road toMeszelgnyoWEST arable land for a plough on HalmosBESIDE Ferenc Kakas s sponsus György VidiDATE 1480

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418 CSILLA ZATYKO

Appendix 2.Perambulation of the bounds of the estate of the Trepk family of Monyorókerék

and the Szakácsi family of Szakácsi from 1371.

Tolvaj's formulary OSzKFol. Lat. 1818. 128-1 29. p.

Collectio stylorum sacculo XV in Foris Hungariac usu rcccptorum. Ex dono Illustrissimi Domini ComitisFrancisci Tolvaj

Nos Conventus monasterii Sancti Aegidii de Simigio memorie commendamus quod cum iuxta continentiamlitterarum comitis Capelle Regie arbitratoriarum qualuor probi et nobiles viri nostro testimonio interpartes infrascriptos, videlicet Nicolaum fílium Joannis, Bekus filium Kezes ?), Joannem fllium Egidii,Dcmctrium fllium Elek, Pctrum fllium Joannis, ct Petrum fllium Nicolai dc Zakachy actorcs ab una. itemmagistros Dominicium, Joannem, Isyp ?) ct Lcukus filios Stcphani illii Trepk, in causam attractos parteab altera, super facto mctarum inter posscssioncs Zakach prcdictam ipsorum actorum ct Moniorokcrckdictorum in C omalhtrum) distinguencium. In octavis festi Nativitatis Bcatc Virginis proxime preteritisszept. 15.) arbitrarie et ipsas partes cotnponere debuissent. Nosque secundum earundem litterarum tenorem

ad ipsum arbilrium audiendum et dictam compositionem videndam, unum ex nobis virum religiosumfratrcm Jacobum Sacerdolcm pro nostro testimonio duximus destinandum. Tandem idem homo nostcruna cum prcdietis Nicolao filio Joannis Bekus et Petro filio Nicolai, qui pro sc pcrsonalitcr ct pro prcdictisaliis corum proximis omis eorum in sc assumentes, item annotatis magistris Dominico Joanne et Isyp, quisimiliter pro se pcrsonalitcr ct pro dicto Lcukus fratrc ipsorum, omis ciusdem, si in infrascripta compositionepersistere vellet, super se accipiendo ?), coram nobis adhcrcbant. et in nullo infrascripte compositionicontradiscebant, sed eandem suo inodo afirmebant, ad nos redcundo retulit eo modo: quod ipse partessecundum ordinationem et dispositionem arbitrariam proborum et nobilium virorum per ipsos adductorumtalker concordassent super metis inter predictas possessione earum distinguentibus: Quod ipse partesprésente ipso nostro testimonio in predictis Ad facies dictarum possessionum ipsarum accedendomctas in se invicem easdern possessiones perpetuo separantes laliter reambulassent el ipsas posscssioncs

per has mctas ab invicem distinxisscnt, quod primo incepissent a fluvio Haas vocato ct penes cundemflivium unam mctam tcrrcam crcxisscnt, ct ab hinc versus oricntcm per vi ct valdc propc agrcdiendo,duas antiquas m ctas terreas, unam videlicet in Ilicis, ct aliam in arborc similiter Ilicis reperissent, penesquas tertiam novam erexissent, deindeque versus eandem plagam orientalem eundo pervenissentad unammetam antiquam ad radicem cuiusdam arboris Ilicis cumulatam, iuxta quam novam metam terreamelevassent. Ab hinc vero similiter ad eandem partem vadendo, pervenissent ad unam magnam arborem Ilicis,meta terrea circumfusam in arboris que existentem, et penesipsam novam metam terream cumulassent,et ab hinc p eundo similiter unam arborem Ilicis, meta terrea circumfusam reperissent, iuxta quamnovam crcxisscnt, modicumque ab inde semper ad eandem partem transcundo, similiter unam arboremilicis in radicc mctam tcrrcam habentem invcricbant, quam rcnovasscnt, ct dcindc per bonum spácium adeandem plagam oricntis eundo pervenissent ad unam viam (Ocscguso) transitum prebentem, ex utraque parte

metam terream habentem, penes quas tertiam mctam tcrrcam crxisscnt, dcinde directe ad fluvium ichwa ?)nuncupatum detendendo ipsumque fluvium ad terrain C heer vocatam saliendo ac sem per ad dictam plagamprocedendo et ad unam viam de Moniorokerek distinguentes, penes quas novas elevassent, transeuntespervenissent ad quandam arborem Ilicis meta terrea circumdatam, quam renovassent, indeque ad angulumipsius virgulti parcium declinando ad quandam Ilicis vocatam novam metam terream erexissent, etinde propc eundo in m edio cuiusdem térre arabilis, unam metam terream cum ulassent. et de hinc ad angulumunius silvc magnc custodialis prope eundo, penes unam viam novam mctam tcrrcam elevassent ct abindcsemper penes latus ipsius sylvc per quam plures continuas mctas tcrreas dc novo crcctas cuntcs pervenissentad quendam rivulum, iuxta quern supra clausuram molcndini Hcremitarum Ecclesie Sancti Dominici unammetam terream de n ovo cum ulassent. Ibique mete partium prcdictam ipsam terram Chereseuleu ac terrasipsius possessiones Moniorokerek separantes terminarentur.

Quemquidam omnes mete a principio usque ad finem semper ad partem meridionalem ipsipossessioni Zakach el ad partem septemtrionalem ad Zakach transilum prebentem perveniendo ipsamqueviam transiliendo, penes eandem in rubetis sub quodam arborc Piri sylvcslriunam mctam Icrreamreperissent, iuxta quam novam erexissent ct in eisdem novam erexissent, et in eisdem rubetis seu virgultis,ulterius modicu transcundo unam mctam tcrrcam invenissent antiquam, penes quam novam cumulassentet ab inde in eodem virgultc semper ad prcdictam partem per continuas trcs mctas tcrreas antiquas ipsamIcrream Cheer ac terris dicte possessionis Moniokcrek distinguentes

... trionalem dicle possessioni Moniokcrek scpararcnt et distinguerent. Hoc etiam declaranto quodsuper ... habite

Anno domini millesimo Irecentesimo septuagesimoprimo 137J

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RECONSTRUCTION OF TH E SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE 419

fig 6 Site of Küls szakácsi on eri l photos

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420 CSILLA ZATYKO

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fig 7 Sketch of the perambulation of the Trepk family of onyorókerék and theSzakácsi family in Szakácsi issued in 1371

8/13/2019 Anteus 27


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comer of (be forest of Hgycd s son János comer of for stUnd of Tamás Szakácsitson Peter

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forest of tbc Paulinemonastery

forest of the Paulinemonastery

road from Szakácsi to the monastery

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meadow of Pouka*son János

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422 CSILLA ZATYKO

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fig. 9/a-c. First section of the perambulation from 1382 with other availabledocumentary data

8/13/2019 Anteus 27


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forest of the Pjrish Church of All SaintsSERIAL NUMBER 066CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 10 iugerumNORTH forest of the Parish Church of All SaintsPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Peter Szakácsi sson BenedekNEW POSSESSOR Tamás Szakácsi s sons Jakaband GyörgyFIELD-SYSTEM with ils all appurtenances and useDATE 1375RELATIONS 067, 06JÍ,144 (forest of the parish church)

10 iuuenim arable lamPéicr S/akácsi s son Benedek -

Tamás S/akácsi s sansJakab and György

1429 BanchfaafS (Banehozafbw)

SERIAL NUMBER 032CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugerumPLACE NAME BanchazafewUNIFIED PLACE NAME BaneházaföBESIDE between arable lands of Janos s so n Péteran d Papcrdö (Papharaszt)PREVIOUS POSSESSORDemeter Soldos's daughter ZsuzsannaNEW POSSESSOR János Szakácsi's son PéterDATE 1429RELATIONS 031 , 033-036 (Papharaszt);110,111 (Janos s so n Péter)

arable lands of János Szakácsis son Peter—1> Í iugerum iinihk* land

Dcnicicr Soldoss daughter ZsuzsannaJános S kKM*s soil PeietPaperdÖ(Paperdey)


QUANTITY I iugerumNORTH cop pice between the forest of thePauline monastery and the forest of the parish churchPREVIOUS POSSESSORLászló Bakator s son BenedekNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1414SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 066. 068. 144 (forest of the parish church);068 ,087 ,089 . I l l J 1 2 , 149 (coppice); 089 (Bakator)

1414 SzakácsiN

coppicebetween the forest of the

Pauline monastery anforest of the parish tl

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I As/16 Bakators son Benedek- monasiery

1453

SERIAL NUMBER 034CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0.5PLACE NAME PapharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasziPRECISE POSITION beside, towards Gadin yPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE M53SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031 -033. 035. 036 (Papharaszc);

084 086 (Gadiny)

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SERIAL NUMBER 035CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 funiculusPLACE NAME PapharazlhyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasztPRECISE POSITION beside, in ordinate WEST György VeresEAST György B róPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresFIELD SYSTEM in ordinalo vaginalum vulgo zalagonDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031 034, 036 Papliaraszt);019, 060, 123 125 György Veres); 060 György B ró)

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SERIAL NUMBER 036CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME PapharastyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapliarasztPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György VeresDATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031 035 Papharaszt)

SERIAL NUMBER 033CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5PLACE NAME PapharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME PapharasztPRECISE POSITION beside on the eastPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Will of György Vere

DATE 1453SETTLEMENT SzakácsiRELATIONS 031 032,034 036 Papharaszt)

1480Nagyszakácsi; Sz ncgciöharaszt

(Zenegelhcvhaiaszi)

SERIAL NUMBER 031CULTIVATION coppiceQUANTITY 1 piecePLACE NAME ZenegethewharazthyaUNIFIED PLACE NAME Szénégetöha rasztWEST vine of Gá l Kaczó, PaperdöEAST Paperd ı , Papharaszt)PREVIOUS POSSESSORIstván of Nagyszakácsit son JánosNEW POSSESSOR György VeresDATE 1480SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 032 036 Papharaszt)

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coppiceIstván Nagyszakácsi s)

son János >György Veres

vincofGilKaezi Pftperdö (papcrdcy

8/13/2019 Anteus 27



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fig. 10/a c. Second section of the perambulation from 1382 with other v il ble

documentary data

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SERIAL NUMBER 090CULTIVATION vinePLACE NAME AlexandorbykyUNIFIED PLACE NAME A lexandorbykyNORTH trunk of an oak treeWEST coppice of György BechySOUTH road to LctaEAST coppice of th e villagePREVIOUS POSSESSOR Keres of Nagyszakácsi ssons Bekes and MihályNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monaster yDATE 1385

SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 146 (coppice of nobles); 087,088,091,150 (road toLéta)

1385Nagyszakácsi Alexandorbyky

N

oak tree

W

Q

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sp.

ft

1411to

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vineKeres Nagys2ak lcsi4s sons

Bckcs and Mihály

road to Lila

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146

1454Kúlsöszakácsi Megeharaszt

N

SERIAL NUMBER 111CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1 iugerumNORTH arable land of László ssonJános s son PeterWEST thicket called MegyeSOUTH son of JánosEAST arable land of János Poka \yPREVIOUS POSSESSORLı rinc Szakács s son DomokosNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 032, 110 (János s son Peter);110,113, 144 (János Poka)

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arable land of Lászlós sonJánoss son Pcict

l iugcnini arable landLı rinc Szakács s son Domokos

Jánoss son

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parish church Antal KQIsöszakácsi lwanka s son György

Pc erGed ı 0,5 iugerum arable land

SERIAL NUMBER 023CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 0,5 iugerumPLACE NAME MegeharazthUNIFIED PLACE NAME MegeharasztNORTH Péter GedöSOUTH Antal s son GyörgyEAST road (via publica)PREVIOUS POSSESSOR parish churchNEW POSSESSOR Antal lwanka s son GyörgyofKülsöszakácsi s

DATE 1454SETTLEMENT Küls ı szakácsiRELATIONS 022,024 (Megeharaszt); 111,112 (Megyc); 058 (Antal s son György)

Antals son György

3

1462FclsÖszakácsi

s

SERIAL NUMBER 022CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 3 iugerumPLACE NAME HathascrdcwUNIFIED PLACE NAME HátaserdöPRECISE POSITION besideBESIDE MegyeharasztPREVIOUS POSSESSOR Kozma s sonBálint of NagyszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka s son György ofKülsöszakácsiFIELD SYSTEM towards east and westDATE 1462SETTLEMENT Fels_szakácsiRELATIONS 021 140 (Hátaserd ı );023,024 (Megeharaszt); 111,112 (Megye);

iugerum arable landKozma Nagyszakácsit son Bálint >

A. Kúlsöszakácsi Iwankas son György •5

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1455

Nagyszakácsi Haloscrdew

N

w1.5 ug. arable I.

Kozma Nagyszakácsit son Imre A. Kül öswikacsi lwanka son György

SERIAL NUMBER 021CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 1,5 iugemmPLACE NAME HatoserdewUNIFIED PLACE NAME HátaserdöPRECISE POSITION lowards south and eastNORTH Péter Ged ?)SOUTH Péter (Ged ?)EAST Magaskörtvcly forest

PREVIOU S POSSESSOR Koz ma's son Imre of NagyszakácsiNEW POSSESSOR Antal Iwanka's son György of Küls szakácsiFIELD SYSTEM arable lands towards south and east S

DATE 1455SETTLEMENT NagyszakácsiRELATIONS 022, 140 (Hátaserd ); 140 (Magaskörtvély); 023 (Péter Ged ?)

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SERIAL NUMBER 152CULTIVATION forestPLACE NAM E MagaskörtvclySOUTH curia of Peter's son László in Küls szakácsiPREVIOUS POSSESSOR János BogdánNEW POSSESSOR Peter's son LászlóDATE 1470SETTLEMENT Külsöszakácsi

RELATIONS 021, 140 (Magaskörtvcly)

1470Külsöszakácsi Megeharaszt

N

Magwk nvély foresiJinos Bogdán Pcicr wn László

SERIAL NUMBER 140CULTIVATION forestPLACE N AME MagaskerthuclUNIFIED PLACE NAME MagaskörtvélyBESIDE Hátaserd

PREVIOUS POSSESSOR Mihály Tolvaj (Warazloi)NEW POSSESSOR daughters of Antal Iwanka's son György of Küls szakácsiDATE 1455SETTLEMENT Küls szakácsi

RELATIONS 021 (Hátaserdö, Magaskörtvély)

KÜlNÍiszalcácsi

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8/13/2019 Anteus 27


428 CSILLA ZATYKO

11/a

PI

OH

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CO OJ <DÖ ö > N

fig. 11/a b. The third section of the perambulation from 382 wilh olhcr availabledocumentary data

8/13/2019 Anteus 27


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SERIAL NUMBER 098CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY I iugerumPLACE NAME PetesianuserdeemeilethUNIFIED PLACE NAME forest o f János PetesPRECISE POSITION on the southPREVIOUS POSSESSORIstván Jank of Küls szakácsi's widow BorbálaNE W POSSESSOR Pé er Szakácsi's EgyedDATE 1444SETTLEMENT Külsös/akácsiRELATIONS (forest of János Petes 1382)

1444Küls ,•.>,.": i

N

1 *clc Manage t* kc

I iiuterum ;ir:ihtc land

widow of István Külsóssakácsi JankPclcr Szakácsis son Eyyccl

SERIAL NUMBER038CULTIVATION arable landQUANTITY 4 iugerumNORTH arable land of János SoldusWEST Demetert; sonSOUTH arable land of Egyed's son JánosEAST roadPREVIOUS POSSESSORSzakácsi Pál's sonFerenc iNEW POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 150 (Egyed's son János, road to Léta);0 . M7(Fgyed'ssonBálint)

1411

N

arable Knd ofliinos Soklus

4 iugerum arable landPdl SzakAcsi's son Ferenc

mtinaMcrv

1411


QUANTITY 1 iugerumNORTH arable land of Kcrcztus's sonKozmaWEST road to (he monasterySOUTH arable land of Kereztus's son KozmaEAST arable land of János of Szakácsi's son

EgyedPREVIOUS POSSESSORMihály Szakácsi's son BalázsNE W POSSESSOR Pauline monasteryDATE 1411RELATIONS 021, 022, 078 Kozma);093, 147, 148 (road); 037, 088. 089 (János's son Egyed)

N

3 arable land of Kerezlus* *on Kourui

•au>

iii J arable I.Mihály Sjtakács 'sson Balázs monastery

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arable land of Kerczlu** Mm Ko/ma sTO

arable land of Egyed* son János

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43 CSILLA ZATYKO

O Prehistoric Period

® Roman Period

© Migration Period

^rpádian Era

D Middle ge

fig 12 Archaeological sites from Nagyszakácsi

8/13/2019 Anteus 27



„-• - -- Lcla majori field

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