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Fieldwork & MethodsFieldwork & Methods
Preparation for the FieldPreparation for the Field
Adapting to the Field SituationAdapting to the Field Situation
Establishing a RoleEstablishing a Role
Developing RapportDeveloping Rapport
Methods & Techniques of Data GatheringMethods & Techniques of Data Gathering
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What Preparations What Preparations Must Be Made?Must Be Made?
Define a Research ProblemDefine a Research Problem Select a Research LocationSelect a Research Location Learn the LanguageLearn the Language Read Relevant LiteratureRead Relevant Literature Seek AdviceSeek Advice Write a Research ProposalWrite a Research Proposal Get Government PermissionGet Government Permission Take Medical PrecautionsTake Medical Precautions
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Adapting – 4 PhasesAdapting – 4 Phases
Honeymoon PhaseHoneymoon Phase Anthropologist as “Exotic Outsider”Anthropologist as “Exotic Outsider”
Critical PeriodCritical Period Anthropologist as “Tolerated Stranger”Anthropologist as “Tolerated Stranger”
Initial RecoveryInitial Recovery Anthropologist as “Town Clown”Anthropologist as “Town Clown”
AdjustmentAdjustment Anthropologist as “Marginal Native”Anthropologist as “Marginal Native”
What About Going Native?What About Going Native?
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Bronislaw MalinowskiBronislaw Malinowski
Hortense PowdermakerHortense Powdermaker
Napoleon ChagnonNapoleon Chagnon
Culture Culture ShockShock
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Developing Trust & Developing Trust & RapportRapport
Lack of understanding on what an Lack of understanding on what an anthropologist isanthropologist is Missionary? CIA agent?Missionary? CIA agent?
Chance eventsChance events Getting beneath the surfaceGetting beneath the surface FactionsFactions
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Methods & TechniquesMethods & Techniquesfor Data Gatheringfor Data Gathering
Participant ObservationParticipant Observation Key InformantsKey Informants Collecting DataCollecting Data InterpretationInterpretation EthicsEthics
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Participation:Participation: Involvement / immersion; subjectiveInvolvement / immersion; subjective
Observation:Observation: Detachment; objectiveDetachment; objective
Etic:Etic: Outsider’s understandingOutsider’s understanding
Emic:Emic: Insider’s understandingInsider’s understanding
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Collecting DataCollecting Data Census & MappingCensus & Mapping
InterviewsInterviews
Eliciting Texts: Eliciting Texts: Oral Histories, Folklore, MythsOral Histories, Folklore, Myths
Genealogies / KinshipGenealogies / Kinship
PhotographyPhotography
Field NotesField Notes
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Mapping, Census & Mapping, Census & SamplingSampling
Ocotillo, Ocotillo, ColimaColima
A small A small villagevillage
1984-911984-91
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Issues of Validity & Issues of Validity & ReliabilityReliability
Validity: Validity: ““Truth” & the mutual construction of Truth” & the mutual construction of
knowledgeknowledge
Reliability:Reliability: Robert Redfield vs. Oscar LewisRobert Redfield vs. Oscar Lewis Margaret Mead vs. Derrick FreemanMargaret Mead vs. Derrick Freeman Napoleon Chagnon vs. Patrick TierneyNapoleon Chagnon vs. Patrick Tierney Rigoberta MenchRigoberta Menchúú vs. David Stoll vs. David Stoll
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AAA Principles of AAA Principles of Professional Professional
ResponsibilityResponsibility Responsibility to Those Studied:Responsibility to Those Studied:
Rights & interests must be safeguardedRights & interests must be safeguarded Communicate Aims of the investigationCommunicate Aims of the investigation Right to remain anonymousRight to remain anonymous No exploitation of informants for personal gainNo exploitation of informants for personal gain Reflect on foreseeable repercussions of research & Reflect on foreseeable repercussions of research &
publicationpublication Communicate Anticipated consequencesCommunicate Anticipated consequences Reports to sponsors must also be available to those Reports to sponsors must also be available to those
studiedstudied Cooperate with the host community in planning & Cooperate with the host community in planning &
execution of the researchexecution of the research
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Responsibility to the PublicResponsibility to the Public Speak out publicly about research resultsSpeak out publicly about research results
Responsibility to the DisciplineResponsibility to the Discipline Behavior should not jeopardize future Behavior should not jeopardize future
researchresearch Responsibility to StudentsResponsibility to Students
Make students aware of ethical problemsMake students aware of ethical problems Responsibility to SponsorsResponsibility to Sponsors
Honest about qualifications and aims; accept Honest about qualifications and aims; accept no conditions that violate the ethical principlesno conditions that violate the ethical principles
Responsibility to Own & Host GovernmentResponsibility to Own & Host Government Research should not compromise future Research should not compromise future
researchresearch