Anthropological Places And Tools In Algeria

Students Of English 1st year Groupe 1

Benzerari AAti A. S.

Ati N.Adjim M. El Moukhtar

Boulebnane . M.Bouzaata M.

Introduction                                                Ancient time is the dawn of all the promises for

humanity, Algerians are a part of it. Ancient Algeria is a long period started from the prehistory, with the very first inhabitants, till the antiquity which ended with the coming of Islam. This period was characterised by an exciting culture shared with other civilisations such as: Greek, Phoenician, Egyptian, Roman and African.The first part of Ancient Algeria is the prehistory, which means, the time before the recorded history. It is also called the Stone Age because human used stone as tools in their daily life.

Some History Indicators

PrehistoryMiddle Paleolithic

The Neanderthals and Mousterian traditions:

an exstinct species of humans or primitive humans. They used stone tools called mousterians used for cutting meat, scraping skins, chopping wood, digging holes, hammering bone or wood, and even as a last resort defense against wild animals -- perhaps sort of a Stone Age Swiss army knife. . They were found in Tighennif, Mascara

Aterian Civilization : The first mediterranean people

          The Aterian is a distinctive North African culture, which seems to have developed among these early hunter-gatherers locked into the Algerian and Moroccan Maghreb

         They found sophisticated tools such as scrapers, punches and a kind of peak stones ancestor of the arrow or tanged points .

      The Aterian civilization to off - 25000 years (Cliff near Sidi Said Tipasa) replaced gradually to -22000 years that the man Mechta el-Arbi also said Mechta Afalou .

      

        Sites of Bir el Ater, south of Annaba, and in the Nementcha at 70 km south of Tebessa, 

to the extremity of djebel Onk).

Things are accelerating and we're in the ninth millennium. Homo sapiens (Neanderthal type) has changed again and is now called Homo sapiens sapiens (the conscious man of his knowledge). Its fossil remains found in Mechta el-Arbi , close to Chelghoum Laïd, west of Constantine, to Afalou R'Mel Bou, near Bejaia, La Mouillah near Maghnia in western Algeria. The features of one recognizes this man of Middle Paleolithic Cro-Magnon species. The Man Mechta reached its peak -10000 BC. AD

Man of Mechta el-Arbi or Homo sapiens sapiens

Ancient Neolithic:

Dolmen at Roknia. Roknia is a necropolis in the Guelma region of north-east Algeria consisting of more than 7000 dolmens spread over an area of 2 km

Dolmens A dolmen, also known as a portal tomb, portal grave or quoit, is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more unpright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table), although there are also more complex variants. Most date from the early Neolithic period (4000 to 3000 BC). Dolmens were typically covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow. In many instances, that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.

The Capsians The Capsians earn the littoral zone until very late, overflowing the Ibero-maurusienne area

It is in the art of ornament that distinguish the Capsians who invent a real decorative style: perforated shells, shells of ostrich eggs (used to the Punic!), Sea urchin shells, perforated vertebrae teeth, stones, turtle shells, natural pearls or bones ... but also tools such as thin slices of flint. The Capsians use their industrial waste as jewelry (necklaces and bracelets of beads broken pottery).Sites of snail shell mounds near Constantine and in the Sahara: Capsians were escargot eaters.

They also found an adult skeleton excavated in 1976 near Chéria, Algeria according to the Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada

Shells of the Nassarius species transformed by Aterians into objects of adornment

Recent Neolithic in Sahara (humid):• Brilliant Civilization (engravings and cave paintings of the Tassili

n’Adjjer). • Ceramics made his first appearances in the Tassili n'Ajjer from the

eighth century (before Christ).• The cave paintings found at Tassili-n-Ajjer, north of Tamanrasset,

and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in the central Maghrib between about 8000 B.C. and 4000 B.C. They were executed by a hunting people in the Capsian period of the Neolithic age who lived in a savanna region teeming with giant buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus, animals that no longer exist in the now-desert area. The pictures provide the most complete record of a prehistoric African culture.

Rock art in Tassili N'AjjerAouenrhet rock paintings - Illizi. Group of prehistoric paintings of high artistic quality. Some paintings are truly unusual, such as the "masked god" and "white lady".Jabbaren rock paintings ("Great Martian God") - Illizi. Group of world famous prehistoric paintings, one shows enormous man-like figure, which by some researchers of paranormal activities is seen as a depiction of alien.Sefar Wadi rock art - Illizi. One of world's largest prehistoric art galleries with many world renowned drawings. Most famous is the "Great God of Sefar".Tan Zumaïtak shelter - Illizi. Group of unique, well preserved prehistoric paintings, showing "aliens".Terarart rock panel ("The Crying Cows") - Illizi. Panel with prehistoric engravings of cattle with something like tears at their eyes. One of the highest achievements in such technique in Africa.Wadi Djerat - Illizi. Eary example of rock art - thousands of rock engravings along 30 km long canyon16th Century to 9th Century BCE:Probable descendants of the Capsians came into contact with " people of the Sea " and learned Aegean and Anatolian techniques: the Sahara became barren and empty.

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEtnJHeocKg

Berbers Or Imagighen Berbers are located primarily in the northern regions of Algeria and

Morocco, but somewhat to the interior, usually not far from the sea. . Their ancestors among Capsian Mesolithics and their Neolithic descendants, possibly with genetic contributions from the important Neolithic migrations from the Near East.

     Numidian and later Berber heritage Algeria has its own indigenous culture and heritage. Very interesting

are the tombs of the ancient Numidian kings - but even more amazing are the later urban planning traditions and architecture in the old cities and towns of Algeria.

The King Jugurtha The King Juba 1

Numidian tombs

• Beni Rhenane Mausoleum - Aïn Témouchent. Numidian mausoleum, 15 m wide. Originally it was some 30 m tall, now much lower. Possibly built in the 2nd century BC

• Jebel Lakhdar jedars and debel Araoui jedars - Tiaret. Two groups of funerary monuments of Numidian kings. First group has three of these round, pyramid like structures, other - ten. Largest ones have a diameter of 46 m, height - up to 18 m. Oldest is from the 5th century AD, newest - from the 7th century AD.

• Medracen (Madghacen) - Batna. Unusual stone structure - round, 18.5 m high pyramidal tomb of Numidian kings. Built in the 3rd century BC.

• Royal Mauritanian mausoleum - Tipaza. Enormous stone mound, 60.9 m in diameter and 32.4 m high. Time of the construction is not known, monument is approximately 2000 years old.

• Tomb of Massinissa in El Khroub - Constantine. Stone structure - a tomb of Numidian king Massinissa, built circa 148 BC.

• Tomb of Tin Hinan - Tamanrasset. Unique funerary structure with eleven rooms, according to legends - a tomb of the legendary Tin Hinan. Rich tomb of a man was found here in 1925 - 1933. Possibly constructed in the 3rd century.

Numidian Berber Tombs

Beni Rhenane Mausoleum - Aïn Témouchent. Numidian mausoleum, 15 m wide. Originally it was some 30 m tall, now much lower. Possibly built in the 2nd century BC Jebel Lakhdar jedars and debel Araoui jedars - Tiaret. Two groups of funerary monuments of Numidian kings. First group has three of these round, pyramid like structures, other - ten. Largest ones have a diameter of 46 m, height - up to 18 m. Oldest is from the 5th century AD, newest - from the 7th century AD.Medracen (Madghacen) - Batna. Unusual stone structure - round, 18.5 m high pyramidal tomb of Numidian kings. Built in the 3rd century BC.Royal Mauritanian mausoleum - Tipaza. Enormous stone mound, 60.9 m in diameter and 32.4 m high. Time of the construction is not known, monument is approximately 2000 years old.Tomb of Massinissa in El Khroub - Constantine. Stone structure - a tomb of Numidian king Massinissa, built circa 148 BC.Tomb of Tin Hinan - Tamanrasset. Unique funerary structure with eleven rooms, according to legends - a tomb of the legendary Tin Hinan. Rich tomb of a man was found here in 1925 - 1933. Possibly constructed in the 3rd century.

Corpos of Tin Hinan 

Grave Of Tin Hinan

Tomb Of Massinissa

Medghacen

Ruins of ancient cities

Since the 5th century BC, the indigenous peoples of northern Africa (identified by the Romans as Berbers) were pushed back from the coast by successive waves of Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Arab, Turkish, and, finally, French invaders. Over the centuries they left their mark on the world especially in Algeria there are numerous Roman sites and monuments which have the same structure

Beni Hammad Fort M'Sila. Ruins of the first Hammadid capital. This mountain city was enclosed in 7 km long walls and had four residential complexes. Notable is the 20 m tall minaret of a mosque. City was built in 1007 and abandoned in 1090.

DjmilaSétif. Well preserved ruins of Roman - Berberic town in the mountains. City was constructed in the 1st century AD and abandoned in the 5th - 6th centuries.

Hippo Regius Hippo Regius - Annaba. Ruins of very old town, first established by Phoenicians in the 12th century BC, later - Roman town and important centre of early Christianity.

Ancent name Thubursicu NumidarumRuins of Roman town in Sedrata - Souk Ahras

Khemissa site ( Takfarinas )

Lambaesis and Timgad Lambaesis - Batna. Ruins of Roman town, founded between 123 and 129 AD, declined at the end of 4th century. Contains ruins of large public buildings - trimuphal arches, aqueducts, amphitheatre and others.Timgad - Batna. Extensive ruins of once important Roman town. Founded circa 100 AD as a Roman military outpost to protect Roman colonies from Berber attacks. Later became an important centre of Christianity, abandoned in the 7th century. Well preserved grid planning of street network. Important landmark - the 12 m high Trajan's Arch.

Tipaza

Tipaza. Ruins of Punic - Roman town, which later turned in to a centre of early Christianity. Contains ruins of three churches as well as amphitheater, baths and other structures.

Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmzRdy9BRKY

Other Anthropological and archaeological landmarks

• Djorf Torba megalithic cemetery - Béchar. Megalithic necropolis, with stone slabs painted with horses and gazelles. It is possible that the most adorned grave was a grave of artist.

• Fadnoun Idebni - Illizi. Largest group of idebni - hundreds of prehistoric solar tombs, formed as keyholes.

• Senâm - M'sila. Large group of prehistoric monuments - stone circles from natural limestone. Diameter of circles varies from 7 to 10 meters.

Historical berber towns and cities

Ghoufi - Batna. Historical village with many rock cut houses (balconies), built over the deep and picturesque Ghoufi canyon. Village inhabited since the 4th century AD

Historical berber towns and cities

Ghoufi - Batna. Historical village with many rock cut houses (balconies), built over the deep and picturesque Ghoufi canyon. Village inhabited since the 4th century AD.

NedromaOran. Historical Berber town with medieval architecture.

M'Zab towns

M'Zab towns - Ghardaia, Bouboura, El-Ateuf, Beni Isguene, Melika - Ghardaïa. Unique monument of Berber urban planning and architecture - five closely located walled towns. Each of the towns is built in concentric rings around the mosque. The adobe structures often have unique architecture.

TimimounAdrar. Old desert town with characteristic planning and architecture. Most buildings are built of red clay.

Kasbah of Algiers 

Algiers. Very well preserved old city with numerous valuable buildings and the characteristic urban network of small medieval passages and streets. Built mainly in 17th - 18th centuries in the site of ancient city.

References and rources www.anthropology .net

http://anthrocuriosities.tumblr.comwww.paleodirect.com

http://countrystudies.us/algeria/

https://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com

http://realhistoryww.com/ http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com

http://whc.unesco.org/http://www.expertalgeria.com/