referred
to
as
"one
of
the
most
brilliant
scholars
in
linguistics
and
anthropology
the
theory
and
methodology
(1916).
music, and
social criticism.
point
where
the
original
page
break
occurred.
To
given volume, the
posscssicve
llexie
\n
(c)
the material were
the t>ther.
the
easier for the reader to consult related papers in
close
psychologique
des
languages
in
as
well
as
(grant
no.
BNS-8609411),
and
the
editor-in-chief
black-and-white
copy
of
Sapir's
1920
was
student of Boas,
Consider
the
diversity
of
the
Native
American
an Americanist only
grew, as many of the materials he left in manuscript were
edited
other
important
longer
manuscripts,
now
edited
by
is reflected in
guistic research, aimed
comparisons,
comes
to
the
he
Na-Dene
Languages"
nia
Indo-European
comparative
philology,
and
1920 must be
on
work
in
progress.
revise that classifica-
tion. His 1925
Appendix
to
Volume
VI);
this
was
exacerbated
working
notes.
Sapir
s
active
to 1938, or
period
was
linguistics.
virtually
nonetheless,
a
central
ligure
in
general
consideraiions.
apply-
typological
state-
his
field
notes
on
Yana Texts,
Incorporation
in
in the term
concept in
general. Sapir
large number of
one
coukl
simpK
speak
of
of
American
tions
this Dutch
publishe.d two articles in
on North
American Indian
languages. Such
discussion was,
of
American
of book
.
,"
In this pattern, objects
"patients,"
whereas
are
given
a passive
he
syntactic cases . . .
then correlate
he
wishes
he
recog-
frequentative
fearful
amount
hig-
with
374-82) and
been lost
The
second
and
to
locus
on
"vestigiaP
patterns
published
classifi-
cation.
The
notes
close
marizes
Sapir
s
paper
"six great
he
for
North
America.
"Glottalized
Continuants
in
Navaho,
Nootka,
plausible hypothesis
that set
occurred.
(Because
"American Indian Grammatical
of the
related
phenomena
in
UM"k.
"The
onward, to
propose six
of
appreciating
the
diversity
which
current discussion of linguistic
their distribution,
American
lieihir
the
American,
Takelma. Here we have
-t
k\
etymologically related to
affix is
as are
tense affixes
Dr
Ponka
ma-
and
body at
"by heat,
by fire."
example,
As in
</m
Comgrls
ImUrnatiomttl
noun
stems
denoting
inde-
after labial
consonants. It
is not
u
in
but).
AM.
ANTH.,
N.
S.,
13—
17
not
be
considered
as
incorporated,
manic. Eskimo, a language particularh- rich in suffixes that \erbify
nouns, has been
termed poKsynthetic, but
as ch
nouns
way
or
the word "steam"
as
in
that
not
the
slightest
reason
wh\'
"to
song-write"
or
only a logical
or
denominative
compound nouns.
Similarly, in
g.
"to
song-write,"
that
Dr
Kroeber
alone
of
the
incorporated
is variable in
objective
that
to at
song-write"
songs,"
but
matical
a
syntactic
enenn
"
so-called
bahu-
it
termed
a
verb
of
(general
application,
in
its
at
concerts,"
concert." Bahuvrihi verbs,
by
verbs
at
any
fact is
in striking
and significant
the
and Tsimshian,
fundamental
importance,
being
bound
re\iew of
noun
noun
object
te.
is
ditTorence
in
treatment
noun
incorporation
of
incorporation
Shoshonean
dialects
are
but
little
known,
yet
tion of the
noun is at
and
probably
does
not
does
undoubt-
edly
examples of
justify
one
in
drawing
inferences
facts in
1909
winter and spring of
at Carlisle,
N.
W.
Arizona;
it
distinguished
from
northern
begin the sentence
ivariwiarjan' * (on dvan
follows that nominal
A
should be borne in
mind that all the
object
arc
and
obscun-
1.
elided.
-7/1'"'-;
v^
becomes
voiceless
"to
kill
several
of
main
and
subordinate
clauses
are
of -yu-
-k'^a
 
(mi-
"person";
cit'caii-
to |)artiriilar
object.
at the present time;
be
called
with
independent,
syntactically
admitted,
ol)jecti\e ih (
unit'
on
op'
uy
a'
"(he)
were licking it"
"(he)
t'irjwavd-
"to
make
compound
seems
fairly
a
a
prefixed
stem;
this
second
stem
eat
good
things"
from
n'iv^'dvi'"*
{pdyln'a-
"fog,
cloud,"
absolute
apparent
noun
compounds
in
which
number. Whether
these resemblances
too
early
does not militate
against the Uto-
support
it.
We need not
noun
in meaning, while its
of
Yana
^
"to
take";
is
inorganic; -ru- "to go to do"; -sk'i- present in 1st person plural).
Some of these examples
between
the
two.
Sometimes
a
noun
followed
and
but prefixes
in Yana.
without incor{X)rated
predicate
element
be
converted
by
true
substantivized derivatives of bahuvrlhi
hang"
as
truly
swim";
-hil-
-wa, noun
elements
but
also
"above,
over."
Nevertheless,
there
body-part
stems
are
more
of stem to abso-
and
that,
furthermore,
noun
more
that of others,
it is clear that
case of body-part
stems, as a
two points, taken
make
something
examples
Dr Boas has
The
animate
to
never
incorporated.^
incorporated
former are
stem
incorporated
would
in
name
to
would
be
further
confirmed
by
noun subject would do
in
no
ca.se
is
the
in Iroquois,
'The fact that
nouns,
makes
this
typo
of
"ci-n
a
highly
examples
given.
found
to
body,"
"again
noun
stem
is
a quasi-compound
verb
sentences
to
neuter
verbs
with
or
without
incorporated
little
meaning
in
Iroquois,
unless
we
choose
of Dr Boas:
(//- third person
indicati\e;
if
necessary,
and sixth
it
follows
in
Takelma;
I
incorporated
in point.
indicative).
Enough
evidence
by
no
means
indeed
the
-'kwd-
"woman"
(pp.
catch. The dialect is that of Tsimshian proper. See now
Boas,
Tsim-
shian,
§ 34
{Handbook
of
American
a single
has been
this
applies
to
position,
all differences
prominently.
In
no
case,
not
even
in
lations
Kwakiutl. as
already pointed
out. arc
'Since this article
this
policy
they
to
this
would
seem
without value. The
Dorsey). Dakota
Grammar, Texts,
J.
R.
Swanton
[1898]:
body of lexical
some of
is
intended
merely
somewhat
dangerous,
pro-
ceeding
to
pronounce
the
Bureau
linguistic
1
material
obtained
under
the
auspices
of
gamut
indeed,
extending
alt
the
way
from
the
dis-
tressing
amateurishness
of,
say.
No.
34.
to
work
exemplilied.
say.
of the
at all, or,
perfectly
excusable;
for
most
of
the
trained
it
place,
when first
more
fascinating
on
that
serves, as
eminently reliable
modified
by
recent
Powell's linguistic map are
not all to be
which he defined
tion, the terrifying
complexity disclosed on
distinct
stocks
Bureau
16,
or
the great
further from my
researches
into
linguistic
stocks
north
of
Mexico
will
sooner
is as
well not
languages,
of
the
recorders,
as
The general run
of the linguistic papers might be not unfairly described as "rea-
sonably
no
better.
Bureau,
inner ear; he
and classifi-
a
purely
negative
to
mark
a
very
has
not
of
come
recent
lin-
guistic
studies
of
instrumental, or, better,
a
expressed by
and that
interpreta-
but
that in a
primitive
stage
Even
where
a
sometimes
liiuis
reason
to
believe
traced in
fundamental
concept
belongs
state,
aside
from
his
(or
its)
own
were of
It is a
from
an
ordinary
instrumental.
One
case of the
instru-
ment.
For
the
primitive
linguistic
apparent
agent,
although
itself
dependent,
works
on
the
logical
object
(i.e.,
the
gram-
of
outstreaming
power.'
When
it is an active case, it can be more closely defined as the 'case
of
that Uhlenbeck
one
fundamental
feature,
are
the
close
morphological
normal pas-
verb-stems
on
the
basis
of
singularity
normal
subjec-
tive
and
objective
by him;
interpreted
as
meaning
properly
i
am
as i am sei;n
thou art seen (by me is
merely implied);
between
transitives
follow
that
the
transitives
are
of
related to i
is formed
a sort of
sonal (with
the
pro-
nominal object of the transitive cannot in Takelma well be interpreted as
the
to
the
intransitive
subject,
which
relation between passive
cases,
the object,
considers it as
the
object.
One
way
numerical
classification
of
verb-stems
would
suggest,
tran-
between one
man dying
reflected in a
killing one
man, and
causing several
to die,
shows that
even mor-
up
forms
(intransitive
subject
taken as
quoted
from
Tlingit,
Haida,
Tsimshian,
conclusion
arrived
at
being
that
subject (I
ME (cf. such
This
brings
himself
to
hardly
seems
necessary
must be attacked
not
better
informed
out
that
we
know
from
"Versiagen
en
Mededeehn-
Wetenschappen,
Afdeehng
Lcitvrkundv.
nouns, there are sometimes special morphological
features
that
in
class as
regards possessive
possession
Siouan. the
element, while only
radically distinct.
relationship are not
grew
more
tends to cast
seems
suggestive
inseparable
pronominal
Algonkin,
further,
strongly
other
that
the
and that,
of relationship generally owe
other
linguistic
data,
in
nor
any
classification of possessive pronominal affixes; but there are two suffixes
of
not
infrequent
acquirement
and
inseparability,
i'ni-
oo-
BONE,
OO-'a-
BONE
IN
ONE's
BODY).
In
Nootka,
again,
presently
noted,
but
one
series
of
the body).
by analogy.
the
forms
for
and
as ms
F-Arm-.R, our
jaiiii r.
pronominal
afhxes
evidence
is
pertinent,
it
is
obvious
nouns,
except
for
the
first
respectively expressed by
to
the
distinctive series,
sometimes only
while in the
so
Iroquois,
but
uses
formal
transitives
cept
than those of
feci ourselves
afunctional
possessive
with
a
speed
ically
intransitive
me, belonging ro
affix can be
an
m^
iioi'sf.
m
ns).
There
objective
(or
like myhousf as a
semi-verbal n()i)SF:(is) iomi . Asa
forms as
ri is
identification. The
Mexict)
I
whole gamut;
then correlate
features than
work really convincingh
because he docs
n-;
plural
and
frequentative
between
would
F. B stands most aloof of
all
feel Eskimo closer to Algonkin-
Wakashan than
despite Paul to the contrary). The
test languages are,
linguistic
vade
mecum.
a
as
prevalence
latter).
Least
polysynthetic
is
D,
which
is
nearest
new
synthetic
spurt
from
a
very
analytic
form
kelma-Coos
type.
Further,
polysynthesis
Gramtnur,
"to,
at,"
both
m
both
Tlingit
and
Tibetan
the
tr.
know
Siouan. Such things as instrumental
prefixes,
of
compositions and don't even agree
among
themselves
(practically
have to
purpose. Something
more historical
and inclusive
required now.
Difficulties in
factors of descriptive
serious attempt to get
subj[ect|
or subj[ect|
origin.
Composition
languages in
poly-
from
in
Maidu).
+ V
Cj
+ V^.
in
typescript
they
were
as
follows:
III.
"Algonkian"
changed
to
"Algonkin-Ritwan";
11.1(2).
treated
equal
to
"Tunica";
V.5,
be
genetically
indepenileni
"stocks''
frequent allowance must
sense of underlying drift, of basic
linguistic forms,
act
as
a
stimulus
III.,
on
the
one
hand,
and
I.
and
to
the
generalized
"typical
American"
type
that
is
classification
approximating
Powell's
(see
are
still
a
small
of
of them arc
a
stocks had an Atlantic coast line.
Besides
the
Pacific
most
from
eastern
Quebec
of the St.
of the
British Columbia,
coast, the other
(Tillamook) to the
in northwestern Oregon.
extinct); Haida (Queen Char-
Grande
pueblos.
New
and Modoc
part
of
Sonoran
(southern
Tsimshian
(western
British
Columbia);
Tunica
(Mississippi
is the
may
be
a
very
6,
Atakapa,
known
as
Hokun.
consisting
These linguistic
"phonemes," distinct consonan-
of the native
use
have
lost
element of
language), Takelma,
pitch
language.
Every
less
frequently,
has a falling or rising tone. Thus, bint means "his nostril"
if the
"you
low
characterized
as
follows:
adverbial,
and
concretelv
\er-
balizing
elements.
active
a derivative of
IV.
less
cumbersome
many analogies to
true
nominal
cases,
a
second-
broken down form of
elements,
particularly
the
pro-
nominal
use of compounding
for subject
case of
grouped
into
three
main
sets:
A.,
southern
of dialects
in northern
(Pochutla), three disconnected
areas in Salvador
is
spoken
in
two
Athabaskan (Apache
Oa-
xaca),
Mixtec-Zapotec,
Clu.ssijuaiion
H)\
three
disconnected
connect
C
hinantec,
stock,
Mixtec-Zapoiec-Oiomi.
Both
Xmca
and
may be
may also belong to
at
being
the ethnic and
a
to
which
traversed
these
regions.
Two
Fourteenth
Edi-
Inc.
pho-
Swadesh, .N'ootka Text.><
Kwakiutl,
particularly:
Kwakiutl
(Hand-
book
1921),
Vocabulary
(pp.
1389
1166);
A
Revised
List
of
Kwakiutl
Suffixes
(International
.Journal
of
Anjeriran
(e.g.
Navaho),
or
q
(e.g.
Hupa).
Of
greater
frequency,
momen-
tarily
voiceless
as
in-
correct,
particularly
as
such
the
phonemes than
that it is
in
a
seem to be,
and
+
moans' the prefix di-
no
longer
the
case
y
can
only
occur
as
non-initial
stem
have
of
person dual-plural
form
form charac-
*-(l- of
already show that
sign
completely
abstracted (because of
*x,
ar",
suffixed
element.
glottal
stop
is
likely,
for
there
are
several
suffixes
which
left
to
below)
of
the
glottalized
spirant
(-s-
and
aspirates
in
a
Those suffixes
'big'
r
a
very
postvocalically
in
reduplicated
forms,
where
its
due to
'-t7
and
'-is,
the
two
most
common
'softening'
(often
also
'inside'
without
reference
to
human
abode)
old
stick] standing
suffixes under the
Xe^fs 'standing
an
initial
monosyllabic
stem
of a
to
be
standing
on
(with
loss
of
second
-a-)
tions
to
define
absolutive
(or
durativc)
closely
related
to
a
form,
pendent
form,
as
which
proper 'com-
^ama-.
was
non-final,
today), the
-y-,
-W-,
a trace of
possibly
also
a
following
syllable
of
other
hand,
when
V
those
due
to
'hardening',
above);
...').
the older
With
reduplicated
wa-.
.-^o-
compare
wa-ck-
'to be-
(Kw.
is a com-
Nootka.
'what
is
left
over'
source of
theor>', and
<
are
(e.g.
hamanxu-lal
'smiling
dance'
may be cases
wa'x?-
old
simplification,
in
baby
talk,
of -wa
resulted
<
quickly' <
tives);
N.
'likewise' (probably compounded
near
thee'.
:
left behind by
categories,
such
as
nasalization,
glottahzation,
aspiration,
and
Kwakiutl,
may
help
us
take
it
for
to
dealing with
speak
of
an
ablaut
*xamel-
four laryngeal
to
suspect
laryngeal
consonant
(in
this
case
of
conventionally
which had
3-5) was a
as
etymo-
logically
connect with rje 'or',
*hwe-teros
Greek
h-.
In
this
way,
too,
We cannot
at present
in
the
pre-Greek
this phoneme regu-
phonemes,
y-
and
y-.
the
we
do
IK
an
to ij-,
i);ir(iy
hy-
pothesis:
of
something otherwiso
reflexes of
is
intelligible focus.
lost
the
initial
laryngeal.
(or
-d)
'milk'
n*>tes
by
supplying
data
that
otherwise
nnghl
have
tobc
the eonfines of
languages
Polish, Lithuanian,
and
from
among
those
spoken
A vague idea
may be obtained
by looking upon
as
inherently
several' and
sentence like
ran,
expression, we
plural verbs.
on closer
analysis to
Tsimshian,
would
not
necessarily
inher-
ent
significance
of
the
word
for
and
objective,
is
replaced
in
Mskimo
by
one
are just as
four
is
really
tollowmg may
The
the
come as a
find references to
since our original
sentence did not specify the nature or the location of the
thing
way as supplying for French the gender of the object
{le
or
la)
and
We have con-
cretized the object
inanimate in
Navaho.
have shown
singular;
nominal
expression
like
contextual
pattern
in
which
it
occurs.
Since
languages
expressed
by
element)
a
person
of
position. The
second person
object form
relative
position
(subject
precetlmg.
object
following)
relational
element
and
Navaho.
Also
passive
is
entirciv
formalized,
since
it
is
the
could
just
as
readily
be
attached
to
some
pronominal
elements,
could
will
give
class (inanimate precedes animate)
second
view-
to
will give
the
most
likely
interpretation.
Or,
likely that
the sentence
of
events
is
involved
the
mixes
tense
\sc
ina\
note
that
is
largely
one
motle.
Turning
now
to the
idea: one
common
just how much above
that, by usual
just
to Wishram.
the
world
else. This does
gram-
matical
categories.
possible but
^^
part
2,
l-29fi.
>ana.
William Dwight
Struc-
tures
of
attached
I
hey
may
in
accordance
Sapir
As
to
have
the
writing;
that
sounds
and
anthropological point
Eskimo
area
far
agrees
arc
with
Analogous
phenomena
have
of
phonetic
features
far
beyond
the
conlincs
of
in
form
between,
say,
Chipewyan,
we have
such
prefixes
have here an influence
of this sort
our ideas
about the
relative persistence
or non-persistence
as some diffu-
influence of
for
Here
again
American
Indian
linguistics
is
an
invaluable
test
genetic \alue
American
languages,
whereas
the
two
in
various
ways
in
Indo-Iuropean
and
o\ basic
that
of the
ence
of
the
writers
name hail
International
Phonetic
Association
(iPA).
although
systems,
a
variety
at
>ale.
It
rellects
the
move
to represent.
distracting
the
attention
of
the
should
be
applied.
The
committee
considers
that
characters, it
(a),
put.
These
values
correspond
exactly
to
the
vowel sounds, often
marks
be
the inverted
circumflex (u)
those
as
a
surd.
mended
for
these.
It has
also occurs
cords during the forcible expiration of the breath, does not
differ particularly from the
Thus,
a
for
(the
Father
W.
the
the
inverted
circumflex
accent
vocalic
timbre,
should
be
indicated
by
means
of
small
capitals
of a consistent
been
taken
from
Sweet's
as a starting point in this system
are : a,
letters indicate
the
for
to this point,
French
specific
symbols
are
recommended
be
represented
by
turned
e,
the
alveolar
ridge,
that
positions defined
a set
identical
with
English
A^,
or still
by
g,
only
when
as in the case of the other sibilants, forward and
backward points of articulation
this position, but
it will be
consisting
of
stop
spirant
a c-sound.
contact
during
release
be
indicated
by
putting
the
lating
organs,
which
gives
to
the
sound
lu,
Palatalized consonants,
against the palate (in
(Italian gl)
the
normal
methods
of
represent-
ing
these
consonants.
In
some
languages
that
during
the
production
dency
was
by
b.
phoneme
q,
the
lollowing
vowel
The
rounded
if
</
division is
velars followed
and
vv
sequence
(there
are
to assimilate
unitary
symbol
lathei
than
a
digraph
general
usage.
The
following
devices
are
recommended:
For
labialized
consonants:
p'',
diacritical marks is
perhaps more satisfactory
among linguists
and form
The
most
general
usage
This
usage
has
appeared
in
Americanist
works,
Of
these
languages.
Sapir; his
"V'ana data
Sapir
himsell
had
its
the
Sacramento
Valley
and Central
extinct, although a sur\i\ing speaker
ol
the
extinction; at
the lime
Of these, 141
words,
are
non-contrastive;
on some apparent
alternation of forms
number and
than
of
Hokan
California-Nevada
border
was
pointed
out
of
Hokan,
in
California,
to
languages
of
Oaxaea']
in
Mexico.*
These
by
Kroeber
((iolla.
p.
Sapir prepared
possible
geographical
is
especially
struck
by
a
of
originally
of
Washo.
Sapir
junction of Salinan
evidence,
made
available
but
as
paper is a supplement
this
\\
even just to
for remote
most
important
gram-
is
conven-
tionally called its grammar are of little value for the remoter
comparison
\s
hich
may rest largely on submerged features that are of only minor interest
lo
a
descriptive
analysis"
(p.
492).
Subtiaba
is
work
as
in
in detail
(long)
of
character,
be used
suffixes
(local,
temporal,
relational,
of non-
than
the
ctluuilogic.
but
as
the
grammatical
material
obtained
treatise
laying
claim
rescued as
that
certain
(never,
it
would
always
complex, temporal and modal suffixes. The prefixes of body-part and
other instrumentality, expressing such ideas as "with a long object,"
"with
the
and
"with
a
wide-
spread
Shasta, Maidu,
and Wintun
side
Siouan,
"down," "up,"
use makes
prefixed, in others
opinion
many of the
and texts. Ihus.
to
the
to
the material
able to
pages.
The
following
table
shows
the
source
cf.
ga-'ats
"water"
and
gc-'ic
"man")
Yuma
ow ;
Kiliwi
a-au
certain
over"; ba-djiba-
Pomo baten;
Buen.) cleu "tongue"
Chim.
-man-
demonstrative
k !uu\ndja
or
di<i
Sal. (San
mush"
(e.g.,
do-l'i-sa-
of
"eating"
(e.g.,
dja-duf-
Hokan '(efxe-
eXpetc
"to
sing";
(S.
Cruz)
xu
uatc
"metal"
55.
Yana
ha-na,
*a'xa);
ca-
section VII)
; S.
or
claws")
Chim. -isam
also no.
Ach.
(S)
Pomo xa "fish" for general Pomo ca, aca)
Moh. ^amalya "ear"; Dieg. 'EnuiL
Seri
isho
as
roll"
Chim.
men-drahe
Chim.
-imu-
"to
hold"
E.
C.
Ponio
mami'i-
able that
Chim.
dtci
"root"
98.
Yana
(e.g.,
da-p'ahsa-
to several adjectives of color)
100.
Yana
p'ats.'i
p')
Chim.
h-ijyxa
tines";
is
plural
Sal. (M)
-'i
see
no.
59)
Kar.
tsaxa
Ess.
tcaxa
-na
S.
Yana
galsi
"father")
and Yuman;
original
as
'isyu
(cf.
Vunn
S.
W.
Pomo
tsawala
bf- and na-
ba
see
no.
18);
u-wn/)
"he
(ilistant)"
collective suffix);
cf.
"bone":
Hokan
*ihya-
(no.
57)
N.
Porno
S., S.
W. Pomo
a{)proi)riately
terine<l
their independence
occur
in
initial
position
has
evi-
lashes,
cheeks]
shake
"sit-
woman"),
plural
k.'iVnd-p
.'diwi
8)
154.
Yana
-ts.'au-
(see
no.
63)
case
built
up
of
and
sometimes
suffixes,
where
they
occur
in
Ilokan,
are
al)out
Kar. -arup,
"down"
in
of")
165.
Yana
-ica
"house,"
from *snaxa)
lax
(S.
L.
compounded
as
-m-,
-mi-
E.
nominal
that
at
175.
Yana
-'uldi-
"down."
see
no.
161)
176. Yana -wul-
"skunk,"
ta'i-ra
would
be";
a-
"if");
-'
of hUtcdi
affection;
C.
Pomo
-ts
(e.g.,
cu-ts
;
collective
noun
suffix
form
series
of
of
that the suffixed
"that,
it
while
dj-
is
a
demonstrative
person plural, w^hich
which
has
otherwise
disappeared
in
Yana
(see
no.
189
below)
with
this
-i
cf.
perhaps
("hiiiiariko
introductorj
remarks
to
this
section)
Ach.
(S)
t'f-
Chim.
remarka
.
ai-dj-e, ai-dj-e'e
"dwelling
east,
non-typical of
the
to
b«
at
grouping
of
liokan
Chimariko I should
the
absent in other
is
Hokan
*axa
(e.g.,
S.
second vowel
acim)
Shas.
it'ayu
di
Chim.
h-iwax-ni
"excrement"
morpholog-
ical
significance
(see
note
26)
dunce,
kirk
Vaiia
lias
intscrvitl
Ach.
es\
S.
S.
E.
W.
N.
Pomo
dpci,
to
us
have
diverged.
Whether
this
alternation
was
primarily
a
pho-
netic
or
morphological
of
the
second
No. With syncopated vowel
ax
With
"tail";
*mma
"to
Ethn.,
5,
293-380.
Dixon
Univ.
2,
29-80.
Calif.
9,
273-435.
>'uman,
least
typical
o\
Hokan
than
^aii.i.
paper
on
the
linguistics.
amau k, father'.^
Washo,
d-ayuc,
hair;
Chum.,
oc,
fur.
havik;
Coc,
howok;
Kil.,
hhuak;
Dieg.,
Washo, d-ibe,
sun, moon,
Washo,
-koi,
djawattai; Cbim.,
Washo, ulec, to
Washo,
1-,
7,
'
—
.
Chim.,
me-,
with
the
head.
-ts'i,
collective
noun
suffix
referring
Yana,
-wi,
-wir; Sal.,
Pomo,
-a,
Washo,
-bue,
from
speaker);
cttixitiit
ha\e
been promised
opeiietl up
Kroeber,
Serian,
Tequistlatecan,
and
Hewitt,
Com
parative
Lexicology,
pp.
299-344
or
W.
J.
N. B.
Hewitt, ibid.;
Archaeology and
Ethnology, vol.
(N.),
Central
(C),
Southern
Languages
of
the
Coast
of
Calif
ornia
north
of
Indians
and
Language,
ke 'm\";
brother';
10.
hena
'brother';
mawis;
male'.
15. icak.
13. 'mother':
4. atsia;
fl«/(G);
'hand''
1
with this
katiin.
10.
Iicpci(a)
(G).
28.
ioo,
Dieg.
further
evideneed
F'omo mi-
wa'-wi; 7.
fcfl, S
atca, SE r^a, NE ta; 13. ^xam 'house, to dwell'.
43.
the mountain'.
46. 'river':
6. da-
Moh. ammaya,
Dieg. ammai;
4. imita;
5. E la,
24.
back
aha,
brief
vocabulary.
30.
Cf.
also
Chumash
(S.Yn.,
/-^m
'sky'.
31.
Cf.
perhaps
also
Chumash
S .\7/-;
,
'to
whistle'.
69.
12.
xakue
4.'*^;
6.
ma/-
'to
get
hurt,
xaxdme;
(pa)-kai 'to
mi 'to
"lo
|()\c".
tcadu\
10.
95.
(G).
was
not'.
52.
noun
stems
vowel, diphthong, or
k!u-rul-la
'crane'.
55.
E.g.
/c/mar
'man',
suffixed, preceding a,
vowels. This
-r varies
that
-r
is
abbreviated
from
-ra.
from
chiefly animate,
in
106.
63.
E.g.
Mar.
mil-k,
Moh.
hwdi-nyel-k,
Kutchan
adjectives.
widespread Hokan
Tonkawa ax,
Esselen,
best
typical.
Turning
to
the
of
degree
of
similarity
to
example
Atakapa,
A glance at Powell's linguistic map, so far
from
country
separating
the
by
the
Southern
Athapascans
(Lipan,
have
demonstrated
least
was able
the tribe.'
I he
Chimariko verbs
transitive
verbs.
suffixed as subject of
connecting
vowel,
as subject
ol intransitive
suffixed
tinguished
from
each
other,
this connecting
is tco- or tcu-,
the
nominal
prefixes:
Sing,
i-
with initial
(-,
possessive pro-
nominal element;
closely
corre-
sponds
ihc
Salinan
for both
of
(Sheas
Library
of
American
Linguistics.
1(S61)
Kroebers
published
m
1904.
happily
increasing
studies
tor
\s
hich
languages
doomed
to
in 19
language in
(pp.
7-17)
and
Antoniano and eleven Migueleno texts
with both interlinear and
(pp.
121-154).
which is
much due
to the
rial
of
the
author.
phonetic system,
refreshingly
status
of
the
v
is
analogous,
in
other
words,
ihal
it
the
years in
that
Dixon
met
with
so
WOMAN,
tewi-wi
a
method
of
forming
single consonant related
eursory
probable,
moreover,
primary and derivative
Mast)n points out
the indepeiulent personal
have been
frankK recog-
the analysis
when
by
like
con-
The
use
himself doubtfully
explanation but
and to circle around seems to suggest that
the proper basis of classification
is not so much
transitive and intransitive as
study of the Salinan
the
fact
that
the
and
other
prefixed
elements.
Thus,
to
have
touched
was
pre-
paring
my
paper
Hokan
athliation
of
tion
in
entering
In
1
9
i^nage
—
lurn.
ucial importance
Sali-
:
they
keep
it
(cf.
no.
66).
tance, though the available evidence
is
not
full
thefunctionu
is a
1.
a
full
body
of
Yuman
(read
-ixui-
to tell,
E.
(e.g.
k-cozva'n-i
derance
my
YOUNGER
and*.xiika).
Yana.
A
this
gically
Washo
of
the
stock.
but
this
feature,
which
closely
related
to
Tlappanec
or
and
Tlappanec
are
really
Paiute.
of
distribution
in
this
specific
formulation
of
the
Dr. Leh-
nominal
of
Subtiaba,
four
scanty as that really
'
"elbow" can hardly be
se';
Se.
itak;
Es.
ya;
a
"Ijriasl-chain"
((|ualihcfl
elements
breasts,
milk";
p-esno-,
p-esna-
Br.
siklii.
Lehmann
points
inol.
Van., no.
etcoe;
2.
ts-if^uf^Ui
25. worm: un^if (from *imu? cf. u^qu and
inn-,
found, in
(observe that
aau; Sal. (-a'au'.
dii' "cortes,
to
be
read
5-/(j«u-Mr/
may be eliminated
compounded
with
si-
"stone"
(see
no.
45),
iron."
Cf.
Po.
wa
(with
plural
object).
Hokan
sit," Wal.
diminutive noun suffix;
nutive
plur.
(also
C.
grande,"
na-xka
d-aha
"to
are
cf.
no.
93),
cf. nos.
8, 85).
probably
labial-
from
ha-
parallelisms
and
that
the
idea
of
"three"
"three."
be expected, show much greater conformity to
Hokan
Chim. xo-k'u
Sal. xa-ki-c,
*k-axwdku-,
forms
for
"three")
(c)
With
"one"
on
as
k-xla-pai,
Ilokan
the";
Karan.
ta-l
ta-ka
"that,
in
dv-cii
"yesterday"
based
see
Phonology;
"this-at"),
-mba
in
mi-mha
"me,"
e.
g.
-hi-
g.
gi-diyalu-
"in
the
waljer").
gi-
-mak
"but";
verbalized
indirective
found also
"to
meet,"
p-aye-m
(as
verb
Cf. also
"innermost
part."
116.
a
little:
ax-
in
ax-kwi-
"a
little"
gwa-xo,
wa-xu-
{*axu-,
also
as
enclitic
a
(e.
g.
su-lw
a'
i-
(e.
g.
"male, man";
(e.
g.
fo-l,
po-l
"beads":
fo,
to
be
-i-) dependent
-o-)
no
e.
53)
An
original
to
I
sometimes
passed
to
(no.
63)
isi', si--
because it
Salinan
is
rooted
in
for
instance,
whether
the
Yuman
dialects
given
note
that
"bow"
because
followed
in
Subtiaba
may
therefore
be
indicated
as
follows:
before
groups and
following
consonant.
opposite sense, has
only if
short and
out and thus
7)
24).
(To
be
continued)
Class-Prefixes
504
relevance
for
Indo-European
to be dia-
to
find
that
enumerated in
prefixed
ni-
or
ci--,
a
of the
hukdar-ido "coyote-tooth." It
type
of
Yana
refers
to
"ulcer,"
More
conclusive
spite of
(nos.
44,
60)
(plur.),
particular
class
C'hontal
has
several
of
them
Subtiaba
has
(e.
g.
s-kaiata
Yan.
ga-gi,
"rattlesnake";
s-mohel
"female
skunk";
s-mic
"cat";
s-nai
"infant"; stau'
tc- (ts-)
|
no.
3;
whether in
]
forms
with
and
without
^-prefix.
s'panal:
s'anat
(contrast
M.
and
Chum,
he
"this";
Was.
than
the
northern
Hokan
the
it as
more
from
related
the
stem
without
the
"old,
mature,
grown
up,
disyllabic
"stem"
or
"to be
wet." The
"dead"
(properly
"dead-lying")
<*(w)yfe'flwyfe-
(for
N.
E.
Po.
)fe':
scent" (are
Kwakiutl me's-
ceased to be productive,
(see
Mason's
long
new
adjectives
(and
older
<Hokan
fu
see
stem
-isau-
"in
a
cleft"
b-adjal-
"good"?
Com.
''well,
healthy"
A
Hokan
ascertainable
nominal
d-
(no.
120).
Subtiaba
examples
white
s-tan^u- "lean"
be
established
ts-exu "much" (S.
go
eat";
ikw
114;
see
no.
67.
common
give
Salinan.
In
an adjectival
make"
that
the
(/-forms
ta'u "to
lack."
The
class
of
transitives
in
d-
g.:
depii
a
load
(e.
g.,
cf.
no.
52)
c-indiya
"to
gather,
harvest"
c-ketcw
"to
hunger"
c-ti'ya
"to
be
ashamed"
A
suggestive
parallel
survival of
C.
Yana
-'-gan-:
b-agan-
(or
ba-gan-)
ondary
dialectic
origin
are:
m-,
adjectival,
coast).
and, above all,
vowel is characteristically
non\inal,
the
most
fundamental
classificatory
there is everything
Indian
thus
represented
A.
Hokan-Coahuiltecan
I.
Hokan
proper
1.
Northern
Hokan
boundary to the
To
men-
tion
such
possibilities
that the real
families
However,
distant
been expressed
tantly related to each other, and the proof is really
lacking
other languages outside
principle,
to
rule
language
may
have
In sum, the
p.
500,
fn.
14,
1.
10,
for
icili'p
read
icilip\
to
call
female; e.g.,
'a-
"a
forms, the full
and "female"
are not
are
the
male
ii..»--«)i, 1
interrogative
shows
rather
peculiar
sex
many
verbal
the second
terized
by
consonant, and
all monosyllabic
2. First person
male form, e.g.
is
really
to
forms.
There
the speech
possessive;
dju,
gi, objective
is"
t'im'i
with
distinc-
tion
between
the
sex
forms
sometimes
disappears.
derived
from
two
psychologically
distinct
\V.
field
auspices of
ment of Science in
form
can
published
guages
tions of
comparative Uto-Aztecan
was
Later, Part
II also
appeared in
de
Paris
11:2,
as Part I; the
ficially
easy,
actually
with
immediately
following
or
simul-
taneous
w«,
tt^).
The
vowels
are
perhaps
more
diffi-
cult
to
classify
satisfactorily.
As
etymologically
perhaps
ii
following
vowels
and
consonants,
however,
punqu-), or certain
reduplicated
distributive
meaning
"it is
inanimate,
first
dual
objective differs from
punq'" from
punqu, obj.
direction with
singular
and
differ in
either
be
enclitics
or
pronominal
the
former
being
less
transparently
affixed
elements.
of numerous
Anthropologist
12,
66-69
and
in
Science
31,
This paper is far from an attempt to deal systematically
with
the
com-
parative
available
for
we
are
ever
stage
languages
Thus, F.
values.
Certain
plionetic
symbols
very
lexical
and
mor-
phological
similarities
that
cropped
up
between
Nahuatl
and
Shoshonean.
Nahuatl
and
Southern
othei"
Shoshonean
same
column.
These
violence
to
Nahuatl
Bannock and Mono,
Kroeber,
S.
D.,
pp.
utmost
importance
for
comparative
Uto-Aztekan
referred
muk, and others);
the
Leon
Dig-uet,
2. El Padre Horacio
nature of
is
prepared
to
find
that
much
of
J.
A.
Mason,
linguistically
from the
single Nahuatl
and
quite distinct. However,
secondary
left for consideration
up later), cf.
".
'
;
phonetically),
the
Luiseno-
Cabuilla
group
(<;*
:
Such
are :
so
unlikely
be
considered
that
way
another connection)
Huichol
otni-
is
difficult
to
is evidence
(en
and
adjectives and (subjectively) of
:
to
loss
of
the
given, those
-/-
-/-,
that
all
consonant
clusters
are
of
such
origin
connection.
In
ilO
Paiute
or,
origin;
x
and
X
in
such
vowels
have
slipped
equivalent?) of
to
with.
syncopated,
X
not
tual
rhythm
operated,
as a
working hypothesis
preceded
it seems,
The remaining sets of
case of
c
as
the
final
certain consonant clusters are
which the
422
clusters
as
form,
we
would
have
qui-
brought
about
were
later
leveled
out
through
the
uniformizing
syncopated
vowel.
This
is
indeed
what
happens
with
may
well
of
stem
vowels,
that
is,
that
the
absolute
forms
with
prothetic
without
possessive
prefixes.
Paris,
N.
S.,
X,
1913,
pp.
379-425.
2.
Hid.,
p.
401.
3.
University
of
California
taken
from
Dolores'
work.
4.
Abbreviated
Pap.
5.
Dolores'
o
the
its
vocalic
P.
i,
both
correspoiKiing
to
to
dilfer
hardly
more
than
orthographically
from
the
saltillo
equivalent
pairs
in
Southern
Paiute.
which
case
the
Thus
Southern
Paiute
glottal
stop
does
not
(except
possibly
in
S.
P.
m'
of the stem that
occurrence
of
the
nasalized
stop.
Such
are
Gahu.
duku-t
of
-/
.•
-/
as
already
noted,
Nahuatl
",
disap-
peared.
p
remains
as
such
(or
as
w
;
and other
so and so)
!
"
"
;
forms: Cahu.
*iso-, *ttso-
e.
g.,
Pap.
tsur
related to
*ma-ria-'l
Hopi
moqwi
*kwitvu-
<^*kwilu-)
Cora
hire,
-xure
indebted to
tab
is
to
present
have
arisen
deve-
lop
(with
its
accentual
scheme
(e.
g.
fnatiiafd,
plural
of
magatl
(1935,
1937)
and
with
George
L.
Trager
in
C. C. Uhlenbeck
and
Leonard
after
his
"Algonkin" is
now generally
Ameri-
two
languages
of
the
and his insistence that
to
ment
paper,
Michelson
1974.) Sapir
Algonkin
kinship
terms
. . . than
we
have
(p.
44).
The
nographic
Fox stems. Sapir expresses
in typology
read the
idea of
writing a
/;
Cree,
Ojibwa,
as o, at
generally written u in Eliot's
Bible.
Algonkin
*asi- >
Cheyenne
<
Cree
intervocalic/?
and
(or
show
that
not
only
are
languages
is
far
from
satisfactory,
either
as
regards
quantity
or
depth
in
"The
(pp.
384-413);
for
in
that
Kroeber has
elements
of
words,
which
in
so
detailed,
as
They
are
incorporative.
modal,
temporal,
adverbial, and other elements are attached to the verb stem,
which
other
words
affixes.
Number
and
syn-
1
Kroeber,
op.
cit.,
pp.
414-15.
2
Kroeber,
for all that
Wiyot r is
regularly n in
can rest
that they
are indeed
leg,"
ki-skdt
"thy
leg,"
mi-skdt
"leg"
ni-skdt
"my
leg"
compare
as a
Sketch,
Blackfoot, Verslagen en
Vormleer van
eenige Algonkin-
n-ot
"my
belly"
W.
are regularly developed
Mic.
weoo's
"flesh;"
Cree
"foot" in
Oj. sdbi-gane
above.
be-denetl
tchitchiy.
Algonkin dialects;
this goes
to correspond
"up,"
with
head
W.
W.
tsdpi
If these
prefix.
W.
kw&wadzint'g-
singing"
show
(<
'
is bent"
in the
ground;" Mic.
back;"
Oj.
-0-
W.
n-?^
W.
(cf.
W.)
4
mysterious -t- {-ka
•w-
"
.5-
in
develop from
niso
"four"
W.
nohig'^ (for
probably also
Abn. daba-ps
ru-):
many months?" kuc
so and so many in number;" for
ts-:
i-
cf.
with numeral classi-
Fox tAsw{i)-
Mic. petow "up
W.
Icatc
of
Fox
ici-
"thus,"
iw, iwi
"that;" Nat.
W,
wdnd^"
"who?")
is it?"
no-, -t-
stems beginning
nose"
{m-etere
"nose").
W.
k-,
ku-,
"thy;"
kit-
kA-); HI.
k-, ki-,
kit{s)-,
beginning with vowels. This -t- seems comparable to -d- of
W. ku-d-
plural,
"his;"
W.
tn-,
me-
mi-;
Mic.
Arapaho are 'preceded
this wa{n)-
of bd-
-'-
hi-ka-kuwiyeliL "were
compared
kiwe-hu-yew
"he
takes
possessive
"wood, tree;"
Cree -dsku-
to
color.
W.
(animate object), -s-am (inanimate object) "la marque du du ciseau
et du couteau,"
suffix,
Cree misti-kw-;
-ks being
indicate
in-
definiteness
of
possessor.
cases, to a
ments are suffixed
It does
as well as
seems
very
elements
is
of
the
indicative,
represent,
then,
in
etymologically connected.
and in
that
the
morphological
evidence
my
out
of
court;
I cannot hope to have always hit the nail on the
head.
However,
a
sacrifice
to
caution)
we
are
still
of us at
at
analogous cases. It
n (W. r
many cases
sounds were
leveled to
This is confirmed
payipa- "percer de
"hollow;"
Cree
wayd-
kiluwa
"ye":
-/'
sometimes
be
noted,
however,
that
in
prac-
tically
have
back
to
original
t
in
some
cases
one
or
more
not
yet
W.
me'lakw
"elk":
Oj.
"nail."
Within
Wiyot
itself
t
and
l, which
postvocalic
p
is
regularly
lost
"tracer des lignes"
Y. mets "fire;"
Mic.
Algonkin
s,
original
tc
(ts)
normally
seem,
5
(tck-
perhaps
possible that
Algonkin
sk,
W.
letka
"to
dis-
in Wiyot, however,
ashq- (i.
a
number
of
cases
of
words
with
sk
original. While
to
depart
from
the
well-accepted
term
"Algonkin."
I
suggest
keenly
morphological
elements
compared
the general
cumulative evidence
presented is
validity
and tries to
reasons are given
in
which
Yurok
are
given
to
show
that
acci-
dental
been said to
It is for
of fancied
with other languages
between
convicted
of
"utter
folly"
to
I
am
concerned
to
find
that
Dr.
Michelson
lists:
"that
fancied^
lexicographical
similarities
have
have
been
scored
against
me.
But
what
if
one
is
not
"impressed"
by
such
truly
up of
possesses one
! Or, to
beenwisertoleave
this
word
out?
It
savors
do
not
expect
as
a
Saxon
America, the parallax
extremes of these
obvious
that
what
residue
of
Slavic
minus
Cier-
manic,
as
interrogative
particle
-ne,
its
lineal
descendant
French
pronouns do
singular
under several
disguises, we
a lurking feeling
that an abundant
use of negative
fronted in
of entire
lexical
resemblances
buttressed
by
consistently
that
I
have
assembled?)
are
worth
a
good
that
the obvious
examples
of
rightly
evaluating
of a
features: "Nouns
"white" is in
as
whiteness
feel at
I had
compared with
has made it
and that
one
or
in the
serious
methodological
weakness
of
referred to the
interesting
and
important
prob-
lem.
1958
by
Sapir's
student
Mary
Haas,
using
abundant
and
lends
itself
readily
to
reci-
procal
formulation,
as
or south California
relative
suggested
in
my
previous
paper.
phologically identical
suffix
*-ess-
vocative
-Idha,
-td
"
impossible
to
form
as
able.
In
those
Algonkin
languages
however, and
yi-ga-
Ick
that Arapaho
or
as
yi-d-ux
with
intervocalic
-d-
unless it is assumed that it is contracted from older
nid-.
Algonkin
*-tok-
(perhaps
better
*-t-ok)
possessive
as
*-aweyi-
(cf.
Yur.
-weyi-)
;
"
-ts-iwin, but it
*-sekw-ess-
{*-iekw-ess-)
diminutive
that
means
Algonkin
understand-
taken on
Anthropological
Association,
vol.
I,
pp.
443-478.
generality
of
of
add
to
the
Wiyot,
great-grandparent, though
lengthen it.
m-t-e'kwdm'^^
Kick,
nd-hhen^mum
are
called
'brothers
and
sisters.
whether this
man to
from
the
Rockies
on
are
close-
Atlantic
Algonkin
features.
grand-
parent-grandchild
reciprocity
(see
though
it
had
eff'ected
Wiyot
ones.
There
is
evidently
the
term
In
linguistically
obscure
that
for
and
classes. In
used
they
are
linguistically
related,
than
we
 
de
Paris:
Original
set in Ameri-
of
the
recording
as
Arapaho or a
Sun
What is emphatic
treasures as expressing
these first-hand
for. The
text. Pages 12
summary of the
being a
verbal
stems,
primary
and
secondary,
occur
in
the
"Owl
Sacred
Pack"
text.
every
serious
student
of
the
Algonkin
languages
unravel
the
initial
and
second-
raised
if
properly
adverbial
prefixes.
However,
many,
"adverbial"
ele-
draw.
This
was
instinctively
comes to
"copulas").
Dr.
Michelson's
(first-position stem
Yana
elements,
-dme'ki-
earth;
-tund
point).
are a
such
of Wakashan,
where
The material
them at
all. For
the record,
replaced
a,
Central Algonkian
accord
with
Central Algonkian
now reconstructed, the ancestor
taken always
in a
UAL. It
Rupert-House
C
woman,
F nekoti,
see
forms in
(an.), GVehni-sic,
see
15
and
16,
with
which
cf
also
C
writing, any
accentual
system.
The
thought he
had more
any
points
must
await
further
detailed
a single word,
relation
to
what proper
word?" and perhaps
is more
and the actual
sounds is a
part of a
[570]
reasonable
understanding
of
noun-incorporation
excluded,
Indo-
European
languages,
but
the
combination
tions of
combination
of
pronominal
elements
with
phrase,
on
grammatical,
unindependent
ele-
word
with
it,
is in the
Dakota ya- is
denoting action with parts of the body or with other
objects, show
"incorporative",
that
is
syntactical. It is possible that like the apparent pronouns the
independent
nouns are derivations from the affix elements. In any case it is clear that
terms
relating
nouns in
like
specifically different, often shade
does
combination
with
other
stems
or
both subject
changes
only
in
scheme
but
in
fact
identical
with
the
sentence.
and is incorporated
of
,
from
[575]
languages of northern
statements made as to
noun-incorporation
in
the
verb
of
considerations
of so-called
of
America.
pronominal
elements.
as cat dog his-biting,
built entirely on
typographic
corrections
have
Incorporation
in
Ameri-
masterly interpretation of
avowedly
a
few
years
before
,2
a
contribution.
necessary or inherent
as he
farther
and
vice
out
this
a
priori
consideration,
was
of
vailed,
there
has been the cause of a persistent
misun-
derstanding
exist, overshot the
unexplained facts that had
poration" as he has been able to establish has nothing
whatever to do with
functioning as
was
given
to
250-282, 1911.
the
However the evidence
is a
does
not.
As
that
often taken
it, in
say "flesh-eat-
as
verb.
"to flesh-eat"-^ and
but
the
fact
a
fundamental
identity in that the
terms expressing the ideas of flesh and of eating can be combined into a single
word
etymological
process.
Aryan
languages,
freely
permits
by
the
—
occurring
are
entirely
unthinkable
which
their
incorporation"
be
570:
unit are
if
not
semigrammatical,
pound
noun
with
verb.
In
instance
Eskimo.
Theoretically
the
language
of
purely compositional
Sapir
was only
[583]
as
other
antiquated
—
been
also
Dr.
Sapir
has
are essentially
compositional. But
be
phase of a
the same
method not
well and
15
stock.
[362]
this discovery,
if valid,
can hardly
scholar, it is
My colleagues,
Chitimacha;
(1)
that
fanciful
non-Algonquian
languages;
(5)
that
and an adjective, the
order is the noun
animate and inanimate,
third
per-
sons,
nor
are in
done, i.e.,
with
is
inclusive
7. The verbal
below).
pronouns.
—
of the same mode,
the
wrong
morphological
elements
are
-Atci, it is impos-
"I—him," of the
animate singular. Moreover,
the first person
Yurok -k "I" fails
person plural
discussion
of
this
point
involves
a
discussion
the pronouns of
I
as different
not in
and verbal),
the utter folly
ilarities
between
Algonquian
probable
that
in
his
Wiyot,
Yurok,
and
Algonquian
has
little
value.
meeting of
sibilities to
traits
and Yurok
of the Report
I
c,
d.
Apparently
—
as
in
my reasoning
in any
am
even
farther
has
noted
Wiyot primary
in this respect.
all
Ojibwa
grant; but
does
not
Certain
Wiyot
comparisons
out
that
in
Yurok
certain
adjectives
"Now
it
[197]
is
perfectly
to
If most
"trivial,"
it
surely
which
it
is
not
possible
for
the most striking
morphology is funda-
we
parallel" in that
and inclusive first person
as
I
am.
the
original
criticism
Languages
the article as
(whether justifiable
Anthropological
Association.
planned
contents
include symbols of unambiguous
vowels
of
letters
with or without
4
consists
of
miscellaneous
sonorant. Also
printed as
than
C!
work). Note that
C Syllabic consonant.
Indo-European,
cover
i.e.
one
above.
apical
stop.
d
In
Voiced
or
"intermediate"
apical
stop;
see
b
above.
dj,
dz
Voiced
a);
occasionally
also
indicates
G, G
seem to
Indian
languages;
sometimes the
unvoiced
apical
nasal.
t
Voiceless
"cerebral"
or
high
back
rounded
vowel.
kiihl;
in
U; elsewhere, voiceless
Paiute,
a
voiced
Southern Paiute,
vw
In
voiced bilabial
spirant "with
inner rounding".
Southern Paiute, a
voiceless bilabial spi-
voiceless
velar
as in Eng.
Part
4.
Other
symbols
session du Congres
1911a,
423-557.
1911c
D.C.:
Smithson-
adverbios
della.
Mexico:
Juan
a Distant
Genetic Rela-
al.
(eds.),
Linguistics
and
W.
part
1,
299-344.
Washington,
D.C.:
Smithsonian
Institution.
Hockett,
Ameri-
can
Archaeology
and
Ethnology
12(3),
71-138.
Tribes.
Twenty-eighth
Meillet,
Antoine,
and
Marcel
Cohen
of California [abstract].
Indians
Method.
Memoir
90,
Anthropological
Series
13,
Geological
Sur-
University of California
Uhlenbeck,
Noord-Amer-
ika.
International
Journal
of
19,
449-450.
V.
191
8j
Yana
Terms
of
Relationship.
of
Speech.
New
York:
Harcourt,
Brace.
II.
1921o
A
Supplementary
Wiyot
Kinship
Terms.
americanistes
Owl
in Nicaragua.
St. W. J.
1930d Southern
can Academy
of Arts
and Sciences
can Academy
nia
Publications
in
Linguistics
22.
versity
of
California
Press.
IX.
Sapir,
Edward
et
al.
1916
Phonetic
Transcription
of
Indian
749-79.
Verslagen
en
Mededeelingen
der
Koninklijke