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MSRSAS - Postgraduate Engineering and Management Programme - PEMP

Thermodynamics and Combustioni

ASSIGNMENT

Module Code RMD 2502

Module Name Thermodynamics and combustion

Course M.Sc in Rotating Machine DesignDepartment Automotive and Aeronautical Engg.

Name of the Student Mohammed Mehraj Anwar

Reg. No BSB0411004

Batch Part-Time 2011.

Module Leader Ananthesha

POSTGRADUATEENGIN

EERING

ANDMANAGEMENTPROGRA

MME

(PEMP)

M.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced StudiesPostgraduate Engineering and Management Programmes(PEMP)#470-P Peenya Industrial Area, 4 th Phase, Peenya, Bengaluru-560 058

Tel; 080 4906 5555, website: www.msrsas.org

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ii

Declaration SheetStudent Name MOHAMMED MEHRAJ ANWAR

Reg. No BSB0411004

CourseROTATING MACHINERYDESIGN Batch Part-Time 2011 .

Batch PT 2011

Module Code 2502

Module Title Thermodynamics and CombustionModule Date To

Module Leader Ananthesha

Extension requests:Extensions can only be granted by the Head of the Department in consultation with the module leader.

Extensions granted by any other person will not be accepted and hence the assignment will incur a penalty.Extensions MUSTbe requested by using the Extension Request Form, which is available with the ARO.A copy of the extension approval must be attached to the assignment submitted .

Penalty for late submissionUnless you have submitted proof of mitigating circumstances or have been granted an extension, the

penalties for a late submission of an assignment shall be as follows:

Up to one week late: Penalty of 5 marks

One-Two weeks late: Penalty of 10 marks

More than Two weeks late: Fail - 0% recorded (F)All late assignments: must be submitted to Academic Records Office (ARO). It is your responsibility toensure that the receipt of a late assignment is recorded in the ARO. If an extension was agreed, the

authorization should be submitted to ARO during the submission of assignment.

To ensure assignment reports are written concisely, the length should be restricted to a limit

indicated in the assignment problem statement. Assignment reports greater than this length may

incur a penalty of one grade (5 marks). Each delegate is required to retain a copy of the

assignment report.

DeclarationThe assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have conformed to theguidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the PEMP Student Handbook. All sections of the text andresults, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully referenced. I understand that cheating and

plagiarism constitute a breach of University regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the student Date

Submission date stamp(by ARO)

Signature of the Module Leader and date Signature of Head of the Department and date

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Thermodynamics and Combustioniii

Contents____________________________________________________________________________

Contents

Declaration Sheet ......................................................................................................................... iiContents ....................................................................................................................................... iiiAbstract ........................................................................................................................................ivList of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vList of Figures ..............................................................................................................................viList of Symbols .......................................................................................................................... viiPART-A ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Mathematical model of thermodynamics power plant .............................................................. 8

In troduction - Importance of Electr ic Energy .................................................................. 8Parameters affecting the performance of the power plant ......................................................... 8Authors contribution to the modification to the power plant ................................................. 10Comments on Authors conclusion ......................................................................................... 10Modifications required to implement the model to power plant ............................................. 11Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 11

PART-B ...................................................................................................................................... 12Power plant proposal for Karnataka State ................................................................................... 12

Present power demand and sources of power generation in Karnataka state .......................... 12Proposal for Solar Thermal power plant ................................................................................. 13Technical specification of the plant ......................................................................................... 14

Sub system interactions ........................................................................................................... 15Summary of results .................................................................................................................. 15

PART-C ...................................................................................................................................... 16Importance of combustor......................................................................................................... 16Factor affecting the combustor performance ........................................................................... 16Design Parameters calculations ............................................................................................... 16Combustor layout .................................................................................................................... 16Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 16

4 Comments on Learning Outcome ......................................................................................... 17References ................................................................................................................................... 18

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Thermodynamics and Combustioniv

Abstract____________________________________________________________________________In this report the assignment for the Thermodynamics and Combustion module for the RMD

course batch 2012 is been presented. The module leader Ananthesha has given the overview of

fundamental aspects of Thermodynamics and its role in evolution of engineering designs. Focus

on explaining the fundamentals of subject based on real life applications was the key of

discussions in the class room. The assignment is divided into three parts,

Part A) It is in the form of essay where the topic subject of mathematical modeling of the

thermal power plant is to be discussed. Mathematical modeling of the Takoradi Thermal power

plant was published in the paper Thermodynamic Analysis of the gas and steam turbines at

Takoradi Thermal power station which was provided as a material to refer. In the paper basic

understanding of the power plant, ways of improving and modeling of the power plant was

discussed through energy balance equations. Efforts are made to understand the work and

comment on the work in required aspects of subject.

Part B) It consisted of understanding the energy requirements for the Karnataka state by the

year 2020, its resources available for providing energy. A proposal is made of 73MW solar

power plant which can be integrated with the coal power system. Efforts are made to collect

lots of data supporting the energy requirement from KREDL, INDIAN commission etc.. and

also for other sources to justify the scenario of energy resources and a solution of Solar powerplant integrated with coal as alternative resource is provided.

Part C) It consists of the design of thermodynamic combustion chamber for the given specific

conditions. This was the most challenging part of the assignment which requires a thorough

knowledge of the entire process involved in aircraft engines and more specific to the

combustion process. Efforts are made to understand the combustion process, combustor

requirement and detail processes, geometry specification governing equations, concept of

primary, secondary and tertiary flow requirements and a lot of other parameters and their affecton combustion and combustor design.

I would like to thanks Sir Ananthesha for his knowledge sharing sessions and interactive

discussions on such advanced topic. At the end of the assignment I have put forward my views

regarding the beneficial aspects of this assignment.

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Thermodynamics and Combustionv

List of Tables____________________________________________________________________________

Table No. Title of the table Pg.No.

Table 1 - Factors affecting the Power output of combined Power plant ....................................... 9Table 2Sub Systems and energy equations ................................................................................. 15

< The table numbers have to be based on the chapter number>

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Thermodynamics and Combustionvi

List of Figures____________________________________________________________________________

Figure No. Title of the figure Pg.No.

Figure 1 Cost difference between NG and LCO [2] ................................................................... 11Figure 2 Energy resources in KarnatakaNon renewable ......................................................... 12Figure 3 Karnataka Renewable Energy ....................................................................................... 13Figure 4 Solar -Thermal power plant and representative thermodynamics cycle ....................... 14

< The Figure numbers have to be based on the chapter number>

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Thermodynamics and Combustionvii

List of Symbols____________________________________________________________________________

Symbol Description UnitsE Youngs Modulus N/mmG Acceleration due to gravity - 9.81 m/sV Voltage mVW Width Mm

< Arrange in alphabetical order>

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PART-A

Mathematical model of thermodynamics power plantIntroduction- Importance of Electric Energy

Electricity has become bare essential requirement for mankind, along with food, shelter and

clothing. The quest to fulfill the need with an cost effective means has driven many change in the

mankind and has led to the exploitation of all kind of resources that nature Earth has provided us.

Electricity is the centre for any advancement in technology right from home, home appliances,

mobiles, irrigation, transportations to development in high end computers that are back bone of

growth in this advanced era of industries and revolutions. For every resource there is a limit and

with ever growing population of the planet the need for reliable source of electricity with very

effective Cost of energy is sought for. Efforts are made in to use all kind of energy Oil, Coal, water,

air and solar etc so as to meet the ever growing demand for electricity. The role of power plant

steam, gas, oil cannot be ignored in supplying power till date, but the danger of extinction of these

resources is forcing mankind to bring innovate and lean approach to continue the supply of reliable

electricity. In regards to this a concept of combined power plant is discussed wherein emphasis is

laid that if designed properly the dependence on diminishing Oil resources can be avoided with the

use of renewable natural gas. A mathematical model for the same has been developed by

researchers in Ghana, which will be discussed in next sections and described in journal published at

European Journal of Technology and Advanced Engineering Research [1].

Parameters affecting the performance of the power plant

Irreversible Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle using air and water/steam respectively, are analysed

for mass balance and energy balance. The plants are combined by using the exhaust from the gas

turbine to raise steam in the HRSG without additional fuel input.

The table

No Parameter Description Additional Information

1 Compressor

Pressure

ratio

It is the ratio of the compressor pressure

at exit to inlet. It is the main parameter

affecting the efficiency of the cycle.

2 Compressor

Isentropic

efficiency

This efficiency is related to the losses in

the compressor due to friction, heat etc..

It dictates the efficiency of work that can

be done to increase the pressure.

2 combustionInlet,1

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Thermodynamics and Combustion 9

3 Gas turbine

Isentropic

efficiency

It is the efficiency at which the turbine

works and is given by,

4 Turbine

Inlet

temperature

It is the temperature at which the hot

gases from the combustion are exposed to

the turbine for extracting work. The

higher it is the more benefit.

This is a very critical parameter

and but due to lack of material

availability, this temperature is

restricted to around 1800k.

5 Pinch

difference

temperature

It the difference in the temperature

involving the energy exchanges. This

governs the efficiency of the co plant.

The value for pinch difference should be

as less as possible.

In this process the heat from hot

gas exhaust is transferred to water

to convert to steam. The higher it is

the better efficiency

6 Steam

turbine inlet

temperature

This temperature is very critical for the

performance of the steam turbine, the

higher it is the better.

In this process of combine plant, it

is must to ensure that the turbine

exhaust air is at higher temperature.

7 Steam

turbine

isentropic

efficiency

In the turbine the steam expands and

condenses into water at exit. The more

expansion of steam, the higher the

efficiency.

8 Flow rates The mass of air flowing in the Brayton

cycle determines the output from gas

turbine.

The mass of steam flowing in the

Rankine cycle determines the

power output from steam plant.

9 Pump

isentropic

efficiency

The fluid from the condenser is pumped

to the boiler through pump. The

isentropic efficiency of the pump defines

the mass that can be circulated in the

boiler.

Boiler

condenser

10 Combustion

efficiency

The heat released is critical for the power

output from the turbine as it determines

the turbine inlet temperature.

It depends on, air-fuel ratio,

condition in the combustion

chamber etc..

Table 1 - Factors affecting the Power output of combined Power plant

2

1

2, condenser

1, steam from

boiler

1, gases fromcombustion

2 HRSG

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Thermodynamics and Combustion10

Authors contribution to the modification to the power plant

The author has contributed by following

Understanding the current state of power plant

Getting the process input required

Energy calculation at each stage, with relevant approximations.

Developed the Model solution flow chart which is used to get the decision points and

calculations done using MATHCAD.

Assumption of critical parameters to make the mathematical model efficient within certain

parameter variation.

Developing mathematical model to predict output taking into account global performance

factors.

Identifying the areas of improvement

Optimizing the power output by using the mathematical model

Comparison of modeled analysis to actual performance

Justification to modification to the use of natural gas in place of Light crude oil.

Comments on Authors conclusion

The author has described well the functioning of the power plant. The main factors that can be

commented are

1) Assumption of steady flow: Flow losses are not taken into account.

2) Combustion at ideal state: The ideal gas behavior with steady flow condition at higher

temperature must be justified, which is not done by the author.

3) Pressured air from compressor to be used for cooling: I think this is the waste of energy over

which we make the compressor to work. This requires higher output from the turbine

affecting the overall efficiency.

4) Variation in inlet temperature is not accounted: The results are for fixed ambient condition

and may drastically change based on different operating conditions.

5) Assumption of ideal behavior of fluid: The real conditions must be accounted to have a

better model of the estimation of power output from gas turbine and steam turbine.

6) Increase in mass flow rate to increase the power output of the Gas turbine: There must be a

balance of how much to increase and at what cost. As cost is the main driving factor for this

design therefore accurate increase in mass must be known.

7) Use of natural gas (green) compared to Light crude oil (black), due to its higher calorific

value and low cost is justified by the trend in cost difference shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 Cost difference between NG and LCO [2]

Modifications required to implement the model to power plant

The power plant described can be modified to increase the efficiency and for better implementation

in the following ways

Better modeling of the ambient conditions by having a wet mast data collection of the

condition of the place for more than 2 years. This is currently practiced to surveys areas of

application of wind turbine and regulatory bodies are governing control and design of

measurement of field data.

The author mentions that the turbine blades are exposed to hot air after appropriate cooling

for material requirement. By properly controlling the combustion this can be avoided, as this

step seems to be waste of energy unlike it is mandatory in aircraft gas turbines. This step

will also improve the efficiency of the Heat recovery Steam generator (HRGS) by reducing

the pinch temperature difference.

Another modification which can be interesting is to use constant volume heat addition

process as known that the slope of T-S curve for constant volume heat addition is more that

the constant pressure heat addition. Although it requires the implementation of constant

volume heat addition process to open cycles.

Other options is to have HP turbine and LP turbine and reheat system, but this may increase

the complexity of the entire process

Conclusion

Overall a combined cycle power plant where in the Brayton and Rankine cycles has been

understood and cost efficient ways are given a thought process. But I feel the use of Concentrated

Solar power plants to heat the water to steam is a best alternative way to reduce cost and

dependence on the resources which will extinct one day unlike solar energy [3]. This technology is

being evolved, developed and currently now in implementation phase in US. Bright Energy is one

of the leading promoters of CSP in the World and is loaded with lot of renewal power plant projectusing the Concentrated Solar Thermal Power plants.

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PART-BPower plant proposal for Karnataka State

Present power demand and sources of power generation in Karnataka state

Karnataka has been a pioneer in the power sector having established the very first hydel generating

station at Shivasamudram in 1902. Karnataka has been in the forefront of adopting innovative

approaches to the problems of the power sector. Several important steps in restructuring the power

sector have been taken by Karnataka over the years, including the separation of Generation of

power from Transmission and Distribution, by setting up the Karnataka Power Corporation in 1970.

The State is now again on the threshold of vital and far reaching reforms [4].

The following figures summarize the current resources of energy and their capacity in MWs [5]

Figure 2 Energy resources in KarnatakaNon renewable

The installed capacity as on 1st January 2000 both with KEB and KPTCL is 4216 MW. Beside this

Karnataka has been allocated a share of 761 MW from the central generating stations owned by

NTPC, NLC, MAPP and Kaiga in the Southern Region. In addition, the State has a captive

generating capacity of about 1600 MW mostly with large and medium size industrial consumers.

The unrestricted peak demand of Karnataka is 4482 MW and average daily energy requirement of

78 MU per day. With the installed capacity and share from the central generating stations,

Karnataka has met a peak demand of 4060 MW, and highest daily consumption of 84.37 MU

during January 2000. In addition, Karnataka is presently importing 7.226 MU; of which MSEB

Varahi

Bellary

Raichur

Torangallu

KAIGA U-3,4

UDUPI, U I,2

Hydro

Coal

Coal

Coal

NUCLEAR

COAL

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Hydro Coal NUCLEAR

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supplies 2.998 MU and 2.784 MU is being received from the Eastern region by utilising the HVDC

link between Jeypore in Orissa and Gajuwaka in Andhra Pradesh. M/s Jindal Tracteble is supplying

1.444 MU. Despite these arrangements which have been operationalized, there is a shortage of 6.30

MU (average daily shortage).

With the growth in industries, demand for power will increase and renewable energy must be used.

The following figure gives the estimation of the available energy and energy used so far.

Figure 3 Karnataka Renewable Energy

Under the Industrial Policy 2009 the state has identified areas covering Bidar, Belgaum, Bagalkot,

Shimoga and Mandya Districts for Sugar and co-gen, power development. Similarly areas covering

Raichur, Bellary, and Bijapur & Chitradurga Districts for Power Generation sector specific

industrial zone development. It is proposed under this policy that the Government will keep 10%

portion of these lands at the disposal of Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited to

develop them for Renewable Energy projects and allied Renewable Energy industries. Further 10%

of lands will be set apart for Renewable Energy project in all future SEZs to be identified under

Industrial Policy 2009 and also in the already approved SEZs at Shimoga, Hassan, Bangalore,

Udupi, Mysore and Bellary. 10% of all SEZ lands will be kept at the disposal of Karnataka

Renewable Energy Development Limited to develop Renewable Energy projects.[4]

Proposal for Solar Thermal power plant

The solar thermal energy systems generate power the same way as traditional power plants by

creating high temperature steam to turn a turbine. However, instead of using fossil fuels or nuclear

power to create the steam, suns energy is used. The steam can then be integrated with conventional

power plant components for electricity generation or for use in industrial process applications. By

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

wind power Hydro Cogeneration Bio mass Waste to energy Solar

potential capacity

installed capacity

EnergyinGig

aWatts

Renewable Energy, summary, in GWh

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the use of optimized software thousand of tracking mirrors, known as heliostats, can be controlled

to concentrate the sunlight onto a boiler filled with water that sits at the top a tower. When the

sunlight hits the boiler, the water inside is heated and creates high temperature steam. Once

produced, the steam is used either in a conventional turbine to produce electricity.

Figure 4 Solar -Thermal power plant and representative thermodynamics cycle

The mirrors in a tower system receive sunlight at a more advantageous angle because they track the

sun on two axes (i.e., in three dimensions) rather than on only one axis. The tracking advantage is

particularly important when the sun is relatively low in the sky, such as in winter, or even in the

early and late daylight hours at other times of the year. This means that a larger proportion of

sunlight is reflected and ultimately utilized for generating electricity on a yearly basis. The solar

thermal system design includes:

Optimization of solar field design to match utility peak generation demand requirements

Methods to ensure more reliable and consistent power output

Maximizing the production capability through thermal energy storage and hybridization

with fossil fuels

Technical specification of the plant

I would like to propose the similar solution as done in Mojave Desert to Southern California Edison

(SCE). Seven solar power towers which has the capacity of 1,300 MW, producing 3.7 billion

kilowatt-hours per year. The project would cost $2.2 billion. One of the partners from the Ivanpah

project is Siemens [9]. The Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, could be operating by 2013[6][7][8]. The

total cost of the Ivanpah project will be $2.2 billion. One of the partners from the Ivanpah project is

Siemens [9]. In Karnataka, the special energy zones dedicated for solar energy can be seen in North

Karnataka like Gulbarga district, Bidar, Raichur which are hot zones and are usually affected from

lack of electricity.

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Sub system interactions

S.No

Component and theirfunctionality

Energy conversion Energy balance

1 Helistats Convex solar panels

to reflect light on to the boiler on

the top of the tower

Heat radiation from sun on the

solar panels is transferred as

concentrated heat to the boilerWhere Qusable = Useful heatdelivered from panelsFr=heat removal factorAa= Area of ApertureAr= Area of receiverUL1=Thermal loss coefficientTi= Inlet temperatureTe=Ambient temperature

2 Solar receiver/Boiler Receives energy from the

concentrated radiation from the

solar panels and uses this energy

to convert water into steam

Where Qsolar=Heat generated insolar receiver/BoilerN= Number of panels intower*number of towersUL2=Thermal loss co efficient

3 Steam powered turbine based onRankine cycle

The steam from the tower is

forced through the steam turbine

Producing the shaft power that is

converted to electric energy.

Where Wt= Turbine work

h5= Enthalpy at turbine entry

h6= Enthalpy at turbine exit

4 Condenser The hot water from the turbineexit is cooled by using

condenser.

Where Qc= heat absorbed by

condenser

h6= Enthalpy at condenser entry

h7= Enthalpy at condenser exit

5 Pump The water from condenser is

pumped back to tower maintain

the flow rate.

Where Qc= heat absorbed by

condenser

h7= Enthalpy at pump entry

h8= Enthalpy at pump exit

Table 2Sub Systems and energy equations

Summary of results

A Solar powered thermal power plant is proposed based on the Ivanpah project in US carried out by

BrightSource [8], which is apt for the conditions in North Karnataka which can serve upto 1.3GW

of power per annum. It doesnt have many mechanical parts as traditional combine power plant and

uses solar energy which is freely available hence the most cost efficient.

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PART-C

Thermodynamics calculation for the design of combustor

Importance of combustor

Factor affecting the combustor performance

Design Parameters calculations

Combustor layout

Conclusion

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4 Comments on Learning Outcome

The Thermodynamics and Combustion module, classes were conducted by Ananthesha, and the

subject being so vast in fundamental application was helpful for me to understand. Thank to Sir that

he explained many difficult topics covering from basics to advanced topics like combustion.

The module helped me to enhance my knowledge on

Laws of Thermodynamics and their importance in day to day applications

Different power plants used with their thermodynamics process cycles

Different thermodynamics design process for different power plants

Introduction to the affect of combustion and its calculations

Thermodynamic processes and cycles involved in the aircraft turbo machinery, their governing

factors and limitations

Different types of combustion process, combustors used and their design process and criteria.

The learning outcomes were met which were addressed directly/ indirectly in our assignments. The

ICA assignments were very challenging and addressing towards strengthening the knowledge of

subject.

I think for me the subject is so vast and within the stipulated time of three-four weeks, it is not

sufficient to understand the subject in depth. But the basic building blocks of thermodynamics, feel

for combustion and combustor design are developed. And I am sure that I can build upon thesecompetencies learned through this module.

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Thermodynamics and Combustion

References

4 http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnataka 5shttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+t

hermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energy [6] Revkin, Andrew C. (February 11, 2009). "California Utility Looks to Mojave Desert Project for Solar Power" (http:/ / www. nytimes.com/2009/ 02/ 12/ science/ earth/ 12solar. html?ref=science). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-02-12.[7] "Agreement for 1,300 Megawatts of Clean and Reliable Solar Thermal Power" (http:/ / www. edison. com/ pressroom/ pr. asp?bu=&year=0& id=7174). Southern California Edison (SCE). February 11, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-02-12.[8] "BrightSource Energy and Southern California Edison (SCE) Power Purchasing Agreement FAQs" (http:/ / www. edison. com/ files/solarFAQs. pdf). BrightSource & SCE. . Retrieved 2009-02-12.[9] http:/ / www. usa. siemens. com/ energy-efficiency/ energy-efficiency. html?tab=power-generation
http://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnatakahttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSource_Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=rendering&return_to=Solar+thermal+energy&collection_id=f00537423fa9b644&writer=rlhttp://www.sustainabilityoutlook.in/news/solar-energy-sector-gaining-momentum-karnataka

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