Anxiety DisordersVideos: Psychology: The Human Experience Modules 36 & 37

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts

(obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Constant tension; unfocused, unproductive & chronic worry; ANS arousal

Panic attacksPhobia

persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation e.g., social phobia

Causes of Anxiety Disorders

Interaction of factors Socio-cultural (culture of fear?) Psychological

Behavioral (CC & OC)Cognitive (interpretation of harmless situations as

threatening)

BiologicalHeritability – twin studiesGABAin OCD, frontal lobe overactivity – involved

with directing attention

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Controversy Causes?

Personality Disorders

Personality Disorders inflexible and enduring behavior

patterns that impair social functioning

e.g., borderline, antisocial (next slide)

5

Antisocial personality disorder

History of conduct disorder (e.g., habitual lying, torturing animals…)

Problems with impulsivity, failure to plan ahead, lack of remorse

Seem to be less responsive to fearless (e.g., less activity in amygdala and hippocampus to words that elicit fear compared to non-APD)

In a study of 22,790 prisoners—47% of men and 21% of women were diagnosed with APD

ManiaMania

Depression

Mood Disorders

Video: Psychology: The Human Experience Module 38

Depression subtypes

• Post-partum

•Seasonal affective disorder

Rates and Course of Bipolar Disorder

•Lifetime risk of 1.3% for both genders•10% have rapid cycling bipolar disorder

•Persistent illness•24% relapsed within 6 months

•77% have at least one new episode within 4 years•High expressed emotion in the family (psychosocial stressor)

Mood Disorders- Suicide

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Suicides per100,000 people

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Males Females

The higher suicide rateamong men greatly increases in late adulthood

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Video: Psychology: The Human Experience Module 39

“split mind” severe psychotic disorder

characterized by:disorganized and delusional thinking

(e.g., Lena)

hallucinations (e.g., Terri)

inappropriate emotions and actions

Rates and Course

About 1 in 100 Course:

Onset: late teens – 30s; earlier in men than women (who have a more favorable course)

Prognosis:Chronic, debilitating disorder for some:

• Multiple hospitalizations• 10-15 % will commit suicide

Many others do not show a progressive deterioration, but stabilize over the years

Neurobiological Influences Increased dopamine activity Maternal virus during pregnancy?

Increased Risk Based on Genetic Relatedness (next slide)

Neurobiological Influences Increased dopamine activity Maternal virus during pregnancy?

Increased Risk Based on Genetic Relatedness (next slide)

Biological Biological

Causes

Runs in families

Lifetime riskof developingschizophrenia

for relatives of a schizophrenic

40

30

20

10

0 Generalpopulation

Siblings Children Fraternaltwin

Childrenof two

Individuals w/schizophrenia

Identicaltwin

Several brain regions have abnormalities E.g., Ventricle Enlargement

Several brain regions have abnormalities E.g., Ventricle Enlargement

Brain Factors

Psychosocial and cultural factors

Social driftStress and relapseCommunication patterns (high E.E.)Cultural acceptance vs. stigmatization

Using diagnosis on the job

“Cop Psychiatrists” (Sci Amer -- segment 33)