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GEOL104Dinosaurs:ANaturalHistorySmithsonianAssignment

DUEONLINE:November11

“Everymanisavaluablememberofsocietywhobyhisobservations,researches,andexperimentsprocuresknowledgeformen.”

-JamesSmithson(1765-1829),aBritishnaturalhistorianwhoselegacyofover$500,000wasgiventothegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaforthecreationof“anEstablishmentfortheincreaseanddiffusionofknowledge”:theSmithsonianInstitution.

TheSmithsonianInstitution’sNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory(NMNH)hasoneofthelargestcollections

ofdinosaurandotherfossilsintheworld.TheSmithsonianmuseumsarefree;hoursfortheNMNHare10am

to5:30pm7daysaweek.YoucantaketheMetrofromtheCollegeParkStationtoanyofanumberofstations

neartheMuseum.ThequickestrouteistheGreenLinefromtheUMd-CollegeParkStationtoArchives/Navy

Memorial/PennQuarter:youdon’thavetochangetrains,andtheNMNHisjustontheothersideofthe

ArchivesBuilding.

ForthisexerciseyoumaywishtobringalongtheanatomysheetsavailableonELMS.Youmayworkinteams

anddiscussyouranswers;however,ALLWORKYOUTURNINMUSTBEYOUROWN.(Ihavecaughtand

reportedanumberofstudentsinthepastyouhavecheatedbycopyingeachother’swork:pleasedon’tmake

medothatagain…).TocomplywithUniversitySenateregulations,thisassignmentiscoveredbythe

University’sHonorCode:IpledgeonmyhonorthatIhavenotgivenorreceivedanyunauthorizedassistance

onthisassignment

NOTE:UseyourOWNOBSERVATIONSinordertoanswerthequestions.

ALSONOTE:Thisassignmentrequiresknowledgefromthecourseaswellasfromtheexhibits.Notallthe

answersareindicatedonmuseumsignsorthelike;youhavetouseyourknowledgefromGEOL104to

answerthem.

TheassignmentitselfisbasicallyalongextendedELMSquiz:youwilleventuallygoontoELMSandselect

youranswersortypethemin,justasyouwouldinaquiz.Youcanprintoutthispdforhaveitonyour

smartphone/tabletorwhateverasyougoalong.Eithertakenotesoftheanswersandenterthemlater,or(if

youhaveagoodenoughconnection)youcaninputtheanswersdirectlyintoELMS.

TheentireEastWingFirstFlooroftheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistorywasdedicatedtofossillife,the

brand-new(openedinJune2019)DavidH.KochHallofFossils–DeepTime.Thisprojecttakesyouthere

eventually,butyouwillstartonthe2ndFloor,lookingattheOsteology(“HallofBones”)hall.Thenyou’llmove

Name:

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downtothe1stfloortolookatfossilsfromtheSantOceanHallontheFirstFloor.Fromthere,youwillbe

guidedtothe“real”beginningoftheDeepTimehall(whichisNOTtheentrancefromthemuseumRotunda!)

PARTI–OSTEOLOGY

Forthisexercise,youwillprobablyfindtheanatomysheetsavailableonELMSandthewebsitea

usefulguideinidentifyingthehomologousbonesinthesedifferentanimals.

Inordertobetterunderstandthedinosaurs,wefirsthavetounderstandtheanatomy,behavior,andecology

ofmodernvertebrates.TheSmithsonian’sOsteology(“Bones”)Hallgivesusanexcellentopportunityfor

comparison.Wedoknowalotmoreaboutmodernanimals(theircompleteanatomy,includingsofttissue;

theirbehavior;theirphysiology;etc.)thanwedoaboutextinctcreatures,sothatwaywecanbettertellwhen

aparticularskeletalstructurematchesaparticularbehaviororfunction.Wecanthentakethisinformation

andapplyittoextinctcreatures,likethedinosaursoftheMesozoic.

Gotothesecondfloorofthemuseumandenterintothehalllabeled“Bones/Reptiles/InsectZoo”.Thisisone

oftheolderhalls,butitcontainsalotofusefulspecimensandinformation.Thispacketworksbestifyou

enterthehallfromtheRotundaend.

Biologistsusethefollowingtermstodescribethefootpostureofdifferentvertebrates:

• Plantigrade:Theanimalstandsandwalkswiththeunguals,otherdigits,andmetacarpalsand

metatarsalsalltouchingtheground(“flat-footed”)

• Digitigrade:Theanimalstandsandwalkswiththeungualsandotherdigitstouchingtheground,but

themetacarpalsandmetatarsalsheldup

• Unguligrade:Theanimalstandsandwalksonlyontheunguals(“tip-toes”),andtheotherdigitsand

metacarpalsandmetatarsalsareheldup

Hereisagraphicshowingthesefoot

postures,showing(fromlefttoright)

plantigrade,digitigrade,andunguligrade:

Name:

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Oppositetheentranceisasetofskeletonsofapesandahuman.Takealookatthehumanfoot.

1)Humanshavea(n)[plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]pes.

We’llcompareourfoottoothermammalswhenwegetintothemainroom.

Movealongandfindthepanelaboutbats.FindtheskeletonofPteropussamoensis(theSamoanflyingfox).

2)HowmanydigitsdoesPteropussamoensishaveinitsmanus?[0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7]

Alittlefurtheralong(andaboveyourheads)istheskeletonoftheLaPlatadolphin(Pontoporiablainvillei).

3)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheteethofPontoporiablainvillei?

a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe

differentinsize)

b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)

Walkintothemainmammalroomandlookaroundabit.Seesomeofthewonderfuldiversityofliving(anda

veryrecentlyextinct)membersofMammalia.Nowfindtheprimatesexhibit,andspecificallytheproboscis

monkey(Nasalislarvatus).

4)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheteethofNasalislarvatus?

a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe

differentinsize)

b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)

Nowfindtheskeletonofthepronghorn(Antilocapraamericana).

5)Howmanyteetharethereineachpremaxilla(identifyitbyusingthesuturelinesintheskull)in

Antilocapraamericana?[0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7]

6)WhichofthebestdescribesthelowerjawofAntilocapraamericana?

a. Continuousteethfromthefronttoback

b. Teethonlypresentinthefront

c. Teethonlypresentintheback

d. Nippingteethpresentinthefront,adiastema(aspacewithoutteeth),andthengrindingteethin

back

Name:

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Findtheskeletonofthebison(Bisonbison)

7)Canyouseethehornsinthisparticularskeleton?[Yes|No]

8)Likemostofthebiggermammalsinthisexhibit(thoseaquarteryoursizeorlarger),thefemurofBisonis

oriented [parasagittally|sprawlingouttotheside].

FindtheskeletonoftheIndianrhinoRhinocerosunicornis.

9)Howmanycervical(neck)vertebraedoesRhinoceroshave(note:cervicalsdonothaveribs)?

[3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10]

NowgooppositesideofthepassageandfindtheskeletonofthegiraffeGiraffacamelopardalis.

10)Howmanycervical(neck)vertebraedoesGiraffahave?

[3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10]

11—ExtraCredit)ListafeaturethatwouldallowGiraffatofeedhigherinthetreesthanRhinoceros:

Differentanimalshavedifferentlocomotory(moving)habits.Somearefastrunningspecialists(cursorial),

someareslowplodders(graviportal),andmanyareintermediate.Thecommonzebra(Equusburchelli)isa

cursor,whileitscloserelativethetapir(Tapirusbairdi)isslower,eventhoughbothanimalsareaboutaslong

fromthebackofthenecktotheendofthehips(i.e.,thebutt).

CompareEquustoTapirus.

12)Thelimbsofcursors(Equus)are[proportionatelylonger|proportionatelyshorter]thantheirless

cursorialrelatives(Tapirus).

13)Thepes(allthemetatarsalsplusthetoes)ofEquusis[moreslender|muchbroader]thanitsless

cursorialrelativeTapirus.

14)Reviewthedifferenttypesoffootposture,andindicateifthefollowingmammalsareplantigrade,

digitigrade,orunguligrade.Wewillonlylookatthepesandignorethemanusforthis.[6ptstotal]

Coatimundi(Nasuanasua) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Mandrill(Mandrillussphinx) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Bison(Bisonbison) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Tiger(Pantheratigris) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Indianrhinoceros(Rhinocerosunicornis) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Bighornsheep(Oviscanadensis) [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Passthroughthecircularchamberthatdiscussesthebiologyofboneintothebirdhall.

Name:

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Findthesectionon“RunningBirds”,andtheskeletonoftherhea(Rheaamericana).

15)Theungualsare

a. slenderandhighlycurved,likehooks

b. flatonthebottomandstraight,likeawedge

16)Thepenultimatephalanx(thatis,theoneimmediateproximaltotheungual)is:

a. aslongorlongertheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges

b. shorterthantheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges

Findthesectionon“ArborealBirds”,andtheskeletonofthepileatedwoodpecker(Dryocopuspileatus).

17)Theungualsare

c. slenderandhighlycurved,likehooks

d. flatonthebottomandstraight,likeawedge

18)Thepenultimatephalanx(thatis,theoneimmediateproximaltotheungual)is:

c. aslongorlongertheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges

d. shorterthantheother,evenmoreproximalphalanges

Findthesectionon“AquaticBirds”(rightnexttothegiantleatherbackseaturtleDermochelyscoriacea

coriacea.FindtheAfricanpenguin(alsocalledtheblack-footedorjackasspenguin)speciesSpheniscus

demersusandthecommonloonGaviaimmer.Thescleroticringisaseriesofsmallplatybonesthatwrap

aroundtheeyeball:thisgivesyouadarngoodideaofwhichopeningistheorbit!Thenaris(nostrilopening)

isthelongslit-likeopeningonthebeak.

19)GaviaandSpheniscus[do|donot]haveanantorbitalfenestra(anopeningoneachsideoftheface

betweentheorbitandthenaris).

Bothloonsandpenguinsareexcellentswimmers,buttheyswimindifferentfashions.Usetheanatomyof

thesetwospeciestoidentifywhichisawing-propelleddiver(thatpushesthewateralongwithitswings)

andwhichisafoot-propelleddiver(thatgetsmostofitspropulsionfromkickingwithitsfeet).

20)Wing-propelleddiver:shorterbutstrongwingbones;relativelyshorthindlimbs;feetnotnecessarily

broad:

[Gavia|Spheniscus]

21)Foot-propelleddiver:relativelylonghindlimbs;toeslongtospreadouttoformabroadpaddlingsurface:

[Gavia|Spheniscus]

Name:

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MoveonintotheReptile&Amphibianroom.Comparethemanusoftheleatherbackturtle(Dermochelys

coriaceacoriacea)andtheGalápagostortoise(Geocheloneelephantopus).

22)Whichhaslongphalangesformingabroadflatsurface? [Dermochelys|Geochelone]

23)Whichhasshortstubbyphalangesformingcompactfoot? [Dermochelys|Geochelone]

Findthesectiononsnakes,andspecificallytheEasterndiamondbackrattlesnake(Crotalusadamanteus).

Peoplesometimesthinkthatsnakeseitherdon’thavetails,orarebasicallyalltails.Inanimalswithlegsthis

isn’taproblem,butsomepeoplegetconfusedbytheleglessmodernsnakes.Butthereisadistinction

betweenthetorso(withdorsalandsacralvertebrae)andthetail(withcaudalvertebrae).Inlifeyoucanlook

forsofttissues(includingtheanus,atthepointwherethetailbegins)todistinguishthesections,butyoucan

dosowithbones,too.Forinstance,dorsalandsacralvertebraehavetrueribs,butcaudalsdonot.Also,there

areoftendistinctionintheshapeandsizebetweenthe(normallylarger)torsovertebraeandthe(normally

smaller)caudalones.

24)LookattheCrotalusskeleton.Whichofthefollowingistrue?

a. Thebodyismostlytorso,withamuchshortertail.

b. Thebodyismostlytail,withmuchshortertorso.

c. Thebodyisaboutequalpartstorsoandtail.

Findthecrocodilianskeletons.Inparticular,findthegavial(Gavialisgangeticus),andtheblackcaiman

(Melanosuchusniger).

ComparetheskullsofMelanosuchusandGavialis.

25)Whichgenushasaslendernarrowsnoutandneedle-liketeeth(andthusisspecializedforcatching

relativelysmallfish)? [Melanosuchus|Gavialis]

26)Whichgenushasabroadersnoutandstouterconicalteeth(andthusisspecializedforcatchingfishof

allsizes,andlandvertebratesaswell)? [Melanosuchus|Gavialis]

27)Nearlyallmodernlizardsandcrocodilianssharethesamefootposture.TakealookatthepesofGavialis.

Whichposturedoesitshow? [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

28)Whichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbshowninthecrocodilians?

a. Parasagittal(upright)

b. Sprawling

Name:

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Fromthispointyoushouldheadbacktothe1stfloorandentertheSantOceanHall.

PARTII–PALEONTOLOGYINTHESANTOCEANHALL

TheSantOceanHallisdirectlyoppositethemainentrancetothemuseum—beyondtheelephant—onthe

firstfloor.TheOceanHallhasabigcentralconcoursethatconcentratesonoceanlife,aright-handpaththat

focusesonenvironmentsandhumaninteractions,andaleft-handpathaboutfossilmarinelife.Headoverto

thatleft-handpath,andwe’llexploresomeissuesaboutMesozoicandCenozoicmarinelifeandthe

Cretaceous/Paleogeneextinctionevent.Butfirst,let’stakealookatthehistoryoffossilapexpredators,inthe

exhibit“Who’sOnTop?”Usethedataprovidedbythisexhibittoanswerthenextsetofquestions.

29)Matchtheletterofthegroupofapexpredatortothetimeperiodinwhichtheyweredominant.[5pts

total]

100-65Ma A.Anomalocariidids

299-251Ma B.Eurypterids

416-359Ma C.Helicoprionids

444-416Ma D.Mosasauroids

542-488Ma E.Placoderms

Downthemiddleofthefossilmarinelifesectionareasetoffree-standingdisplays.Findtheoneofthese

labeled“AReefBuiltbyClams?”.Thisexhibitconcentratesonrudists,agroupofextinctclamsthatwerethe

majorreef-buildersintheCretaceousseas.Therearetwomajorgroupsofrudistsdescribed,characterizedby

thedifferentwaytheygrow:uprightsandrecliners.

30)WhichmodeofgrowthdoesTitanosarcolitessp.show? [upright|recliner]

31)WhichmodeofgrowthdoesParastromasanchezishow? [upright|recliner]

Thelongwallofthefossilsection,labeled“GlobalVanishingActs”,discussestwogreatmassextinctions:the

Permo-TriassicextinctionandtheCretaceous-Paleogeneextinction.WewillfocusontheCretaceous-

Paleogeneextinction:findthesectionlabeled“TheSkyisFalling!”andspecificallythepartthatsays“HowDo

WeKnow?”

Ondisplayaremodelsoftwodeepseacoresthatsamplesedimentsfrombefore,during,andafterthe

Cretaceous-Paleogeneextinction.Itdescribesthechangesintheforaminiferans(armoredamoeba-likesingle-

celledorganisms)overtheevent.

32)Theaveragesizeofforaminiferansjustaftertheextinctionwere[smaller|thesamesize|larger]

thanthosebefore.

Name:

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33)Thenumberofspeciesofforaminferansjustaftertheextinctionwas[fewer|thesame|greater]

thanthosebeforetheextinction.

34)Findthesectionlabeled“WhoLives?WhoDies?”Indicatewhichofthespecieslistedbelowwasa“Victim”

ora“Survivor”.[4ptstotal]

Lahillalarseni [Victim|Survivor] Belemnitesdensus [Victim|Survivor]

Baculitescorrugatus [Victim|Survivor] Seriolaprisca [Victim|Survivor]

Turnaroundandfindthesectionlabeled“TheEvolutionoftheWhale”.Whalesareplacentalmammals;in

fact,theyaretheaquaticdescendantsofterrestrialmammalsrelatedtothemodernhippopotamus.Lookup

tofindtheskeletonsofMaiacetusinuus,Dorudonatrox,andBasilosauruscetoides:primitivewhalesfromthe

earlypartoftheCenozoicEra.Ofthesethree,Maiacetusistheoldestandthemostprimitive,Dorudonisthe

intermediate,andBasilosaurusistheclosesttomodernwhales(althoughitisstillfarmoreprimitivethanany

livingwhale).

35)Overtheirearlyhistory,whales[decreased|remainedthesamesize|increased]insize.

36)Overtheirearlyhistory,thesizeofthehindlimbofwhales

[decreased|remainedthesamesize|increased].

37—ExtraCredit)Inwhichofthesegeneraisthepelvicgirdlestillattachedtothevertebralcolumn?

[Maiacetus|Dorudon|Basilosaurus]

NowheadtothefarendoftheSantOceanHall,andtakearight.HeadtowardsandthroughtheAfricanVoices

hall:ifyouareinterestedinculturesandhistoryofAfrica,makesureyoucomebacktolookatitindetail.But

fornow,headtotheFossilLaboftheDeepTimehall.

PARTIII–DEEPTIMEHALL

ThisisthenewestmajorhalloftheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistory.Themainpartofthehallisawalk

throughgeologictime,lookingatthediversityoflifeonEarthatthesetimes.Butthebeginningofthehall(at

leastfromthedirectionyou’llcomeatit)isthe“FossilLab”.Thisincludesbothaglassed-inroominwhich

fossilpreparatorsareworkingatremovingspecimensfromthematrixandcleaningthemupforstorage,as

wellasanumberofexhibitsaboutthenatureofpaleontologyandhowitworks.

We’llstartbytakingalookatthepreparationroom.Dependingontheir(andyour)schedule,some

preparatorsmaybeatworkwhenyouvisit.Whethertheyareornot,theyshouldhavelittlesignsupthat

explainwhatitistheyareworkingon.

Name:

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38–ExtraCredit)Listanexampleofafossilwhichisbeingpreparedinthepreparationlab.(Itdoesn’thave

tobeadinosaur).

Oppositefromthepreparationlabisadinosaurfossilmountedfordisplay.Thisisactuallythetypespecimen

ofthatspecies!

39)Whatspeciesisondisplay?

Sometimesfossilsaremountedinlifeposition:theskeletonsareshownasiftheanimalwasstillalive,but

somehowhadlostallofitsflesh,organs,etc.Othersaremountedindeathposition:thefossilisshown

withoutrestoringthebonestotheirorientationasinalivingcreature,butratherastheboneswerefoundin

therock.

40)Thisspecimenisshownin[life|death]position.

Moveon,andpastthepreparationlabtakearightintothe“FossilBasecamp”alcove.Thissectionhasexhibits

ontaphonomy,biochemistry,andevolution,amongotherthings.Findtheexhibitlabeled“Howdowefind

fossils?”.

41)TheexamplediscussedhereisanewlydiscovereddinosaurfromtheLateCretaceousBissektyFormation

ofUzbekistan.Theparticulargenusinquestionis:

a. ThetyrannosaurTimurlengia

b. TheankylosaurBissektipelta

c. TheceratopsianTuranoceratops

d. TheornithopodLevnesovia

Headouttowardsthemainpath.Thereisnowaywecanlookatalltheexhibitsfortheproject:foronething,

theDeepTimehallcoversallofLife’shistory,notjustdinosaurs!Passthroughthesectionwithoceanlife,

pastthemetaltreestump,andfindtheEarlyPermianexhibit.Youcanfinditwiththelabel“AnEat-and-be-

EatenWorld”.

Therearetwoskeletalmountsonthissideoftheexhibit:EdaphosaurusandEryops.

42)WhichposturedotheseEarlyPermiananimalsshow?[plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Name:

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43)WhichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbshownintheseEarlyPermiananimals?

a. Parasagittal(upright)

b. Sprawling

44)Whichofthesetwolikelyatemostlyfish? [Edaphosaurus|Eryops]

Recallthebasicskullpatternsfortetrapods:

Anapsid(notemporalfenestrae) Synapsid(infratemporalonly) Diapsid(bothinfra-andsupratemporal)

45)WhichofthesetwoEarlyPermiananimalsshowasynapsidskullpattern?[Edaphosaurus|Eryops]

Lookatthepanellabeled“Light,Energy&Life”.

46)TheseEarlyPermiancommunitieshad:

a. Moreherbivoresthancarnivores

b. Equalpercentagesofcarnivoresandhebivores

c. Morecarnivoresthanherbivores

Nowmovetotheothersideofthisglasscase.Onthissideyou’llfindmountedskeletonsofDimetrodon,

Ophiacodon,Xenacanthus,andDiplocaulus.

46)Dimetrodonhaswhichskullpattern?[Anapsid|Synapsid|Diapsid]

47)Whichofthesefourseemstobetheapexpredatoronland?

[Dimetrodon|Ophiacodon|Xenacanthus|Diplocaulus]

48)Whichofthesefourseemstobetheapexpredatorinthewater?

[Dimetrodon|Ophiacodon|Xenacanthus|Diplocaulus]

NowmovetotheLatePermian,labeledby“RiseoftheHerbivores”.

Name:

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49)Accordingtothedisplay,theseLatePermiancommunitieshad:

a. Moreherbivoresthancarnivores

b. Equalpercentagesofcarnivoresandhebivores

c. Morecarnivoresthanherbivores

50)WhichofthefollowingLatePermiananimalsshownondisplayisNOTasynapsid?

[Bradysaurus|Diictodon|Oudenodon|Cynosaurus|Aulacocephalodon]

51)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheteethofCynosaurus?

a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe

differentinsize)

b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)

NowmoveontotheMesozoic,andfind“ARiotofEvolution”anditsdiscussionofTriassicamniotes.

52)Matchthefossilgenustoitsproperdescription.

Smilosuchus a.Aglidingreptile

Icarosaurus b.Alargequadrupedalherbivorousreptile

Vancleavea c.Giganticcrocodile-likereptile

Haramiyavia d.Earlyturtle

Proterochersis e.Aquaticreptilecoveredbyarmoredscales

Trilophosaurus f.Earlymammal

53)WhichposturedoesTrilophosaurusshow?

[plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

54)WhichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbshownintheLateTriassicanimalslistedabove

forthoseinwhichyoucanseethelimbs)?

a. Parasagittal(upright)

b. Sprawling

Okay,sohowaboutafreakingdinosaurinthispacket??

AmongtheseLateTriassicanimalsisEoraptor,oneoftheoldestandmostprimitivedinosaurs.

55)Eoraptoris[bigger|thesamesize|smaller]thanTrilophosaurus.

56)WhichposturedoesEoraptorshow? [plantigrade|digitigrade|unguligrade]

Name:

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57)WhichbestdescribestherestingstanceofthehindlimbinEoraptor?

a. Parasagittal(upright)

b. Sprawling

58)Eoraptorisa(n)[obligatebiped|facultativebiped|obligatequadruped].

59)Eoraptorhaswhichskullpattern?[Anapsid|Synapsid|Diapsid]

Movetotheleft,pasttheheadofSmilosuchus,andcomearoundthefarsideoftheTriassicexhibit.Youshould

befacingtheJurassic“island”,andspecificallythesectionlabeled“SpikesandClaws”.Headovertoitand

checkoutStegosaurusandCeratosaurus.

60)Whichofthesetwoseemstobewinninginthefight? [Stegosaurus|Ceratosaurus]

61)Whichofthesetwohasgastralia? [Stegosaurus|Ceratosaurus]

62)WhichbestdescribestheconditionoftheteethinCeratosaurus?

a. Undifferentiated(essentiallythesameshapefromthefrontofthejawstotheback,althoughmaybe

differentinsize)

b. Differentiated(teethofverydifferentshapesindifferentpartsofthejaw)

63)WhichofthebodypartsseemstohavebeentheprimaryweaponinCeratosaurus?

[themanualclaws|theteethandjaws]

64)InStegosaurus,whichlegboneislonger? [femur|tibia]

MovetotherightpastthetailsofCeratosaurusandStegosaurus,andfollowalongtheedgeoftheJurassic

“island”.ThenextpairofdinosaursisajuvenileandsubadultoftheiguanodontianornithopodCamptosaurus.

(Bytheway,veryfewofthedinosaursondisplayherearerepresentedbyfully-grownadults!)

65)WhichgrowthstageofCamptosaurushasahighlycurvedischiumandpubis? [juvenile|subadult]

66–ExtraCredit)Basedonthesnoutshape,Camptosauruswaslikelya[choosy|lesschoosy]feeder.

Keepmovingtotheright.ThenextdinosauryouencounteristhecarnosauriantheropodAllosaurus.

Name:

13

67)TheAllosaurusspecimenisshownengagedinwhatbehavior?

a. StalkingCamptosaurus

b. DefendingagainstDiplodocus

c. FeedingonDryosaurus

d. Protectingitsowneggs

68–ExtraCredit)InAllosaurusmetatarsalIIIis

[thesamewidthatthetopasIIandIV|pinchedinbetweenIIandIV].

69)InAllosauruswhichislonger?[Thelargesttooth|Thelargestmanualungual]

TakealookattheskullofAllosaurus.

70)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheproportionsoftheskullofAllosaurus?

a. Aboutaswideorwidermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.

b. Muchnarrowermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.

Allosaurushastriangularcrestsonthedorsal(top)surfaceofitslacrimals.

71)Theselacrimalcrestsare[anteriorto|directlydorsalto|posteriorto]theorbits.

TotherightoftheAllosaurus,outwhereyoucantouchit,isthesinglelargestboneinthisentirehall.

72)Whichbone(bodypart)isthis?

73–ExtraCredit)Whatgenusisthisgiantbonefrom?

LoomingoverthispartoftheislandistheskeletonofasubadultDiplodocus.(Yes,thisspecimenis“merely”

27.2m[thatis,90’]long;afully-adultspecimenis33.5m[110’]longandabouttwiceasmassive.)

74)LookatthemetacarpusofDiplodocus.Itis:

a. Widermediolaterallythantallproximodistally

b. Aboutequallywideastall

c. Tallerproximodistallythanwidemediolaterally

75)ThenumberofcervicalsinDiplodocusis[fewerthan|thesamenumberas|morethan]thenumber

inGiraffa(seebackatpage4).

Name:

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Keepgoingtotherightandfindapairofskullsofsauropods:thediplodocidDiplodocusandthemacronarian

Camarasaurus.

76)Whichofthesehasstoutspatulateteeth? [Camarasaurus|Diplodocus]

77)Whichofthesehaspeg-liketeethallatthefrontofthesnout? [Camarasaurus|Diplodocus]

BeforeweleavetheJurassic“island”,takealookatthemountedskeletonofasubadultCamarasaurus.

78)Asmounted,thisspecimenisdoingwhat?

a. Ontheground,indeathposition.

b. Partiallyrearingup.

c. WatchingthefightingStegosaurusandCeratosaurus.

d. Feedingonlowvegetation.

TurnaroundandheadovertotheCretaceous“island”.Headtowardsthesideontheleft(theonefacingthe

wallratherthanthecenterofthehall)andfindthesection“DinosaursTaketotheAir”.

Thereareskeletonsoffourdifferentgeneraoftheropodsdisplayed.

79)Matchthegenuswithitsproperdescription.

Sinosauropteryx a.Oneoftheoldesttoothlessbirds

Caudipteryx b.Aflightlessmaniraptoranwithbroadfeathers

Archaeopteryx c.Acompsognathid

Confuciusornis d.AJurassicbirdwithteethandalongbonytail

80–ExtraCredit)Whichofthesegeneraoccursoldestintime?

[Sinosauropteryx|Caudipteryx|Archaeopteryx|Confuciusornis]

Movealongtotheleftandfindtheexhibit“DinosaurDiversityPeaks”.ThisdiscussestheLateCretaceous

Epocharound75millionyearsago.

81)Matchthefollowingdinosaurstotheirproperdescription:

Prosaurolophus a.Tyrannosaurid

Centrosaurus b.Pachycephalosaur

Gorgosaurus c.Ankylosaurid

Euoplocephalus d.Hadrosaurid

Stegoceras e.Dromaeosaurid

Saurornitholestes f.Ceratopsid

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82)TakealookattheskullofProsaurolophus.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesitsjaws?

a. Teetharepresentthroughoutthelengthofthejaws.

b. Teethareabsentinthefronthalfofthejaw,andcloselypackedinthebackofthejaw

83)TakealookatthetailofEuoplocephalus.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesit?

a. Athagomizer:twopairsofspikes

b. Flexibleallthewaytothetip

c. Rigidinitsposteriorhalf,endingwithatailclub

84)Whichofthefollowinglargeherbivoresismostlikelytohaveachoosierdiet?

[Prosaurolophus|Centrosaurus|Euoplocephalus]

85)InCentrosaurusthenasalhornis[largerthan|equalinlengthto|smallerthan]thepostorbitalhorns.

TurnaroundandfindtheCretaceousmarinebirdHesperornis.

86)Basedontheinformationfrompage5,Hesperorniswasa[wing-propelled|foot-propelled]diver.

TurnbacktotheCretaceousislandandmoveright:pastthe“DinosaurDiversityPeaks”and“DinosaursTake

totheAir”,andalongto“DinosaursinaFloweringWorld”.Lookforthedisplay“LifeFlourishesattheWater’s

Edge”.

87)Matchthesenon-dinosaurianorganismstotheirproperdescription.

Didelphodon a.Waterplantrelatedtothemodernlotus

Stangerochampsa b.Freshwaterclam

Plethobasus c.Turtle

Eubaena d.Marsupialmammal

Nelumbago e.Alligator

NowmovearoundandfindthespecimenofTyrannosaurusfeedingonTriceratops.HailtotheKing!

88)LookatthedorsalviewoftheTyrannosaurusskull.Itsnasalsare

[separatefromeachotherthroughouttheirlength|fusedtogetherformostoftheirlength].

89)WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheproportionsoftheskullofTyrannosaurus?

a. Aboutaswideorwidermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.

b. Muchnarrowermediolaterallyattheposteriorendthanitistalldorsoventrally.

Name:

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90)InTyrannosauruswhichislonger?[Thelargesttooth|Thelargestmanualungual]

91–ExtraCredit)InTyrannosaurusmetatarsalIIIis

[thesamewidthatthetopasIIandIV|pinchedinbetweenIIandIV].

NowexaminetheTriceratopsspecimen

92)InTriceratopsthenasalhornis[largerthan|equalinlengthto|smallerthan]thepostorbitalhorns.

93)ThemetatarsusinTriceratopsis[shorterthan|thesamelengthas|longerthan]themetatarsusof

Tyrannosaurus.

ComparethepelvicregionofTyrannosaurusandTriceratops.(You’llhavetowalkaroundtogetdifferent

viewsofthese).

94)Whichdinosauriswideratthehips?[Tyrannosaurus|Triceratops]

MovetotherightofTyrannosaurusandTriceratopstofindtwomorelatestCretaceousdinosaurs:

EdmontosaurusandThescelosaurus.

95)Whichofthesedinosaursisanobligatebiped? [Edmontosaurus|Thescelosaurus]

96)Whichofthesedinosaurscouldfeedhigherinthetrees? [Edmontosaurus|Thescelosaurus]

97)Inwhichofthesetwodinosaursaretheossifiedepaxialtendons(tendonsalongtheneuralspineswhich

haveturnedtobone)? [Edmontosaurus|Thescelosaurus|both|neither]

Gotherightpastthesetwodinosaurs;aroundthecornerisadiscussionoftheCretaceous-Paleogenemass

extinction66millionyearsago.

98)Basedontheinformationpresentedhere,matchthedifferentenvironmentaleffectsofthiscatastrophe

withthetimescaleonwhichtheyoccurred.

Fernsflourish a.Days

Globalcooling b.Weeks

Globalwarming c.Months

Wildfire d.Years

Ecosystemcollapse e.Centuries

Thuspassesthegloryoftheworld…

Name:

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However,thatisn’ttheendoftheproject!WithsuchawealthofCenozoicfossilsitwouldbeashametonot

haveyoutakealookatsomeofthem.

SohereisaCenozoicscavengerhunt.Listedareaseriesoffossilorganismsintheremainingpartofthe

exhibit,withsomeindicationofthedisplaycasetheyarein.

99)Matchthefossiltaxontoitsproperdescription.

Uintatherium(“DenseForestsOpenUp”)

Stenomylus(“Browsing,Grazing,MovinginHerds”)

Moropus(“TheNot-So-DistantPast”)

Smilodon(neartheRotundaentrance)

Eremotherium(acrossfromoneoftheRotundentrances)

Mammut(facingthecenterofthehall)

a. Clawed-footedherbivorous“hoofed”mammal

b. Slenderrunningcamel

c. Giantgroundsloth

d. Mastodon

e. Sabre-toothedcat

f. Sabre-toothedknob-headedquadrupedalherbivore

100–ExtraCredit)FindanyCenozoicfossilnotlistedinquestion99,nameit,andcorrectlydescribethetype

oforganismitisandthetimeperiodandlocationitisfrom.

Thatisit.FeelfreetoenjoytherestoftheDeepTimehall,andtherestofthemuseum.

Rememberthatthisassignmentis“turnedin”byansweringthequestions(thesameasinthispacket)on

ELMS.

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