150
50
10
Fruits
Dairy
Spices
Alcoholic beverages
Nuts and seeds
Seafoods
Meats
Herbs
Plant derivatives
Vegetables
Flowers
Animal products
Plants
Cereal
50 %
30 %
10 %
1 %
Flavor Network
Flavor network. Culinary ingredients (circles) and their chemical relationship are illustrated. The color of each ingredient represents the food category that the ingredient belongs to, and the size of an ingredient is proportional to the usage frequency (collected from online recipe databases: epicurious.com, allrecipes.com, menupan.com). Two culinary ingredients are connected if they share many flavor compounds. We extracted the list of flavor compounds in each ingredient from the book “Fenaroli’s handbook of flavor ingredients (5th ed.)” and then applied a backbone extraction method by Serrano et al. (PNAS 106, 6483) to pick statistically significant links between ingredients. The thickness of an edge represents the number of shared flavor compounds. To reduce clutter, edges are bundled based on the algorithm by Danny Holten (http://www.win.tue.nl/~dholten/).
CategoriesPrevalenceShared compounds
Yong-Yeol Ahn, Sebastian Ahnert, James P. Bagrow, and A.-L. Barabási“Flavor network and the principles of food pairing”, Scientific Reports 1, 196 (2011)
© Yong-Yeol Ahn, Sebastian E Ahnert, James P. Bagrow, Albert-László Barabási
almond
leek
blueberry
wood
caviar
fish
mandarin
roquefort cheese
bacon
romano cheese
lemongrass
apricot
olive
herringrutabaga
parsnip
camembert cheese
kiwi
turnip
egg noodle
black sesame seed
red algae
saffron
truffle
smoked salmon
peanut oil
celery oil
cassava
sturgeon caviarcheddar cheese
mango
smoke
licorice
beef broth
sheep cheese
emmental cheese
butter
gin
munster cheese
tarragon
salmon
macaroni
orange juice
hop
matsutake
black pepper
black raspberry
sage
thyme
currantcarrot
cacao
porcini
hazelnut
haddock
scallop
date
rum
berry
zucchini
cucumber
lettuce
marjoram
litchi
roasted meat
passion fruit
horseradish
sassafras
port wine
sour milk
bean
ginger
seed
huckleberry
peanut butter
holy basil
sour cherry
cumin
smoked fish
lentil
cherry brandy
banana
mung bean
bourbon whiskey
jasmine tea
barleycilantro
cod
cocoa
nut
parmesan cheese
black mustard seed oil
grape brandy
thai pepper
mate
baked potato
cashew
pear
ham
pimenta
catfish
yogurt
nira
roasted sesame seed
root
cream cheese
provolone cheese
shiitake
leaf
basil
parsley
pimento
sea algae
mussel
chicken liver
gruyere cheese
oregano
shallot
orange
fruit
green tea
balm
pumpkin
eel
roasted almond
coffee
carnation
pecan
artemisia
lavender
salmon roe
cream
palm
black teacarob
asparagus
veal
cardamom
jamaican rum
turmeric
mushroom
cayenne
sakeconcord grape
dill
prawn
bartlett pear
corn
frankfurtercabernet sauvignon wine
cane molasses
red kidney bean
pear brandychampagne wine
galanga
scallion
white bread
caraway
bone oil
onion
roasted hazelnut
endive
mandarin peel
lime juice
shrimp
lima bean
walnut
peach
star anise
strawberry jam
lamb
crab
goat cheese
tamarind
orange flower
citrus
pork liver
white wine
potato
raisin
yam
watermelon
pineapple
black bean
red bean
popcorn
okra
chinese cabbage
peanut
fennel
red wine
whiskey
tomato
garlic
juniper berrytangerine
coconut oil
bell pepper
durian
macadamia nut
lemon juice
honey
swiss cheese
cider
bread
milk
cognac
yeast
tomato juice
flower
clove
corn flake
wine
raw beef
sesame oil
corn grit
brassica
cinnamon
papaya
raspberry
avocado
ouzo
katsuobushi
kumquat
roasted nut
spearmint
anise seed
strawberry
plum
rose
brown rice
soybean oil
melon
cabbage
bay
cauliflower
laurel
vegetablepistachio
kohlrabi
prickly pear
fenugreek
lemon
bergamot
cranberry
enokidake
coconut
sauerkraut
apple brandy
rhubarb
buttermilk
lovage
roasted beef
brandy
chicken
blue cheese
jasmine
shellfish
celery
lime peel oil
armagnac
squashblack currant
nutmeg
chervil
japanese plum
pea
whole grain wheat flour
mint
lime
roasted peanut
roasted pork
oat
tabasco pepper
feta cheese tequila
malt
wheat bread
soybean
citrus peel
wasabi
chickpea
lard
grape juice
green bell pepper
quince
mustard
beef
milk fat
tea
egg
sweet potato
strawberry juice
sesame seed
beef liver
beet
beer
oyster
geranium
peppermint oil
rosemary
mutton
tuna
gardenia
sunflower oil
muscat grapeelderberry
mozzarella cheese
lingonberry
chicory
cured pork
chive
blackberry
rapeseed
coriander
lemon peel
mace
apple
porkkale
rye bread
liver
kidney bean
savory
beech
vanilla
grapefruit
fig
chamomile
cottage cheese
nectarine
cheese
pepper
rye flour
chicken broth
buckwheat
potato chip
blackberry brandy
pork sausage
soy sauce
grape
kelp
seaweed
meat
broccoli
maple syrup
orange peel
lilac flower oil
brussels sprout
wheat
angelica
rice
mackerel
peppermint
lobster
smoked sausage
octopus
radish
watercress
cerealsquid
olive oil
bitter orange anise
vegetable oil
cherry
artichoke
oatmealguava
roasted pecan
vinegar
violet
clam
sherry
turkey
chayote