“Hang Tuah: Malay Culture will Never Die/Tak Melayu Hilang ......which every Malay boy is expected...

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The Music Archive of Monash University (MAMU) and the

Museum of Indonesian Arts Inc. (MIA) present:

“Hang Tuah: Malay Culture will Never Die/Tak Melayu Hilang

Dibumi”

in the Music Auditorium and Foyer, Performing Arts Building,

Monash University, Clayton Campus from 14-30 January 2015

Catalogue

Curator: Bronia Kornhauser MA

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LIST OF CONTENTS

page INTRODUCTION

4

The Hang Tuah Legend

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HOW TO READ THE CATALOGUE

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(A) RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCE 7 • BOOKS • RARE BOOKS RELEVANT TO MALAY CULTURE AND HISTORY OF KEPRI • EDITIONS REFERRING TO THE MALAY HERO HANG TUAH • TRAVELOGUES TO THE RIAU ISLANDS in the 1800s • ILLUMINATED MALAY MANUSCRIPTS • RARE MAPS • MULTIMEDIA • ITEMS OF MALAY MUSIC, DANCE AND MUSICAL THEATRE OF KEPRI • A SELECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS • FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS/POSTERS OF KEPRI’S PERFORMING ARTS • HISTORIC MAPS • TEXTILES, MASKS, ARTEFACTS

7 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 25 26

(B) ACEH

30

(C) NORTH SUMATRA

31

(D) RIAU

36

(E) JAMBI

38

(F) WEST SUMATRA

41

(G) SOUTH SUMATRA

43

(H) BENGKULU

45

(I) LAMPUNG

46

(J) BELITUNG

48

(K) WEST KALIMANTAN

49

(L) EAST KALIMANTAN

52

(M) NORTH SULAWESI

54

(N) MALUKU

57

(O) THE MALAY WORLD/MALAYSIA GENERALLY

58

(P) T’BOLI, MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

62

(Q) SINGAPORE

63

A note about the Music Archive of Monash University and the Museum of Indonesian Arts Inc.

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Acknowledgements

64

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INTRODUCTION

This Exhibition accompanies the Second International Symposium on the Musical Arts of Indonesia’s Malay World with Special Reference to the Riau Islands. The Symposium and Exhibition are the first two events in the 50th Anniversary Celebrations of the Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music at Monash University in 2015.

The Exhibition displays select items of the performing and ethnographic arts of the Malay World in Indonesia and a few neighbouring areas. By the Malay World is meant areas where the people communicate in a speech variety or dialect of Malay, which spread through trade and other contact in various parts of Southeast Asia over the centuries. The arts of the Malay World in Malaysia have been widely exposed, but their equivalents in Indonesia have not to our knowledge been the subject of an Exhibition before now.

Items in this Exhibition come from various areas of the Malay World, including the Riau Islands, large parts of Sumatra, the islands off Sumatra’s west and east coasts – for example, Bangka-Belitung, West Kalimantan, coastal Minahasa/North Sulawesi, parts of northern Meluku, and other areas where Malay is spoken or the local language contains Malay loan words, such as in Singapore and Mindanao (southern Philippines). The Exhibition includes musical instruments, poster-photographs of performances taken in the field, masks, costumes, bridal couch decorations, textiles, jewellery, utensils, rare books, historical maps, and a selection of recent books.

The main focus of the Exhibition is on the performing arts of the little known province of the Riau Islands, which separated from mainland Riau as late as 2004. It is currently the subject of an international Australian Research Council-funded research project1 of which this Exhibition and Symposium are part. The new province is also known as Kepri, which stands for Kepulauan Riau (“Riau Islands”). Kepri’s ca. 3,200 islands divide into five main island groups: the northwest, southwest, the Anambas Archipelago in the centre-north, the Natuna Archipelago in the northeast (south of Vietnam), and the Tambelan Archipelago in the southeast (see the map on display). Kepri has historical trade and cultural links with China, India, the Perso-Arabic World, and many other areas of Southeast Asia, and this Exhibition therefore includes some items from the 20 former Malay palaces in West Kalimantan as well as a few other Malay-speaking areas of Indonesia and neighbouring areas.

Some items from the Riau Islands in the Exhibition are associated with the famous Malay legend of the 15th century hero, Hang Tuah. For example, see the 2013 field photographs of a silat lima (martial art) performance at Kepri’s Kampung Bugis (on Bintan Island), the rare books dealing with the Hang Tuah legend, and the modern books containing references to Hang Tuah.

1 The Australia Research Council research team comprises ethnomusicologists Margaret Kartomi (Monash University) and Manolete Mora (University of New South Wales); anthropologists Cynthia Chou (University of Copenhagen) and Geoffrey Benjamin (Nanyang Technological University in Singapore); and Asian theatre scholar Karen Kartomi Thomas (Monash University). Another collaborator is anthropologist Vivienne Wee (Singapore). They held their First International Symposium on the Malay Musical Arts of Indonesia’s Riau Islands in Tanjungpinang, Kepri, in January 2013, and some contributed papers at the First Festival of Malay Civilisation in Tanjungpinang in September-October 2013.

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“Hang Tuah: Malay Culture will Never Die/

Tak Melayu Hilang Dibumi”

The title of the Exhibition refers to the legendary Malay hero who was born in 15th century Melaka (on the Malay peninsula of Malaysia is reputed to have conceived the memorable line Tak Melayu Hilang Dibumi, “Malay culture will never die”2 .

Legend in Kepri has it that he settled as a child with his parents near Riau on Bintan Island where he met his four comrades-in-arms, Hang Jebat, Hang Lekir, Hang Lekiu and Hang Kasturi. Together they carried out many amazing exploits in defence of the Sultan of Melaka and his viceroy in Riau on Bintan. They are widely regarded as the founding masters of the Malay art of self defence: silat, which every Malay boy is expected to learn. Recent research indicates that the many local forms of silat and their ploys or movements in the Riau Islands are named after Hang Tuah’s team, e.g. silat lima (“silat of the five [heroes]” in Kampung Bugis, Bintan Island (Kartomi 2014).

An artist’s impression of Hang Tuah. Source:

Silat forms an important part in martial scenes of the mak yong, mendu, and bangsawan theatre genres performed in the Riau Islands. The movements and gestures of the traditional male Riau-Lingga dance, tari inai, are also based on silat movements. (Margaret Kartomi)

2 Professor Harry Aveling sought a written reference to this saying and its attribution to Hang Tuah in the Malay literature, but found none (personal communication, April 2014). However, the saying is often quoted in public and private contexts in the Riau Islands and other Malay areas, including Malaysia.

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The Structure of the Catalogue

The first part of the Catalogue lists objects from (i) the Riau Islands, colour-coded Blue.

The Malay areas of the provinces of Sumatra follow – (ii) Aceh (), (iii) North Sumatra (Grey), (iv) Riau (Black), (v) Jambi (Dark blue), (vi) West Sumatra (), (vii) South Sumatra (Green), (viii) Bengkulu () and (ix) west coastal Lampung (Pink).

Then (x) Belitung (Brown), (xi) West Kalimantan (Red), (xii) East Kalimantan (), (xiii) North Sulawesi (Yellow), (xiv) Meluku (), (xv) Singapore (), (xvi) T’boli/Mindanao/southern Philippines (), and finally – more generally – (xvii) objects from Sumatra and Malaysia ().

Key:

Colour/Symbol Region Blue Riau Islands Green South Sumatra Yellow North Sulawesi Red West Kalimantan Dark blue Jambi Black Riau Grey North Sumatra Pink West Coastal Lampung Brown Belitung East Kalimantan T’Boli Mindanao West Sumatra West Coastal Bengkulu Aceh Sumatra/Malaysia Maluku Singapore

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RIAU ISLANDS

BOOKS MALAY LITERATURE OF THE RIAU ISLANDS The beauty and originality of Riau-Malay language is especially evident in its poetic literature, including the pantun, syair and gurindam verse forms, which are frequently sung. The traditional folklore, passed down across the generations by storytellers, focuses on nature, animals and people, and some stories and moral texts are written down, for example, the Hikayat Hang Tuah and the Gurindam Duabelas (“12 Gurindam Verses” by Raja Ali Haji in the mid-19th century). X001-1

Oriental Trade Ceramics in South-East Asia: Ninth to Sixteenth Centuries From the first millennium CE Chinese ships bought ceramic and other art objects to the Riau Islands and other parts of South East Asia. Chinese ceramics were recovered from shipwrecks and deposited in a museum in Ranai, Natuna. Author: John S Guy, 1990. Region: Riau Islands and Southeast Asia

X002-2 The Maritime Silk Route: 2000 Years of Trade on the South China Sea Editor: Joseph S P Ting, 1996. Region: Natuna and Southeast Asia

X003-3 Sumatra: Crossroads of Cultures Editors: Francine Brinkgreve & Retno Sulistianingsih Region: Sumatra

X004-4 Program: An International Seminar on the Changing Identity and Sustainability of the Music-Cultures and Worldviews of the Riau Islands’ Sea Nomads and Sedentary Malays. Monash University & the University of NSW, 2013. Region: Kepri/Riau Islands

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X009-9 Kesenian Tradisional Masyarakat Kepulauan Riau (The Traditional Arts of Riau Islands’ Societies) Authors: Evendra, Evawarni. Published: Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Balal Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, 2006. Region: Riau Islands

X010-10

Joget Dangkung: Eksistensi, Fungsi dan Upaya Pelestarian (Riau Islands Traditional Dancing – Joget Dangkung) Author: Febby Febriyandi. Published: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, 2011. Region: Riau Islands

X011-11

Raja Haji Fisabilillah, Perang Riau (1782-1784) (Riau Islands’ National Hero Raja Haji Fisabilillah, The Riau War 1782-1784) Authors: Yussuwadinata et al. Published: Pemerintah Kota Tanjungpinang Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Tanjungpinang, 2010. Region: Riau Islands

X012-12

Sejarah Persemendaan Melayu dan Bugis (The History of the Malays and the Bugis) Author: Faisal Sofyan. Published: CV. Milaz Grafika, 2002. Region: The Malay World

X013-13

Mewujudkan Prasasti Bahasa Melayu Kepulauan Riau Sebagai Asal Muasal Bahasa Indonesia (The Origins of the Ancient Language, Bahasa Indonesia) Editor: Abdul Malik. Published: Komodo Books, Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, 2013. Region: Riau Islands

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X014-14 Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Syah (The Heroic Life of Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Syah, [Sultan of Riau-Lingga-Johor-Pahang 1761-1812]) Authors: Haji Abdul Malik, et al. Published: Pemerintah Kabupaten Lingga dan Pemerinta Privinsi Kepulauan Riau, 2012. (Paperback) Region: Riau Islands

X015-15

Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Syah (The Heroic Life of Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Syah, [Sultan of Riau-Lingga-Johor-Pahang 1761-1812]) Authors: Haji Abdul Malik, et al. Published: Pemerintah Kabupaten Lingga dan Pemerinta Privinsi Kepulauan Riau, 2012. (Hardback) Region: Riau Islands

X016-16

Nadi Hang Tuah (Pulse of Hang Tuah [a legendary Malay hero of 15th century Melaka and Bintan]) Author: Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Akar Indonesia, 2010. Region: Riau Islands

X017-17

Ketika Kata Ketika Lensa (When Textiles Speak) Authors: Yoan S. Nugraha, et al. Photographers: Wira Sattah, et al. Published: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Tanjungpinang, 2010. Region: Northwest Riau Islands

X018-18

Perempuan Melayu yang Tak Pernah Layu (Malay Women, Authors of Poetry, Novels, and Short Stories) Main Author: Suryatati A. Manan, et al. Published: Yayasan Panggung Melayu 2013. Region: Riau Islands

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X019-19 Santet Tujuh Pulau (Magical Seven Islands) Author: Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Penerbit Komodo Books Indonesia, 2013. Region: Riau Islands

X020-20

Dermaga Sastra Indonesia (Quay of Indonesian Literature) Authors: Raji Ali Haji, Suryatati A. Manan, et al. Published: Penerbit Komodo Books, Jakarta, 2010. Region: Riau Islands

X021-21

Mak Yong, Teater Tradisional, Kabupaten Kepulauan Riau (Mak Yong, Traditional Theatre, Riau Islands) (Teater Rakyat brochure in front sleeve) Author: Aswandy Syahri. Published: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah, 2005. Region: Northwest Riau Islands

X022-22

Raja Ali Haji, Riwayat Singkat Pahlawan Nasional (Short History of a National Hero) Book on the life of national hero and poet of the Gurindam Duabelas verses, and co-author of the Malay literary work Tuhfat al-Nafis (“The Precious Gift”) penned in Penyengat palace, Riau Islands, in ca. 1860s, it deals with royal Malay-Bugis relations. Authors: Suryatati A. Manan, Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Pemerintah Kota Tanjungpinang Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata, 2007. Region: Northwest Riau Islands

X023-23

Tanjungpinang Punya Cerita: Bunga Rampai Puisi dan Cerpen Berlatar Kota Tanjungpinang (Flowers of Poetry and Short Stories of Tanjungpinang City) Author: Ahmadun Y. Herfanda. Published: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Tanjungpinang, 2010. Region: Northwest Riau Islands

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X024-24 Perempuan Sampan (Woman of the Boat) Author: Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Akar Indonesia, 2013. Region: Riau Islands

X025-25

Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Adat Orang Laut di Kepulauan Riau (The Wisdom of the Orang Laut/Sea People) Authors: Evawarni, Sindu Galba. Published: Departemen Kebudayaan Pariwisata Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang Tahun, 2005. Region: Riau Islands

X026-26

Pengkajian dan Pendataan Objek Sejarah Kesultanan Lingga (The Historical Objects of the Former Riau-Lingga Sultanate) Authors: Zulfiki Harto et al. Published: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kabupaten Lingga, 2012. Region: Riau-Lingga, Riau Islands

X027-27

Cogan (Royal Betel-Nut Shaped Symbol of the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga and now Riau-Islands Province) Authors: Aswandy Syahri, Raja Murad. Published: Dinas Pariwisata, Seni dan Budaya, 2006. Region: Riau-Lingga, Riau Islands.

X028-28

Tata Cara Adat Perkawinan Melayu Di Daik Lingga (Marriage Arts and Rituals in Daik-Lingga) Authors: Muhammad Ishak Thaib et al. Published: Unri Press, 2009. Region: Southwest Riau Islands

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X029-29 Sejarah Kerajaan Lingga: Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga (The History of the Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga Sultanate) Author: M. Amin Yacob. Published: Unri Press, 2004. Region: Southwest Riau Islands

X030-30

Lanun Segara Sakti Rantau Bertuah (Pirates of the Sacred Ocean – An Historical Novel About the Straits of Malacca, a Selection of Riau Islands’ Poetry, Short Stories and Novels) Author: Faisal Sofyan. Published: CV. Milaz Grafika, 2012. Region: Western Riau Islands

X033-33

Ungkapan Tradisional Masyarakat Melayu Bunguran-Natuna (Traditional Sayings in Bunguran Island, Natuna) Authors: Sindu Galba, Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang Bekerjasama dengan Pemerintah Kabupaten Natuna, 2000.

Region: Northeast Riau Islands X034-34

Kebudayaan dan Cagar Budaya Kabupaten Natuna (Culture of the Natuna District) Author: H. Syamsul Hilal et al. Published: Dinas Pemuda, Olahraga, Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kabupaten Natuna, 2010. Region: Northeast Riau Islands

X035-35

Sejarah Terbentuknya Kabupaten Natuna (The History of the Natuna District) Author: Nuraini. Published: Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, 2008. Region: Northeast Riau Islands

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X222-223 Upacara Tradisional pada Masyarakat Tionghoa di Tanjungpinang (Traditional Ceremonies of the Chinese Community in Tanjungpinang [Riau Islands]) Authors: Dwi Satiati, Suarman. Editor: Zulkifli Harto. Published: Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2006. Region: Riau Islands

X223-224

Mantra Cinta (A Love Mantra) Author: Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Tanjungpinang: Akar Indonesia, 2013. Region: Riau Islands

X224-225

Menguak Negeri Airmata, Nadi Hang Tuah (Manguak, Kingdom of Tears: Hang Tuah) Author: Abdul Kadir Ibrahim. Published: Tanjungpinang: Akar Indonesia, 2010. Region: Riau Islands

X231-232

Budaya Masyarakat Tionghoa Di Tanjungpinang (The Culture of the Chinese Community in Tanjungpinang) Authors: Dwi Setiati, Suarman. Editor: Zulkifli Harto. Published: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2012. Region: Riau Islands

X232-233

Perspektif Nilai Dalam Tradisi Kenduri Ruwah Kubur (The Kenduri Ruwah Kubur [funeral ceremony] Tradition from the Perspective of its Value) Author: Hendri Purnomo. Editor: Dwi Sobuwati. Published: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2012.

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X267-15 Alam Melayu, Dari Ingatan ke Kenyataan, Esai Foto Revitalisasi Budaya Melayu 2012 (The Malay World, From Memory to Reality, Photographic Essay on the Revitalisation of Malay Culture 2012) Author: Team of Authors. Published: Tanjungpinang: Culture and Tourism Office of Tanjungpinang, 2012 Region: Riau Islands X275-23

Indonesia Sea Nomads: Money, Magic and Fear of the Orang Suku Laut Author: Cynthia Chou. Published: London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003 Region: Riau Islands

X276-24

Musical Instruments of Indonesia: An Introductory Handbook Author: Margaret Kartomi. Published: Melbourne: Indonesian Arts Society, 1985 Region: Selections from Riau Islands

X277-25 Silat Lima: Heritage of the Malay Culture Hero, Hang Tuah Author: Margaret Kartomi. Published: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, vol. 47, no. 1, 2013 Region: Riau Islands X278-26

Being Malay in Indonesia. Histories, Hopes and Citizenship in the Riau Archipelago Author: Nicholas J. Long. Published: Singapore: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with NUS Press and NIAS Press, 2013 Region: Riau Islands

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RARE BOOKS RELEVANT TO THE MALAY CULTURE AND HISTORY OF THE RIAU ISLANDS EDITIONS REFERRING TO THE LEGENDARY 15th CENTURY MALAY HERO OF MELAKA AND RIAU/BINTAN ISLAND - HANG TUAH AND HIS FOUR SWORN COMRADES-IN-ARMS X249-1 Hikajat Hang Toeah (The Story of Hang Tuah) Published: Balai Poestaka, Djakarta, 1948 (2nd edition). On loan from the Balai Pustaka collection (Asian Studies Research Collection), Monash University Library. X250-2 Hikajat Hang Tuah (The Story of Hang Tuah) Published: Balai Pustaka, Djakarta, 1956 (3rd edition). On loan from the Balai Pustaka collection (Asian Studies Research Collection), Monash University Library. X251-3 Hang Tuah Pahlawan Raja Melaka (Hang Tuah Hero of the Malay kingdom) Author: Abdul Jalil Haji Noor. Published: Pustaka Nasional, Singapura, 1963. Children’s literature. On loan from the Southeast Asia Pamphlet collection (Asian Studies Research Collection), Monash University Library. X252-4 Pustaka Hang Tuah (Library of Hang Tuah) and book cover Author: A. Muhammad Hasan Riau. Published: H.C. Muhd. Abdul Rahman, Singapura, 1930-1980. “Secret prayers, spells and magic rites in Malay”. In Jawi script. Jawi Collection (Asian Studies Research Collection), Monash University Library. TRAVELOGUES TO THE RIAU ISLANDS (in the 1800s) X253-5 Reis door een gedeelte van de Nederlandsche bezittingen in Oost-Indie: waarbij gevoegd is een verslag van de expeditie... onder bevel van J.P. van Braam, volvoerd tegen de vorsten van Malakka, Salangoor en Riouw (Journey through a part of the Dutch possessions in the East indies: to which is attached a report from the expedition commanded by JP van Braam against the rulers of Malacca, Selangor and Riau) Author: Jan Cornelis Baane. Published: G.J.A. Beijerinck, Amsterdam, 1826. On loan from the Indonesian Historical collection (Asian Studies Research Collection), Monash University Library.

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X254-6 Kekesahan dateng Rijo (Journey to Riau) Author: Raden Sasrasoegonda. Published: Bale Pustaka, Weltevreden, 1921. In Javanese. On loan from the Balai Pustaka collection (Asian Studies Research Collection), Monash University Library ILLUMINATED MALAY MANUSCRIPTS X255-7 Golden letters: writing traditions in Indonesia - Surat emas: budaya tulis di Indonesia. Authors: Annabel The Gallop & Bernard Arps. Published: British Library, London, and Yayasan Lontar, Jakarta, 1991. On loan from Monash University Library. X256-8 The Legacy of the Malay letter - Warisan warkah Melayu. Author: Annabel Teh Gallop. Published British Library for the National Archives of Malaysia, 1994. On loan from Monash University Library. X257-9

Illuminasi dalam surat-surat Melayu abad ke-18 dan ke-19 (Illuminations in Malay letters from the 18th and 19th centuries) Author: Mu’jizah. Published: Kepustakkan Populer Gramedia, Ecole Francaise d’Extreme-Orient, Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, and KITLV, Jakarta, 2009. On loan from Monash University Library.

X262-10 Joget Pahang – Gamelan Melayu: The Classical Ensemble of The Pahang Royal Court Author: Ahmad Farid Abd Jalal. Published: Pahang State Museum et al, 2008 This Javanese gamelan was presented by the Riau-Lingga court in the early 19th century to the court of Pahang, and was later moved to the Trengganu palace (in Malaysia).

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RARE MAPS X282-1 Map of Southeast Asia showing trade links between India, Melaka/Malay Peninsula, Riau Islands, Siam, Cambodia, Champa, Siam and China. Editor: Isaak Turion, Amsterdam, 1750 X282-2 Map of the East Indies showing the possessions of England, Spain, France, Holland and Portugal. Editor: Anon, 17th century Original in the Rare Books Room, Main Library, Monash University

MULTIMEDIA X038-38 DVD: Documentasi Silat This DVD shows a 2011 performance of Silat Lima (The Art of Self-Defence by Five Artists) in Kampung Bugis, Bintan Island. Region: Riau Islands Province

MALAY MUSIC AND MUSICAL THEATRE OF THE RIAU ISLANDS Traditional Malay musical ensembles usually contain a pair of double-headed drums, frame drums and one or two thick-rimmed gongs, with the sarunai (oboe, e.g. in the silat [martial arts] and bangsawan theatre form) or the biola (violin) serving as the main melodic instrument (e.g. in the mendu and makyong theatre forms and vocal genres), sometimes with an accordion, maracas and other modern percussion added. The gambus ensemble, comprising a gambus (lute) as the main melodic instrument usually adds two pairs of small double-headed drums (marwas, pl. marawis) to the mix and accompanies singers and zapin dancing. The nobat ensemble, of ancient Perso-Arabic origin, accompanied the installation of a king and other royal occasions in the Riau-Lingga court until its demise in 1911. It comprised a nekara (tympanum), nafiri (long silver trumpet), sarunai (Malay oboe), a pair of Malay cylindrical drums, and cymbals. The first Malay nobat was probably acquired by the first Sultan of Melaka in the 15th century, and it was then acquired by several other Malay sultans, including Riau-Lingga’s until its demise in 1911. It served as a mark of a sultan’s status and sovereignty.

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A SELECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS PLAYED IN THE MALAY WORLD X056-108

Gambus: long- or short-necked wooden lute of probable Arabic origin, found in an Islamic musical and/or zapin dance context in many Indonesian, Arab-Indonesian and Malaysian communities, including the Riau islands. It may be played solo, in accompaniment to a singer, or in a small orkes gambus (ensemble) of Malay and Arabic-derived instruments

usually comprising four small double-headed drums (marwas, pl. marawis), a biola (violin), accordion, bass and singers who usually perform religious or love songs. The bodies of some rustic, handmade varieties are often oval-shaped and covered with goat skin, but gambus today mostly have a pear-shaped body that tapers to form the neck and ends in a receding peg box. Its body may be made of a single piece of jackfruit tree wood with decorated sound holes. Its six pairs of strings (sometimes plus a single string) are plucked with a feather quill or the fingernails. X058-110

A biola and bow. Biola is the name used in Indonesia for a hand-made or manufactured Western violin, usually tuned like the viola, which probably preceded the arrival of the violin in Southeast Asia. In recent centuries it has taken a leading

melodic role in various ensembles, including the orkes melayu (“Malay ensemble”), orkes gambus (“gambus [lute] ensemble”), kroncong ensemble, and ensembles for Malay theatre forms including Dul Muluk, stambul, mendu, and bangsawan. It was probably introduced during the Portuguese colony in Southeast Asia (1511-1641). X059-111 This medium-sized rebana or frame drum with a goatskin head is laced with rattan cord over the surface of its thick, tapered wooden frame. Its tightly stretched hide may be further tautened for a more resonant sound by holding it near a flame. Its players may also sing and perform concerted body movements while playing and/or accompanying group singing at Muslim devotionals or celebrations. X062-114

This large rebana/frame drum with a goatskin head is laced with rattan cord over the surface of its thick, tapered wooden frame. Its tightly stretched hide may be further tautened by holding it near a flame. Its players may also sing and perform concerted body movements while playing and/or accompanying group singing at Muslim devotionals or celebrations.

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POSTERS X128-142

The main mosque in Ranai, Bunguran Island, Kabupaten Natuna, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2013.

X133-147

The princess character makes up the face of a lady-in-waiting (dayang-dayang) before a mendu theatre performance in Sedenau, Bunguran Island, Kabupaten Natuna (northeastern Kepri). Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2012.

X134-148 The princess character in a mendu theatre performance has her headdress arranged by the company’s makeup artist (her mother) in Sedanau, Bunguran Island, Kabupaten Natuna (northeastern Riau Islands). Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2012.

X135-149 An oboe (sarunai) player in the pavilion of the Museum Lingga Cahaya Daik-Lingga in Daik, Lingga Island, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, October 2013

X136-150

Musicians play the violin (biola) and large cylindrical drum (gendang ibu or gendang Melayu) as accompaniment to a mendu theatre performance in Sedanau, Bunguran Island, Kabupaten Natuna. Ladies-in-waiting (dayang-dayang) and an evil king character are sitting behind them. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2012

X137-151

An oboe (sarunai) player at Kampung Sungei Buluh on Singkep Island (Kabupaten Lingga, southwestern Riau Islands). On the wall hang a pear-shaped lute (gambus), large cylindrical drums (gendang ibu or gendang Melayu), a goblet drum, cymbals and barrel drums (bedug). A gong rests against a stand on which another barrel drum sits, and a betel-leaf-shaped royal symbol of the Riau-Lingga

court called cogan rests on the floor against the wall [lower left]. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2014

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X138-152 Musicians playing a hand-suspended gong, a large cylindrical drum (gendang ibu or gendang Melayu) and small cylindrical drum (gendang anak) in the Opening Procession of the First Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, October 2013.

X138-153

Musicians playing [from left] a ‘child drum’ (gendang anak), a bronze gong, and a ‘mother drum’ (gendang ibu or gendang Melayu) in the pavilion of the Museum Lingga Cahaya Daik-Lingga in Daik, Kabupaten Lingga. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, October 2013

X139-153 A traditional Malay ensemble comprising a singer, violin (biola), gong, frame drum (rebana), and barrel drum (bedug) accompanying a couples dance (joget dangkung) performance outside the National Building (Gedung Nasional) in Dabo on Singkep Island, Kabupaten Lingga. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2014 X140-154

Masked dancers from the Anambas Archipelago (northern-central Kepri) perform a comic skit in a gobang theatre performance at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013.

X141-155

Actors wearing mak yong theatre masks at Kijang, Bintan Island, Kabupaten Bintan, Riau Islands. Photo: Hidris Kartomi, Tanjungpinang, 1982.

X142-156 The Pak Yong (prince) character wearing golden fingernails and a teluk belanga (trouser suit) in a Kepri-style mak yong theatre performance on Mantang Island (south of Bintan Island). Painting by Sholihin Das for Balai Kajian Jarahnitra, Tanjungpinang, reproduced with permission from Bp Suwarman, Head of the Restoration of Cultural Values (Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya) Office in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2014.

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X143-167 Mak yong theatre masks from Mantang Island held at the Restoration of Cultural Values (Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya) Office in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2014.

X144-158

Masks designed by contemporary artists from Bintan Island displayed in the Festival Tamadun Melayu in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2014.

X145-159

Performers of the ‘offering dance’ (tari persembahan) before they rise to dance at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013.

X146-160 Riau-Lingga’s heroes of Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Syah’s kingdom (1761-1812) are shown stabbing Dutch soldiers to death in a bangsawan theatre performance at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013.

X147-161 A messenger hands a letter to the Sultan Mahmud Ri’ayat Syah of Riau-Lingga on his throne, with his ministers sitting in court and with ladies-in-waiting fanning (dayang-dayang) him in a bangsawan theatre performance at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang,

Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013. X148-162

Remains of the entrance to the former palace of the Riau-Lingga-Johor and Pahang sultanate (1722-1911) at Daik-Lingga (1522-1911), Kabupaten Lingga (southwestern Kepri). Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, October 2013.

X149-163

The late Raja Malik (descendant of the Riau-Lingga Viceroy’s palace at Penyengat) holding a long trumpet (nafiri), also showing two blonde-wood oboes (sarunai) and other heirlooms/pusaka [right] in the Museum Kandil Riau, Tanjungpinang (capital of Kepri Province), on Bintan Island. Photo: Hidris Kartomi, Tanjungpinang, 1982.

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X150-164

Two single-headed goblet drums (nekara) [left] and a cylindrical drum (gendang nobat) [right] from the sacral angkatan nobat diraja orchestra, now known as the nobat tua (‘old nobat’), of the former Riau-Lingga-Johor-and-Pahang sultanate (1522-1911) and held in the Museum Kandil Riau in

Tanjungpinang. A sultan could not be installed (dinobatkan, ditabalkan) without special nobat pieces being played. Naubat ensembles were played on royal occasions in Persia and Mughal India, and were first adopted in Muslim Malay kingdoms of Southeast Asia at Pasai in east-coast Aceh from the 13th century. Photo: Hidris Kartomi, Tanjungpinang, 1982.

X151-165 Theatre masks of a human [centre] and two deities, worn in mendu theatre performances in Kabupaten Natuna in 1984, donated by Ashley Turner. Photo: Dr Christopher Basile, March 2012.

X152-166

A martial arts – silat lima – episode, in which a fighter/pesilat wards off his opponent’s lock hold by gripping his arm (tangkisan kuncian) and scooping under his knee to lock his kick (kuncian tendangan lutut), with violin (biola), large cylindrical drum (gendang ibu or gendang Melayu) and gong ensemble accompaniment, in Kampung Bugis, Tanjungpinang, Bintan Island,

Kabupaten Bintan. Silat lima (‘silat of the five’) refers to the legendary 16th century Malay hero Hang Tuah and his four comrades. Photo: Geoffrey Benjamin and Margaret Kartomi, May 2011.

X153-167 A martial arts – silat lima – episode, in which the fighter/pesilat in front wards off the other’s attack by back-flipping away, with violin (biola), large cylindrical drum (gendang ibu or gendang Melayu) and gong accompaniment, in Kampung Bugis, Tanjungpinang, Bintan Island, Kabupaten Bintan.

Photo: Geoffrey Benjamin and Margaret Kartomi, May 2011.

X154-168 Portrait of a henna dance (tari inai) performer in the respectful sembah pose at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang. The pose expresses respect for the deities and the audience. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013.

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X155-169 Joget dangkung couples dance in traditional Riau islands bridal dress at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu) in Tanjungpinang. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013.

X156-170

Male masked and female boria dancers at the Festival of Malay Civilisation (Festival Tamadun Melayu), Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October 2013.

X171-185 A member of an Orang Laut clan playing a bamboo flute (tuang-tuang) in Sedenau, Bunguran Island, Kabupaten Natuna (northeastern Riau Islands Province). Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2012.

X172-186

Houseboats of the “Sea People”/Orang Laut near the coast of Bintan Island (northwestern Kepri). Painting by Asril for the Balai Kajian Jarahnitra Office, reproduced with permission from Bp Suwarman, Head of the Restoration of Cultural Values (Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya) Office in Tanjungpinang. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, June 2014.

X174-188 A wayang cecak troupe with their leather puppets at a performance in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, in 2012. Photo: Y. S. Nugraha. (Source:

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X233-235 Makyong Theatre of Riau Islands Province. The biola (violin), gendang anak, gendang ibu, caracap (kettle gong) and gong musicians accompanying a ma’yong theatre performance at the First Festival of Malay Civilisation in Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands Province, October 30, 2013. Note the long fingernails worn by the actors playing the Pak Yong character (the king, played by a woman) and the masked clown (right). Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, October 2013. Region: Riau Islands

General notes on mendu Mendu is the “people’s theatre” of the Natuna archipelago in the far northeast of Riau Islands Province. Traditionally performed on the earth around a live tree, shows are nowadays often performed on a makeshift stage or in a building, as shown in these four posters. The stage properties characteristically include a table, chairs and a painted backdrop depicting a court scene or the natural environment. The accompanying ensemble presents elegant court music and romantic, travel, and war music performed by solo singers, a biola (violin), a pair of truncated conical Malay drums, and a percussive box, with the whole ensemble sound punctuated by a hanging gong. Actors perform stories in local Malay dialect about Malay kings and princes assisted by courtiers, soldiers, an array of benevolent and evil masked characters, a queen, a princess, and ladies in waiting. Audiences love the clumsy mannerisms and slapstick humour of the masked characters in contrast to the decisive manners of the kings, who slap the table on issuing a command, and the refinement of the females and other aristocrats whom they assist in overcoming the challenges they face. Typically both the male and the female characters fan themselves throughout a performance. Mendu performance is also found in neighbouring west coastal Kalimantan, where actors perform different stories in Sambas Malay. X234-236

A Mendu Theatre performance: the evil king sings a command to his soldiers, accompanied by a biola (violin) player and ensemble. Sedanau, Natuna, Riau Islands Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2012.

X235-237 A Mendu Theatre performance: the good king sings commands to his soldiers, accompanied by musicians playing a biola (violin), drums and percussion. Sedanau, Natuna, Riau Islands Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2012. X236-238

A Mendu Theatre performance: the good king discusses a plot with some neighbouring kings, accompanied by a biola ( violin) player. Sedanau, Natuna, Riau Islands Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2012.

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X237-239 A Mendu Theatre performance: the curtain call at the end of the mendu performance, showing the princess and ladies-in-waiting (left), the prince with a red fan (right), and the biola player (centre rear). Sedanau, Natuna, Riau Islands Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, January 2012. X238-240

The homemade mask of a demonic character with local horsehair, worn in Jambi-Malay street theatre to celebrate the end of the fasting month, Idul Fitri. Muara Jambi, Jambi Province, Sumatra. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, September-October, 2013.

X239-241 The homemade mask of a demonic character, worn by an actor in Jambi-Malay street theatre to celebrate the end of the fasting month, Idul Fitri. Muara Jambi, Jambi Province, Sumatra. Photo: Karen Kartomi Thomas, 2013. X239-242 Men singing devotional zikir texts to rabana (frame drum), marwas (small two-headed frame drum), gandang (large two-headed cylindrical drum) and gambus (plucked lute) accompaniment while performing sitting dances in Krui, west-coastal Lampung, Sumatra. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

MAPS X157-171 Title Page - Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X158-172 Indonesia and its Provinces and Capital Cities in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 2. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X159-173 The Provinces of Riau (on mainland Sumatra) and the Riau Archipelago, and their Main Cities, Regencies and Districts in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 3. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X160-174 Ancient Kingdoms in Riau in the 7th to 14th Centuries CE in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 4. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986.

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X161-175 The Malay-Malaka Sultanate in the 15th to 17th Centuries CE in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 5. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X162-176 The First Johor-Malay-Bintan Sultanate (1513-1699) in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 6. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X163-177 The Second Malay-Johor-Riau Sultanate in Riau (1699-1723) in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 7. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X164-178 The Malay Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1761-1913). The Siak Sri Inderapura Sultanate (1723-1945). The Pelalawan Sultanate (1530-1979) in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 8. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X165-179 The Riau Residency in the (former) Netherlands East Indies in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 10. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X166-180 The Spread of the Malay-Riau Dialects in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 20. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X167-181 The Spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in the 5th to 11th Centuries CE in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 21. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X168-182 The Spread of Islam in Riau in the 12th to 18th Centuries CE in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 22. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986. X169-183 Archaeological and Historical Sites of the Riau Archipelago and Riau Provinces in Historical Maps of the Modern Provinces of Riau and the Riau Archipelago, page 23. Publisher: Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, 1986.

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MALAY TEXTILE DESIGNS IN THE RIAU ISLANDS AND NEIGHBOURING AREA The kingdom of Bintan, located on the trade route between India, China and Palembang/Sriwijaya, flourished as a trading post from the early first millennium CE. Batik and songket (i.e. textiles woven with supplementary metallic weft) made in the Riau Islands and neighbouring Malay areas most commonly depict plants – leaves, trees, and flowers, including the pucuk rebang (bamboo shoot) design, and the nangka (jackfruit) flower design. Except for butterflies, cloths depicting humans or animals are very rare, as orthodox Islam does not allow human or animal images as decoration. Some cloths feature geometrical designs such as diamond and spiral shapes and parallel lines, with the famous seafaring Buginese having spread their checks and tartans over the centuries through contact with the Malays, especially in the Riau Islands since the late 18th century, when the Buginese helped Riau-Lingga defeat its Minangkabau enemy and they were rewarded by the Riau-Lingga sultan with the gift of Penyengat island and other favours. Colours are usually light greens, reds, blues, and purples, and modern cloths are sometimes mauve or aqua. Besides various Chinese and Arab accounts, the “Malay Annals”/Sejarah Melayu (17th century) mentioned Malay batik. Legend holds that Hang Tuah’s admiral-relative Laksamana Hang Nadim was ordered by Sultan Mahmud to sail to India to obtain 140 serasah (batik cloths) with 40 varieties of flowers depicted on them, and when he was unable to find them invented his own. However his ship sank and to the Sultan’s displeasure he could only bring 4 of them home.

CLOTHING AND TEXTILES X042-79

Grey cotton T-shirt with a typical Suku Laut (“Sea People”) boat design, sold to tourists in the Riau Islands Province. Region: Riau Islands Collectors: H and M Kartomi

X121-207

a. T-shirt with a royal symbol of the former Sultanate of Riau-Lingga, 3 betel-nut leaves. b. The new official symbol of the Riau Islands Province is a design of betel-nut leaves based on the filagree gold betel-nut figure inherited from the former Riau-Lingga Sultanate. Presented to M Kartomi by the provincial government of the Riau Islands.

Collectors: H and M Kartomi X188-54 Modern mauve batik-Kepri cloth with a traditional betel-nut flower design, created by female weavers in Tanjungpinang. Region: Riau Islands Collector: Margaret Kartomi, 2012.

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A SELECTION OF MASKS AND ARTEFACTS FROM THE MALAY WORLD X120-206

A model of the cogan, the gold betel-nut leaf-shaped heirloom of the former sultanate of Riau-Lingga-Johor and Pahang, formerly carried at the head of the sultan's processions, e.g. when he was installed as ruler. It is now the official symbol of Riau Islands Province. Presented to M. Kartomi by the Governor of the Riau Islands Province, M. Sani, 2013

X122-208 Wicker basket and lid, both round. Region: Sedanau, Natuna Archipelago , Riau Islands Collector: Karen and Margaret Kartomi X283-1

Tuang-tuang conch shell trumpet While in their boats at sea, the Orang Laut in Riau Islands' Lingga Regency frequently communicate with their people in other boats or on shore by playing a conch shell trumpet called tuang-tuang (alias tentuang). The

shell is made into an instrument by piercing out a hole near the pointed end into which the player blows. The rhythmic signals vary from tribe to tribe, but among the Orang Sekak who operate in the seas between Bangka and Belitung Islands (to the immediate south of Lingga), one short and two long blasts ( in the rhythm //: I . I I :// means “We are here, and there is no danger”, while two short blasts (//: I . I . ://) mean “We are nearing the coast with a load of fish, so come help carry them”, and three long blasts (//: I . I I ://) mean “We are in danger, help us” (Kartomi, Musical Journeys in Sumatra, 2012: 208). Sometimes a substitute for the conch shell is used, i.e., a long piece of bamboo which is struck rhythmically with a wooden stick. However the bamboo sounds do not carry as far as blasts on the shell trumpets. Mendu Theatre Masks Three painted, wooden mendu theatre masks from Bunguran Island, Natuna Archipelago, Riau Islands X123-209

Mask representing a deity. Region: Natuna Archipelago, Riau Islands Collector: Ashley Turner, 1984

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X124-210 Mask representing a human. Region: Natuna Archipelago, Riau Islands Collector: Ashley Turner, 1984

X125-211 Mask representing a deity. Region: Natuna Archipelago, Riau Islands Collector: Ashley Turner, 1984

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ACEH X046-87 A gold-embroidered dark blue velvet Sulaman selendang from a crossover Malay-Acehnese area of west-coastal Aceh, Sumatra. Region: Aceh. Collector: Indija Mahjoeddin X095-204

A gold-embroidered red velvet selendang from a crossover Malay-Acehnese area of west-coastal Aceh, Sumatra. Region: Aceh. Collectors: H and M Kartomi

X127-213

A gold-embroidered red velvet fan from a crossover Malay-Acehnese area of west-coastal Aceh, Sumatra. Region: Aceh Collectors: H and M Kartomi

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NORTH SUMATRA

BOOKS X225-226

Dairi Stories and Pakpak Storytelling Author: Clara Brakel-Papenhuyzen. Published: Brill, 2014. Region: Batak Dairi and Pakpak, North Sumatra.

X232-234

Pengantar Etnomusikologi dan Tarian Melayu (Introduction to Malay Ethnomusicology and Dance) Author: Tengku Luckman Sinar. Published: Percetakan Perwira Medan, 1997. Region: Malay North Sumatra (East Coast).

INSTRUMENTS X052-104

A gandang pokok (main frame drum) from Barus, west-coastal North Sumatra Province. Played in various Malay ensembles and to accompany group-male devotional hadrah and rodat singing, sometimes with concerted body movement or sitting dances. Region: North Sumatra. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1970s.

X066-120, X067-121 Kacapi (plucked bamboo idiochord zithers) from Jago-jago, west-coastal North Sumatra Province. The tubes have a node at each end with a sound hole. Two to four bamboo strings are prised out of the tube's surface, raised over bridges, and beaten by one or two performers with pairs of wooden sticks to accompany a singer, or played in ensemble with other soft instruments. Region: North Sumatra. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1970s.

http://sticks.to/

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X069-123 A tambur (tambourine) from Sibolga, Played in orkes Melayu ensembles. Region: west-coastal North Sumatra Province. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1970s. X070-124

A tambur (tambourines) with jingles from Sibolga, west-coastal North Sumatra Province. Played in orkes Melayu ensembles. Region: North Sumatra. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1970s.

X075-129, X076-130, X077-131, X078-132, X079-133, X080-134

A set of 6 rebana (frame drums) graded in size to accompany group female singing of religious and secular secular kasidah songs. Region: Sibolga, (Malay coastal area of North Sumatra). From the Music Archive of Monash University/MAMU Collection

X090-199 Bebeulen (bamboo oboe with flared horn) Region: North Sumatra Province. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

X094-203 Bansi (bamboo duct flute). Region: Barus, North Sumatra Province. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

X094-204 Bansi (bamboo duct flute) – the size of this instrument varies depending on the type of bamboo used. Region: Barus, North Sumatra Province. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

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TEXTILES, ARTEFACTS AND JEWELLERY X047-85 Female Malay baju panjang (long blouse) of pink lace, worn at weddings and other formal celebrations Region: Former Malay palace area at Langkat, east coast North Sumatra Province Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir X048-86, X049-87, X050-88 Female Malay baju panjang (long blouse) of mustard-coloured lace, worn with a kain sarung (wraparound skirt) and a slendang (long scarf) at weddings and other formal celebrations. Region: Former Malay palace area at Langkat, east coast North Sumatra Province Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir X051-89

Modern female Malay dress of golden beige coloured silk embroidered with flowers and leaves. Region: Medan, east-coast North Sumatra Province Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir

X114-134 Anyaman bag with diagonal pink, orang, brown, and beige lattice design; clasp fastener, and handle from Medan, North Sumatra. Collector: Janet Bachsinar X115-135 Anyaman bag with diagonal purple, yellow and blue lattice design; zip fastener. Medan, North Sumatra. Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X116-136 Bamboo bag in green and red stripes with decorative yellow stitching and edging; bamboo handle from Medan, North Sumatra. Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X117-137 Wicker basket/bag with clasp and two handles from Medan, North Sumatra. Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X189-55 Embroidered cover Sumatra, 20th century, silk, metallic thread, sequins embroidered on black cotton. Richly embellished covers are used for ritual gifts and offerings. Region: Eastern Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

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X209-141 Ceremonial hanging (tirai) Eastern Sumatra, 19th century, silk, wool, metal-wrapped thread, sequins, mica chips. Region: Eastern Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter X242-1

Royal yellow wedding costume for a bride, consisting of a baju panjang (long blouse) and a sarung. Region: East Coast North Sumatra. Collector: Ismet Bachsinar

X243-4 Royal yellow wedding costume for a bridegroom, consisting of a teluk belanga (trouser suit), sarung and hat. Region: East Coast North Sumatra. Collector: Ismet Bachsinar X244-4 Teluk Belanga (trouser-suit costume and hat) for a prince in red with gold thread, worn at formal meetings, weddings and on other official occasions. Region: East Coast North Sumatra. Collector: Ismet Bachsinar X099-90

Wedding necklace (kalung or seurapi) Early 20th century, silver gilt. Ornaments such as necklaces, anklets and belt buckles may be worn by both the bride and groom. Region: Coastal Northwest Sumatra.

Collector: Anne Richter X101-92

Cushion plaques (muka bantal), octagonal, silver and silver gilt, late 19th century. Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula Collector: Anne Richter

X102-93

Cushion plaque (muka bantal), round, brass, late 19th century. Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula Collector: Anne Richter

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X193-59 Traditional Malay blue textile, embroidered with white cotton house and geometrical motifs. Region: East coast Malay North Sumatra Province Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X194-60

Traditional Buginese-influenced Malay check textile of purple hue with two dark purple panels, decorated with metallic thread in parallel vertical lines. Region: East coast Malay North Sumatra Province Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X195-61 Traditional Buginese-influenced Malay aqua and red check textile, worn as a wraparound kain sarung. Region: East coast Malay North Sumatra Province Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X196-62

Traditional Buginese-influenced Malay green and purple check textile, worn as a wraparound kain sarung. Region: East coast Malay North Sumatra Province Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X197-63

Traditional Buginese-influenced Malay grey check textile, with golf metallic thread, worn as a wraparound kain sarung. Region: East coast Malay North Sumatra Province Collector: Janet Bachsinar

X284-7 A pink embroidered Malay bridegroom's costume with a kain songket Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula Collector: Dewi Mulia

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RIAU

BOOKS X227-228

Kearifan Lokal Yang Terkandung Dalam Upacara Tradisional Kepercayaan Masyarakat Sakai-Riau (Ceremonies and Traditional Beliefs of the Sakai-Riau People) Author: Drs. Syahrial De Saputra. Editor: Dra. Nurbaiti Usman, M. Si. Published: Kementerian Kebudayaan Dan Pariwisata Balai Pelestarian Sejarah Dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2010. Region: Riau Province.

X226-227 Kearifan Lokal Yang Terkandung Dalam Upacara Tradisional Kepercayaan Masyarakat Sakai-Riau (Ceremonies and Traditional Beliefs of the Sakai-Riau People) Author: Drs. Syahrial De Saputra. Editor: Dra. Nurbaiti Usman, M. Si. Published: Kementerian Kebudayaan Dan Pariwisata Balai Pelestarian Sejarah Dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2010. Region: Riau Province.


Sempelong: open-ended bamboo flute, with 5 (sometimes 4) holes burnt at an angle to the tube. Its length is usually three hand-spans. It is associated with love magic and courting, and the cries of dead children. Each finger hole is said to be burnt out on hearing of the death of a child, and its sound is said to be the sad cries of those children.

Region: Betung, Riau Province, Sumatra. Collector: M Kartomi, 1980s.

TEXTILES AND ARTEFACTS X043-80, X044-81 2-piece female Malay costume made of red songket (textile woven with supplementary gold or silver metal weft), comprising a baju panjang (long blouse) and kain sarung (wraparound skirt). Worn at weddings and other formal celebrations. Region: Siak, Riau Province, Sumatra Collector: Janet Bachsinar

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X190-56 Red selendang (stole) songket featuring gold embroidery. Region: Siak, Riau Province, Sumatra Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir X191-57 Purple semi-songket sarung with green, blue and brown check design and gold embroidery. Region: Siak, Riau Province, Sumatra Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir X192-58 Red sarung songket with black and gold check design and intermittent gold embroidered figures. Region: Siak, Riau Province, Sumatra Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir X245-1 Baju panjang (long Malay blouse/pink) costume worn by wedding guests or at formal meetings. Region: Siak, Riau Province, Sumatra Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir X246-1 Baju panjang (long Malay blouse/golden yellow) worn by wedding guests or at formal meetings. Region: Siak, Riau Province, Sumatra Collectors: Rudi and Joan Munir

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JAMBI

BOOKS X219-220

Songket Tradisional Jambi (Traditional Songket [Textiles] in Jambi Province [Sumatra]) Author: Zulkifli Harto. Editor: Dwi Sobuwati. Published: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2012. Region: Malay areas of Jambi

X220-221

Makanan Tradisional Masyarakat Jambi (Traditional Foods in Jambi Society [Sumatra]) Author : Dwi Setiati. Editor: Evawarni. Published: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2012. Region: Malay areas of Jambi

X221-222

Pelalawan: Dari Pekantua Ke Kabupaten Pelalawan (Pelalawan [a former Malay palace] from Pekantua to Pelalawan Regency [Sumatra]) Author: Anastasia Wiwik Swastiwi. Published: Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2011. Region: Riau Province, Sumatra

X228-229, X229-230

Hubungan Jambi Johor, Pada Abad 17 (Jambi – Johor Connections in the 17th Century) Author: Anastasia Wiwik Swastiwi. Editor: Zulkifli Harto. Published: Balai Peletarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2011. Region: Malay areas of Jambi (Indonesia) and Johor (Malaysia)

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X230-231 Kesenian Masyarakat Melayu Di Jambi (Malay Public Art in Jambi) Multiple authors (Penanggung jawab): Drs. Suarman. Published: Departemen Kebudayaan Dan Pariwisata Balai Pelestarian Sejarah Dan Nilai Tradisional Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands, 2012 Region: Malay areas of Jambi (Indonesia) and Johor (Malaysia)

X265-13

To Live as Brothers: Southeast Sumatra in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author: Barbara Watson Andaya Published: Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993 Region: Jambi and South Sumatra

INSTRUMENTS X093-202 Suling bambu (bamboo flute) Dusun from Siulak, decorated for tourist consumption. Region: Gunung Kerinci, Jambi Province Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

TEXTILES AND MASKS X125-212

A homemade mask of a demonic character with local horsehair, worn in Jambi-Malay street theatre to celebrate the end of the fasting month, Idul Fitri. Region: Muara Jambi, Jambi Province, Sumatra Collector: Karen Kartomi Thomas, 2013

X212-75

Pair of red pillow slips with Malay design. Region: Malay areas of Jambi, Sumatra Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

40

X212-76 Large and small pillow slip set with Malay design, each with red borders. Region: Malay areas of Jambi, Sumatra Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

X213-76

Set of two pillow slips, puce, embroidered. Region: Malay areas of Jambi Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

X214-77

Set of four lime and red embroidered pillowslips. Region: Malay areas of Jambi Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

X215-78

Set of two purple pillow slips. Region: Malay areas of Jambi, Sumatra Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

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WEST SUMATRA

INSTRUMENTS X073-127 (large); X074-128 (small)

Two embossed brass talempong (gong-chimes) from a set of six talempong, Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Similar gong-chimes are played in many other parts of Sumatra.

Collectors: H & M Kartomi, 1980s. X084-193 Malay bamboo fipple flute. Region: Minangkabau, West Sumatra From the Music Archive of Monash University/MAMU Collection

TEXTILES, JEWELLERY AND ARTEFACTS X045-82 Wedding couch decorations Decorated textile pendants hang from the ceiling of the bridal couch, as traditionally practiced on the west coast of Sumatra, including Minangkabau. Region: West Sumatra Collector: Indija Mahjoeddin X108-98

A pair of bracelets (galang gadang), silver gilt, resin, glass beads, stones, early 20th century. These bracelets were worn in pairs by brides and adult women for important lifecycle celebrationsof the Minangkabau people. In some districts, brides wore only one bracelet on the left arm. The decoration at the

sides represents banana plant shoots and the ribbed central bands are based on folded banana leaves. Region: Batu Sangkar, Payakumbu, West Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter X112-104

Rectangular container (salapah) for tobacco and sirih (betel) ingredients. Minangkabau people, West Sumatra, late 19th century, very ornate silver, silver gilt and suasa, an alloy of gold, silver and copper, especially admired in Sumatra. Region: West Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

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X258-106 Octagonal tobacco container Minangkabau people, Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), 19th century, silver. The Minangkabau people of West Sumatra established settlements on the Malaysian peninsula c.15th century under the protection of the Melaka and Johor Sultanates.

The octagonal form of the container is thought to derive from the European pocket watch. Region: West Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter X259-107

A Brass Cash Box Used by Women Minangkabau people, Sungei Puar, West Sumatra, late 19th century, brass (21 x 14 x 18 cm). Among the Minangkabau, possessions such as houses, land, jewellery and family treasures were handed down through the female line. The village of Sungai Puar has a long tradition of ornamental brass casting and exported its

wares throughout Sumatra and parts of the Malay Peninsula. Region: Sumatra and Malay Peninsula Collector: Anne Richter X261-109

Water jug (kendi) in bird form Minangkabau people, Sungei Puar, West Sumatra, late 19th century, brass (30 cm x 30 cm). Brass kendi, jere (kettles) and water containers for washing the right hand after eating were made in zoomorphic and also simple, elegant forms. Region: West Sumatra

Collector: Anne Richter X279-77 A traditional Malay bridegroom’s costume made of embroidery and gold songket. Region: West coastal Sumatra X280-78

A Malay male teluk belanga (trouser suit) with geometrical and flower motifs made of red Malay songket, and worn at a wedding or on other formal occasions. It comprises a baju (long-sleeved coat), celana (pair of trousers), a torso wraparound kain, and a songkok head covering. Its diamond-shaped, metallic panelling with flower designs are traditional Malay. Songket is a hand-woven fabric of cotton (sometimes silk) that belongs to the brocade family of textiles. It is intricately patterned with metallic threads, which stand out on the cloth to create a shimmering effect. In the weaving process, the metallic threads are inserted in between the silk or cotton weft (latitudinal) threads in a

technique called supplementary weaving. Region: West coastal Sumatra

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SOUTH SUMATRA

BOOKS X247-1

Melacak Jejak Artefak Seni; Etnik Melayu Palembang (Artifacts of Ethnic Malays in Palembang). Author: Yulriawan Dafri. Published: Gama Media, 2011. Region: Palembang, South Sumatra

A SELECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS PLAYED IN THE MALAY WORLD X054-106

A ten-key single-row ramonika or harmonika of early 20th century German origin in Tanjungsakti, South Sumatra (see photo of player in Kartomi, M. Musical Journeys in Sumatra 2012: 163). It accompanies a solo singer and may alternate with a Jew's harp and singer. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

TEXTILES AND ARTEFACTS INCLUDING SUMPTUOUS SOUTH SUMATRAN-MALAY CEREMONIAL MARRIAGE BED DECORATIONS FOR A BRIDE AND GROOM ENTHRONED AS QUEEN AND KING (19TH CENTURY). X100-91

Embroidered marriage bed green cushion panel (bantal peluk), South Sumatra, 19th century, silk, mirror chips, metal wrapped thread, cotton. Region: South Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

X100-92 Embroidered marriage bed yellow cushion panel (bantal peluk), South Sumatra, 19th century, silk, mirror chips, metal wrapped thread, glass beads. The panel depicts magic squares with Arabic numerals that bestow good fortune. Region: South Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

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X208-139 Embroidered mounted panel South Sumatra, 19th century, silk, cotton, metal-wrapped thread, sequins, glass beads, gold couched embroidery. The panel motif depicting tree growing in a pot is of Persian origin. It also resonates with the dream of a gleaming tree with branches spreading east and west that grew above the Ka’aba in Mecca. The nagas at the base evoke those of the Buddhist Empire of Sriwijaya (7th -13th centuries) based in

Palembang, South Sumatra and also with later Malay mythology. Region: South Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter X208-140

Rainbow Shawl (selendang pelangi) Early 20th century, silk. The multi-coloured tie-dyed silk shawls of Palembang evoke the rainbow and the nagas of Malay mythology. Rainbows link the heavens to the earth. Region: South Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

X260-108

Wooden, Lacquered Box for Sirih Equipment (Betel Nut Chewing) Palembang, South Sumatra, 20th century, wood, lacquer (16 x 28 x 14 cm). The box which holds small metal containers for sirih ingredients offered to guests displays a mixture of Chinese and Malay motifs and techniques. The Chinese who began migrating to Palembang in the 14th century contributed to

Palembang’s artistic traditions. Artisans of Malay and Chinese descent worked together producing lacquered architectural decorations as well as smaller domestic items. Region: South Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

45

WEST COASTAL BENGKULU


A sarunai nenet (oboe) comprising five bamboo parts fitted into a tubular shape from Silaut, near the Bengkulu-Minangkabau border, Sumatra. Accompanies the tari nenet dance by six girls, with drums and gong. Region: Silaut, Bengkulu, Sumatra Collectors: H and M. Kartomi, 1980s

TEXTILES X170-184 Ceremonial jacket (back view) from the Malay-speaking Kauer area of the south coast of the province of Bengkulu, Sumatra, late 19th or early 20th century. Cotton, using supplementary weft technique on warp-faced weave

with metal-wrapped thread, mirror pieces and shell decoration. These short jackets were made by young women to wear to community festivities and served as an announcement of their readiness for marriage. The jackets were worn with a spangled embroidered skirt (tapis), and were usually wrapped in a ceremonial cloth, and put on at the last minute due to their weight and tightness. Region: southern Bengkulu, Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter X207-80

Embroidered cotton jacket (front view) using supplementary weft technique on warp-faced weave with metallic and shell decoration from the Malay-speaking Kauer area of the south coast of the province of Bengkulu, Sumatra. The jacket is made of a deep tan fabric with intermittent black and red stripes and wide

black bands on the sleeves. Richly embroidered red and black centre front panels have silver and shell embellishments. The central back panel has red, black and tan horizontal geometric stripes with decorative shell edging. The jacket is lined with indigo and natural coloured batik. Dimensions: l: 32; w: 131. Region: Bengkulu, Sumatra Collector: John Noble, 1984

46

WEST COASTAL LAMPUNG


A modern gamolan (bamboo xylophone) and pair of beaters from a crossover Malay-Lampung area of northwest Lampung, Sumatra. Its freely suspended resonant keys are strung together with rattan lacing over its wooden trough. The gamolan (spelt with an 'o') may be a survival of an ancient

instrument called gamelan in Central Java, where a 14th century poem Nagarakrtagama, referred to the fact that a king "Krtavadhana...started as an amateur to play a gamelan"(Kunst, Jaap. Music in Java, 1949:112; Kartomi, M. Musical Instruments of Indonesia, 1985: 31). Region: Lampung, Sumatra Collectors: M.Kartomi and Karen Kartomi Thomas, 2012. X089-198 Saleng (bamboo fipple flute). Region: Krui, west coastal Lampung Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s.

TEXTILES AND ARTEFACTS X170-185

Ceremonial skirt (tapis) of cotton with metal-wrapped thread, early 20th century. The script is in the local Abung language. The tapis decoration served to express the high status of the wearer and her family. Gold thread, complexity and richness of design communicated their power and wealth. Tapis were also presented as ceremonial gifts that enhanced the prestige of the recipients as well as the givers. Region: Lampung, South Sumatra

Collector: Anne Richter John Noble Collection: 4 items from the mixed Malay- and Lampung-speaking Suku Saibatin living between Krui and Mana (southern Bengkulu), southwest-coastal Sumatra.

X184-50 A ceremonial tampan (small rectangular cloth) with weft cotton patterning of figures and geometric designs in dark blue on beige from the mixed Malay-Lampung speaking Suku Saibatin people from west-coastal Lampung/Sumatra, l: 53mm; w: 45mm.

Region: west coastal Lampung, Sumatra Collector: John Noble 1986

47

X185-51 A ceremonial tampan (small rectangular cloth) with weft cotton patterning, red mythical figures design along the centre, and bordered along the length with stripes and geometric figures in red, orange and navy blue, from the mixed Malay-Lampung speaking west-coast of Lampung, l: 41mm; w: 35mm.

Region: West-Coastal Lampung, Sumatra Collector: John Noble 1986 X186-52

A textile made with supplementary weft cotton patterning, with red, black and orange squares along the centre and bordered along the length with stripes and geometric designs in red, black and orange, from west-coastal Lampung, l: 40mm; w: 36mm.

Region: west coastal Lampung, Sumatra Collector: John Noble, 1988 X187-53

Machine-made warp ikat tapis textile of silk, embroidered in brown cotton, comprising striped red, black and gold patterning and two panels of embroidered figures, from west-coastal Lampung, l: 116mm; w: 72mm. Region: west-coastal Lampung, Sumatra

Collector: John Noble, 1990

48

BELITUNG

BOOK X248-1

The Rainbow Troops Author: Andrea Hirata. Published: Vintage Books, 2005. A novel from which a very popular film was made. Region: Malay People of Belitung Island, to the immediate south of Lingga and Singkep Islands, Riau Islands

49

WEST KALIMANTAN Malay Culture in West Kalimantan Malay culture in coastal and parts of inland western Kalimantan was centred around 19 former palaces until their demise in the first half of the 20th century. The oldest palace was at Sambas (founded in the 17th century) in the northern upriver area. Some items of aristocratic clothing and a few modern textiles are on display. See also Poster (X173-187): A Lancang Kuning (royal boat decked in gold-yellow). The royal family in Sambas and some other palaces travelled up and down river in a lancang kuning (royal boat) with musicians and dancers performing on board. Sambas also traded with Singapore and sent boats across the South China Sea throughout the 19th century.

BOOKS X005-5

Catatan Ragam Hias Kalimantan Barat (Artefact Designs of West Kalimantan) Authors: S. K. A. Aswin et al. Published: Dewan Kerajinan Nasional, 1997. Region: Malay areas of West Kalimantan

X006-6

Mendu Teater Rakyat Daerah Kalimantan Barat (Mendu –Malay People’s Theatre of West Kalimantan) Author: A. A. Kamaruddin. Published: 1984. Region: West Kalimantan

X007-7

Diskripsi Tari Jepin Daerah Kalimantan Barat (Description of Malay Jepin/Zapin Dancing in West Kalimantan) Author: A. Muin Ikram. Published: 1989. Region: West Kalimantan

50

X008-8 Perspektif Sejarah Berdirinyah Kota Pontianak (Historical Perspectives on the Founding of Pontianak City) Author: Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadri. Published: Romeo Grafika Pontianak, 2000. Region: West Kalimantan.

X037-37

Songket Sambas, Tradisi & Identitas (Songket Textiles in Sambas [Former Palace, West Kalimantan]) Authors: Venie Hartinie, Asnaini Mardjani, Deny Sofian. Published: Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Pontianak Wilayah Kalimantan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2012.

Region: Malay area of West Kalimantan.

MULTIMEDIA X040-40

DVD: Songket Sambas, Tradisi & Identitas (Songket textiles in Sambas [the former palace, West Kalimantan]) Region: West Kalimantan

X041-41

DVD: Songket Sambas, Tradisi & Identitas (Songket textiles in Sambas [the former palace]) Region: West Kalimantan

51

POSTERS X173-187

The Lancang Kuning of the Sultan of Pontianak, West Kalimantan, taken in c1890. Lancang Kuning were the royal boats of Malay Sultans in Southeast Asia. They sailed around and between their kingdoms on official visits, with musicians and dancers entertaining the royal party on the boats. Lancang

Kuning is also the name of a famous Malay song. Collector: a descendant of the Sultan of Pontianak palace: Syarif Slamet Yusuf Alkadri. (Source: Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadri: Perspektif Sejarah Berdirinya Kota Pontianak, Pemerintah Kota Pontianak, 2000)

TEXTILES AND ARTEFACTS X176-142

A Malay selendang songket (stole) from Pontianak, a Malay area of West Kalimantan. Region: West Kalimantan

Collectors: Karen Kartomi Thomas and Margaret Kartomi, 2014 X201-67

A painted songket tube sarong from the household of the Sambas palace in upriver West Kalimantan (purchased), l: 1930mm x w: 1050mm. Region: Malay areas of West Kalimantan Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

X206-72

Turban worn at the former court at Ngabang, l: 570mm x w: 565mm. West Kalimantan. Region: Malay areas of West Kalimantan Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

X210-73

An embroidered tube sarong that was probably worn by a member of the sultan’s household in the court of Ngabang, l: 1960mm x w: 820mm. Region: Malay areas of West Kalimantan Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

52

X240-75 Ceremonial Malay adze/axe-like tool (beliong), l: 420mm. Region: West Kalimantan Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

53

EAST KALIMANTAN X200-66

Tangguk made of rattan and used as a fishing scoop, l: 450mm x w: 355mm. Region: Kutai, East Kalimantan Collectors and photo: Michael and Marguerite Heppell

54

NORTH SULAWESI

BOOKS X031-31

Fungsi Kesenian Musik Tradisional Pada Masyarakat Gorontalo (Functions of Instrumental music in Gorontalo [Malay Area of Northern Sulawesi]) Author: M.J. Sumarauw. Published: Balai Pelestrian Sejarah Dan Nilai Tradisional Manado, 2008. Region: Minahasa – Malay area of North Sulawesi

X032-32 Karya Karema (Work of Karema [cloth designer] in Bentenan, a Malay area of Minahasa, Sulawesi) Region: Minahasa – Malay area of North Sulawesi

X036-36

Tari Kabela, Daerah Bolaang Mongondow Provinsi Sulawesi Utara (Kabela Dance from the Malay Area of the Bolaang Mongondow Province of North Sulawesi.) Author: Anneke J. Suoth. Published: Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Manado Tahun, 2012. Region: Malay area of Northern Sulawesi.

X241-32 Kain Karema – Kain Bentenan (The Hidden Treasure of North Sulawesi). Gallery Karema, Manado, North Sulawesi. Region: Malay Areas of North Sulawesi X263-11 Kamus Bahasa & Budaya Manado (Dictionary of the Language and Culture of Manado). This dictionary documents one of the many Malay speech varieties or dialects. An estimated 85% of word entries are basically Malay, with a tendency to change the last consonant of a word. Author: Yapi Tambayong. Published: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2007 Region: Manado and North-coastal Minahasa, North Sulawesi

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X268-16 Orang Laut Bajak Laut Raja Laut: Sejarah Kawasan Laut Sulawesi Abad XIX (Sea Peoples and Sea Vessels: History of the Sea Areas of Sulawesi in the 19th Century) Author: Adrian B. Lapian Published: Jakarta: KITLV, 2010 Region: Sulawesi and surrounds

MULTIMEDIA X039-39

DVD: Kesenian Tradisional, Tari Kabela, Bolaang Mongondow (Traditional Arts, Kabela Dance) (two DVDs inside) Region: the Malay Bolaang Mongondow area of coastal northwest Sulawesi Published: Persembahan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaah Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Manado

A SELECTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS PLAYED IN THE MALAY WORLD

X082-191 Alat bambu (bamboo instrument) from Bitung, North Sulawesi –comprising two slit bamboo pieces plus a stick with a nut on one end. The player beats on both bamboo tubes producing fast rhythmic motives. It accompanies a musik bambu ensemble. Region: Bitung, a Malay area of North Sulawesi. Collector: Margaret Kartomi, 2014

ARTEFACTS X118-138

Model Bugis Boat “Kri Dewa Ruci” in glass case from Manado, North Sulawesi. Collectors: Margaret Kartomi and Karen Kartomi Thomas, 2014.

56

X118-139 Model Bugis Boat from Manado, North Sulawesi. Collectors: Margaret Kartomi and Karen Kartomi Thomas, 2014.

X126-212

Nautilus Shell, used for ornamental purposes. Region: Bitung, North Sulawesi. Collectors: Margaret Kartomi and Karen Kartomi Thomas, 2014.

X177-43

A Malay slendang songket (stole) with a traditional patolu design from a Malay-speaking area of Manado, North Sulawesi. Region: North Sulawesi. Collectors: Margaret Kartomi, 2014.

57

MALUKU X113-115

Clove boat Cloves are the dried unopened buds of a tree of the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. This tropical evergreen tree grows 4.6 - 9m high and was native to just five islands in Maluku. Boats fashioned entirely from cloves are a popular souvenir in the Spice Islands, as also are jewellery boxes. Whereas in the past cloves were highly valued for culinary, medicinal and preservative uses, the majority of Indonesia’s clove

crop nowadays literally goes up in smoke in the form of clove-scented kretek cigarettes! This ship was given to Abe Kelabora by his father when he visited his family in Ambon for the first time after marrying his Australian wife, Jean. It is a valued but fragile reminder of his motherland, the Spice Islands. Cloves and other spices and objects were traded by boat from the Spice Islands in Maluku to the Riau Islands over the centuries. Region: Maluku Province

58

SUMATRA/MALAYSIA BOOKS X256-8 The Legacy of the Malay letter – Warisan warkah Melayu Author: Annabel Teh Gallop Published British Library for the National Archives of Malaysia, 1994. On loan from Monash University Library X264-12 Musical Journeys in Sumatra

Author: Margaret Kartomi Published: Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2012 Region: Sumatra

X266-14

Tribal Communities in the Malay World Author: Geoffrey Benjamin and Cynthia Chou Published: Singapore: ISEAS, 2002 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia

X269-17 Kebudayaan Melayu dalam Beberapa Persoalan (Malay Culture and Several Problems) Author: Mohd Taib Osman Published: Kuala Lumpur, 1988 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia X270-18 Zapin: Folk Dance of the Malay World Author: Mohd Anis Md Nor Published: Oxford University Press, 1993 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia

59

X271-19 Bangsawan: A Social and Stylistic History of Popular Malay History Author: Tan Sooi Beng Published: Singapore, Oxford, New York: OUP, 1993 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia

X272-20

The Music of Malaysia,: The Classical, Folk and Syncretic Traditions Author: Patricia Matusky and Tan Sooi Beng Published: Great Britain: Ashgate, 2004 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia

X273-21

The Malays Author: Anthony Milner Published: Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia

X274-22

Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka Author: Leonard Y. Andaya Published: Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2008 Region: Sumatra/Malaysia

JEWELLERY AND ARTEFACTS X105-96

Belt buckle, silver, 20th century. Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula. Collector: Anne Richter.

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X105-97 Belt buckle, decorative, silver, 20th century. Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula. Collector: Anne Richter.

X106-97 Belt buckle 19th century, niello. The buckle is decorated with twining vegetal motifs and a propitious magic square with Arabic numerals to protect and bring good fortune to the wearer. Region: South Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

X108-99 Anklets (gelang kaki) Late 19th century, silver gilt. Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula. Collector: Anne Richter

X109-100

Necklace Pendant 19th century, round, low carat gold, copper backing. Region: Sumatra or Malaysian Peninsula Collector: Anne Richter

X110-101

Rectangular container (salapah) for tobacco and sirih (betel) ingredients Late 19th century, brass. Region: Sumatra

Collector: Anne Richter X111-102

Rectangular container (salapah) for tobacco and sirih (betel) ingredients. Late 19th century, silver. The small attached cylindrical container is for the lime used in a betel quid. Region: Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

61

X112-103 Oval container (chelpa) for tobacco and sirih ingredients Malay people, Sumatra, 19th century, silver. Region: Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter X112-105 Rectangular container for tobacco and sirih ingredients with attached lime container. Malay people, Sumatra, 19th century, silver. The small cylindrical container is for the lime used in a betel quid and is modelled on a piece of mangosteen fruit. Region: Sumatra Collector: Anne Richter

62

T’BOLI, MINDANAO

INSTRUMENTS X063-117, X064-118, X065-119

Plucked and bowed string instruments from the T'boli area of Mindanao, Philippines. Similar traditional instruments are played in many parts of the Malay world. Region: Mindanao, southern Philippines.

Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s. X068-122

Kacapi (plucked bamboo idiochord zither with decorative beaded edges) from Mindanao, Philippines. The tubes have a node at each end with a sound hole. Two bamboo strings are prised out of the tube's surface, raised over bridges, and beaten by one or two performers with pairs of

wooden sticks to accompany a singer, or played in ensemble with other soft instruments. The photo (right) shows kacapi musicians in Kuta Lengat Pagan in the Alas area of southern Aceh, bordering on Malay-speaking areas of North Sumatra. Region: T’boli area, Mindanao, Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s. X072-126

A k’lintang ne tembol gong chime (usually played with a drum) and mallet Region: the T’boli area of Mindanao. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s.

X083-192 Long, decorated wooden flute. Region: Marawi, Mindanao, southern Philippines. Collectors: H and M Kartomi, 1980s. X086-195 S’loli (bamboo fipple flute). Region: T’boli area of Mindanao, southern Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s. X087-196 Flendeg (lip valley flute) Region: T’boli area of Mindanao, southern Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s.

http://sticks.to/

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X088-197 Flendeg (lip valley flute). Region: T’boli area of Mindanao, southern Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s. X091-200 Ifuago (nose flute). Region: T’boli area, Mindanao, Southern Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s. X092-201 Ifuago (nose flute). Region: T’boli area, Mindanao, Southern Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s. X096-214, X097-215, X098-216 Kumbing (bamboo Jew’s harps). Region: T'boli area of Mindanao, Philippines. Collector: Manolete Mora, 1980s.

SINGAPORE X119-205 Green ‘Ilham Alam’ fan in the shape of a betel-nut leaf which is the official current symbol of the Riau Islands Province. Presented as a memento to visitors at Singapore’s Malay Heritage Centre. Region: Singapore.

64

Music Archive at Monash University (MAMU) and Museum

of Indonesian Arts Inc. (MIA) The Music Archive at Monash University was founded in the Department of Music, Monash University, in 1973. Since then it has acquired a large collection of Indonesian and other art objects, documents, field recordings and bequests from Indonesia and other parts of the world The Museum of Indonesian Arts Inc. is a virtual museum of ethnographic and fine art objects from Indonesia which are regularly loaned by its members and friends for the exhibitions that it presents several times each year. In 2014, MIA acquired an office in MAMU’s headquarters. In the same year, MIA @MAMU received a grant from the National Library of Australia which is expected to lead to its accreditation as a collection of national significance. Bronia Kornhauser, MAMU Archivist and Curator of the Exhibition of Indonesia’s Malay Arts. Halina Nowicka, Chairman, Museum of Indonesian Arts Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Margaret Kartomi/Director of MAMU, Bronia Kornhauser/Archivist of MAMU and Halina Nowicka/Chairman of MIA wish to thank the following individuals for their valuable assistance, loans of art objects and services for the mounting of Exhibition of Indonesia’s Malay Arts, with Special Reference to the Riau Islands Province:

CONSULATE-GENERAL OF INDONESIA IN VICTORIA AND TASMANIA

The Indonesian Consul-General, Ibu Dewi Savitri Wahab Ibu Ita Puspitasari FACULTY OF ARTS and CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION, MONASH UNIVERSITY Professor Rae Frances, Dean of Arts Sharon Elliott Anne-Maree Lester Jessica Loschiavo Kara Rasmanis Glynis Smalley

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EXHIBITION COMMITTEE Dr Annette Bowie Marguerite Heppell Dr Michael Heppell Michael Jewell Stuart Lees Professor Margaret Kartomi Bronia Kornhauser Indija Mahjoeddin (Exhibition Designer) Ilana Perlich Anne Richter Brigitta Scarfe Dr Aline Scott-Maxwell Anthea Skinner Jacqueline Waylen Karl Willebrant JOHN NOBLE BEQUEST OF INDONESIAN TEXTILES TO MAMU Sim Tan John Thompson MUSEUM OF INDONESIAN ARTS Ismat Bachsinar Janet Bachsinar Evelyn Diradji Kamaludin Diradji Dr Tuti Gunawan Marguerite Heppell Dr Michael Heppell Dr Abe Kalebora Jean Kelabora Dr David Mitchell Anne Richter SIR ZELMAN COWEN SCHOOL OF MUSIC – staff and students Professor Harry Aveling Dr Annette Bowie Assoc. Professor Robert Burke Helen Catanchin Dr Kenji Fujimura John Garzoli Professor John Griffiths Travis Hodgson Michael Jewell Jesse Kartomi Thomas Rachel London Ari Palawi Edi Dwi Riyanto

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Brigitta Scarfe David Sheehy Anthea Skinner Karl Willebrant CENTRE FOR THEATRE AND PERFORMANCE Dr Karen Kartomi Thomas SIR LOUIS MATHESON LIBRARY Catherine Harboe-Ree, The Librarian Ross Harrison Stephen Herrin Dr Aline Scott-Maxwell Jacqueline Waylen FROM RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCE Raja Ahmad Helmy Abdul Kadir Ibrahim Rina Dwi Lestari Dwi Saptarini Syafaruddin Supriyadi THE INDONESIAN ORAL TRADITIONS ASSOCIATION (Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan) Jabatin Bangun Raja Ahmad Helmy Dr Pudentia M Puranti (University of Indonesia) Rohaya Tengku Sadiah Tengku Muhammad Satar MALAY DANCE GROUP, CLAYTON Ibu Dewi Mulia and Ibu Desualini Anwar (advisers) Azizah Florens Mumtaz Putri

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