“Treatment of Textile Waste Water

using Low Cost Adsorbents”

A Synopsis submitted to Gujarat Technological University

In

Science Chemistry

By

Lopa K Sanghavi

Enrollment No. 139997672002

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Shashi V. Ranga

Assistant Professor

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

GANDHINAGAR

Co-Supervisor

Dr.Anantha singh T.S

Assistant Professor

PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY

GANDHINAGAR

DPC Members

Prof. Dr. Bhavna A. Shah Prof. Dr. Kishor H. Chikhaliya

Professor, Department of Chemistry Professor, Department of Chemistry

Veer Narmad South Gujarat University Veer Narmad South Gujarat University

Surat-Gujarat Surat-Gujarat

AHMEDABAD

Index

Sr.No Title Page

No.

1 Abstract 01

2 Brief description of the state of the art of the research topic 02

3 Definition of the problem 04

4 Objectives and scope of the problem 05

5 Original contribution by the thesis 06

6 Methodology of research, results / comparisons 07

6.1 Survey and physico chemical analysis of waste water from

textile industries of study area 07

6.2 Selection of adsorbent and dye. 08

6.3 Making of adsorbents 09

6.4 Characterization of adsorbents 09

6.5 Batch analysis 09

6.6 Isotherms, Kinetics & Thermodynamics study 11

6.7 Desorption study 14

6.8 Comparison study 14

7 Achievements with respect to objectives 14

8 Conclusions 15

9 Copies of papers published and a list of all publications arising

from the thesis 16

10 Patent/Copyright (If any) 16

11 References 16

1

1.Graphical Abstract:

Abstract :

Color removal from textile effluents on a continuous industrial scale has been given much attention

in the last few years, not only because of potential toxicity of colour, but also mainly due to its

visibility problem. There have been various promising techniques for the removal of dyes from

wastewater but the task of providing proper treatment facility for water is difficult and also expensive,

hence there is pressing demand for innovative technologies which are energy efficient, low cost and

require low maintenance. As the another problem of agriculture solid wastes disposal has now attained

complex dimensions, it becomes essential either to find suitable ways for the safe disposal of these

wastes or to suggest novel uses. This study would enable the social bodies to see the effectiveness of

agricultural wastes in the treatment of textile wastewater with special reference to dye removal. A

dual purpose solving technique i.e. waste management and wastewater treatment would definitely be

an innovative method in water treatment field. This study would pave the way for green chemistry.

The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter-I deals with the introduction about serious causes of water

pollution. The significant role of adsorption technique and necessity of cost-effective adsorbent for

removal of dye from effluents is given. The review of literature is carried out to get an idea about the

different adsorption studies done by researchers for the dye removal. Chapter-II is designed to

describe materials and methodology of the research work. It also describe the physico chemical

2

analysis of waste effluent of study area by standard analytical procedures, and the detail regarding

dyes and adsorbents. The experimental procedures for preparations of adsorbents and various

characterization of adsorbents are given. Chapter-III and Chapter-IV deals with adsorptive removal

of Basic violet 14 and Direct yellow 12 dyes using Prosopis juliflora bark and Polyalthia longifolia

leaves as adsorbents respectively. The parameters considered in this batch adsorption process are pH,

Initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, time and temperature. The data obtained in the adsorption

studies are modelled with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, On the basis of pseudo-first-order and

pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, different kinetic parameters have been obtained. With the help

of adsorption isotherm data, different thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. It also focuses

on desorption and regeneration of adsorbents by different solvent. Chapter-V presents comparative

account of activated form of these adsorbents with natural raw material of adsorbents by same batch

experimental setup to find out the feasibility and cost effectiveness for removal of dye and their

usability in treatment of textile waste water. References are given at the end. It can be concluded that

the low-cost natural adsorbents can be used for adsorptive removal of dyes from textile waste water

in place of the costly adsorbents.

2. Brief description on the state of the art of the research topic:

Environmental pollution is currently one of the most important issues facing humanity. It was

increased in the last few years and reached alarming levels in terms of its effects on living

creatures.(Renge, Khedkar, & Pande, 2012). Process industries like paper, textile, leather, distilleries

are some of the major industries that employ dyes and other chemical agents in their process.

In India textile mills are located mainly in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka.

The textile dyeing industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of

wastewater from different steps in the dyeing and finishing processes (Hameed, Krishni, & Sata,

2009). The discharge from these textile industry is equally large and contains different types of

pollutants. Wastewater from these units is often containing residues of reactive dyes and chemicals,

such as complex components, many aerosols, high Chroma, high COD and BOD concentration as

well as much more hard-degradation materials (Ashfaq & Khatoon, 2014). At present, the dyes are

mainly aromatic and heterocyclic compounds, with color-display groups and polar groups. The

structure is more complicated and stable, resulting in greater difficulty to degrade the pollutants of

printing and dyeing wastewater (Sharmila, Amaraselvam, Rebecca, Kowsalya, & Nadu, 2016). When

3

compared to other pollutants in the textile industry wastewater, color removal had been the target of

significant attention in the last few years, not only because of its toxicity, but also mainly due to its

visibility problems and non-biodegradable characteristics. Such effluents are also responsible for

water-borne diseases exhibiting symptoms such as hemorrhage, nausea, dermatitis, ulceration of skin

and mucous membranes, kidney damage and a loss of bone marrow leading to anemia (Shah, Shah,

& Patel, 2011) The dye containing wastewater discharged from the industries can also affect

photosynthetic activity in aquatic life by impeding light penetration. Moreover, most of the dyes are

toxic, carcinogenic and harmful to human health (RAJAPPA et al., 2014). Recently, dye removal has

become a research area of increasing interest, as government legislation concerning the release of

contaminated effluent has become more stringent.

The techniques for waste water treatment can be divided into three categories (Gre & Crini, 2005),

which includes biological treatments such as fungal decolorization, microbial degradation, adsorption

by (living or dead) microbial biomass and bioremediation systems, chemical treatments include

coagulation or flocculation combined with flotation and filtration, precipitation–flocculation with

Fe(II)/Ca(OH)2, electroflotation, electrokinetic coagulation, conventional oxidation methods etc. and

physical methods like membrane-filtration processes (nano filtration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis)

and different adsorption techniques. All of them have advantages and drawbacks, because of the high

cost, toxicity of some chemicals, and less flexibility in design and disposal problems, any of these

conventional methods for treating dye wastewater have not been widely applied in textile industries.

Amongst the numerous techniques of dye removal, adsorption is the procedure of choice and gives

the best results in terms of initial cost, flexibility and simplicity of design, ease of operation and

insensitivity to toxic pollutants. Adsorption is by far the most versatile and widely used process

(Gupta, 1998). If the adsorption system is designed correctly it will produce a high-quality treated

effluent. The removal capacity by this method may be up to 99.9%. Due to these facts, adsorption has

been used for the removal of a variety of organic pollutants from various contaminated water sources

(Ali, Asim, & Khan, 2012). Most commercial systems currently use activated carbon as sorbent to

remove dyes in wastewater because of its excellent adsorption ability. Adsorption has been cited by

the US Environmental Protection Agency as one of the best available control technologies (Suresh,

Sugumar, & Maiyalagan, 2014)

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The major advantages of an adsorption system for water pollution control are less investment in terms

of initial cost, simple design, easy operation, less energy intensiveness, no effect by toxic substances

and greater removal of organic waste ingredients as compared to the conventional treatment methods,

possible regeneration at low cost, availability of known process equipment, sludge-free operation and

recovery of the sorbate (Ramesh, 2013). Therefore amongst several water and wastewater treatment

technologies, adsorption is considered as the most versatile process.

The adsorption process is one of the most efficient methods for removal of reactive, acidic and direct

dyes and other pollutants from wastewater and provides an attractive alternative treatment, especially

if the adsorbent is inexpensive and readily available.

3. Definition of the Problem:

Commercially available activated carbon is used widely as adsorbent material of choice in many

adsorption processes for the treatment of dye waste. In

particular, the adsorption capacity of commercial activated

carbons (CAC) for removal of a wide variety of dyes from

wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative (Ramakrishna

& Viraraghavan, 1997) effective adsorbents. This capacity

is mainly due to their porous texture which gives them a

large surface area, high degree of surface reactivity and high adsorption capacity. But, the major

limitations in using commercial activated carbon is that it is quite expensive, non-selective and

ineffective against disperse and vat dyes. The regeneration of saturated carbon is also expensive, not

straight forward, and results in loss of the adsorbent. (Taylor & Ali, 2010). Therefore there is need of

finding out all possible adsorbent sources which are safe and economical as an alternatives to

commercially available activated carbon. This has led many workers to search for more economic

adsorbents in large scale.

Researchers have led to search for more suitable, cheaper, efficient and effortlessly available

adsorbents, particularly from various natural materials, industrial waste materials and agricultural

waste by-products for the wastewater treatment. By doing this, the problem of solid wastes disposal

which has now attained complex dimensions, would be resolved. Contributing highly to

environmental pollution otherwise the accumulated waste will pose a serious environmental

challenge.

(Fig.1Activated Carbon

Source-https://goo.gl/images/BkYpZQ)

5

There are so many research studies in which researchers have reported the feasibility of using low

cost adsorbents derived from natural materials, industrial solid wastes, agricultural by-products and

bio sorbents (Ranga & Sanghvi, 2015). Among these agricultural waste materials have little or no

economic value and often pose a disposal problem. Agricultural waste like coir pith (Namasivayam

& Kavitha, 2002), rice husk (Rana & Singh, 2014), orange peel (Arami, Yousefi, & Mohammad,

2005), banana peel (Annadurai, Juang, & Lee, 1994), straw (Verma & Mishra, 2008), date pit(Samra,

Jeragh, El-nokrashy, & El-asmy, 2014), tea dust (Rani, Palanisamy, Gayathri, & Tamilselvi,

2015),coffee husk (Ahalya, Chandraprabha, Kanamadi, & Ramachandra, 2014), coconut

waste(Hameed, Mahmoud, & Ahmad, 2008), Neem leaves(Pandhare, Trivedi, & Dawande, 2013),

Acacia (Thakur & Choubey, 2014), peanut husk (Taylor et al., 2012), vegetable waste(Sundari,

Meenambal, & Balasubramaniam, 2014), etc. are being studied for the removal of different dyes from

aqueous solutions at different operating conditions. There is a lack of literature dealing with the

possible applications of Prosopis juliflora bark (Kumar & Tamilarasan, 2013) and Polyalthia

longifolia as adsorbents (i.e. for metals) and in particular as dye adsorbents is unavailable.

4. Objectives and scope of the problem:

1. To Find out the extant of pollution by physico-chemical analysis of a textile effluent

2. To suggest an innovative, efficient, less expensive and easier method/technique which would be a

dual purpose solving technique in waste management as well as waste water treatment.

3. To suggest novel utilization of agriculture by product to contribute in research towards the green

chemistry.

4. To investigate the effectiveness of selected adsorbent for removal of dye through adsorption

isotherm & kinetic study.

Scope of the work:

This research is focused on zero cost adsorption technique with the use of naturally and abundantly

available adsorbent for the removal of hazardous dye which will be beneficial for small and low

budget dyeing industries which cannot afford high cost wastewater treatment plant.

By getting information about the condition of water quality and pollution potential of the

research area, the govt. could take necessary initiatives for immediate prevention.

6

Small and medium scale industries may be benefited by the research finding and thus may

develop affordable waste water treatment technique.

The Government organizations and different non-government organizations will also be

benefited by getting such research information.

Policy maker can use finding of this study in their regulating and planning activities.

The research work can develop awareness among the local people about the water quality of

the surrounding.

The research work will help in developing safe and economic method for maintaining healthy

and clean aqueous eco system.

5. Original contribution by thesis

The present study assesses the potential of Prosopis juliflora bark

and Polyalthia longifolia leaves, an agro waste, as adsorbent in the

removal of Basic violet 14 and Direct yellow 12 dye from aqueous

dye solutions.

Prosopis juliflora is one of the most economically and ecologically

important tree species in arid

and semi-arid zones of the

world. (Dave & Bhandari, 2013) capable to growing in wide

variety of sand and situations, specially found in drier part of

landscapes. Prosopis juliflora leaf have been used for removal

of Chromium, Lead, Zinc And Copper.(Sivakumar &

Dheenadayalan, 2012) There are very few studies regarding

adsorption of dyes by Prosopis juliflora like Rhodamine

B(Thilagavathi, Arivoli, & Arivoli, 2014) and Victoria Blue (used in medicine) (Kumar &

Tamilarasan, 2014). But, there are very few studies has been done on this species which is widely

available in desert or arid zone of Kutch.These plants are also called “Gando Bawal” (Prosopis

juliflora) locally. This study shows that Prosopis juliflora have good surface characteristics as

adsorbent.Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is a tall, evergreen ornamental avenue tree. It grows along the

road sides, in gardens and in parks. The large availability of these natural byproduct at no cost, makes

(Fig.3 Prosopis juliflora)

(Fig.4 Polyalthia longifolia)

7

the procedure more economical. Literature survey revealed that Polyalthia longifolia seed powder is

potential adsorbent for removal of acetic acid (Mundhe, 2015) and methylene blue (MB) (Mundhe,

Gaikwad, Torane, Deshpande, & Kashalkar, 2012) from aqueous solution. Different parts of treated

Polyalthia longifolia has been used for removal of different heavy metals like Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II)

(Rehman, Shafique, Anwar, & Ghafoor, 2013), chromium (III) ions (Anwar et al., 2011), Arsenic(III)

from water (Sciences, Choudhary, & Bhattacharyya, 2015). There are very few studies available

where Polyalthia longifolia leaves were used as an adsorbent for removal of dyes from textile waste

water. Some of the studies revealed that acid treated Polyalthia longifolia leaves may be used as an

adsorbent for the removal of acid blue, acid red, malachite green from aqueous solution (Shelke,

Bharad, Madje, & Ubale, 2011) and Congo red dye (Sarwar et al., 2016).

These two Natural species which are freely available as agricultural waste in large quantities were

used as adsorbents for the study of removal of hazardous dyes i.e. Basic violet 14 and Direct yellow

12.

6. Methodology of Research, Results / Comparisons

6.1 Survey on textile industries in study Area and water quality analysis of waste water sample.

To find out the extent of the pollution, the survey was carried out at many small scale tying and dying

units in the Bhuj-kutch region of Gujarat, India. The map of study area is shown in fig.5. Kutch is

one of the most prolific regions in India in the area of textile art. It is also known as

(Fig.5 Study area Map)

8

Handicraft/Handloom hub. There are large number of small scale industries of bandhani, hand

weaving, hand block printing, dyeing and printing fabrication. Kutch embroidery is known as one of

the best tie and dye fabrics in India. These dyeing units use several dyes for the printing process and

generate effluents, which is directly discharged to drainage without going through any treatment and

hence causes water pollution. From these dying units, different samples were collected and water

quality analysis was carried out to find out the extant of water pollution.

6.2 Selection of Adsorbent and Dye.

On the basis of survey two dyes were selected which are

most often used in these units i.e. Basic violet 14 and

Direct yellow 12 as adsorbate. Basic violet 14 is a

cationic dye which is widely used in textile industry.

This dye is a triaminotriphenylmethane dye shown in

Fig.6. In humans and animals, its toxicity includes

carcinogenic and mutagenic effects (Littlefield,

Blackwell, Hewitt, & Gaylor, 1985). It may cause nausea,

vomiting, diarrhea by ingestion and irritation to respiratory tract upon inhalation. Direct Yellow 12

have double azo class molecular structure as shown in Fig.7. The dye is used for silk, wool, polyamide

fiber dyeing. It has some harmful side effects

including eye injuries in human and animals

(Marzbali, Mir, Pazoki, Pourjamshidian, &

Tabeshnia, 2017).Thus keeping the toxic effects of

the dye in view, attempts have been made to

develop an efficient and cost-effective technique

for removal of dye from wastewater.

Literature survey revealed that Prosopis juliflora bark and Polyalthia longifolia leaves which are

abundantly available in nature, have good potential as adsorbent. According to the research gap there

is no research for these dyes using Prosopis juliflora bark and Polyalthia longifolia leaves as

adsorbents.

(Fig.6 Structure of Basic violet 14)

(Fig.7 Structure of Direct Yellow 12)

9

6.3 Making of Adsorbents:

Adsorbent for the removal process is made from the raw material by following step without going

through any Chemical or Physical activation process.

6.4 Characterization of adsorbents:

The Adsorbents were characterized by proximate Analysis to determine moisture content, ash

content, volatiles content, and fixed carbon. Bulk Density was determined using Archimedes’

principle. The pH drift method was used to measure the point of zero charge (pHpzc). The N2

adsorption-desorption isotherms was measured using N2 gas sorption analyzer in order to determine

the surface area using the BET equation. The surface functional groups of the adsorbent studied by

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the frequency range from 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1.

The surface images of adsorbent before and after adsorption process were captured by scanning

electron microscopy (SEM). Dye concentration was estimated spectrophotometrically by monitoring

the absorbance at 540 nm using a UV–VIS spectrophotometer (HACH DR 6000).

6.5 Batch Analysis

Batch experiments were performed to study the adsorption process. Effect of following parameters

were studied by varying these individually while keeping other constant:

(Fig.8 Prosopis juliflora Bark/Powder & Polyalthia longifolia Leaves/Powder)

10

Initial dye concentration

Temperature

Dosage of adsorbent

pH.

For the study, solution was prepared by serial dilution of stock solution. The batch adsorption tests

were carried out by taking 50 ml of dye solutions in 100 ml erlenmeyer flasks with weighted amount

of adsorbents. Effect of pH was studied by adjusting the pH of dye solutions using dilute HCl and

NaOH solutions. These conical flasks were placed on rotary shaking machine at 150 rpm for the

desired time. The progress of adsorption during the experiment was determined by removing the flask

after desired contact time, centrifuging and the amount of the dye adsorbed was analyzed with the

supernatant solution spectrophotometrically. The removal efficiency was calculated using following

equation (Tosun, 2012).

% Q = Ci-Cf * 100

Ci ………. (1)

Where % Q = percentage of dye adsorbed,

Ci = initial dye concentration (mg/L) and

Cf = final dye concentration (mg/L).

Adsorbed dye amount by adsorbents was calculated using (Gulnaz, Kaya, Matyar, & Arikan, 2004)

Qe = (C0 - Ct) V

W ………. (2)

Where Qe = the amount of adsorbed dye at equlibrium

C0 = the initial dye concentration,

Ct = the equilibrium dye concentration in solution at time t,

V = the solution volume, and

W = is the adsorbent weight.

11

6.6. Isotherms, Kinetics & Thermodynamics study

Equilibrium relationships between sorbent and sorbate are described by sorption isotherms, usually

the ratio between the quantity sorbed and that remaining in the solution at a fixed temperature at

equilibrium. Isotherm data should accurately fit into different isotherm models to find a suitable

model that can be used for the design process.Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were employed to

study the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. The spontaneity and feasibility of the adsorption

process were determined by Thermodynamics parameters.

Langmuir represented the following equation:

qe = (qmKaCe)/1+KaC ……….(3)

Langmuir adsorption parameters were determined by transforming the Langmuir equation into linear

forms.(Itodo, Itodo, & Gafar, 2011)

Langmuir Type 1

Ce/qe =(1/qm)Ce + 1/Kqm (Plot Ce/qe Vs Ce ) ……….(4)

Langmuir Type 2

1/qe=(1/Kaqm)1/Ce +1/qm (Plot 1/qe Vs 1/Ce ) ……….(5)

Langmuir Type 3

qe = qm - (1/Ka) (qe/Ce) (Plot qe Vs qe/Ce) ………. (6)

Langmuir Type 4

qe/Ce= Kaqm - Ka (qe) (Plot qe/Ce Vs qe) ………. (7)

Where:

Ce = the equilibrium concentration of adsorbate (mg/L-1)

qe = the amount of metal adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent at equilibrium (mg/g).

qm = maximum monolayer coverage capacity (mg/g)

K = Langmuir isotherm constant (L/mg).

The values of qm and K were computed from the slope and intercept of the Langmuir plots. The

essential features of the Langmuir isotherm may be expressed in terms of

12

equilibrium parameter RL, which is a dimensionless constant referred to as separation factor or

equilibrium parameter (State, State, & State, 2012).

RL = 1/1+(1+KCo) ……….(8)

Where:

C0 = initial concentration

K = the constant related to the energy of adsorption (Langmuir Constant). RL value indicates the

adsorption nature to be either unfavorable if RL>1), linear if RL =1, favorable if 0< RL<1 and

irreversible if RL=0.

The empirical Freundlich equation was given as follows (Pengthamkeerati, Satapanajaru, &

Singchan, 2008):

ln qe = ln Kf + n/1 ln Ce ………. (9)

Where Kf and n are constants indicating adsorption capacity and intensity, respectively. The

Freundlich adsorption constant, n, should be in a range of 1–10 for beneficial adsorption. For isotherm

study the dye concentrations were varied keeping other parameter constant at pH .All these solutions

in the conical flasks were kept in the shaker for defined time. In each case the absorbance was

determined using spectrophotometer .These values were used to calculate Ce and qe values. With

these values we plotted the curves for Langmuir and Freundlich, isotherms and determined the best

fitting model.

Kinetic models were used to examine the controlling mechanism of adsorption processes. The

equation given below represents Lagergren’s pseudo-first order rate equation (Namasivayam &

Kavitha, 2002)

Log (qe-qt) =logqe – k1t/2.303 ………. (10)

In the above equation, qe and qt denote the amount adsorbed at equilibrium and at any time t,

respectively and k1 is the first-order rate constant. The graph was plotted between log (qe – qt) versus

time, the slope of which gives the value of k1.

The Mckay pseudo-second-order rate equation is represented as (Ho & McKay, 1999a),(Ho &

McKay, 1999b)

13

t/qt = t/k2qe2 + t/qe ……….(11)

In the above equation qe and qt denote the amounts adsorbed at equilibrium and at any time t,

respectively, and k2 is the second-order rate constant. The graph was plotted between t/qt versus time.

The correlation coefficient R2 values for dyes indicates the order of kinetic mechanism followed by

sorption process.

Thermodynamic Study

The thermodynamic parameters of Gibb’s free energy change, ∆G°, enthalpy change, ∆H°, and

entropy change, ∆S°, for the adsorption processes are calculated using the following equations:(Tran,

You, & Chao, 2016)

∆G° =-RT ln K ………. (12)

Where R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol-1 K-1), T is the temperature (K), and K is the

equilibrium constant

ln K = - ∆H°/RT + ∆S°/R (Van’t Hoff equation) ……….(13)

The Gibbs energy change is directly calculated from Eq. (12), while the enthalpy change and the

entropy change were determined from the slope and intercept of a plot of ln KC against

1/T (Eq. (13). It is well-known that the equilibrium constant (KC) must be dimensionless. KC could

be easily obtained as a dimensionless parameter by multiplying 1000.This finding was originally

proposed by Milonjic (Milonjić, 2007) and then developed by Zhou and Zhou (Zhou & Zhou, 2014)

and Liu (Liu, 2009).

The negative Δ G◦ values indicate the spontaneity and feasibility of the adsorption process. The value

of ΔH◦ suggests the exothermic or endothermic nature of the adsorption process, while the positive

ΔS◦ value suggests the increase in adsorbate concentration in the solid–liquid interface, It also

confirms the increased randomness at the solid–liquid interface during adsorption.

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6.7 Desorption study

Desorption studies help to elucidate the nature of adsorption and recycling of the spent adsorbent and

the dye.(Ramesh, 2013) Desorption studies were carried out using the adsorbents. Adsorbents loaded

with dyes were separated and gently washed with distilled water to remove any unasdsorbed dyes.

The dye-laden adsorbents were agitated with 50 ml each of tap water, 1N HCl and 0.5N NaOH

solutions separately and left for120 minutes. The dye extract solvent was then filtered into test tubes.

These filtrated adsorbents were left for 1 h at 65o C to evaporate the solvent. Again the same batch

experiment were performed with the desorbed adsorbents to remove dye mixture and analyzed using

UV-Visible spectrophotometer. After the adsorption desorption cycle, the % of removal is calculated.

6.8 Comparison study

The comparison study is carried out to find out the effectiveness of chemically activated form of these

natural adsorbent to compare with untreated form of natural adsorbent. To make activated form of

adsorbent, natural adsorbent was impregnated with 1:1 1N sulphuric acid for 2 hours, filtered and

then washed several times with distilled water until the pH of the washings become neutral. The

residue was dried in hot air oven about 110OC for 24 hours and the dried carbon was placed in a

muffle furnace at 425OC for the complete carbonization of the material, then the powder sample was

used for batch experiments. Same batch analysis was carried out with fixed parameter with each dye

solution using activated adsorbent for different four adsorption processes. Comparison study gives

the idea about efficiency of raw material of adsorbent.

7. Achievements with respect to objectives

By Finding out the extant of pollution by water quality analysis of a textile effluent of different

dying units in the study area, it was observed that the value of parameters like pH, TDS,TSS, TS,

COD, BOD etc are above the permissible limit and effluents are directly added to drainage without

going through any treatment causing water pollution.

Adsorption process, which is most efficient and economically better treatment process amongst

all treatment processes, is applied in this research study.

In this research work, use of naturally and widely available waste agro byproduct Prosopis

juliflora bark and Polyalthia longifolia leaves is dual purpose solving technique in waste

management as well as waste water treatment.

15

More than 80-90 % removal of two hazardous Basic violet 14 and Direct yellow 12 dyes can

be achieved successfully with natural adsorbent by adsorption process.

Adsorption capacity of the adsorbent has been examined by Langmuir, and Freundlich,

isotherm.

The spontaneity and feasibility of the adsorption process were determined by thermodynamic

parameters such as free energy; enthalpy, and entropy.

The characterization of adsorbent was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

(FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Desorption study and regeneration of the saturated

adsorbents has been made by different solvent with good results.

Naturally available raw material has been used in this study as a adsorbent without in raw form

were compared with activated form of these raw material for removal of same dye at same adsorption

parameter condition and it was found that use of activated form gives little bit more removal with

increasing cost.

8. Conclusion:

The low cost adsorbents were prepared from Prosopis juliflora bark and Polyalthia longifolia leaves

which were used as adsorbents for the color removal of cationic dye and anionic dye. According to

results of studies in this research it is clearly stated that both the adsorbents can efficiently and

economically adsorb the Basic violet 14 and Direct yellow 12 dyes from aqueous solutions. In the

course of adsorption studies, effect of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, adsorption isotherm,

kinetic and thermodynamic studies were carried out. Desorption studies were carried out to evaluate

mechanisms involved in the adsorption process. The presence of surface functional groups, surface

area; pore size distribution and pore structure has been confirmed by FT-IR, BET surface area and

SEM analyses respectively. From the comparison study it has been said that there is no significant

difference related to removal of dye by modified form of adsorbents has been found. Therefore it

could be presumed that both natural adsorbents are economically better than activated carbon. The

results would be useful for the fabrication and designing of wastewater treatment plants for the

removal of dye. Since the raw material of adsorbents, an agriculture waste is locally and freely

available in large quantities the treatment method seems to be economical.

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9. Copies of papers published and a list of all publications arising from

the thesis

“Natural, eco-friendly and inexpensive adsorbents as alternatives for dye removal In industrial

waste water treatment: A step towards green chemistry” in International journal of emerging

technologies and applications in engineering, technology and sciences published in special issue

December 2014,pp 265-271. (ISSN: 0974-3588)

“Selection of Adsorbent for Removal of Dye from Waste-Water” as Published in IJRSI-

international Journal of research and scientific innovation, Volume III Issue I-online in December

2015,pp 85-89. (ISSN 2321-2705)

“Dye waste water Treatment Using Agro waste: Green Adsorption” in International Journal Of

Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology in January 2017,Vol 6.special issue

1,pp 14-18.( ISSN (Online) : 2319 – 8753, ISSN (Print) : 2347 – 6710)

“Study of Removal of Basic Violet 14 dye using prosopis juliflora bark” Published in peer

reviewed journal Bulletin of Environment and Scientific Research (BESR) Vol. 7, Issue(1),pp.1-

6,December 2017.(ISSN 2278-5205) (UGC Journal No.47543)

“Kinetic and Thermodynamic study for adsorptive removal of Basic violet 14 dye from

textile waste water using Polyalthia longifolia leaf powder” is under review in Current Science

Journal submitted on 19th December 2018.

10. Patents (if any): NIL

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