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Simplest life forms Hooke - 1665
Prokaryotic: no nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic: organelles; generally larger
Limited by surface area to volume ratio
High surface area needed for specific cells
Found on pages 100-101 Most organelles found only in eukaryotes
Nucleus houses DNA in chromosomes
Nucleolus: RNA synthesis
DNA RNA protein*
Protein synthesis Free or attached to
endoplasmic reticulum
Transport/movement of proteins and lipids
Huge, folded membrane
Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, detox with –OH, stores Ca2+ for nerves
Rough ER: synthesize proteins to be exported and membranes
ER vesicle Golgi vesicle ??? Molecular
“shippinglabels”
Digestion in animals
Many hydrolytic enzymes
Phagocytosis Autophagy
Large in plants Food vacuoles Contractile vacuoles
(H2O pumps) Storage of nutrients,
ions, wastes, pigments, poisons
1. Nuclear envelope is connected to rough ER, which is also continuous with smooth ER
2. Membranes and proteins produced by the ER flow in the form of transport vesicles to the Golgi
3. Golgi pinches off transport vesicles and other vesicles that give rise to lysosomes and vacuoles
4. Lysosome available for fusion with another vesicle for digestion
5. Transport vesicle carries proteins to plasma membrane for secretion
6. Plasma membrane expands by fusion of vesicles; proteins are secreted from cell
(Pg. 109)
Cellular respiration Varying number Outer and folded
inner membrane
Plants Thylakoid,
grana, stroma Dynamic, like
mitochondria
Network of fibers in cytoplasm
Mechanical support Cell motility Anchor for
organelles
Microtubules: centrioles, cilia, flagella
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments