AP BIOLOGY

Chapter 25

LE 34-41

Paranthropusrobustus

Homoergaster

Homosapiens

Homoneanderthalensis

?Paranthropusboisei

Australopithecusafricanus

Kenyanthropusplatyops

Australopithecusgarhi

Australopithecusanamensis

Homohabilis

Homoerectus

Homorudolfensis

Australopithecusafarensis

Ardipithecusramidus

Orrorin tugenensis

Sahelanthropustchadensis

Mill

ions

of y

ears

ago

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

SYSTEMATICS

EXTANT SPECIES EXTINCT SPECIES

LE 25-61

2

1

2

Deletion

Insertion

1

2

1

2

LE 25-3

Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor.

Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period.

As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils.

Younger stratumwith more recentfossils

Older stratum witholder fossils

LE 25-4

Dinosaur bones beingexcavated from sandstone

Casts of ammonites, about375 million years old

Boy standing in a 150-million-year-olddinosaur track in Colorado

Tusks of a 23,000-year-old mammoth, frozen wholein Siberian ice

Petrified trees in Arizona, about 190million years old

Insects preserved whole in amber

Leaf fossil, about 40 millionyears ago

Absolute “radiometric” dating

Half-life of elements Half-life relative to time

Relative fossil dating using index fossils

LE 26-18

NorthAmericanPlate

Eurasian Plate

PhilippinePlate

IndianPlate

ArabianPlate

AustralianPlate

AntarcticPlate

AfricanPlate

Scotia Plate

SouthAmericanPlateNazca

Plate

PacificPlate

Cocos Plate

Juan de FucaPlate

CaribbeanPlate

LE 26-19

Volcanoes andvolcanic islands

TrenchOceanic ridge

Oceanic crust Subduction zone

Seafloor spreading

LE 26-20By about 10 million yearsago, Earth’s youngestmajor mountain range,the Himalayas, formedas a result of India’scollision with Eurasiaduring the Cenozoic.The continents continueto drift today.

By the end of theMesozoic, Laurasiaand Gondwanaseparated into thepresent-day continents.

By the mid-MesozoicPangaea split intonorthern (Laurasia)and southern(Gondwana)landmasses.

At the end of thePaleozoic, all ofEarth’s landmasseswere joined in thesupercontinentPangaea.

0

65.5

135

251

Mill

ions

of y

ears

ago

Ceno

zoic

Mes

ozoi

cPa

leoz

oic

North America

Eurasia

AfricaIndiaSouth

America Madagascar

Australia

Antarctica

Laurasia

Gondwana

Pangaea

LE 26-9

NORTHAMERICA

ChicxulubcraterYucatán

Peninsula

Taxonomy of Life

LE 25-9

Carnivora

Pantherapardus

(leopard)

Mephitismephitis

(striped skunk)

Lutra lutra(European

otter)

Canisfamiliaris

(domestic dog)

Canislupus(wolf)Sp

ecie

sGe

nus

Fam

ilyO

rder

Felidae Mustelidae Canidae

Panthera Mephitis Lutra Canis

Fig: 22.14Homologous Structures

Fig: 22.17Biogeography and Convergent Evolution

LE 25-11

Hair

Amniotic (shelled) egg

Four walking legs

Hinged jaws

Vertebral column(backbone)

Character table

CHAR

ACTE

RS

TAXA

Lanc

elet

(out

grou

p)

Lam

prey

Tuna

Sala

man

der

Turt

le

Leop

ard

Turtle Leopard

Hair

Amniotic egg

Four walking legs

Hinged jaws

Vertebral column

Salamander

Tuna

Lamprey

Lancelet (outgroup)

Cladogram

LE 25-12

Droso

philaLa

ncelet Fis

h

AmphibianBird HumanRat

Mouse

LE 25-10a

Grouping 1

Monophyletic

LE 25-13

Droso

philaLa

ncelet

Fish

AmphibianBird

HumanRat M

ouse

Ceno

zoic

Mes

ozoi

cPa

leoz

oic

65.5

251

542

Neo

prot

eroz

oic

Mill

ions

of

year

s ago

LE 25-15ab

Sites in DNA sequence

I

Species

1

Base-changeevent

Bases atsite 1 foreach species

2 3 4 5 6 7

II

III

IV

I II III IV

LE 17-5Second mRNA base

Firs

t mRN

A ba

se (5

end

)

Third

mRN

A ba

se (3

end

)