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AP Biology Exam Review
Plant Anatomy and Physiology
Angiosperm divisions
Dicot
2 cotyledons: storage tissue for embryoNetted veins4X 5X petalsRing of vascular bundlestaproot
Monocot
1 cotyledon
Parallel veins3X petalsScattered vas. BundleFibrous root
Plant tissue Ground tissue: parenchyma,
collenchyma, sclerenchyma
Dermal tissue: lower and upper epidermis, cuticle
Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
Vascular tissue Xylem: primary and secondary cell
wall, pits vs. perforations, tracheids vs. vessel elements
Phloem: sieve tube members, pores, sieve plants, companion cells, plasmodesmata
Xylem
Phloem
Meristems Shoot Lateral Root
Seed Embryo: epicotyl (shoot tip),
plumule (young leaves), hypocotyl (young shoot), radicle (root), coleoptile (sheath of monocot)
Seed coat Endosperm or cotyledons Remains dormant until ABA
washed away
Seed Plumule Radicle Endosperm Seed coat Cotyledon Hypocotyl: dicot Coleoptile:
monocot
Germination: breaking dormancy Imbibition: absorb water, removing
ABA, gibberellin promotes germination
Meristamtic cells: actively dividing cells (primary growth)
Root: zone of cell division, zone of elongation, root cap, zone of maturation
Seed germination
Primary vs. secondary growth Primary growth: primary xylem
and phloem (still living)
Secondary growth: increases girth (width), occurs at vascular cambium and cork cambium, VC wood, CC periderm (cork)
Root structure Epidermis with root hairs Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder (stele)
Root
Stem structure Epidermis with cutin Cortex Vascular cylinder (xylem, phloem,
pith)
Secondary growth in stems: sapwood heartwood (annual rings)
Secondary stem growth – vascular cambium
Cell plates – plant mitosis
Tree stem
Leaf structure Epidermis with cuticle Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Vascular bundle Guard cells with stomata
Leaves
Transport Transpiration
– water transport
Bulk flow/source to sink – sugar transport
Plasmodesmata: connects two plant cells
Symplast vs. apoplast
Transport types
Water transwport Apoplast: within cell walls or
between cells
Symplast (within cells, plasmodesmata)
Requires osmosis, capillary action, cohesion-tension
Root and H2O
Leaf water potential
Controlling stomata
Factors causing stomata to close
high temperature CO2
concentrations low Night diffusion of K+ out of guard cells
Stomata control
Sugar transport
Sieve tube:pressure flow
Mineral uptake
Symbiotic bacteria
Double fertilization
Auxin
Signaling
Hormoneoverview Auxin Abscisic acid Brassinoid Cytokinin Ethylene Gibberellin