AP Biology - R. · PDF file · 2018-01-17College Board, AP Biology Curriculum...

Copyright © Rebecca Rehder Wingerden

Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

AP Biology

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Person Benjamin Cummings College Board, AP Biology Curriculum Framework 2012-2013

Investigation 7: Cell DivisionLearning Objectives

• To describe the events in the cell cycle and how these events are controlled.

• To explain how DNA is transmitted to the next generation via mitosis.

• To explain how DNA is transmitted to the next generation via meiosis followed by fertilization.

• To understand how meiosis and crossing over leads to increased genetic diversity, which is necessary for evolution.

Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden

Background • One of the characteristics of living things is the ability

to replicate and pass on genetic information to the next generation.

• Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea usually occurs by binary fission.

• Mitochondria and chloroplast also replicate by binary fission which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and prokaryotes.

Investigation 7: Cell Division


Background • Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires

the cell to manage and complicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple chromosomes.

• The Cell Cycle is divided into: - interphase:

• G1 • S • G2

- mitosis and - cytokinesis



Background • Cell division is tightly controlled by complexes made of

several specific proteins. These complexes contain enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

• CDKs partners with a family of proteins called cyclins. • Different CDKs are produced during the phases. The

cyclins determine which processes in cell division are turned on or off and in what order by CDK.

• As each cyclin is turned on or off, CDK causes the cell to move through the stages of the cell cycle.



Background • Cyclins and CDKs do not allow the cell to progress

through its cycle automatically • There are three check points

a cell much pass through: - G1 checkpoint - G2 checkpoint - M-spindle checkpoint


Control of the Cell Cycle Game: Control of the Cell Cycle is an educational game based on the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was awarded for discoveries concerning the control of the cell cycle. http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/2001/about.html


Complete the following before conducting this investigation:

I. Read Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis.

II. Answer the following PreLab questions in your Comp Book:

1. Summarize what you will be doing in this investigation (Procedure Parts: 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5).

2. What is the primary question you will be trying to answer in this investigation (Procedure Parts: 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5)?


PreLab


Getting Started: • Complete Getting Started Questions: 1-8 on page S86

in your CompBook



Bozeman Biology: AP Biology Lab 3 Mitosis & Meiosis (7:00 min.) http://www.bozemanscience.com/ap-bio-lab-3-mitosis-meiosis

Procedure Part 1: Modeling Mitosis • Complete Activity #1: Mitosis

- Copy Analysis Sheet #1: Mitosis and use it to diagram each stage of mitosis (n = 1) as you simulate it in this exercise.

• Complete Activity #2: Mitosis with Two Pairs of Homologous Chromosome - Copy Analysis Sheet #2: Mitosis and use it to

diagram each stage of mitosis (n = 2) as you simulate it in this exercise.

• Post Activity Questions - answer the four question from Part 1: Modeling Mitosis at the top of page S87



Analysis Sheet #1: Mitosis (n = 2)



Procedure Part 1: Modeling Mitosis

Interphase (G1)

M-Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase & Cytokinesis

Analysis Sheet #2: Mitosis (n = 3)Procedure Part 1: Modeling Mitosis

Interphase (G1)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase & Cytokinesis

M-Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)





Interphase (G1)

nuclear membrane

chromatin

plasma membrane (aka:cell membrane)

centrosomes nucleolus





Interphase (G2)

nuclear membrane

chromatin


centrosomes nucleolus





ProphaseM-Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

nuclear membrane breaking down

chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids


centrosome





MetaphaseM-Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate


centrosome at opposite

poles (spindle microtubules

are not shown)

metaphase plate





AnaphaseM-Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

centromere breaks, sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles


metaphase plate





Telophase and Cytokinesis

M-Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)nuclear membrane reforms

plasma membrane pinches at cleavage furrow forming two cells

Procedure Part 2: Effects of Environment on Mitosis • Before coming to lab:

- Answer questions (4) on page S87 in CompBook. - Read Procedure: Counting Cells and Analyzing Data 1-5 - Complete Online Onion Root Tips (http://

www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html) if you need practice identifying the stages of the cell cycle.

- Write a hypothesis for Procedure Part 2 in CompBook. - Copy Table 1: Onion Root Tip Cell Phase Data:

Treatment Group and Table 2: Onion Root Tip Cell Phase Data: Treatment Class in your CompBook.



Procedure Part 2: Effects of Environment on Mitosis



Tip (card number)

Number of CellsInterphase Mitotic Total

1 (#)

2 (#)

3 (#)

Group Totals

Table 1: Onion root Tip Cell Phase Data; Treatment Group




GroupNumber of Cells

Interphase Mitotic Total123

4

5

6

etc...

Class Totals

Table 2: Onion root Tip Cell Phase Data; Treatment Class


• Procedure: Counting Cells and Analyzing Data: Procedure 1-5*.

- Complete Table 1: Onion Root Tip Cell Phases Data; Treatment Group (share group data).

- Complete Table 2: Onion Root Tip Cell Phases Data; Treatment Class.

• Analysis: Calculate Chi-square value for the class totals (Show ALL of your work.)

• Conclusion Statement…reject or accept the null hypothesis and interpret results (remember: interphase 90% of cell cycle, mitotic phase 10%).



• Mitosis ~ Allium Root Tip Section

InterphaseProphase


Metaphase Anaphase



Telophase



1. ___________

2. ___________

3. ___________

4. ___________

5. ___________

Interphase

Telophase

Metaphase

Prophase

Anaphase








4

5

6

etc...

Class Totals

Table 2: Onion root Tip Cell Phase Data; Treatment Class (5th)Procedure Part 2: Effects of Environment on Mitosis





4

5

6

etc...

Class Totals

Table 2: Onion root Tip Cell Phase Data; Treatment Class (6th)

Procedure Part 2: Effects of Environment on Mitosis • Post Lab - Conclusion

• restate the purpose of this experiment. • restate your hypothesis for this experiment. • statement: do the results of your experiment support

or refute your hypothesis. • list and explain the data statistical test(s) that lead

you to your statement. • Therefore, conclusion (remember experimental

purpose).



Procedure Part 3: Loss of Cell Cycle Control in Cancer • Before coming to lab:

- Complete Review from Part 1- answer the TWO questions in this section on page S90 in your CompBook

- Complete Prelab Questions for Part 3- answer the FIVE questions in this section on page S90 in your CompBook


A HeLa cancer cell dividing

HeLa Cells: The History of the Hela Cell Line (9:00 min.)


Smithsonian.com The End of the Henrietta Lacks Saga?

Procedure Part 3: Loss of Cell Cycle Control in Cancer • Lab Day: page S90-S91

- Form a hypothesis as to how the chromosomes of a cancer cell might appear in comparison to a normal cell and how those differences are related to the behavior of the cancer cell.

- Activity- Cancer and the Loss of Cell Cycle Control



Procedure Part 3: Loss of Cell Cycle Control in Cancer



Normal human (male) karyotype

HeLa cell karyotype- The karyotype of HeLa cells is extremely abnormal in part due to the presence of DNA from HPV.

CML karyotype- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is just one type of cancer caused by a translocation error. The translocation in CML involves chromosomes 9 and 22.Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

technique know as “chromosome painting” which is used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. FISH uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with which they show a high degree of sequence complementarity.

Procedure Part 3: Loss of Cell Cycle Control in Cancer • Post Lab: page S90-S91

- Answer the THREE questions at the bottom of page S90

- Case 1: HeLa cells- answer the TWO questions at the top of page S91

- Case 2: Philadelphia Chromosomes- answer the FIVE questions at the bottom of page S91



Procedure Part 4: Modeling Meiosis • Before coming to lab:

- Complete questions 1-4 page S92 in your CompBook



Procedure 4: Modeling Meiosis • Lab day:

- Complete Model 1: Meiosis (2n) • Draw Parent Cell and Gametes (stamped)

- Complete Model 2: Meiosis (2n) Crossing Over • Draw Parent Cell and Gametes (stamped)

• Post Lab: questions 1-8 on page S93 in your CompBook



Model #1: Meiosis (n = 2)



Procedure Part 4: Modeling Meiosis

Interphase (G1) Parent Cell

Meiosis

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Metaphase II

Telophase II & Cytokinesis

Model #2: Meiosis (n = 2) Crossing OverProcedure Part 4: Modeling Meiosis

Meiosis

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Metaphase II

Telophase II & Cytokinesis

Interphase (G1) Parent Cell


Parent Cell (2n) Prophase I (DNA replication

takes place in the S phase of Interphase)

Model 1: Meiosis with PopBeads (2n)



Metaphase I

Model 1: Meiosis with PopBeads (2n)

Metaphase II

Telophase IICopyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden


Parent Cell (2n)

Model 2: Meiosis with PopBeads Crossing Over (2n)


Prophase I (DNA replication

takes place in the S phase of Interphase)


Metaphase I

Model 2: Meiosis with PopBeads Crossing Over (2n)

Telophase II

Metaphase II


Procedure 5: Meiosis and Crossing Over in Sordaria - Sexual reproduction provides a mechanism to produce

genetic variation.


- Sordaria fimicola, an ascomycete fungus is haploid for the bulk of its life cycle.

- The only diploid portion of the S. fimicola’s life cycle occurs when the nuclei of specialized hyphae come together.



Sordaria becomes diploid only when two different strains of mycelia fuse allowing the two different haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.

haploid (n) wild-type strain [+]

haploid mutant strain

[tn]

n

n

fertilization (2n) 2n

The diploid (2n) nucleus must then undergo meiosis to resume its haploid (n) state.

Meiosis, followed by mitosis, results in the formation of eight haploid ascospores contained within a sac called an ascus (plural, asci).

meiosis

n n n

n

mitosis

n n n n n

n n n



haploid (n) wild-type strain [+]

haploid mutant strain

[tn]

fertilization (2n)

n

n

2nmeiosis n

n

n

n

mitosis

n n n n n

n n n

If crossing over occurs, then the resulting ascospores contained within the ascus will be different.

Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden Copyright © 2012 Rebecca Rehder Wingerden

Procedure 5: Meiosis and Crossing Over in Sordaria - Identify crossing over in Sordaria


When mycelia of two different strains come together and undergo meiosis, the asci that develop will contain four black and four tan ascospores.

The arrangement of the spores directly reflects whether or not crossing over has occurred. If crossing over occurs, then it will occur in the region between the gene for spore color and the centromere.

Procedure 5: Meiosis and Crossing Over in Sordaria • Before coming to lab:

- Read Background pages S94-S95 - Complete PreLab 3Q @ top of page S95 - Read Procedure 1-6 page S95 - Copy Table 3: Analysis of Result (p. S95)



A Map Unit is an arbitrary unit of measure where one map unit corresponds to 1% crossover.

Procedure 5: Meiosis and Crossing Over in Sordaria



Group Map Units12345678

TotalAverage

• Lab day: - Complete Procedure steps

1-6* on page S95 AND Table 3: Analysis of Result

- Calculate the Map Units for this gene AND the Class average Map Units for this gene

• Post Lab: - Complete Post Lab

Evaluating Results: questions 1-6 (p.S96)

Table 4: Map Unit Average

Date post:	15-Mar-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	voque
View:	216 times
Download:	3 times

AP Biology - R. · PDF file · 2018-01-17College Board, AP Biology Curriculum...

Documents