AP Biology Review

Chapters 7 & 8

Q

• What part of the cell membrane enables the membrane to remain liquidy?

A

• Cholesterol

Q

• Which of the following molecules pass through the cell membrane easily?

A. Small hydrophobic molecules B. Large and hydrophobic molecules C. Polar molecules

A

• Small hydrophobic molecules

Q

• Which type of proteins in the cell membrane are considered transmembrane proteins, because they go through the membrane.

A

• Integral Proteins

Q

• What is the function of the aquaporins in the cell membrane?

A

• Allows water to pass through easily

Q

• Which type of proteins of the cell membrane are NOT embedded?

A

• Peripheral proteins

Q

• What is the function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane?

A

• Cell-Cell recognition

Q

• 10% potassium chloride is _______ to 10% potassium chloride.A. HypertonicB. HypotonicC. Isotonic

A

• Isotonic

Q

• Cells that live in a hypertonic solution are always fighting dehydration (the loss of water).

TrueFalse

• True

Q

• Facilitated diffusion is a form of active transport?

TrueFalse

A

• False-Passive transport

Q

• Active transport allows a cell to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

TrueFalse

A

• True

Q

• Name the 3 types of Passive transport & explain the types of molecules that they transport.

• Osmosis• Diffusion (Simple)• Diffusion (Facilitated)

Q

• Name this structure & show the hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions

A

Q

• Name 2 differences between Active & Passive Transport

A

• Active– Uses Energy from cell– Allows larger molecules to pass through

• Passive– No Energy required– Small molecules and water can pass through

Q

• _______________ is the movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration

A

• Passive transport

Q

• The diagram below shows what cell process?

A

• Exocytosis

Q

The diagram below is composed of __________________.

A

• Phospholipids

Q

• Describe Endocytosis, name the 2 types of Endocytosis & explain the differences.

A

• Endocytosis-– Active transport– Materials are engulfed into cell– 2 types

• Pinocytosis-Ingests liquids• Phagocytosis- Ingests solids

Q

• _______________ transport is the movement of materials from lower concentration to higher concentration as in the processes of phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

A

• Active transport is the movement of materials from lower concentration to higher concentration as in the processes of phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Q

Which cellular process is illustrated in the diagram below? The material is a liquid

A

• Pinocytosis-Type of Endocytosis

Q

• The diagram represents a cell in water. Formulas of molecules that can move freely across the membrane are shown. Some molecules are located inside the cell and others are in the water outside the cell. Based on the diagram of molecules below, what would most likely happen to these molecules after a few hours?

A

• The concentration of CO2 will increase outside the cell

Q

• The cell or plasma membrane is composed chiefly of two layers of ______________ with globular ______________ floating in these layers

A

• The cell or plasma membrane is composed chiefly of two layers of lipids with globular proteins floating in these layers

Q

• Describe Turgor Pressure

A

• Pressure in plant cells from cell membrane exerting pressure on cell wall

Q

• What is the function of structure E?

• Supports cell membrane

Q

• Identify structure D

• Phospholipid bilayer

Q

• Identify Structure A

• Glycoprotein

Q

• Which of these cannot pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane?

• C-Glucose

Q

• You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.

• Hypotonic solution- Water goes into cell

Q

Structure B is a _____.

• Transport Protein

Q

• Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.

• Into cell- via vessicles

Q

• A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.

A

• Endocytosis

Q

• Describe the differences between Anabolic and Catbolic Rxns. Provide an example of each .

• Anabolic-– Builds materials – Ex. Building polymers

• Catabolic– Breaks down materials – Ex. Breaking down polymers into monomers

Q

• Describe the differences between Exergonic and Endergonic Rxns. Provide an example of each .

• Exergonic-– Release Energy – Cellular Respiration

• Endergonic-– Absorb energy – Photosyntheis

• Describe the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermondynamics.

Q

• When energy is transformed, what effect doe that have on Entropy of the universe?

A

• Increases Entropy

• Define Enthalpy, Entropy, and Free energy change

Q

• Every chemical reaction increases the entropy of the universe

TrueFalse

A

• True

Q

• Does hydrolysis increase or decrease entropy within a cell?

A

• Increase

Q

• Does dehydration reactions increase or decrease entropy within a cell?

A

• Decrease

Q

• Do organic compounds (such as Carbohydrates) contain Potential or kinetic energy?

A

• Potential (chemical energy)– Stored

Q

• Give an example of an open and a closed system. Are organisms open or closed systems?

A

• Open- exchanges with environment • Closed- does not exchange with environment

• Organisms are Open systems

Q

• What is the change in free energy of a system at chemical equilibrium?

A

• No net change

Q

• What happens to free energy as monomers form bonds to create polymers?

• Increases

Q

• Which type of reaction has a positive G?Endergonic Exergonic

A

• Endergonic

Q

• What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from Catabolic to Anabolic pathways?

A

• Energy Coupling

Q

• What happens to the Phosphate that is lost when ATP is converted to ADP?

• What is the process called?

A

• It is added to another molecule and activates that molecule.

• Phosphorylation

Q

• Name the 3 parts of an ATP molecule

A

• Adenine-nitrogenous base• 3 Phosphates• Ribose-Sugar

Q

• What suffix is often used to name enzymes?

• “ase”

Q

• How do enzymes affect the rate of reactions?

A

• Catlyze – speed up

Q

• Where and what is the active site?

A

• Region on enzyme that binds to substrate

Q

• What is the induced fit?

A

• Binding of substrate changes shape of enzyme’s active site.

Q

• What is one way to combat against competitive inhibition of enzymes?

A

• Increase substrate concentration

Q

• How do enzymes affect activation energy?

• They lower activation energy

Q

• Explain the difference between competitive and non- competetive inhibition.

A

• Competitive- binds to active site • Non- competetive inhibition-binds to other

part of enzyme

Q

• What is the relationship between free energy and spontaneous reactions?

• It decreases (- G)