AP Biology

Tour of the Cell

AP Biology

Draw 9 boxes on a piece of paper In each box you will be writing an

answer to questions found in this lesson.

Write your answers in full sentences. If you would like to write your answers

in Cornell style, feel free. When you have completed the notes

turn your paper into the purple box. Be sure to put you name on your paper

before turning it in.

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Discuss with your partner everything you know about cells

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Prokaryotebacteria cellsProkaryote

bacteria cellsTypes of cells

Eukaryoteanimal cellsEukaryote

animal cellsEukaryoteplant cellsEukaryoteplant cells

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Minimize competition between organelles

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Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in box #1

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Why organelles? Specialized structures

specialized functions cilia or flagella for locomotion

Containers partition cell into compartments create different local environments

separate pH, or concentration of materials distinct & incompatible functions

lysosome & its digestive enzymes

Membranes as sites for chemical reactions unique combinations of lipids & proteins embedded enzymes & reaction centers

chloroplasts & mitochondria

mitochondria

chloroplast

Golgi

ER

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Why organelles?

There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as

containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions.

Organelles as specialized structures

An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move.

Organelles as Containers

Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the

cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed

to float free in the cell would kill it.

Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactionsAn example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that

conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast.

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To the person net to you three reasons why we have organelles.

Write your answer in box #2

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Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do?

building proteins proteins control

every cell function make energy

for daily life for growth

build more cells growth reproduction repair

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Describe the three jobs of the cell In box #3

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DNADNA

Why study protein production?

cellscells

proteinsproteins

organismorganism

Repeat after me…DNA gets the glory, butProteins do all the work!

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Building Proteins Organelles involved

nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum

(ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles

nucleus ribosome ERGolgi

apparatusvesicles

The Protein Assembly Line

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DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleusTO:

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proteins

transportvesicle

Golgiapparatus

vesicle

smooth ER

rough ER

nuclear porenucleus

ribosome

cellmembrane protein secreted

cytoplasm

Making proteinsPutting it together…

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Describe protein synthesis to the person next to you.

Read the textbook (page 123) to find more information about the structure and function of the following organelles:-nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus ,ribosome, and vacuole

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One of these is not like the others…Explain why in box # 4

Nucleus

ER

Golgi

Vesicles

1.

2.

3.

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Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do?

make proteins proteins control

every cell function make energy

for daily life for growth

build more cells growth reproduction repair

ATP

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Cells need power! Making energy

take in food & digest it take in oxygen (O2) make ATP remove waste

ATP

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Lysosomes Function

little “stomach” of the cell digests macromolecules

“clean up crew” of the cell cleans up broken down

organelles

Structure vesicles of digestive enzymes

only in animal cellsonly in animal cells

Christian de Duve

1960 | 1974

Where old organelles

go to die!

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Lysosomal enzymes Lysosomal enzymes work best at pH 5

organelle creates custom pH how?

proteins in lysosomal membrane pump H+ ions from the cytosol into lysosome

why? enzymes are very sensitive

to pH why?

enzymes are proteins — pH affects structure

why is this an adaptation: digestive enzymes which function at pH different from cytosol?

digestive enzymes won’t function well if some leak into cytosol = don’t want to digest yourself!

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But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when

they are supposed to be destroyed (recycling an organisms organic material) some cells have to die for proper

development in an organism apoptosis

“auto-destruct” process lysosomes break open & kill cell

ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog

ex: loss of webbing between your fingers during fetal development

ex: self-destruct of cancerous cell

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Describe the structure and function of the lysosome in box #5

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Fetal development

15 weeks

6 weeks

syndactyly

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When things go wrong… Diseases of lysosomes are often fatal

digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up biomolecules, but can’t digest one

lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &

organ function lysosomal storage diseases

more than 40 known diseases

example:Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells

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One of these is not like the others…Explain why in box #6

Lysosomes

Digestion

Apoptosis

Enzymes

1.

2.

3.

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From food to making Energy Cells must convert incoming energy to

forms that they can use for work mitochondria:

from glucose to ATP chloroplasts:

from sunlight to ATP & carbohydrates ATP = immediate energy carbohydrates = stored energy

+

ATP

ATP

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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Important to see the similarities

transform energy generate ATP

double membranes = 2 membranes Internal and external membrane

Lynn MargulisU of M, Amherst

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Membrane-bound Enzymes

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energydioxide

C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP+ + +

semi-autonomous organelles move, change shape, divide

internal ribosomes, DNA & enzymes

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Membrane-bound Enzymes

+ water + energy glucose + oxygencarbondioxide

6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2light

energy + ++

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Mitochondria are everywhere!!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

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Compare and contrast the functions of the mitochondria and the chloroplast in box #7

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Cells gotta live! What jobs do cells have to do?

building proteins proteins control

every cell function make energy

for daily life for growth

build more cells growth reproduction repair

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Cytoskeleton Function

structural support maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles

protein fibers microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

motility cell locomotion cilia, flagella, etc.

regulation organizes structures

& activities of cell

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actin microtubule nuclei

Cytoskeleton

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Describe how the cytoskeleton helps the cell in box #8

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Centrioles Cell division

in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules

guide chromosomes in mitosis

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One of these is not like the others…explain your answer in box #9Cytoskeleton

Support

Motility

Reproduction

1.

2.

3.

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Watch the following videos about the cell