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AP Environmental Study Session 2
Tuesday March 22, 2011
Rock Cycle
Youtube Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-h7G0h9Ip0&NR=1
Types of Rock
• Define– Igneous– Sedimentary– Metamorphic
Soil
• The crucial link between biotic and abiotic– What is found in soil?
• 3 constituents in differing percentages (%):– Clay• Smallest particle, <.002mm
– Silt• .002 - .05mm
– Sand• Largest particle, .05 – 2.0mm
pH and Soil
• pH Scale
• Acidic vs. Alkalinity
• Most soils are pH 4 – 8
• Importance of pH?– pH determines the availability of nutrients in the soil
Where does soil come from?• Weathering– Physical / Mechanical• Don’t change chem of the rocks• Wind and water
– Chemical• Do change chem of the rocks• Interactions between atmosphere, water, and rocks
– Biological• Activities by living organisms
Soil Layers
Human Caused Soil Problems
• Farming– Monoculture– Crop Rotation– Green Revolution– Salinization– Erosion – Dust Bowl
• Add nutrients to the soil in the form of fertilizers– What is all in fertilizers?
• To grow food we need arable land– Land we can grow stuff in
Soil Conservation• Recent efforts have been made to naturally
increase the productivity of farms via:– Using natural fertilizer….AKA ________– Modify tilling to not break-up the land as much to
decrease erosion– Create buffer zones using trees to decrease wind
erosion• Legislation– 1977: Soil and Water Conservation Ace– 1985: Food Security Act
Moving from the Lithosphere to the Atmosphere
Atmosphere
• Define• What’s in it?– Oxygen (21%)– Water Vapor– Nitrogen (78%)– Carbon Dioxide (.037%)– Argon (.9%)– Layers
• What layer do we live in?– Troposphere (surface - 20km)
Layers of the Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Troposphere– Where all weather occurs– Contains all water vapor and clouds– Well mixed and temp decreases as altitude increases
• Tropopause– Buffer zone between the troposphere and the stratosphere– Temp begins to increases as altitude increases
• Stratosphere– 20km – 50km– Gases not mixed, arranged according to density– Temp increases as altitude increases – due to Ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect
• Occurs primarily in the Troposphere
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC0VeBPasgQ&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxUK2TizQ4g&feature=related
Ozone and why its important
• Found at the top of the stratosphere
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WE3y1Gj2dec
• Ozone Depletion– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1wrEvc2URE
&feature=related
Layers of the Atmosphere
• Mesosphere– 50km – 80km above the surface– Layer where meteors typically burn up
• Thermosphere / Ionosphere– 80km – 110km above the surface– Layer where auroras occur, space shuttles orbit,
and where radio waves reflect– Energy from the solar winds are absorbed here
Aurora - Ionosphere
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJBrMXSn-hU
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PaSFAbATPvk&feature=related
Connecting Atmosphere and Climate
• Climate is created by the atmosphere• Weather is the daily fluctuations of:– Temperature– Sunlight– Air pressure– Winds– humidity
• Then what is climate and who studies it?** The climate and weather is caused by the unequal heating of the Earth’s atmosphere by the sun**
3 reasons Earth is unevenly heated
• More rays strike the Equator than anywhere else
• Tilt of the axis causes regions to receive more of less sunlight
• Surface is rotating faster at the equator than at the poles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHrapzHPCSA&feature=related