AP Exam Review Ashawfvhs.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/6/1/50615235/ap... · (Eucharist) but less outraged...

Ramos APUSH Review A 1

AP Exam Review A

Ms. RamosAlta Loma High School


Religious differences between Amerindians and Europeans

Christian view:• Bible: God gave Adam

dominion over animals and plants.

• Bible did not mention Amerindians. What were they? From where did they come?

• Sacrificial temples, skull racks, cannibalism and snake motifs of Mesoamerica meant

• Aztecs worshipped Satan in the eyes of Europeans.

• Yet, 100,000 "witches" were killed in Europe between 1500-1700 in Europe

• Spanish Inquisition burned thousands of ―heretics‖

• Amerindians saw these too as human sacrifices

Amerindian view:• Amerindians had nothing in

comparison for commodification of plants and animals.

• Christians ate their own god (Eucharist) but less outraged at lesser human sacrifice to please Indian god. (Very confusing.)

• Amerindians had no concept of heaven (in the Christian sense); disliked Christian heaven because few souls there were Indian; preferred to be buried with the own ancestors.


Differences in War

• Amerindians were curious why Europeans sought decisive battles on an open battlefield.

• Europeans could not easily catch Amerindian warriors.

• Amerindians often captured children of other tribes and assimilated them.

• Adult warriors were often sacrificed in Mesoamerica


Impact of Colonization on Amerindians and Europeans

• France: trade and conversion • Spain: convert and exploit • England: removal or extermination


17th century: Three major regions of colonial America

• New England: MA, CT, RI, NH • Middle: NY, PA, NJ, DE (New Sweden)• Southern: MD, VA, NC, SC

• ** Spanish New Mexico


Slavery in the Colonial Period

• Geography conducive to cash crops• First Africans arrive in Virginia, 1619• Tobacco in the Chesapeake (VA and MD)

results in some black slavery• Barbados slave codes brought into Carolinas

after 1660 • Bacon‘s Rebellion • Stono Rebellion


Democratic trends

• House of Burgesses: first parliamentary gov‘t in America (Virginia)

• Pilgrims in Plymouth: Mayflower Compact (majority rule)

• Puritans: townhall meetings, all male church members vote, 1631

• Bacon‘s Rebellion, 1676 (Virginia)


18th Century major events and issues

• Three colonial regions similar in character to 17th century

• How are 18th century colonies different?• Triangular Trade: colonists ignore

Navigation Laws; massive smuggling• Great Awakening (1740s): 1st mass

movement in colonies• Democratic trends• Trends toward colonial unity


Religion

• Puritans (New England) • Anglican Church (Southern Colonies and

parts of Middle Colonies) • Quakers (Pennsylvania, New Jersey,

Delaware)• Great Awakening (1740s)


Impact of Salutary Neglect

• Increased power of colonial assemblies• Success of illegal triangular trade• American‘s unwilling to later accept

increased control by Britain• American religion free to pursue its own

course.


Rebellions in American History

• Bacon‘s Rebellion, 1676 in Virginia• Leisler‘s Rebellion, 1691 in New York• Paxton Boys, 1764 in Philadelphia• Regulator Movement, 1771 in North

Carolina• Shays‘s Rebellion, 1787 in Massachusetts• Whiskey Rebllion, 1794 in Pennsylvania• Slave Rebellions


French and Indian War (Seven Years‘ War) – 1754-1763

• Cause • Important Events • Results • Significance: Permanently altered the

balance of power in North America between Native Americans and Europeans (now that France was removed)


Causes of the American Revolution

• End to salutary neglect • Sugar Act, 1764 • **Stamp Act, 1765 **• Townshend Acts,1767 • Boston Massacre, 1770 • Tea Act, 1773 • First Continental Congress, 1774 • Lexington and Concord,1775 • Second Continental Congress, 1775 • Common Sense, Thomas Paine, 1776 • Declaration of Independence, 1776 • Treaty of Paris (1783)


Major Battles

• Lexington and Concord, 1775 • Bunker Hill, 1775 • Trenton, 1776 • Saratoga, 1777 • Yorktown, 1781


Change in Society due to the American Revolution

• Conservative Loyalists no longer in America • Decline of slavery • Slavery remained strong in the South,

especially after 1793 (cotton gin)• Stronger emphasis on equality • Separation of Church and State • Indians no longer enjoyed British protection

and became subject to U.S. westward expansion

• Women did not enjoy increased rights


ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1781-1789)

• A rticles of Confederation, structure• R atification debate between Federalists and

Antifederalists• T reaty of Paris, 1783• I nterstate Commerce problems (depression in

1780s)• C onstitutional Convention, 1787• L and legislation (Land Ordinance of 1785; NW

Ordinance of 1787)• E ngland, France, Spain and Barbary Corsairs

challenged U.S. in foreign affairs• S hays‘ Rebellion


Land Ordinance of 1785

• Intended to provide a fair way to divide land in the Northwest Territory

• “Townships” and “sections”

• Other provisions• High initial land

costs •Speculators


Northwest Ordinance of

1787• Allowed for the

creation of new states in the Northwest Territory

• Also called for creation of territorial and state governments

• Forbade slavery• Public education• Fair dealings with

Indians


ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

• Domestic Challenges • Foreign Challenges • Successes


STRENGTHENING OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

Simple majority vote inCongress, subjectto presidential veto

2/3 vote (9 states in Congress for allimportant measures)

2 votes in Senate for eastate, representation by pop in House

1 vote in Congress for each state

A firm union of peoplewhere the national gov was supreme.

A loose confederation of states –―a firm league of friendship

Under Federal Constitution

Under Articles of Confederation


Different Views on Representation

Virginia Plan• Proposed by Madison• Protected large states’

interests• Allowed for a bicameral

(two-house) legislature• Number of delegates in

Congress based on a state’s population

• Lower house would elect the upper house

New Jersey Plan• Proposed by Paterson• Protected small states’

interests• Allowed for a unicameral

(one-house) legislature• Each state would have a

similar number of delegates


The Great Compromise

• Bicameral legislature: the House of Representatives and the Senate

• House representation based on population

• Senate—each state allowed two votes

• Length of terms for each• Senators selected by

state legislaturesRoger Sherman


“Three -fifths ”Compromise

• How slaves should be counted for representation and taxation purposes

• The compromise: 3/5ths

of the number of slaves would be counted for both representation andtaxation

• National government forbidden to interfere with the slave trade until 1808


Congress to regulate both foreign and interstate commerce

No congressional power over commerce. States free to impose levies, and restrictions on trade with other states and enter economic agreements with foreign countries.

Laws executed by powerful president

Laws executed by committees of Congress;No executive branch




Ample power to enforce laws by coercion of individuals and

to some extent of states

No authority to act directlyUpon individuals and no power to coerce states

Amendment less difficult –2/3 Cong and ¾ of the states

Unanimity of states for amendment

Federal courts, capped by Supreme Court

No federal courts – states free to resolve their own matters, or conflicts with

other states.

Extensive power in Congress to levy taxes

No congressional power to levy taxes –pmt of taxes

by states was voluntary.




Anti-federalists v Federalists

• Antifederalists --states' rights advocates,backcountryfarmers, poor farmers, the ill- educated and illiterate, debtors, & paper- money advocates.

• In general, the poorer classes of society.

• Federalists -- Well educated and propertied class.

• Most lived in settled areas along the seaboard.


Federalists & Federalists & Federalists & Federalists &

AntiAntiAntiAnti----

FederalistsFederalistsFederalistsFederalists

Federalists•Supported the Constitution

• Included many framers (Washington, Hamilton, Madison)

• Strongest in urban areas

• Supported by those in favor of a strong central government

• Supported by merchants, skilled workers, laborers

Anti-Federalists•Opposed the Constitution

• Included Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee

• Strongest in rural areas

• Opposed a strong central government

• Concerned the Constitution didn’t include a bill of rights

Alexander Hamilton Patrick Henry


Ratification Positions

National government would protect the rights of the people.

Constitution favored wealthy men and preserved their power.

Men of experience and talent should govern the nation. "Mobocracy" threatened the security of life and property

Strong national government threatened rights of the common people.

National government needed to be strong in order to function.

Opposed strong central government.

Articles of Confederation were weak and ineffective

Articles of Confederation were a good plan

FederalistsAntifederalists


Ratification Positions

More sympathetic to separation of church and state.

Opposed omitting any reference to God.

In favor of establishing the Constitution with almost any means possible.

Argued against 2/3 ratification plan

Constitution and state governments protected individual freedoms without bill of rights.

Constitution lacked a bill of rights

FederalistsAntifederalists


FEDERALIST ERA (1789 -1801)Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams

• B ig Bill of Rights• Jolly Judiciary Act of 1789• H amilton Hamilton‘s Financial Plan, 1789-91 (BE FAT)• Found French Revolution• Nervous Neutrality Proclamation, 1793• Jefferson Jay Treaty, 1795• Entering Election of 1796 (2 parties: Federalists and

Democratic-Republicans)• X-Men‘s XYZ Affair, 1797• Quarters Quasi War (1798-1800)• Angering Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798• White Washington‘s Legacy• Republicans Revolution of 1800


Domestic issues in the 1790s

• Judiciary Act of 1789 • Bill of Rights • Hamilton’s Financial Plan


The Bill of Rights

• Written by James Madison• Important ratification issue• Madison submitted 17

amendments; Congress reduced number to 12, 10 were ratified

• First Amendment guarantees “freedom of expression”

• Second and Third Amendments protect against military control

• Fourth through Eighth Amendments assure due process of law

• Ninth and Tenth Amendments protect popular control over governmentJames Madison


Hamilton ‘s Financial Plan: BE FAT

• Bank of the United States • Excise taxes on whiskey • Funding at Par• Assumption of State Debts• Tariffs


Ø Gov‘t for the peopleØ Believed in wisdom of the common peopleØ States RightsØ Strict constructionØ National debt is a curseØ Favored an agrarian nation, not an industrial oneØ Believed in freedom of speech to expose tyrannyØ Pro-French in foreign policy

Ø Gov‘t by the upper classesØ Distrusted the common peopleØ Strong central governmentØ Loose constructionØ National debt is a blessingØ Gov‘t should encourage

business, not interfere w/itØ Hoped to foster industrialismØ Favored limits on free speech in the interest of national securityØ Pro-British in foreign policy

Jeffersonian RepublicansHamiltonian Federalists


• Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 – Significance: federal government capable of

maintaining law and order

• George Washington‘s legacy– Hamilton‘s Financial Plan

– Two-term tradition– Cabinet

– Chief justice of the Supreme Court from outside the Court

– Westward expansion in the Ohio Valley– Isolationism remains U.S. policy until World

War I


Foreign Policy in the 1790s• French Revolution: Whom should the U.S.

support?– Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson vs.

Alexander Hamilton

– Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation, 1793– Jay Treaty, 1794—averted war with Britain

– Biggest cause for the creation of two party system: Federalists & Democratic-Republicans


Foreign Policy in the 1790s

• Pinckney Treaty, 1795• Washington’s Farewell Address (1797)• Quasi-War with France (1798-1800): John

Adams‘ presidency – Causes – Alien and Sedition Acts

– Convention of 1800


Jeffersonian Democracy

• H amilton‘s plan kept by Jefferson (except excise taxes)

• A grarian empire (westward expansion)• T ripolitan War• E mbargo Act, 1807

• L ouisiana Purchase, 1803• A rmy reduced in size (Federalists lose major

center of power)• M arbury vs. Madison, 1803• B urr Conspiracies (1804 in New York and 1806

in the West)


Jefferson - Domestic Issues

• Revolution of 1800 – 12th Amendment

• Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Adams to run out

• Reduced federal debt • Reduced the size of the army• Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • Marbury v. Madison (1803)


Louisiana Purchase

• Purchased from France in 1803

• Purchase price: $15,000,000 (three cents per acre)

• Doubled the size of the U.S. to that point (800,000 more square miles)

• Gave the U.S. complete control of the Mississippi River


Marbury v.Madison

Establishes Judicial Review

• Marbury—a “midnight judge” to whom Jefferson denied a commission

• Marbury sued under the Judiciary Act of 1789

• U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall rules Marbury’s claim was invalid

• Case established the concept of “judicial review”

Chief Justice John Marshall


Jefferson - Foreign Policy Issues

• Tripolitan War • Napoleonic Wars between Britain and

France – Embargo Act


Jefferson ’s Legacy

• Maintained many Federalist programs• Louisiana Purchase & expansionism ‖• Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic

government• Total domination of Federalists by 1816• Kept U.S. out of a damaging European

war• Victory over Barbary Pirates

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