AP Human AP Human GeographyGeography

Theories and Models ReviewTheories and Models Review

Demographic Transition Demographic Transition ModelModel

Stage One – High CBR High CDRStage One – High CBR High CDR Stage Two – High CBR decreasing CDRStage Two – High CBR decreasing CDR

Rapid population growthRapid population growth Stage Three – Decreasing CBR, increasing Stage Three – Decreasing CBR, increasing

decreasing CDRdecreasing CDR High life expectancyHigh life expectancy Slower population growthSlower population growth

Stage Four – Plateauing of CBR and CDRStage Four – Plateauing of CBR and CDR High life expectancyHigh life expectancy Constant or decreasing NIR (population growth)Constant or decreasing NIR (population growth)

Stage Five(?) – Post-industrial service based Stage Five(?) – Post-industrial service based societiessocieties Negative population growthNegative population growth

Epidemiological Transition Epidemiological Transition ModelModel

OrmanOrman States that with development comes States that with development comes

health improvementshealth improvements Health becomes less of a factor as Health becomes less of a factor as

development increasesdevelopment increases Flaws – heart disease in MDCs, Flaws – heart disease in MDCs,

AIDS/HIV (in both LDCs and MDCs), AIDS/HIV (in both LDCs and MDCs), obesity in U.S. impacting the richobesity in U.S. impacting the rich

Gravity ModelGravity Model Uses size of location and Uses size of location and

distance as factors for distance as factors for traveltravel

Size of location takes Size of location takes precedent over distanceprecedent over distance

The gravity model can be The gravity model can be used to estimate:used to estimate:

Traffic Flows Traffic Flows Migration between two Migration between two

areas areas The number of people The number of people

likely to use one central likely to use one central place place

Earnest Ravenstein Earnest Ravenstein (1885)(1885)

1) Most migrants only travel short distances 1) Most migrants only travel short distances to higher populated areasto higher populated areas

2) Migrants created gaps through the flow 2) Migrants created gaps through the flow towards the higher populated areas filling up towards the higher populated areas filling up space between origin and destinationspace between origin and destination

3) Counter-current of migration at destination3) Counter-current of migration at destination 4) Long distance migrants flock towards world 4) Long distance migrants flock towards world

cities or large industrial areascities or large industrial areas 5) The natives of towns are less migratory 5) The natives of towns are less migratory

than those of the rural parts of the countrythan those of the rural parts of the country 6) Females are more migratory than males6) Females are more migratory than males

Until recentlyUntil recently Men, or couples w/o children, young adult or senior Men, or couples w/o children, young adult or senior

citizens, no dependentscitizens, no dependents

Migration IssuesMigration Issues Push factorsPush factors

Things that push people to move away from a locationThings that push people to move away from a location Pull factorsPull factors

Things that draw people to a locationThings that draw people to a location Forced MigrationForced Migration

People forced to leave a given place permanentlyPeople forced to leave a given place permanently Usually based on ethnicity, religion, ideology, etc.Usually based on ethnicity, religion, ideology, etc.

RefugeesRefugees People leaving a location for fear of persecution or deathPeople leaving a location for fear of persecution or death War-torn nations, religious persecutionWar-torn nations, religious persecution Cuban refugeesCuban refugees

Intervening obstaclesIntervening obstacles Things that block migration streamsThings that block migration streams

Intervening opportunitiesIntervening opportunities Things that attract people while in the migration streamThings that attract people while in the migration stream

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population increases geometricallyPopulation increases geometrically Food production increases Food production increases

arithmeticallyarithmetically Population growth will create a food Population growth will create a food

shortage and this cannot keep up shortage and this cannot keep up with the NIRwith the NIR

Criticisms – technology not included, Criticisms – technology not included, no mention of who controls foodno mention of who controls food

Division within a Division within a ReligionReligion SchismSchism – separation of a religion into two or – separation of a religion into two or

more branches due to fundamental conflictsmore branches due to fundamental conflicts BranchBranch – major split in religious ideology – major split in religious ideology

within a specific religion. Often caused by within a specific religion. Often caused by schisms.schisms.

DenominationDenomination – smaller division of religions – smaller division of religions based on less significant differences and based on less significant differences and traditions (often stem from regional changes traditions (often stem from regional changes and can be a result of Diasporaand can be a result of Diaspora

Sect Sect – small offshoots of a denomination that – small offshoots of a denomination that retain the origins and basic belief structure, retain the origins and basic belief structure, but differ in organization – these can often be but differ in organization – these can often be found as progressive religionsfound as progressive religions

Forced and Voluntary Forced and Voluntary Movements of ReligionsMovements of Religions

DiasporaDiaspora – an acculturation of a religion – an acculturation of a religion due to forced movement from one location due to forced movement from one location to othersto others

PilgrimagePilgrimage – voluntary treks to holy land – voluntary treks to holy land or symbolic holy places (structures)or symbolic holy places (structures)

GhettosGhettos – areas created (often found in – areas created (often found in Europe) to house people of a given religion Europe) to house people of a given religion that is not accepted (ghettos can house that is not accepted (ghettos can house religions who are victims of Diaspora)religions who are victims of Diaspora)

Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution – punishment for – punishment for religious beliefsreligious beliefs

Von ThunenVon Thunen Agricultural land use modelAgricultural land use model AssumptionsAssumptions

All areas are equally fertileAll areas are equally fertile No intervening physical environmentNo intervening physical environment All areas around the world are similarAll areas around the world are similar

Uses BID RENT (OR LAND RENT) to figure out Uses BID RENT (OR LAND RENT) to figure out how much land will cost by calculating market how much land will cost by calculating market value of good, cost of transportation to market, value of good, cost of transportation to market, and production costsand production costs

This can determine how much land will cost in This can determine how much land will cost in each ring based on the each of the stated costseach ring based on the each of the stated costs

Milkshed – area surrounding the CBD or market Milkshed – area surrounding the CBD or market area where milk can be produced (anywhere area where milk can be produced (anywhere outside the ring milk will go bad due to travel outside the ring milk will go bad due to travel times)times)

Mackinder’s Heartland Mackinder’s Heartland Rimland TheoryRimland Theory

Heartland/RimlandHeartland/Rimland

Heartland – core of a location or continentHeartland – core of a location or continent Originally the core of Eurasia (Eastern Europe)Originally the core of Eurasia (Eastern Europe) The one who controls this region can control the The one who controls this region can control the

worldworld All heartlands share similarities (U.S. All heartlands share similarities (U.S.

heartland vs. Eastern Europe vs. Central heartland vs. Eastern Europe vs. Central India)India)

Rimland – areas surrounding heartlandsRimland – areas surrounding heartlands Usually have limited access to the heartlands Usually have limited access to the heartlands

and cultures are very differentand cultures are very different Border sealands and/or maritime regionsBorder sealands and/or maritime regions

StateState A defined area of space that includes four key features:A defined area of space that includes four key features:

Internationally recognizes bordersInternationally recognizes borders Governing bodyGoverning body Permanent populationPermanent population Sovereignty (governmental control of activities within the Sovereignty (governmental control of activities within the

state)state)

NationNation A group of people who share common A group of people who share common

cultural traits and are unified based on those cultural traits and are unified based on those traits (language, ethnicity, religion, etc.)traits (language, ethnicity, religion, etc.)

National boundaries can surpass political (or National boundaries can surpass political (or state) boundaries.state) boundaries.

Nation-State vs. Multi-Nation-State vs. Multi-nation Statenation State

Nation-states are states that share the Nation-states are states that share the same nationality throughout the entire same nationality throughout the entire political boundarypolitical boundary Japan, Portugal (w/o Azores)Japan, Portugal (w/o Azores)

Multi-nation states are states that Multi-nation states are states that have several different “nationalities” have several different “nationalities” within the political boundarieswithin the political boundaries United States, United Kingdom, RussiaUnited States, United Kingdom, Russia

IrredentismIrredentism The desire to annex (or claim) territory currently The desire to annex (or claim) territory currently

occupied or governed by another state as one’s own occupied or governed by another state as one’s own due to current or historical similaritiesdue to current or historical similarities Ethnic or cultural tiesEthnic or cultural ties Previous control of territoryPrevious control of territory Historic DiasporaHistoric Diaspora

NationalismNationalism The ideology led by a population to unify based on a The ideology led by a population to unify based on a

unified nationalityunified nationality Commonly used in revolutions, irredentist claims, or Commonly used in revolutions, irredentist claims, or

independence movementsindependence movements Purpose is usually centered around popular Purpose is usually centered around popular

sovereignty and the idea that the citizens should be in sovereignty and the idea that the citizens should be in controlcontrol

Self Determination Theory Self Determination Theory (SDT)(SDT)

Edward Deci and Richard RyanEdward Deci and Richard RyanPeople will naturally try to control People will naturally try to control

their environment and the activities their environment and the activities that take place within that that take place within that environmentenvironment

When others take control or When others take control or determine the fate of a given area, determine the fate of a given area, SDT can lead to revolt, coup d’etat, SDT can lead to revolt, coup d’etat, or irredentismor irredentism

Enclave and ExclaveEnclave and Exclave

Exclave —Exclave —a bounded (non-island) a bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is part of a piece of territory that is part of a particular state but lies separated particular state but lies separated from it by the territory of another from it by the territory of another statestate

Enclave —Enclave —a piece of territory that a piece of territory that is surrounded by another political is surrounded by another political unit of which it is not a partunit of which it is not a part

Multi-state (International Multi-state (International Level)Level)

The use of political boundaries to define The use of political boundaries to define international organizations or multi-state international organizations or multi-state organizationsorganizations Soviet UnionSoviet Union European UnionEuropean Union United NationsUnited Nations

These organizations share one or more common:These organizations share one or more common: Political interestsPolitical interests Military interests (NATO)Military interests (NATO) Economic interestsEconomic interests Human interestsHuman interests Cultural interestsCultural interests

Colonialism vs. Colonialism vs. NeocolonialismNeocolonialism

Colonialism – sovereign state takes control Colonialism – sovereign state takes control over an uninhabited or uncontrolled parcel of over an uninhabited or uncontrolled parcel of land and claims it as their own land and claims it as their own

Imperialism – sovereign state takes control Imperialism – sovereign state takes control over another sovereign state or group of over another sovereign state or group of people to impose political, cultural, and people to impose political, cultural, and economic values on the people (Africa, economic values on the people (Africa, Southeast Asia, United States)Southeast Asia, United States)

Neocolonialism – current dependence of Neocolonialism – current dependence of former colonies on the previous colonizer (sub-former colonies on the previous colonizer (sub-Saharan Africa). Also based on globalization Saharan Africa). Also based on globalization and capitalist claims to resources around the and capitalist claims to resources around the worldworld

Cultural DeterminismCultural Determinism A group’s culture can overcome any A group’s culture can overcome any

environmental obstacles if they are environmental obstacles if they are determined to do so.determined to do so.

If the obstacle is too large, the group If the obstacle is too large, the group will move on, or continue to overcome will move on, or continue to overcome their physical environment.their physical environment.Examples?Examples?

StonehengeStonehenge Pyramids in EgyptPyramids in Egypt

PossibilismPossibilism This theory challenges environmental This theory challenges environmental

determinism and places limits on cultural determinism and places limits on cultural determinismdeterminism

Possibilism is the belief that while people Possibilism is the belief that while people may face challenges regarding physical may face challenges regarding physical environment, choices are always present environment, choices are always present as to how one can deal with each problemas to how one can deal with each problem

However, possibilists still retain the notion However, possibilists still retain the notion that humans can’t control all aspects of that humans can’t control all aspects of their environmenttheir environment

Cultural HearthsCultural HearthsThe center or starting point of a The center or starting point of a cultural traitcultural trait

Regions can be defined by hearthsRegions can be defined by hearthsExamples?Examples?

Vatican CityVatican CityBirth of Blues (Memphis, Birth of Blues (Memphis, Tennessee)Tennessee)

Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion

Relocation diffusionRelocation diffusionHierarchical diffusionHierarchical diffusionContagious diffusionContagious diffusionStimulus diffusionStimulus diffusionExpansion diffusionExpansion diffusion

AcculturationAcculturation The spread of a cultural complex or a cultural The spread of a cultural complex or a cultural

trait from one location to anothertrait from one location to another The process of another culture embracing or The process of another culture embracing or

adding that cultural trait to their cultural complexadding that cultural trait to their cultural complex

AssimilationA culture is completely dominated by another

cultureForced migrationImperialization

Development ModelsDevelopment Models

Rostow’s Stages of Developmental Rostow’s Stages of Developmental GrowthGrowth TraditionalTraditional Transitional (pre-conditional takeoff)Transitional (pre-conditional takeoff) TakeoffTakeoff Drive to maturityDrive to maturity Mass consumptionMass consumption

Core-Periphery ModelCore-Periphery Model Friedmann (1966)Friedmann (1966) World can be divided into:World can be divided into:

Core: industrialized cities and areas around the Core: industrialized cities and areas around the world that are hubs for social and economic world that are hubs for social and economic activityactivity

Transitional: developing areas that strive to Transitional: developing areas that strive to reach core status, but can be left out by the reach core status, but can be left out by the power of the corepower of the core

Periphery: locations and countries that are at Periphery: locations and countries that are at the mercy of core countries and often support the mercy of core countries and often support the economic success of these areasthe economic success of these areas

Most are trying to get to transitional, but are Most are trying to get to transitional, but are forced to remain peripheryforced to remain periphery

Wallerstein’s World Systems Wallerstein’s World Systems TheoryTheory

The redistribution of resources The redistribution of resources (natural or human) from periphery (natural or human) from periphery to transitional and core areasto transitional and core areas

World Systems theories can help World Systems theories can help explain slow development, migratory explain slow development, migratory patterns, economic advantages, etc.patterns, economic advantages, etc.

Weber – Least Cost Weber – Least Cost TheroyTheroy

Industries will naturally locate themselves Industries will naturally locate themselves in places where they can have the least in places where they can have the least cost of production/manufacturingcost of production/manufacturing Distance to marketDistance to market Labor costsLabor costs Access to resourcesAccess to resources TransportationTransportation

Based on this theory, some parts of the Based on this theory, some parts of the world are likely to industrialize much more world are likely to industrialize much more rapidly than othersrapidly than others

Some areas are likely to never industrializeSome areas are likely to never industrialize

Hotelling’s ModelHotelling’s Model Locational Interdependence TheoryLocational Interdependence Theory

Agglomerations – groupings of specific industries Agglomerations – groupings of specific industries in certain areas due to specificity, resources in certain areas due to specificity, resources needed, and labor forceneeded, and labor force

Silicon ValleySilicon Valley Rust beltRust belt Coal miningCoal mining

Hotelling states that companies will naturally Hotelling states that companies will naturally form agglomerations and seek locations close form agglomerations and seek locations close to their competitors (think Best Buy and to their competitors (think Best Buy and Circuit City)Circuit City)

People will go to one or the other and this People will go to one or the other and this could maximize their market sharecould maximize their market share

Compete by service and product, NOT PRICECompete by service and product, NOT PRICE

Central Place TheoryCentral Place Theory

The central place theory, originally The central place theory, originally coined by Walter Christaller, coined by Walter Christaller, proposes that all settlements will be proposes that all settlements will be located near central placeslocated near central places Rivers, government buildings, physical Rivers, government buildings, physical

features, or places of interestfeatures, or places of interest The people that utilize services in The people that utilize services in

this “place” are called the marketthis “place” are called the market

HinterlandHinterland

The areas that surround urban areas and The areas that surround urban areas and that support urban markets/activitiesthat support urban markets/activities

Farmland, smaller rural manufacturing, Farmland, smaller rural manufacturing, etc.etc.

Originally meant to define areas Originally meant to define areas surrounding ports or riverssurrounding ports or rivers

Foreland = river banks and ports for Foreland = river banks and ports for shippingshipping

Hinterland – areas used to make products Hinterland – areas used to make products for shippingfor shipping