AP Psychology Exam Info Monday, May 5 (afternoon session)

Bring photo ID, pens/pencils, & DO NOT BE LATE 2 hour, 10 minute exam

Part 1: Multiple choice○ 100 questions (A-E)○ 70 minutes○ ANSWER EVERY QUESTION! GUESS GUESS GUESS!

10 minute break Part 2: Free response

○ 2 questions○ 50 minutes○ ANSWER DIRECTLY!

AP Psychology Exam Info

Composite Score AP Grade (approx.)96-150 5

74-95 4

55-73 3

36-54 2

0-35 1

150 total possible points (100 multiple choice, 50 free response)

Unit 1 Review Topics Important People to Know

John Locke Rene Descartes Hippocrates Wilhelm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud

Terms/Ideas psychology phrenology structuralism introspection functionalism Gestalt

○ perceptual units psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory

○ unconscious behaviorism humanistic psychology cognitive psychology social psychology nature vs. nurture psychology vs. psychiatry

Unit 2 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

random assignment reliability validity (internal & external) demand characteristics placebo effect double-blind design Descriptive statistics

○ measures of central tendency○ measures of variability

Inferential statistics○ statistical significance○ meta-analysis

informed consent debriefing Institutional Review Boards

(IRBs)

Terms/Ideas hypothesis theory operational definition population sample (random sampling) Descriptive research

○ case study○ surveys○ naturalistic observation

Correlational research○ correlation coefficient (r)○ direction and size of correlations○ drawbacks?

Experimental research○ independent & dependent variables○ experimental & control conditions○ confounds

Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

agonists & antagonists Nervous system

○ central and peripheral○ PNS = Skeletal and autonomic○ ANS = sympathetic and

parasympathetic Endocrine system

○ hormones○ pituitary gland

Mapping Brain Functions○ EEG○ CT scan○ PET scan○ MRI & fMRI

Terms/Ideas glial cells Neuron

○ cell body/soma○ nucleus○ dendrites○ axon○ myelin sheath○ Nodes of Ranvier○ terminal buttons/terminal branches

resting potential action potential threshold (“all or none law”) synapse/synaptic cleft Neurotransmitters

○ vescicles○ receptors○ reuptake

Unit 3 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Forebrain, cont.○ cerebral cortex

frontal lobeparietal lobetemporal lobeoccipital lobe

○ corpus callosumplasticity

Important People to KnowPhineas GageH.M.

Terms/IdeasHindbrain

○ medulla○ pons○ reticular formation○ cerebellum

Midbrain○ thalamus

Forebrain○ limbic system

hippocampushypothalamusamygdala

Unit 4 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Visual Sensation & Perception, cont.○ cues to depth perception

(monocular vs. binocular)○ motion perception

stroboscopic effectphi phenomenon

○ change blindness○ Stroop task

Auditory Sensation & Perception○ amplitude & frequency of sound

waves○ parts of the ear○ pitch theories (place theory,

frequency theory)○ cocktail party effect

gate-control theory of pain synesthesia

Terms/Ideas sensation vs. perception bottom-up & top-down processing absolute threshold

○ just-noticeable difference (JND)○ Weber’s Law

priming sensory adaptation transduction Visual Sensation & Perception

○ amplitude & frequency of light waves

○ parts of the eye○ theories of color vision

trichromatic theoryopponent-process theory

(afterimages)○ feature detector neurons

Unit 5 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Sleep, cont.○ sleep disorders

insomnia narcolepsy (hypocretin) sleep apnea night terrors

Hypnosis○ absorption○ applications of hypnosis

Psychoactive drugs○ addiction, tolerance, & withdrawal○ 3 classes:

depressants stimulants hallucinogens

Near-death experiences

Terms/Ideas consciousness (normal/waking vs.

altered states) Sleep

○ circadian rhythm (roles of hypothalamus, pineal gland, melatonin)

○ stages of sleepbrain wave activity

○ Why do we sleep?○ Why do we dream?

Freud (manifest vs. latent content)

sctivation-synthesis theorymemory consolidation

Unit 6 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Operant conditioning○ Law of Effect○ shaping○ positive & negative reinforcement○ 4 schedules of partial reinforcement:

fixed ratiovariable ratiofixed intervalvariable interval

○ positive & negative punishment Other types of learning besides

conditioning○ latent learning○ insight learning○ social/observational learning

(modeling)○ mirror neurons

Terms/Ideas Classical conditioning

○ 4 aspects:unconditioned stimulus (US)conditioned stimulus (CS)unconditioned response (UR)conditioned response (CR)

○ acquisition○ extinction○ reacquisition○ spontaneous recovery○ stimulus discrimination○ stimulus generalization○ biological preparedness○ taste aversion (Garcia & Koelling

study)○ systematic desensitization

Unit 6 Review Topics Important People to Know

Ivan PavlovJohn WatsonEdward ThorndikeBF SkinnerWolfgang KohlerAlbert Bandura

In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

1. A college guy spends a summer going down to the football field every day, scattering birdseed all over the field while blowing a whistle, then walking off. Fall arrives, and the school’s first home game

starts. The referee walks out and blows his whistle - and the game has to be delayed half an hour to remove the birds who flocked when they heard the sound of the whistle.

In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

2. This story is from the U.S. Army’s Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. MaryBeth Garrigan of the University of Minnesota recalls a bird-watching assignment there during explosives testing. “Looking through my binoculars, I saw a pair

of red-tailed hawks sitting on a telephone pole, and as the bombing started, I expected the birds to fly away in a panic. Instead they flew to a platform closer to the explosions!”

She made sense of this when the bombing subsided, and the hawks began flying slowly over the field, diving down and picking up what looked like shell-shocked mice and rabbits.

In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

3. It’s your first day of college! Ah yes, your first experiences with dorm life. You are standing in the shower, trying to wake up, when you hear someone flush the toilet, then a few seconds later the shower water turns scaldingly hot! You yell and jump out of the way. After the water temperature returns to normal,

you resume the shower, but someone else flushes the toilet, the water gets hot, you jump again.

Sooner or later (sooner, I hope!), you begin to jump out of the way as soon as you hear a toilet flush without waiting to get burned.

In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

4. While crossing an intersection, you are nearly run down by a car. The next time you approach that intersection, you find yourself feeling nervous (e.g. palms sweating, heart racing, etc.)

In-Class Assignment:Classical Conditioning (5 pts.)

5. In order to punish your cat even when you’re not close enough to reach him, you have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle.

Unit 7 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Memory, cont.○ retrograde & anterograde

amnesia○ long-term potentiation○ flashbulb memories○ memory interference

(proactive & retroactive)○ repression○ mnemonic devices

Terms/Ideas Memory

○ 3 steps to forming a memory (encoding, storage, retrieval)

○ Atkinson & Shiffring (1968): 3 Stage Model of Memorysensory memory short-term

(working) memory long-term memory

○ rehearsal○ chunking○ levels/depth of processing○ primacy & recency effects○ types of memories

explicit vs. implicitepisodic, semantic

Unit 7 Review Topics Important People to Know

Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus Benjamin Whorf Noam Chomsky

Terms/Ideas Thinking

○ linguistic relativity (Whorf)○ algorithms vs. heuristics

heuristics: availability, representativeness, anchor & adjust

○ confirmation bias Language

○ phonemes, morphemes○ grammar (syntax, semantics)○ Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s

aphasia

Unit 8 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Emotion○ catharsis○ 3 important theories of emotion

1. James-Lange2. Cannon-Bard3. two-factor theory

(Schacter & Singer)○ polygraph tests

Important People to Know Abraham Maslow Paul Ekman Schacter & Singer

Terms/Ideas Motivation

○ drive-reduction theory○ law of optimal arousal (aka.

Yerkes-Dodson Law)○ hunger (lateral & ventromedial

hypothalamus)anorexia nervosa, bulimia

nervosa○ evolutionary perspective on

mating habits○ flow

Unit 9 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Psychosocial Development○ attachment styles○ critical period/imprinting○ Baumrind’s parenting styles○ Erikson’s stage model

Moral Development○ Kohlberg’s stage model

dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease Important People to Know

Jean Piaget Harry Harlow Mary Ainsworth Konrad Lorenz Lawrence Kohlberg Erik Erikson

Terms/Ideas Physical/Prenatal

Development○ zygote embryo fetus○ teratogens

Cognitive Development○ schemas (assimilation &

accomodation)○ Piaget’s stage model

object permanenceconservationegocentrism/theory of

mind○ autism

5 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!

Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control?

1. authoritarian style impose rules, expect unquestioning

obedience & conformity high expectations, but no explanation of

rules (“Why? Because I said so.”) most likely to use physical punishment kids: low in social competence

rarely take initiative, look to others for what is right

lack spontaneity

Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control?

2. permissive stylewarm, but lax, stylesubmit to children’s wishes, make

few demands, use little punishment, few rules

kids: selfish, impulsive, aggressive, insecure, low achievers often lacking in social responsibility

Child Rearing Practices:Level of Control?

3. authoritative styleboth demanding & responsiveset rules & enforce them...

...but explain reasons for rules ...and explain why punishment is

happeningencourage independencekids: high self-esteem,

independence ability to reason, form own

opinions & arguments

Unit 10 Review Topics

Terms/Ideas, cont. Trait approach

○ factor analysis○ five-factor theory of

personality (“the Big Five”) learned helplessness

Important People to Know Sigmund Freud Anna O. Carl Jung Gordon Allport

Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic theory (aka.

psychodynamic)○ the unconscious○ accessing the unconscious:

dreams (manifest vs. latent content)

free associationhypnosisprojective tests

○ id, superego, & ego○ Freud’s stage model of

psychosexual development○ Oedipus complex○ defense mechanisms:

repression, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation

4 REVIEW DAYS LEFT!

Unit 11 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

stereotype threat Important People to Know

Charles SpearmanHoward GardnerAlfred Binet & Theodore

SimonLewis Terman

Terms/Ideas Intelligence

○ general intelligence (g)○ emotional intelligence○ convergent vs. divergent thinking

(creativity?)○ crystallized vs. fluid intelligence

Intelligence testing○ Intelligence quotient (IQ)○ famous IQ tests:

Binet-SimonStanford-BinetWAIS/WISC

○ standardization○ reliability (test-retest, split-half)○ validity (criterion)

Stray Topic #1: Hans Selye General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)3 stage model of reactions to stress:

○ 1. Alarm (fight-or-flight, sympathetic NS, prepare body)○ 2. Resistance (remain physically “ready”; can deplete energy if

too long)○ 3. Exhaustion (parasympathetic NS)

more vulnerable to disease, illness in Exhaustion stage

Stray Topic #2: Opponent-Process Theory

Not just for color vision…also opposing processes in emotions, addictionEmotions & skydivers

○ inexperienced = more scared before, less pleasure upon landing

○ experienced = less scared before, more pleasure upon landing

Stray Topic #3: A Few Misc. Names Carol Gilliganrefined Kohlberg’s stage theory

○ men = absolute in their morality○ women = more likely to take situation into account

Hubel & Wieselfeature detector neurons

Robert RescorlaContingency model of classical conditioning (aka. Rescorla-

Wagner model)○ Pavlov = contiguity model (more pairings = more learning)○ Rescorla = contingency model (more CONSISTENT

pairings = more learning)Expectations/cognition matter in conditioning

Schacter & Singer: two-factor theory of emotion

Unit 12 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Mood disorders○ Major depressive disorder

(MDD)Seasonal affective disorder

(SAD)○ Bipolar disorder (BD)

Schizophrenia○ delusions, hallucinations,

language disruptionsPersonality disorders

○ especially borderline (BPD) and antisocial (APD)

Important People to KnowDavid Rosenhan

Terms/Ideas Diagnostic & Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)○ 5 axes

Anxiety Disorders○ Generalized anxiety disorder

(GAD)○ Panic disorder (PD)○ Agoraphobia○ Phobias○ Social anxiety disorder (SAD)

(aka. social phobia)○ Obsessive-compulsive

disorder (OCD)○ Post-traumatic stress disorder

(PTSD)

Unit 13 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Types of Medication○ antipsychotics,

antidepressants, antianxiety, mood-stabilizers

“Alternative” Therapies○ electroconvulsive therapy

(ECT), rTMS, EMDR, lobotomy Important People to Know

Sigmund FreudCarl Rogers

Terms/Ideas Psychoanalytic Therapy

○ resistance○ transference

Humanistic Therapy○ client-centered therapy○ active listening

Behavioral therapy○ counterconditioning○ token economies○ systematic desensitization

Cognitive therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Stray Topic #4: Types of Intelligence Tests

aptitude tests: ability, what you can do

achievement tests: knowledge, what you have learned

Stray Topic #5: Somatoform Disorders

experiencing physical problems in the absence of any physical causehypochondriasis: frequent physical complaints for

which doctors cannot find cause○ minor problems indicative of major problems?

conversion disorder: severe physical problems with no apparent biological reason (paralysis, blindness)

Due to unresolved unconscious conflicts? Reinforced behaviors?

Stray Topic #6: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Specific type of CBT Developed by Albert

Ellis Aims to expose,

confront dysfunctional thoughts of clients

Stray Topic #7: Group Dynamics besides social facilitation, social loafing group polarization: groups make more

extreme decisions than they would individually

groupthink: group members suppress concerns about ideas that group supportsfalse unanimity (missing important flaws in

idea?)

Unit 14 Review Topics Terms/Ideas, cont.

Stereotypes, prejudice, & discrimination○ Explicit vs. implicit attitudes (IAT)○ outgroup homogeneity, ingroup

favoritism Persuasion

○ Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

○ persuasion techniques: foot-in-the-doordoor-in-the-face

Attraction & relationships○ mere exposure effect○ halo effect○ Sternberg’s triangle theory

Group processes○ social facilitation, social loafing

Terms/Ideas Hindsight bias Fundamental attribution error Social roles (Stanford Prison

Study) Cognitive dissonance Conformity

○ Informational & normative social influence

Obedience to authority Helping behavior

○ Bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility

Terror Management Theory

Unit 14 Review Topics Important People to Know

Phil ZimbardoLeon FestingerSolomon AschStanley Milgram