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Hoovers Foreign Policy
Hoovers Foreign PolicyAP US HistoryMr. MelvinUnit 6, Reading 2The Beginnings1929 policy marked with goodwill and peaceBelieved last major war foughtEurope would take care of itselfLatin America and Asia, with occasional US advice
Expected arms race to stopKellogg-Briand Pact?
The Good Neighbor PolicyWent on 10-week Latin American tourPromised not to intervene in affairs1930- Secretary of State (Stimson) announces recognition of de-facto governments1930- Repudiated Monroe Doctrine1933- Removed marines from Nicaragua
Henry Stimson
The Good Neighbor Policy50 Latin American revolutions took place
Kept his word hands off
Revolts sometimes led to stoppage of debt payments or nationalization of US assets
Better relations with Latin America1930 London ConferenceU.S., England, and Japan continue 5 Power Treaty on capital shipsUS & England formula to limit smaller shipsJapans ratio # Gave Japan equal number of submarines1930 London ConferenceFrance refused to limit naval productionThreat of Fascist Italy
All powers created escalator clauseAllow major powers to increase fleets if their national security was ever threatenedEuropean Financial CrisisFinancial Panic in Europe by 1931Cause: US investors cut of loans to GermanyNo reparations paymentsAllies couldnt pay back debts to U.S. (WWI)
Hoover 1 year moratorium on debt payments and reparationsJune 1930Another Financial IssueUS banks lent $1.7 billion without collateralEuropean bank closings made debt collection impossible
July 1930 Stimson Standstill AgreementFroze private debts gave bankers time to protect assetsExtended through March 1933Another Financial IssueStandstill Agreement didnt stop panicInvestors began hoarding moneyRuns on banks Made every major country except Italy, France, and US off gold standardLed to countries depreciating the value of their $The Gold StandardEvery currency has a different value.Thing that makes them comparable is gold.Makes it easy to convertGoing off gold standard = floating currency exchange rates & values
Europe & FinancesHigh U.S. tariff made international trade difficult (Hoover failed to lower)Lausanne Conference (1932)G.B. & France agreed to scale down reparations IF U.S. scaled back its debtsHoover & Congress refused
Led toNations defaulting on loansBad feelings between U.S. and EuropeCountries not doing anything to stop Japans aggressionJapan & ChinaSince 1905:Japan controlled economy of Southern ManchuriaLet China politically claim it, as long as it didnt interfere with Japans economyJapan & China1920s Chaing Kai-shek took control of Chinese governmentWanted to regain full control of China again
Russians were building a RR where its Pacific station was near ManchuriaLed to Japanese sending more troops to Manchuria
Expansion into Manchuria
Japan & ChinaFall 1931 Japanese military took control of governmentSept. 1931 occupy Shenyang & other Manchurian cities (political control)Violated Kellogg-Briand Pact & 9 Power Treaty
Manchurian Invasion
Japan & ChinaChina turns to League of Nations for helpMembers paralyzed by depression
January 1932 Japanese continue to advance in ManchuriaStimson sent notes to both (Non-recognition doctrine)U.S. would not recognize any territory change brought about by forceAnything that impaired U.S. trade Anything that took away Chinese territorial independenceJapan & ChinaLate Jan. 1932 Japan invades Shanghai Kills thousands of civilians
Feb. 1932 Stimson reiterates non-recognition and asked other countries to helpNobody did
Japan & ChinaLeague of Nations voted to adopt Stimsons non-recognition doctrineNamed Japan aggressor and called on them to return Manchuria
Japan just quits League
Japan1933 Congress passes bill giving Philippines its independenceThrew islands to mercy of an aggressive Japan
Nazi PartyNazi Party National Socialist Worker Party Mussolinis Fascist Party
Fascism CharacteristicsCharacteristics:Powerful NationalismDisdain for Human RightsIdentification of Enemies or ScapegoatsMilitary SupremacySexism (Male-dominated)Control of Mass Media Outlets (Propaganda)Obsession with National Security (Anti-Communist)Usage of Secret Police to keep orderIntertwining of Religion & Government (Single Leader)
Nazi PartyWorld Disaramament Conference (1932)France wanted more security from GermanyUS wouldnt give it
Hitler & Nazi Party controlled Germany by 1933 - LEGALLY