Ming and Qing China and Tokugawa Japan

AP World HistoryMr. Charnley

Ming Dynasty

Zhu Yuanzhang 14th century Yuan dynasty

military leader Civil war between

military rebel leaders and Mongol rulers

Emperor Hongwu Removed Mongol

influence from China

Ming Dynasty

Hongwu Emperor Neo Confucianism▪ Revival of Confucian philosophy▪ Rejected Buddhist and Taoist

influences of Confucianism Civil Service System Restored Confucian scholar-

gentry Consolidated power▪ Public punishment for corrupt

officials▪ Limited number of eunuchs in

capital▪ Exiled claimants to imperial

throne▪ Imperial marriages to women

from peasantry

Ming Dynasty

Hongwu Emperor Empowered peasantry▪ Public works projects▪ Land grants

Rise of scholar-gentry▪ Wealthy landholders and educated imperial

officials▪ Neo-Confucian social, gender, and familial

roles

Ming Dynasty Economic prosperity

Columbian Exchange▪ Maize▪ Sweet potatoes▪ Peanuts

Population growth▪ Doubled between 17th and 19th

centuries International trade▪ High demand for silk, tea, and

ceramics▪ Spanish and Portuguese silver

imports▪ Restricted foreign markets to

Macao and Canton

Ming Dynasty Zhu Di

1403-1424 Exploration▪ Zheng He (1405-1433)▪ Demonstrated Chinese

wealth, power, and technological superiority to Southeast Asia, Middle East, and East Africa▪ Expeditions abandoned by

government in favor of isolationism

Public Works▪ Forbidden City▪ Great Wall

Ming Dynasty

Foreign influence Christian Missionaries▪ Jesuits▪ Sought to use European

technology and science to win favor of emperor

▪ Matteo Ricci Decline

Isolationism Weak leadership Corrupt bureaucracy and

landowning aristocracy Fell in 1644 to Chinese

rebels and Manchurian invaders

Qing Dynasty

Nurhachi Ming vassal United Manchu tribes

Sinification▪ Bureaucracy▪ Confucian ceremonies and rituals▪ Chinese scholar-gentry

Invasion Allied with Ming to help put down rebellion Captured Beijing and conquered China

Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty Preserved Ming administration▪ Civil service exams▪ Neo-Confucianism▪ Dual-administration = Manchu and Han

officials for each position Emperor Kangxi▪ Confucian scholar▪ Commissioned the publishing of

encyclopedias

Qing Dynasty

Economy Public works projects Low taxation Land grants to peasants▪ Rise of landowning aristocracy

Foreign trade▪ Lifted Ming ban on foreign trade▪ Imported silver▪ Exported tea, porcelain, silk

Tokugawa Japan

Japanese society Feudalistic▪ Emperor▪ Regent▪ Shogun▪ Bakufu▪ Daimyo

Warlike Decentralized▪ Bushi▪ Daimyo▪ Samurai▪ Ronin▪ Ninja

Tokugawa Japan

Oda Nobunaga Member of Daimyo

class Adopted European

firearms▪ Acquired from

Portuguese traders in 16th century

Civil War▪ Deposed Ashikaga

Shogunate in 1573▪ Betrayed by vassals

and killed

Tokugawa Japan

Toyotomi Hideyoshi Loyal vassal of

Nobunaga Conquered Japan in

1590 Invasions of Korea▪ Defeated in 1592▪ Died on campaign in

1598

Tokugawa Japan

Tokugawa Ieyasu Won civil wars after death

of Hideyoshi▪ Battle of Sekigahar (1600)▪ Reorganized daimyo estates

Named shogun by emperor in 1603 = Tokugawa Shogunate

Moved capital to Edo (Tokyo)▪ Emperor still resided in

Kyoto▪ Required Daimyo to live in

Edo for part of the year as hostages

Tokugawa Japan Foreign Influence

Trade▪ Exported silver, copper, and

pottery▪ Imported firearms, printing

presses, and clocks Religion▪ Jesuit missionaries converted

daimyo to Christianity▪ Francis Xavier

▪ Nobunaga encouraged missionaries to weaken Buddhist monasteries

▪ Hideyoshi exiled missionaries and persecuted Christians

▪ Ieyasu banned Christianity in 1614

Tokugawa Japan

Isolationism 1616 all foreigners were restricted to port cities 1630 Japanese ships could not trade or sail

overseas 1640’s – only Dutch and Chinese could trade

with Japan from island of Deshima near Nagasaki

Banned foreign books School of National Learning▪ Return to indigenous Japanese culture▪ Anti-Confucianism