APA DOCUMENTATION

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DOCUMENTING our sources means GIVING CREDIT to the sources.

Why do we care?

Recognizing sources… •establishes credibility •persuades others to take our words seriously •allows readers to find the sources themselves

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Keep in mind… When doing your research, you need to keep track of certain information about your sources:

•author or other creator (e.g., editor, photographer) •title(s) of work (journal, book, website, etc.)(article, chapter, webpage, etc.) •publisher or sponsor •place of publication or web locator •date published/last updated/copyrighted

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As a system of documentation, the APA requires two citations:

1) brief in-text documentation each time an outside source is used, whether by quotation, paraphrase, or summary

2) complete and detailed documentation in a list of references or sources at the end of the text

The in-text citation and the complete citation in the references list work together. The in-text citation tells the reader exactly where to find the complete citation on the references list. The complete citation on the references list tells the reader how to find the source for him/herself.

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We’ll start with the bibliographic entries on the

references list because, once we know how to do these

detailed entries, the in-text citations will be easy.

REFERENCES LIST: BASIC RULES

• Begin on a separate page at end of your text.

• Center the page title (References); do not use quotation marks, boldface, or italics.

•Double-space entries.

•Format with hanging indent (Home toolbar, Paragraph box expanded, Indentation: Special).

•Invert authors’ names: last name, then initials of first name.

•Name up to seven authors.

•Alphabetize entries.

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REFERENCES LIST: Basic rules, continued

•Present journal titles in full; do not abbreviate.

•Capitalize all major words in periodical titles. But, when referring to other sources (books, chapters, articles, web pages, etc.), capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and the first letter of proper nouns.

•Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

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Tip: Find the example in the APA manual or this presentation that is most similar to your

source and use the format of that example.

Warning: Software that formats citations is unreliable. You need to know the proper citation format yourself.

REFERENCES LIST: BASIC FORM for each entry

Include information about a journal article in the following order:

•author(s) by last name, followed by initials

•publication year in parentheses

•title of article or other short work

•title of the longer work (in which the short work is found) italicized

•volume number italicized

•issue number, if any, in parentheses

•page numbers indicating where article/short work appears in long work

•for online sources, give the DOI if a DOI has been assigned to the article. If no DOI has been assigned, write “Retrieved from” and give the URL of the website from which you are retrieving the periodical.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. DOI[or Retrieved from http://...]

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REFERENCES LIST: Capitalization

The APA’s rules about capitalization are a little complicated.

•Use sentence case for the title of an article or other short work, meaning that you only capitalize the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and the first letter of proper nouns

•For titles of the longer works in which short works are found:

•If the long work is not a periodical—books, websites, movies, etc.—use sentence case.

Ex: Thoreau, H.D. (1849). Civil disobedience. In G. McMichael (Ed.), Anthology of American literature, Vol. 1: Colonial through romantic (pp. 1556- 1571). New York, NY: McMillan Publishing Company, 1989.

•If the long work is a periodical, i.e., it is published periodically–scholarly journals, newspapers, magazines, etc.—use title case, meaning that you capitalize the first letter of all words except articles (a, an, the), simple conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.), and short prepositions (at, by, for, to, with, from, etc.).

Ex: Cunningham, J.A., & Selby, P. (2007). Relighting cigarettes: How common is it? Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 9, 621-623. doi: 10.1080/ 14622200701239688

REFERENCES LIST: AUTHOR/AUTHORS

The rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply regardless of the type of work (printed or online, book, article, interview, digital image, etc.).

Single author Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. Two authors Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

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REFERENCES LIST: Author/authors, continued

Three to seven authors Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

More than seven authors Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335.

Organization as author American Psychological Association. (2003). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th Ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

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If no human being is identified as the author, look for the organization responsible for creating the source material.

REFERENCES LIST: Author/authors, continued

Creator but no author Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Spielberg, S. (Director & producer). (2012). Lincoln [Motion picture]. Universal City, CA: Dreamworks. No author or creator named Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http: //www.britannica.com/Dbchecked/topic/724633/feminism

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When you cite a source with no author or creator named, begin with the source's title instead of a name.

If there’s no “author,” but a human being created the source material, name the creator where you would have put the author’s name. Indicate in parentheses the creator’s role.

REFERENCES LIST: PRINT SOURCES

Article in journal Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13. Article in magazine Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

Review Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467. 13

If a periodical is published weekly or daily, provide a more precise date than just the year.

REFERENCES LIST: Print sources, continued Book Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Edited book – No author Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

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For printed books, list the city and the state where the publisher is located. Use the two letter postal abbreviation without periods. Ex: New York, NY.

REFERENCES LIST: Print sources, continued Selection from an anthology Cosby, B. (2008). The baffling question. In K. Flachmann & M. Flachmann (Eds.), The Prose Reader: Essays for Thinking, Reading, and Writing, 8th Ed. (pp. 153-155). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Government document National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Photograph, photographer unknown, no title [Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917-1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137, Folder 2292). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, New Haven, CT.

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If no author or creator is named, and no title can be found, give the document a short descriptive title in brackets.

REFERENCES LIST: ONLINE SOURCES

Article from an online periodical Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Article from an online periodical, no DOI assigned Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the journal home page, to provide your readers with enough information to find the article.

Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http: //www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html

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It is not necessary to include database information in citations because databases change over time. More importantly,

provide the homepage for the article or for the journal in which the article was published. If the database does not provide this

information, you may need to look it up.

REFERENCES LIST: Online sources, continued Article from an online periodical, DOI assigned

Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An Annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Wooldridge, M.B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with technology: Mother-toddler interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.005

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Publishers who follow best practices state the DOI prominently on the first page of an article. Sometimes the

DOI is hidden under a button labeled Article, CrossRef, PubMed, or name of other vendor of full-text articles.

REFERENCE LIST: Online sources, continued

Encyclopedias and dictionaries – No author named Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name or title to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry.

Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://ww.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism Article – No author named Anabaptist. (n.d.). In Wikipedia.org. Retrieved January 22, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptists

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Include retrieval date if the address could change, as for a wiki.

The APA’s Publication Manual warns that wikis (like a Wikipedia entry, for example) are collaborative projects that

cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.

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REFERENCES LIST: Online sources, continued Blog associated with newspaper

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry [Blog]. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:// well.blogs.nytimes.com

If the nature of the document is not clear, insert some descriptive language in brackets after the title.

REFERENCES LIST: Audiovisual media–Online Map Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/ Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf Photograph, photographer known Buren, D. (Photographer). (2012). Grand Palais–November 13, 2012, photo of the day: People and culture. National Geographic. Retrieved from http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/ photography/photo-of-the-day/art-grand-palais/ Photograph, photographer unknown, no title [Photograph of winery]. (2011, November). In Dwell: At home in the modern world, Reign of terroir. Retrieved from http://www. dwell.com/food/article/reign-terroir 20

REFERENCES LIST: Audiovisual–Online, continued Advertisement—no author, no title Pierre Balmain Spring/Summer 13. (2013). In Vogue.com [magazine advertisement]. Retrieved January 21, 2013, from www.vogue. com/magazine

Graphic data (e.g., interactive maps and other graphic representations of data) Name of researching organization. (Date). [Type of data and form of data]. Project name. Retrieval information

Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration, the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8, 2007]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion- p?page=input_data_for_ spectra.ion

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In the absence of an author/creator and a title, take the most prominent text as the title.

REFERENCES LIST: Audiovisual–Online, continued Online interview If an audio or video file or a transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview transcript], [Interview audio file], [Interview video file): Butler, C. (Interviewer) & Stevenson, R. (Interviewee). (1999). Oral History 2 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http://www11. jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm

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If an interview is not retrievable in audio, video, or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the

reference list) and provide month, day, and year in the text.

Movie Spielberg, S. (Director & producer). (2012). Lincoln [Motion picture]. Universal City, CA: Dreamworks. Podcast Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/ Single episode from a television series Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.

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REFERENCES LIST: More audiovisual sources

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Video American Psychological Association (Producer). (2000). Responding therapeutically to patient expressions of sexual attraction [DVD]. Available from http://www. apa.org/videos/

Music recording Taupin, B. (Songwriter). (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London, England: Big Pig Music Limited.

REFERENCES LIST: More audiovisual sources

Use of “Available from” rather than “Retrieved from” means that the document cannot be viewed (or heard) directly at the web address, but can be obtained there.

For example, a DVD can be purchased.

IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Basic forms

APA in-text and parenthetical citations require three pieces of information:

1) Author’s last name (or authors’ last names, up to five names) – If there’s no author, use the name of the creator (editor, photographer, movie director, etc.). If no creator, use the title. Follow guidelines for references list.

2) Date of publication – Insert “n.d.” if no date. Follow guidelines for references list.

3) Page number(s) if you are quoting or paraphrasing from your source.

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The first two kinds of information are always included in the in-text or parenthetical citation. Include page numbers when directly quoting or

paraphrasing from your source.

If your source doesn’t have any page numbers, see slide 33 for guidance.

IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Basic forms, continued

There are two ways to do citations:

•In in-text citation Ex: Faigly (1992) suggests that “[t]he world has become a bazaar…” (p. 12).

•In parenthetical citation Ex: As one observer notes, “The world has become a bazaar…” (Faigly, 1992, p. 12).

FYI, here’s how this source appears on the references list:

Faigly, L. (1992). Fragments of rationality: Postmodernity and the subject of composition. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. 26

IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Capitals

When you refer in your text to the title of a source, capitalize the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and the first letter of all other words except articles (a, an, the), short conjunctions (and, but, or, yet, etc.), and short prepositions (to, at, for, from, with, on, etc.). This pattern of capitalization is called “title case.”

Ex: A Short History of a Small Place; Gone Girl: A Novel – books Journal of Neuroscience – periodical “Sonnet XVI” – poem “Gun Control Opponents, Supporters Squaring Off” – news article

COMPARE: In contrast, in your references list, except for titles of periodicals like journals and newspapers, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and proper nouns.

Ex: A short history of a small place; Gone girl: A novel Gun control opponents, supporters squaring off But, Journal of Neuroscience, a periodical

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IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Italics

Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, periodical journals, newspapers, web sites, movies, television series, documentaries, and music or photo albums. Do not italicize the titles of shorter works that are collected with other short works for publication, for example, scholarly articles, news articles, poems, short stories, web pages, chapters in a book, and television episodes.

Ex: The Closing of the American Mind – book Zero Dark Thirty – motion picture Journal of Psychiatry – scholarly journal The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) – web site

NOTE: Longer works like these are also italicized in your references list: The closing of the American mind, Zero dark thirty, Journal of Psychiatry, The Purdue online writing lab (OWL)

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IN-TEXT & PARENTHETCIAL CITATIONS: Quotation marks

Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, web pages, television series episodes, photographs, short stories, and song titles. Ex: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds“ - article "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry“ – television episode “The Lottery” – short story

COMPARE: In contrast, no quotation marks will be used in your references list. Ex: Multimedia narration: Constructing possible worlds The one where Chandler can’t cry The lottery

IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Authors

Two Authors: Name both authors each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand (&) in the parenthetical citation.

• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports... (p.12). • Some commentators maintain that … (Wegener & Petty, 1994, p.12).

Three to Five Authors: The first time you cite the source, list all authors. • Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, and Bach (1993) claim that … (p.16). • Some psychologists argue that … (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Bach,

1993, p. 16). If you cite the same source again, just use the first author’s name plus “et al.”:

• Kernis et al. (1993) contend that … (p.22). • According to other psychologists, … (Kernis et al., 1993, p.22).

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the in-text or the parenthetical citation.

• Harris et al. (2001) identify the root of the problem as ... . • Some consider the root of the problem to be … (Harris et al., 2001).

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IN-TEXT & PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS: Authors, continued

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the in-text citation or, in the parenthetical, by the first word or two of the title. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.

• A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the in-text or parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

• According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

• First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) • Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

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FAQ: How do you cite website material that has no author and/or no year? Because there is no author, begin with the title of the article or section. Insert “n.d.” (for “no date”) in place of a year. The entry in the reference list might look like this:

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/ dictionary/heuristic Your in-text or parenthetical citation will include the title (or short title) and "n.d." for no date:

“Heuristic” (n.d.)… … (“Heuristic,” n.d.).

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FAQ: How do you cite website material that has no page numbers?

To document a quotation or paraphrase from source material that does not include page numbers, you can include any of the following in the text:

• A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document.

(“Anabaptists,” n.d., para. 8)

• A section heading plus a paragraph number within that section.

(Kernis et al., 1993, Methodology, para. 3) (Heuristic, n.d., definition 2)

• A short heading title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full. Ex: (Brownlie, 2007, “A Short History”).

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RESOURCES

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th Ed., Second Printing (The first printing, in July 2009, contained several errors. For a complete list of errors with corrections, visit http://supp.apa.org/style/pubman-reprint-corrections-for-2e.pdf.)

• APA online manual and tutorials: www.apastyle.org

• OWL at Purdue: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

• Hacker, Diana. (2009). A Pocket Style Manual, 5th Ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s

• Aaron, Jane. (2011). Little Brown Essential Handbook, 7th Ed. Boston, MA: Longman/Pearson

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-END- INDEX FOLLOWS

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INDEX – APA DOC’N References list 1 author 10 2 authors 10 3 to 7 authors 11 8 or more authors 11 Advertisement, online 21 Article, no author, online 18 Article, online periodical, DOI 17 Article, online periodical, model 16 Article, online periodical, URL but no DOI 16 Article, journal, print 13 Article, magazine, print 13 Available from, not Retrieved 24 Blog associated w/ newspaper 19 Book, print 14 Brackets, use of 15, 19 Capitalization 9 Capitalization, compared to in-text citations 27 Creator but no author 12 Database URLs 16 Dictionary, no author, online 18 DOI 17

DOI preferred over URL 9 DVD, not retrievable online 24 Edited book, no author, print 14 Encyclopedia, no author, online 18 Government document, print 15 Graphic data, online 21 Interview, online 22 Italicization 8, 9 Map, online 20 Movie 23 Music recording 24 No author named, online 18 No author 12, 32 No year 32 No author or creator named 12 No author or creator, no title (photograph) 15, 20 Organization as author 11 Photograph, photographer known, online 20 Photograph, photographer unknown, no title, online 20 Photograph, photographer unknown, no title, print 15 Podcast, online source 23

Publisher of printed source 14 Quotation marks, compared to in-text citations 29 Review of book, print 13 Retrieval date 18 Selection from anthology, print 15 Television series episode 23 Video, online 24 In-text citations 2 authors 30 3 to 5 authors 30 6 or more authors 30 Basic forms 25, 26 Author unknown 31 Capitalization, compared to references list 27 Italicization 28 No author 31, 32 No year 32 No page numbers 33 Organization as author 31 Parenthetical citation, model 26 Quotation marks 29 Signal phrase, model 26